4839:
the corpus of what literary scholars define as
Germanic heroic poetry does contain narratives that have as a historical core events that took place largely in the period c.300âc.600âinsofar as any of these narratives can in fact be related to any sort of historical realities at all. But there is little evidence from before the eighth century, at least, for any sense even of an awareness of an inter-relatedness among these peoples, and certainly not of any perception among them of any significance of such inter-relatednessâany sort of knowledge of and meaning granted to a common 'Germanentum', or 'Germanic-ness', that has any relation to the burden of significance such a concept has borne in modern scholarship. Furthermore, the historical links between the extant heroic texts and any verifiable historical fact are both invariably slender and often quite tenuous, and therefore should not be overvalued."
2235:
4670:, pp. 996â997: West Germanic: "There seems to be a principal distinction between the northern and the southern part of this group; the demarcation between both parts, however, is a matter of controversy. The northern part, North Sea Gmc or Ingvaeonic, is the larger one, but it is a moot point whether Old Saxon and Old Low Franconian really belong to it, and if yes, to what extent they participate in all its characteristic developments. (...) As a whole, there are arguments for a close relationship between Anglo-Frisian on the one hand and Old Saxon and Old Low Franconian on the other; there are, however, counter-arguments as well. The question as to whether the common features are old and inherited or have emerged by connections over the North Sea is still controversial."
1160:, it is almost certain that it never was a uniform proto-language. The late Jastorf culture occupied so much territory that it is unlikely that Germanic populations spoke a single dialect, and traces of early linguistic varieties have been highlighted by scholars. Sister dialects of Proto-Germanic itself certainly existed, as evidenced by the absence of the First Germanic Sound Shift (Grimm's law) in some "Para-Germanic" recorded proper names, and the reconstructed Proto-Germanic language was only one among several dialects spoken at that time by peoples identified as "Germanic" by Roman sources or archeological data. Although Roman sources name various Germanic tribes such as Suevi, Alemanni,
1445:
1739:
592:(Greek) of Roman-era sources as non-Germanic if they seemingly spoke non-Germanic languages. For clarity, Germanic peoples, when defined as "speakers of a Germanic language", are sometimes referred to as "Germanic-speaking peoples". Today, the term "Germanic" is widely applied to "phenomena including identities, social, cultural or political groups, to material cultural artefacts, languages and texts, and even specific chemical sequences found in human DNA". Several scholars continue to use the term to refer to a culture existing between the 1st to 4th centuries CE, but most historians and archaeologists researching Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages no longer use it.
4196:) with long sleeves, large pieces of cloth, and capes with fur on the inside. All of these are thought to be male clothing, while finds of tubular garments are thought to be female clothing. These would have reached to the ankles and would likely have been held in place by brooches at the height of the shoulders, as shown on Roman monuments. On Roman depictions, the dress was gathered below the breast or at the waist, and there are frequently no sleeves. Sometimes a blouse or skirt is depicted below the dress, along with a neckerchief around the throat. By the middle of the 5th century CE, both men and women among the continental Germanic peoples came to wear a Roman-style
1043:
by him elsewhere in his work, contradict other parts of his work, and cannot be reconciled with Pliny, who is equally inconsistent. Additionally, there is no linguistic or archaeological evidence for these subgroups. New archaeological finds have tended to show that the boundaries between
Germanic peoples were very permeable, and scholars now assume that migration and the collapse and formation of cultural units were constant occurrences within Germania. Nevertheless, various aspects such as the alliteration of many of the tribal names in Tacitus's account and the name of Mannus himself suggest that the descent from Mannus was an authentic Germanic tradition.
51:
3672:
2630:
3907:
2097:
outweigh its benefits. In the reign of
Augustus's successor, Tiberius, it became state policy to expand the empire no further than the frontier based roughly upon the Rhine and Danube, recommendations that were specified in the will of Augustus and read aloud by Tiberius himself. Roman intervention in Germania led to a shifting and unstable political situation, in which pro- and anti-Roman parties vied for power. Arminius was murdered in 21 CE by his fellow Germanic tribesmen, due in part to these tensions and for his attempt to claim supreme kingly power for himself.
4698:, p. 85: "Early Jastorf, at the end of the 7th century BCE, is almost certainly too early for the last common ancestor of the attested languages; but later Jastorf culture and its successors occupy so much territory that their populations are most unlikely to have spoken a single dialect, even granting that the expansion of the culture was relatively rapid. It follows that our reconstructed PGmc was only one of the dialects spoken by peoples identified archeologically, or by the Romans, as 'Germans'; the remaining Germanic peoples spoke sister dialects of PGmc."
1294:
3329:
4233:
3582:
3947:
4756:, pp. 581â582: "Also: eine Gemeinsamkeit von Germ., Balt. und Slaw., wobei die Neuerungen vor allem in einer Gemeinsamkeit von Germ. und Balt. zum Ausdruck kommen; die Gemeinsamkeit von Germ. und Slaw. beruht mehr auf der Bewahrung urspr. VerhĂ€ltnisse und weist damit nicht auf engere Gemeinsamkeiten im Verlauf der Entwicklung. (...) Die Kontakte zum Extrem auf der anderen Seite, dem Slaw., sind wohl nur als eine Begleiterscheinung der Kontakte zum Balt. aufzufassen. Diese Kontakte zum Balt. mĂŒssen allerdings teilweise recht alt sein.";
2615:
2737:
4004:). Cavalry was rare: in the Roman period, it mostly consisted of chiefs and their immediate retinues, who may have dismounted to fight. However, East Germanic peoples such as the Goths developed cavalry forces armed with lances due to contact with various nomadic peoples. Archaeological finds, mostly in the form of grave goods, indicate that most warriors were armed with spear, shield, and often with swords. Higher status individuals were often buried with spurs for riding. The only archaeological evidence for helmets and
2334:
2914:
2319:
peoples, with some functioning as senior commanders in the Roman army. In the 4th century, warfare along the Rhine frontier between the Romans and Franks and
Alemanni seems to have mostly consisted of campaigns of plunder, during which major battles were avoided. The Romans generally followed a policy of trying to prevent strong leaders from emerging among the barbarians, using treachery, kidnapping, and assassination, paying off rival tribes to attack them, or by supporting internal rivals.
2151:
4076:
14712:
4829:"For unknown reasons the Latin, or Roman, alphabet was not adapted in the North, but instead an alphabet was created that reflected Roman influence, but deviated in crucial features. History of writing in the Mediterranean area shows that there were many indigenous scripts, all somehow descending from the Phoenician mother script, but they were all replaced in ultimately the first century BC by the Roman script, the writing system of the leading culture."
4167:
1823:, found in southern Germany and the modern Czech Republic. Early contacts probably occurred during the Pre-Germanic and Pre-Celtic periods, dated to the 2nd millennium BCE, and the Celts appear to have had a large amount of influence on Germanic culture from up until the first century CE, which led to a high degree of Celtic-Germanic shared material culture and social organization. Some evidence of linguistic convergence between Germanic and
152:
scholars have defended the term's continued use and argue that a common
Germanic language allows one to speak of "Germanic peoples", regardless of whether these ancient and medieval peoples saw themselves as having a common identity. Scholars generally agree that it is possible to refer to Germanic languages from about 500 BCE. Archaeologists usually associate the earliest clearly identifiable Germanic speaking peoples with the
2958:, but it is more generally restricted to the time period after the Germanic languages had become distinct from other Indo-European languages. From the first reports in Roman sources to the final conversion to Christianity, Germanic paganism thus covers a period of around one thousand years. Scholars are divided as to the degree of continuity between the religious practices of the earlier Germanic peoples and those attested in later
2721:
1989:
3470:
948:
2223:), barbarian hosts consisting of Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges, attacked and pushed their way to Italy. They advanced as far as Upper Italy, destroyed Opitergium/Oderzo and besieged Aquileia. The Romans had finished the war by 180, through a combination of Roman military victories, the resettling of some peoples on Roman territory, and by making alliances with others. Marcus Aurelius's successor
4702:, p. 51: "...if the Jastorf culture and, probably, the neighboring Harpstedt culture to the west constitute the Germanic homeland, a spread of Proto-Germanic northwards and eastwards would have to be assumed, which might explain both the archaisms and the innovative features of North Germanic and East Germanic, and would fit nicely with recent views locating the homeland of the Goths in Poland."
816:. The Upper Danube served as a southern border. Between there and the Vistula Tacitus sketched an unclear boundary, describing Germania as separated in the south and east from the Dacians and the Sarmatians by mutual fear or mountains. This undefined eastern border is related to a lack of stable frontiers in this area such as were maintained by Roman armies along the Rhine and Danube. The geographer
3938:, gesture, formulaic language, legal symbolism, and ritual. Some items in the "Leges", such as the use of vernacular words, may reveal aspects of originally Germanic, or at least non-Roman, law. Legal historian Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand writes that this vernacular, often in the form of Latinized words, belongs to "the oldest layers of a Germanic legal language" and shows some similarities to Gothic.
704:
4041:), while the most common vegetables were beans and peas. Flax was also grown. Agriculture in Germania relied heavily on animal husbandry, primarily the raising of cattle, which were smaller than their Roman counterparts Both cultivation and animal husbandry methods improved with time, with examples being the introduction of rye, which grew better in Germania, and the introduction of the
3608:), and the earliest known form of which consists of 24 characters. The runes are generally held to have been used exclusively by Germanic-speaking populations. All known early runic inscriptions are found in Germanic contexts with the potential exception of one inscription, which may indicate cultural transfer between the Germanic speakers to Slavic speakers (and may potentially be the
2439:
3663:('concept runes'). Runic inscriptions are found on organic materials such as wood, bone, horn, ivory, and animal hides, as well as on stone and metal. Inscriptions tend to be short, and are difficult to interpret as profane or magical. They include names, inscriptions by the maker of an object, memorials to the dead, as well as inscriptions that are religious or magical in nature.
3713:'beloved'). As summarized by Per Vikstrand, "The old Germanic personal names are, from a social and ideological point of view, characterized by three main features: religion, heroism, and family bonds. The religious aspect seems to be an inherited, Indo-European trace, which the Germanic languages share with Greek and other Indo-European languages."
4760:, pp. 166â167: "... as for the Balto-Slavic connection, other pieces of evidence show shared innovations with Baltic only, not with Slavic, which indicates a period of contact and joint development between Germanic and Balto-Slavic languages during a relatively late time period and, in any event, after the initial breakup of Balto-Slavic."
4521:
to justify the Nazis' rule as anchored in the
Germanic past, emphasizing noble leaders and warlike retinues who dominated surrounding peoples. After 1945, these associations led to a scholarly backlash and re-examining of Germanic origins. Many medieval specialists have even argued that scholars should avoid the term
1692:, of the central Elbe in present day Germany, stretching north into Jutland and east into present day Poland. If the Jastorf Culture is the origin of the Germanic peoples, then the Scandinavian peninsula would have become Germanic either via migration or assimilation over the course of the same period. Alternatively,
4372:
to claim a glorious classical past for their nation that could compete with that of Greece and Rome, and to equate the "Germanic" with the "German". While the humanists' notion of the "Germanic" was initially vague, later it was narrowed and used to support a notion of German(ic) superiority to other
4264:
Roman trade with
Germania is poorly documented. Roman merchants crossing the Alps for Germania are recorded already by Caesar in the 1st century BCE. During the imperial period, most trade probably took place in trading posts in Germania or at major Roman bases. The most well-known Germanic export to
1042:
The subdivisions found in Pliny and
Tacitus have been very influential for scholarship on Germanic history and language up until recent times. However, outside of Tacitus and Pliny there are no other textual indications that these groups were important. The subgroups mentioned by Tacitus are not used
595:
Apart from the designation of a language family (i.e., "Germanic languages"), the application of the term "Germanic" has become controversial in scholarship since 1990, especially among archaeologists and historians. Scholars have increasingly questioned the notion of ethnically defined people groups
4724:, pp. 79â80: "New words shared between these languages at this period are not detectable as loanwords. The smaller number that do show Celtic innovations probably post-date the transition from Pre-Celtic to Proto-Celtic ~1200 BC. For example, the Celto-Germanic group name giving Proto-Germanic *
4200:
as their most important piece of clothing. This was secured at the waist and likely adopted due to intensive contact with the Roman world. The Romans typically depict
Germanic men and women as bareheaded, although some head-coverings have been found. Although Tacitus mentions an undergarment made of
4141:
Deposits of gold are not found naturally within
Germania and had to either be imported or could be found having naturally washed down rivers. The earliest known gold objects made by Germanic craftsmen are mostly small ornaments dating from the later 1st century CE. Silver working likewise dates from
4053:
It is unclear if there was a special class of craftsmen in Germania, however archaeological finds of tools are frequent. Many everyday items such as dishes were made out of wood, and archaeology has found the remains of wooden well construction. The 4th-century CE Nydam and Illerup ships show highly
2318:
on the Rhine and upper Danube was brought under control again in 270s, and by 300 the Romans had reestablished control over areas they had abandoned during the crisis. From the later third century onward, the Roman army relied increasingly on troops of Barbarian origin, often recruited from Germanic
2246:
The period after the Marconmannic Wars saw the emergence of peoples with new names along the Roman frontiers, which were probably formed by the merger of smaller groups. These new confederacies or peoples tended to border the Roman imperial frontier. Many ethnic names from earlier periods disappear.
250:
Archaeological finds suggest that Roman-era sources portrayed the Germanic way of life as more primitive than it actually was. Instead, archaeologists have unveiled evidence of a complex society and economy throughout Germania. Germanic-speaking peoples originally shared similar religious practices.
4520:
made use of notions of Germanic "purity" reaching back into the earliest prehistoric times. Nazi ideologues also used the "Germanic" nature of peoples such as the Franks and Goths to justify territorial annexations in northern France, Ukraine, and the Crimea. Scholars reinterpreted Germanic culture
4296:
chapter 23 that the Germani living along the Rhine bought wine, and Roman wine has been found in Denmark and northern Poland. Finds of Roman silver coinage and weapons might have been war booty or the result of trade, while high quality silver items may have been diplomatic gifts. Roman coinage may
3972:
Warfare seems to have been a constant in Germanic society, including conflicts among and within Germanic peoples. There is no common Germanic word for "war", and it was not necessarily differentiated from other forms of violence. Historical information on Germanic warfare almost entirely depends on
3922:
retinues, and loyalty, and the concept of outlawry can no longer be justified. Besides the assumption of a common Germanic legal tradition and the use of sources of different types from different places and time periods, there are no native sources for early Germanic law. The earliest written legal
2701:
invaded northern Italy, eventually conquering most of it. This invasion has traditionally been regarded as the end of the migration period. The eastern part of Germania, formerly inhabited by the Goths, Gepids, Vandals, and Rugians, was gradually Slavicized, a process enabled by the invasion of the
2677:
united the various Frankish groups in 490s, and conquered the Alamanni by 506. From the 490s onward, Clovis waged wars against the Visigoths, defeating them in 507 and taking control of most of Gaul. Clovis's heirs conquered the Thuringians by 530 and the Burgundians by 532. The continental Saxons,
2672:
Toward the end of the migration period, in the early 500s, Roman sources portray a completely changed ethnic landscape outside of the empire: the Marcomanni and Quadi disappeared, as had the Vandals. Instead, the Thuringians, Rugians, Sciri, Herules, Goths, and Gepids are mentioned as occupying the
2648:
in 455. In 456, the Romans persuaded the Visigoths to fight the Suevi, who had broken their treaty with Rome. The Visigoths and a force of Burgundians and Franks defeated the Suevi at the Battle of Campus Paramus, reducing Suevi control to northwestern Spain. The Visigoths went on to conquer all of
614:
writes that historians of the continental-European Germanic peoples of the 5th and 6th centuries are "in agreement" that there was no pan-Germanic identity or solidarity. Whether a scholar favors the existence of a common Germanic identity or not is often related to their position on the nature of
4838:
Historian Shami Ghosh for instance, argues: "It is certainly the case that the Goths, Lombards, Franks, Angles, Saxons, and Burgundians...were all Germanic peoples, in that their vernacular tongue belonged to the Germanic sub-group of the Indo-European family of languages. It is also the case that
3638:
and held a primary meaning of 'secret', but also other meanings such as 'whisper', 'mystery', 'closed deliberation', and 'council'. In most cases, runes appear not to have been used for everyday communication and knowledge of them may have generally been limited to a small group, for whom the term
4711:
Mallory and Adams observe: "The Przeworsk Culture shows continuity with preceding cultures (Lusatian) and insures that the Slavic homeland was in its territory from whence the Venedi, one of the earliest historically attested Slavic tribes are specifically derived. On the other hand, Germanicists
4252:
Archaeology shows that from at least the turn of the 3rd century CE larger regional settlements in Germania existed that were not exclusively involved in an agrarian economy, and that the main settlements were connected by paved roads. The entirety of Germania was within a system of long-distance
4066:
who had learned Roman techniques while serving in the Roman army. The shape and decoration of Germanic ceramics vary by region and archaeologists have traditionally used these variations to determine larger cultural areas. Many ceramics were probably produced locally in hearths, but large pottery
4029:
suggests this means that Germania was more agriculturally productive than is generally assumed. Villages were not distant from each other but often within sight, revealing a fairly high population density, and contrary to the assertions of Roman sources, only about 30% of Germania was covered in
2178:
attacked the Chatti north of Mainz (Mogontiacum). This war would last until 85 CE. Following the end of the war with the Chatti, Domitian reduced the number of Roman soldiers on the upper Rhine and shifted the Roman military to guarding the Danube frontier, beginning the construction of the
2259:
in 238. The Franks are first mentioned occupying territory between the Rhine and Weser. The Lombards seem to have moved their center of power to the central Elbe. Groups such as the Alamanni, Goths, and Franks were not unified polities; they formed multiple, loosely associated groups, who often
2096:
Following the Roman defeat at the Teutoburg Forest, Rome gave up on the possibility of fully integrating this region into the empire. Rome launched successful campaigns across the Rhine between 14 and 16 CE under Tiberius and Germanicus, but the effort of integrating Germania now seemed to
151:
Different academic disciplines have their own definitions of what makes someone or something "Germanic". Some scholars call for the term's total abandonment as a modern construct, since lumping "Germanic peoples" together implies a common group identity for which there is little evidence. Other
2664:. Odoacer ruled Italy for himself, largely continuing the policies of Roman imperial rule. He destroyed the Kingdom of the Rugians, in modern Austria, in 487/488. Theodoric, meanwhile, successfully extorted the Eastern Empire through a series of campaigns in the Balkans. The eastern emperor
2574:
came to power around 440 and participated in various Hunnic campaigns. In 450, the Huns interfered in a Frankish succession dispute, leading in 451 to an invasion of Gaul. Aetius, by uniting a coalition of Visigoths, part of the Franks, and others, was able to defeat the Hunnic army at the
4105:
in the Netherlands (both 4th century CE). Germanic smelting furnaces may have produced metal that was as high-quality as that produced by the Romans. In addition to large-scale production, nearly every individual settlement seems to have produced some iron for local use. Iron was used for
2353:
to seek shelter within the Roman Empire in 376. The end of the migration period is usually set at 568 when the Lombards invaded Italy. During this time period, numerous barbarian groups invaded the Roman Empire and established new kingdoms within its boundaries. These Germanic migrations
3451:. The primordial being Ymir, attested solely in Old Norse sources, makes for a commonly cited example. In Old Norse texts, the death of this entity results in creation of the cosmos, a complex of motifs that finds strong correspondence elsewhere in the Indo-European sphere, notably in
4091:
had little iron and lacked expertise in working it, deposits of iron were commonly found in Germania and Germanic smiths were skillful metalworkers. Smithies are known from multiple settlements, and smiths were often buried with their tools. An iron mine discovered at Rudki, in the
3716:
One point of debate surrounding Germanic name-giving practice is whether name elements were considered semantically meaningful when combined. Whatever the case, an element of a name could be inherited by a male or female's offspring, leading to an alliterative lineage (related, see
2929:
Germanic paganism refers to the traditional, culturally significant religion of the Germanic-speaking peoples. It did not form a uniform religious system across Germanic-speaking Europe, but varied from place to place, people to people, and time to time. In many contact areas (e.g.
2023:
Throughout the reign of Augustusâfrom 27 BCE until 14 CEâthe Roman empire expanded into Gaul, with the Rhine as a border. Starting in 13 BCE, there were Roman campaigns across the Rhine for a 28-year period. First came the pacification of the Usipetes, Sicambri, and
3914:
Until the middle of the 20th century, the majority of scholars assumed the existence of a distinct Germanic legal culture and law. Early ideas about Germanic law have come under intense scholarly scrutiny since the 1950s, and specific aspects of it such as the legal importance of
3332:
An image of a museum reproduction of one of the two golden horns of Gallehus, found in Denmark and dating to the early fifth century. Composed in Proto-Norse, the Elder Futhark inscription on the horn features the earliest known generally accepted example of Germanic alliterative
3219:, dated to around 500 BCE. Numerous other beings common to various groups of ancient Germanic peoples receive mention throughout the ancient Germanic record. One such type of entity, a variety of supernatural women, is also mentioned in the first of the two Merseburg Charms:
2673:
Danube frontier. From the mid-5th century onward, the Alamanni had greatly expanded their territory in all directions and launched numerous raids into Gaul. The territory under the Frankish influence had grown to encompass northern Gaul and Germania to the Elbe. The Frankish king
602:) as stable basic actors of history. The connection of archaeological assemblages to ethnicity has also been increasingly questioned. This has resulted in different disciplines developing different definitions of "Germanic". Beginning with the work of the "Toronto School" around
626:
argue that the speakers of Germanic languages can be identified as Germanic people by language regardless of how they saw themselves. Linguists and philologists have generally reacted skeptically to claims that there was no Germanic identity or cultural unity, and they may view
4597:
The reconstruction of such loanwords remains a difficult task, since no descendant language of substrate dialects is attested, and plausible etymological explanations have been found for many Germanic lexemes previously regarded as of non-Indo-European origin. The English term
2358:. The reasons for the migrations of the period are unclear, but scholars have proposed overpopulation, climate change, bad harvests, famines, and adventurousness as possible reasons. Migrations were probably carried out by relatively small groups rather than entire peoples.
3500:, a form of Christianity that believed that God the Father was superior to God the Son. The first Germanic people to convert to Arianism were the Visigoths, at the latest in 376 when they entered the Roman Empire. This followed a longer period of missionary work by both
2390:
against the Huns near the Dniester. However, these measures did not stop the Huns and the majority of the Tervingi abandoned Athanaric; they subsequently fledâaccompanied by a contingent of Greuthungiâto the Danube in 376, seeking asylum in the Roman Empire. The emperor
606:, various scholars have denied that anything such as a common Germanic ethnic identity ever existed. Such scholars argue that most ideas about Germanic culture are taken from far later epochs and projected backwards to antiquity. Historians of the Vienna School, such as
2143:, a member of the Batavian royal family and Roman military officer, and attracted a large coalition of people both inside and outside of the Roman territory. The revolt ended following several defeats, with Civilis claiming to have only supported the imperial claims of
2497:
Other Goths, including those of Athanaric, continued to live outside the empire, with three groups crossing into the Roman territory after the Tervingi. The Huns gradually conquered Gothic groups north of the Danube, of which at least six are known, from 376 to 400.
4286:
Products imported from Rome are found archaeologically throughout the Germanic sphere and include vessels of bronze and silver, glassware, pottery, brooches; other products such as textiles and foodstuffs may have been just as important. Rather than mine and smelt
2693:(Bavarians), under the patronage of Theodoric's Ostrogothic kingdom and then of the Franks. The Lombards, moving out of Bohemia, destroyed the kingdom of the Heruli in Pannonia in 510. In 568, after destroying the Gepid kingdom, the last Germanic kingdom in the
1894:
and thus to be mentioned in historical records. They appear in historical sources going as far back as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. Another eastern people known from about 200 BCE, and sometimes believed to be Germanic-speaking, are the
983:, written about a half-century later, Tacitus lists only three subgroups: the Ingvaeones (near the sea), the Herminones (in the interior of Germania), and the Istvaeones (the remainder of the tribes); Tacitus says these groups each claimed descent from the god
3386:
Very few texts make up the corpus of Gothic and other East Germanic languages, and East Germanic paganism and its associated mythic body is especially poorly attested. Notable topics that provide insight into the matter of East Germanic paganism include the
4399:) from which all the historical northeastern European barbarians migrated in the distant past. While treated with suspicion by German scholars, who preferred the indigenous origin given by Tacitus, this motif became very popular in contemporary Swedish
2536:
moved his forces across the strait of Gibraltar into north Africa. Within two years, they had conquered most of north Africa. By 434, following a renewed political crisis in Rome, the Rhine frontier had collapsed, and in order to restore it, the Roman
4025:, Germanic agriculture was organized around villages. When Germanic peoples expanded into northern Gaul in the 4th and 5th centuries CE, they brought this village-based agriculture with them, which increased the agricultural productivity of the land;
2819:
in 590. The invading Lombards only ever made up a very small percentage of the Italian population, however Lombard ethnic identity expanded to include people of both Roman and barbarian descent. Lombard power reached its peak during the reign of King
2814:
Following their invasion in 568, the Lombards quickly conquered larger parts of the Italian peninsula. From 574 to 584, a period without a single Lombard ruler, the Lombards nearly collapsed, until a more centralized Lombard polity emerged under King
2779:. The Franks ruled a multilingual and multi-ethnic kingdom, divided between a mostly Romance-speaking West and a mostly Germanic-speaking east, that integrated former Roman elites but remained centered on a Frankish ethnic identity. In 687, the
862:
represented them as typically "barbarian", including the possession of stereotypical vices such as "wildness" and of virtues such as chastity. Tacitus was at times unsure whether a people were Germanic or not. He expressed uncertainty about the
2558:
in southern Gaul. In the 430s, Aetius negotiated peace with the Suevi in Spain, leading to a practical loss of Roman control in the province. Despite the peace, the Suevi expanded their territory by conquering MĂ©rida in 439 and Seville in 441.
4335:
write that genetics studies are of great use for demographic history, but cannot give us any information about cultural history. In a 2013 book which reviewed studies made up until then, scholars noted that most Germanic speakers today have a
4096:
mountains of modern central Poland, operated from the 1st to the 4th centuries CE and included a substantial smelting workshop; similar facilities have been found in Bohemia. The remains of large smelting operations have been discovered by
1412:. East Germanic speakers dwelled on the Baltic sea coasts and islands, while speakers of the Northwestern dialects occupied territories in present-day Denmark and bordering parts of Germany at the earliest date when they can be identified.
3414:
Practices associated with the religion of the ancient Germanic peoples see fewer attestations. However, elements of religious practices are discernable throughout the textual record associated with the ancient Germanic peoples, including
2466:, fighting the Franks but facing no Roman resistance. In 409, the Suevi, Vandals, and Alans crossing the Pyrenees into Spain, where they took possession of the northern part of the peninsula. The Burgundians seized the land around modern
887:
lived on the eastern shore of the Baltic and were like Suebi in their appearance and customs, although they spoke a different language. Ancient authors did not differentiate consistently between a territorial definition ("those living in
3435:, some having Germanic names, to whom devotional altars were set up in regions of Germania, Eastern Gaul, and Northern Italy (with a small distribution elsewhere) that were occupied by the Roman army from the first to the fifth century.
978:
lists five Germanic subgroups: the Vandili, the Inguaeones, the Istuaeones (living near the Rhine), the Herminones (in the Germanic interior), and the Peucini Basternae (living on the lower Danube near the Dacians). In chapter 2 of the
2831:, who conquered the Kingdom of the Suebi in 585. A Visigothic identity that was distinct from the Romance-speaking population they ruled had disappeared by 700, with the removal of all legal differences between the two groups. In 711,
1625:
Further internal classifications are still debated among scholars, as it is unclear whether the internal features shared by several branches are due to early common innovations or to the later diffusion of local dialectal innovations.
2587:, a Gothic ruler of the Amal dynasty, seems to have consolidated power over a large part of the Goths in the Hunnic domain. For the next 20 years, the former subject peoples of the Huns would fight among each other for preeminence.
2260:
fought each other and some of whom sought Roman friendship. The Romans also begin to mention seaborne attacks by the Saxons, a term used generically in Latin for Germanic-speaking pirates. A system of defenses on both sides of the
1002:
There are a number of inconsistencies in the listing of Germanic subgroups by Tacitus and Pliny. While both Tacitus and Pliny mention some Scandinavian tribes, they are not integrated into the subdivisions. While Pliny lists the
2668:
agreed to send Theodoric to Italy in 487/8. After a successful invasion, Theodoric killed and replaced Odoacer in 493, founding a new Ostrogothic kingdom. Theodoric died in 526, amid increasing tensions with the eastern empire.
4265:
the Roman Empire was amber, with a trade centered on the Baltic coast. Economically, however, amber is likely to have been fairly unimportant. The use of Germanic loanwords in surviving Latin texts suggests that besides amber (
3622:
The precise date that Germanic speakers developed the runic alphabet is unknown, with estimates varying from 100 BCE to 100 CE. Generally accepted inscriptions in the oldest attested form of the script, called the
2299:. In 267/268 there were large raids led by the Herules in 267/268, and a mixed group of Goths and Herules in 269/270. Gothic attacks were abruptly ended in the years after 270, after a Roman victory in which the Gothic king
3619:, but unlike similar scripts, the runes were not replaced by the Latin alphabet by the first century BCE. Runes remained in use among the Germanic peoples throughout their history despite the significant influence of Rome.
3837:
period, as shown by comparison with ancient Greek and Sanskrit poetry. Originally, the Germanic-speaking peoples shared a metrical and poetic form, alliterative verse, which is attested in very similar forms in Old Saxon,
2554:. The loss of Carthage forced Aetius to make peace with the Visigoths in 442, effectively recognizing their independence within the boundaries of the empire. During the resulting peace, Aetius resettled the Burgundians in
2234:
3512:. The Arian Germanic peoples all eventually converted to Nicene Christianity, which had become the dominant form of Christianity within the Roman Empire; the last to convert were the Visigoths in Spain under their king
2418:
in 378, destroying two-thirds of Valens' army. Following further fighting, peace was negotiated in 382, granting the Goths considerable autonomy within the Roman Empire. However, these Gothsâwho would be known as the
853:
as sharing elements of a common culture. A small number of passages by Tacitus and other Roman authors (Caesar, Suetonius) mention Germanic tribes or individuals speaking a language distinct from Gaulish. For Tacitus
4427:
formed the basis for the study of the Germanic past. Scholars did not clearly differentiate between the Germanic peoples, Celtic peoples, and the "Scythian peoples" until the late 18th century with the discovery of
2100:
In the wake of Arminius's death, Roman diplomats sought to keep the Germanic peoples divided and fractious. Rome established relationships with individual Germanic kings that are often discussed as being similar to
1419:
from the Baltic Sea coast southeastwards into the hinterland led to their separation from the dialect continuum. By the late 3rd century CE, linguistic divergences like the West Germanic loss of the final consonant
4291:
themselves, Germanic smiths seem to have often preferred to melt down finished metal objects from Rome, which were imported in large numbers, including coins, metal vessels, and metal statues. Tacitus mentions in
3927:, were all written under Roman and Christian influence and often with the help of Roman jurists, and contain large amounts of "Vulgar Latin Law", an unofficial legal system that functioned in the Roman provinces.
3438:
Germanic mythology and religious practice is of particular interest to Indo-Europeanists, scholars who seek to identify aspects of ancient Germanic cultureâboth in terms of linguistic correspondence and by way of
339:. During the second half of the 20th century, the controversial misuse of ancient Germanic history and archaeology was discredited and has since resulted in a backlash against many aspects of earlier scholarship.
4212:. Roman depictions show the Germani wearing materials that were only lightly worked. Surviving examples indicate that a variety of weaving techniques were used. Leather was used for shoes, belts, and other gear.
991:. Tacitus also mentions a second tradition that there were four sons of either Mannus or Tuisto from whom the groups of the Marsi, Gambrivi, Suebi, and Vandili claim descent. The Herminones are also mentioned by
3204:
Associated with the goddess Volla/Fulla in both the Old High German and Old Norse records, this goddess is also strongly associated with the god Odin (see above) in both the Old Norse and Langobardic records.
3650:, so named after its first six characters. The alphabet is supposed to have been extremely phonetic, and each letter could also represent a word or concept, so that, for instance, the f-rune also stood for
4142:
the first century CE, and silver often served as a decorative element with other metals. From the 2nd century onward, increasingly complex gold jewelry was made, often inlaid with precious stones and in a
3263:
A type of goddess-like supernatural entity. The West Germanic forms present some linguistic difficulties but the North Germanic and West Germanic forms are used explicitly as cognates (compare Old English
1831:
is supposed to have been situated north of the Alps before the 1st millennium BCE, have also been highlighted by scholars. Shared changes in their grammars also suggest early contacts between Germanic and
2077:, which was defended by forests and mountains, and had formed alliances with other peoples. In 6 CE, Rome planned an attack against him but the campaign was cut short when forces were needed for the
1731:, who notes that it seems to be missing areas such as southern Scandinavia and the Rhine-Weser area, which linguists argue to have been Germanic, while also not according with the Roman era definition of
4146:. Inspired by Roman metalwork, Germanic craftsmen also began working with gold and silver-gilt foils on belt buckles, jewelry, and weapons. Pure gold objects produced in the late Roman period included
4466:
4453:
2870:
Scandinavia from 400 to 700, however this period saw profound societal changes and the formation of early states with connections to the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish kingdoms. In 793, the first recorded
1964:. In the following years Caesar pursued a controversial campaign to conquer all of Gaul on behalf of Rome, establishing the Rhine as a border. In 55 BCE he crossed the Rhine into Germania near
1836:; however, some of these innovations are shared with Baltic only, which may point to linguistic contacts during a relatively late period, at any rate after the initial breakup of Balto-Slavic into
3554:
While attempts to convert the Scandinavian peoples began in 831, they were mostly unsuccessful until the 10th and 11th centuries. The last Germanic people to convert were the Swedes, although the
2546:
engineered the destruction of the Burgundian kingdom in 435/436, possibly with Hunnic mercenaries, and launched several successful campaigns against the Visigoths. In 439, the Vandals conquered
2048:). These campaigns eventually reached and even crossed the Elbe, and in 5 CE Tiberius was able to show strength by having a Roman fleet enter the Elbe and meet the legions in the heart of
1932:
The first century BCE was a time of the expansion of Germanic-speaking peoples at the expense of Celtic-speaking polities in modern southern Germany and the Czech Republic. Before 60 BCE,
11757:; Allentoft, Morten E.; Frei, Karin M.; Iversen, Rune; Johannsen, Niels N.; Kroonen, Guus; Pospieszny, Ćukasz; Price, T. Douglas; Rasmussen, Simon; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Sikora, Martin (2017).
2374:, were among the first peoples attacked by the Huns, apparently facing Hunnic pressure for some years. Following Ermanaric's death, the Greuthungi's resistance broke and they moved toward the
370:
and English Germanic are derived, is unknown, although several proposals have been put forward. Even the language from which it derives is a subject of dispute, with proposals of Germanic,
4477:). Grimm also argued that the Scandinavian sources were, while much later, more "pure" attestations of "Germanness" than those from the south, an opinion that remains common today. German
4447:
being the two most significant founding figures. Their oeuvre included various monumental works on linguistics, culture, and literature. Jacob Grimm offered many arguments identifying the
3428:
2962:
and elsewhere: while some scholars argue that Tacitus, early medieval sources, and the Norse sources indicate religious continuity, other scholars are highly skeptical of such arguments.
13170:
Vanderhoeven, Alain; Vanderhoeven, Michel (2004). "Confrontation in Archaeology. Aspects of Roman military presence in Tongeren". In Vermeulen, Frank; Sas, Kathy; Dhaeze, Wouter (eds.).
11473:
4795:, consisted of twenty-four characters named runes." "The discovery of a rune-inscribed bone from LĂĄny (BĆeclav, Moravia/Czech Republic) challenges the prevalent opinion that the older
3992:, that the Germanic peoples fought without discipline. Germanic warriors fought mostly on foot, in tight formations in close combat. Tacitus mentions a single formation as used by the
1659:(c. 2000/1750 – c. 500 BCE) shows definite cultural and population continuities with later Germanic peoples, and is often supposed to have been the culture in which the
10718:
Dusil, Stephan; Kannowski, Bernd; Schwedler, Gerald (2023). "Chapter 2 Early Middle Ages (500â1100)". In Masferrer, Aniceto; van Rhee, C.H.; Donlan, SeĂĄn; Heesters, Cornelis (eds.).
4712:
have argued that the Przeworsk culture was occupied by the Elbe-Germanic tribes and there are also those who argue that the Przeworsk reflects both a Germanic and Slavic component."
4058:. Products made from ceramics included cooking, drinking, and storage, vessels, as well as lamps. While originally formed by hand, the period around 1 CE saw the introduction of the
2824:(712â744). After Liutprand's death, the Frankish King Pippin the Short invaded in 755, greatly weakening the kingdom. The Lombard kingdom was finally annexed by Charlemagne in 773.
4283:). Germanic slaves were also a major commodity. Archaeological discoveries indicate that lead was exported from Germania as well, perhaps mined in Roman-Germanic "joint ventures".
3934:, in that whereas Roman law was "learned" and the same across regions, Germanic law was not learned and incorporated regional peculiarities. Common elements include an emphasis on
1643:. The leading theory for the origin of Germanic languages, suggested by archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence, postulates a diffusion of Indo-European languages from the
1663:, the predecessor of the Proto-Germanic language, developed. However, it is unclear whether these earlier peoples possessed any ethnic continuity with the later Germanic peoples.
4489:
using Tacitus to prove the purity and virtue of the German people, which had allowed them to conquer the decadent Romans. German historians used the Germanic past to argue for a
3297:
The great majority of material describing Germanic mythology stems from the North Germanic record. The body of myths among the North Germanic-speaking peoples is known today as
895:
In the 3rd century, when Romans encountered Germanic-speaking peoples living north of the Lower Danube who fought on horseback, such as Goths and Gepids, they did not call them
331:. For those scholars, the "Germanic" and modern "German" were identical. Ideas about the early Germans were also highly influential among members of the nationalist and racist
239:" within the territory of the Western Roman empire itself. Over time, the Franks became the most powerful of them, conquering many of the others. Eventually, the Frankish king
4432:
and the establishment of language as the primary criterion for nationality. Before that time, German scholars considered the Celtic peoples to be part of the Germanic group.
2462:, who had crossed the Middle Danube in 405/6 and invaded Italy, only to be defeated outside Florence. That same year, a large force of Vandals, Suevi, Alans, and Burgundians
566:. Linguistics provided a new way of defining the Germanic peoples, which came to be used in historiography and archaeology. While Roman authors did not consistently exclude
6739:
4512:
developed several widely accepted theories tying archaeological finds of specific assemblages of objects. Kossina used his theories to extend Germanic identity back to the
3345:. While most extant references are simply to deity names, some narratives do survive into the present, such as the Lombard origin myth, which details a tradition among the
610:, have also called for the term to be avoided or used with careful explanation, and argued that there is little evidence for a common Germanic identity. The Anglo-Saxonist
1765:
A category of evidence used to locate the Proto-Germanic homeland is founded on traces of early linguistic contacts with neighbouring languages. Germanic loanwords in the
11615:
2514:. The situation outside the Roman empire in 410s and 420s is poorly attested, but it is clear that the Huns continued to spread their influence onto the middle Danube.
3531:
converted to Nicene Christianity. This began a period of missionizing within Frankish territory. The Anglo-Saxons gradually converted following a mission sent by Pope
3416:
1520:
attested in runic inscriptions from the 2nd century CE onward, it remained practically unchanged until a transitional period that started in the late 5th century; and
4556:
of southern Scandinavia also shows definite population and material continuities with the Jastorf Culture, but it is unclear whether these indicate ethnic continuity.
4062:. Some of the ceramics produced on potter's wheels seem to have been done in direct imitation of Roman wares, and may have been produced by Romans in Germania or by
2231:. The Romans renewed their right to choose the kings of the Marcomanni and Quadi, and Commodus forbid them to hold assemblies unless a Roman centurion was present.
3496:
was spreading there, and this connection was a major factor encouraging conversion. The East Germanic peoples, the Langobards, and the Suevi in Spain converted to
2590:
The arrival of the Saxons in Britain is traditionally dated to 449, however, archaeology indicates they had begun arriving in Britain earlier. Latin sources used
2506:
also formed an important Germanic people under Hunnic rule; the Huns had largely conquered them by 406. One Gothic group under Hunnic domination was ruled by the
4744:. It would be unlikely for the name to have its attested Germanic form if it had been borrowed from Celtic after ~1200 BC and probably impossible after ~900 BC."
793:
first arose, before it spread to further groups. Tacitus reported that in his time many of the peoples west of the Rhine within Roman Gaul were still considered
3977:(retinue), a group of warriors following a chief. As retinues grew larger, their names could become associated with entire peoples. Many retinues functioned as
418:, which simplifies into 'the neighbours' or 'the screamers'. Regardless of its language of origin, the name was transmitted to the Romans via Celtic speakers.
199:
in 9 CE. The Romans continued to manage the Germanic frontier carefully, meddling in cross-border politics, and constructing a long fortified border, the
10956:
Goering, Nelson (2020), "(Proto-)Germanic Alliterative Verse: Linguistic Limits on a Cultural Phenomenon", in Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M. (eds.),
3427:. The archaeological record has yielded a variety of depictions of deities, a number of them associated with depictions of the ancient Germanic peoples (see
4686:
communities within a relatively small area of present-day Denmark, processes of cultural and linguistic exchange were almost inevitableâif not widespread."
663:(small gold objects) and the confrontation with Rome as things that could cause a sense of shared "Germanic" culture. Despite being cautious of the use of
3178:(see below). The Old Norse record refers to Fulla as a servant of the goddess Frigg, while the second Merseburg Charm refers to Volla as Friia's sister.
4120:
across the Rhine from the Roman Empire, it is sometimes theorized that this was the work of Roman miners. Another mine within Germania was near modern
164:
is theorized to have occurred, leading to recognizably Germanic languages. Germanic languages expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with
3884:). The close link between Germanic heroic legend and Germanic language and possibly poetic devices is shown by the fact that the Germanic speakers in
3697:
Germanic personal names are commonly dithematic, consisting of two components that may be combined freely (such as the Old Norse female personal name
1007:
as part of the Herminones, Tacitus treats them as a separate group. Additionally, Tacitus's description of a group of tribes as united by the cult of
12257:
11265:
Harland, James M.; Friedrich, Matthias (2020), "Introduction: The 'Germanic' and its Discontents", in Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M. (eds.),
1332:
in the 3rdâ2nd centuries BCE, possibly by a Germanic-speaking warrior involved in combat in northern Italy, has been interpreted by some scholars as
3760:). Deity names as first components of personal names are attested primarily in Old Norse names, where they commonly reference in particular the god
804:
Caesar and authors following him regarded Germania as stretching east of the Rhine for an indeterminate distance, bounded by the Baltic Sea and the
570:
or have a term corresponding to Germanic-speaking peoples, this new definitionâwhich used the Germanic language as the main criterionâpresented the
1666:
Generally, scholars agree that it is possible to speak of Germanic-speaking peoples after 500 BCE, although the first attestation of the name
2069:
However, within this period two Germanic kings formed larger alliances. Both of them had spent some of their youth in Rome; the first of them was
1956:. Ariovistus was initially considered an ally of Rome. In 58 BCE, with increasing numbers of settlers crossing the Rhine to join Ariovistus,
13118:
12736:
12362:
12002:
11503:
3337:
West Germanic mythology (that of speakers of, e.g., Old English and Old High German) is comparatively poorly attested. Notable texts include the
2431:. In the aftermath of the large-scale Gothic entries into the empire, the Franks and Alemanni became more secure in their positions in 395, when
1715:, and another in Jutland and southern Scandinavia. These groups would thus show a "polycentric origin" for the Germanic peoples. The neighboring
1693:
1617:
within the East Germanic group, while plausible, is still uncertain due to their scarce attestation. The latest attested East Germanic language,
1424:
had already occurred within the "residual" Northwest dialect continuum. The latter definitely ended after the 5th- and 6th-century migrations of
858:
43, 45, 46), language was a characteristic, but not defining feature of the Germanic peoples. Many of the ascribed ethnic characteristics of the
10755:
11721:
Krebs, Christopher B. (2011). "Borealism: Caesar, Seneca, Tacitus and the Roman Discourse about the Germanic North". In Gruen, Erich S. (ed.).
3800:
proposed the existence of various genres of literature in the "Old Germanic" period, which were largely based on genres found in high medieval
2458:
In 401, Alaric invaded Italy, coming to an understanding with Stilicho in 404/5. This agreement allowed Stilicho to fight against the force of
2227:
chose not to permanently occupy any territory conquered north of the Danube, and the following decades saw an increase in the defenses at the
11427:
4033:
Based on pollen samples and the finds of seeds and plant remains, the chief grains cultivated in Germania were barley, oats, and wheat (both
3967:
3120:
In Old Norse texts, where the only description of the deity occurs, Baldr is a son of the god Odin and is associated with beauty and light.
2093:. Marboduus and Arminius went to war with each other in 17 CE; Arminius was victorious and Marboduus was forced to flee to the Romans.
14748:
11706:. Aberystwyth Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.
1468:
branches. The modern prevailing view is that North and West Germanic were also encompassed in a larger subgroup called Northwest Germanic.
1070:(PIE), which is generally thought to have been spoken between 4500 and 2500 BCE. The ancestor of Germanic languages is referred to as
13238:
11573:
11249:
4451:
as the "most Germanic" of the Germanic-speaking peoples, many of which were taken up later by others who sought to equate "Germanicness" (
2271:
From 250 onward, the Gothic peoples formed the "single most potent threat to the northern frontier of Rome". In 250 CE a Gothic king
2211:
Following sixty years of quiet on the frontier, 166 CE saw a major incursion of peoples from north of the Danube during the reign of
2085:
of the Cherusciâinitially an ally of Romeâdrew a large Roman force into an ambush in northern Germany, and destroyed the three legions of
1929:(113â101 BCE) against the Romans, in which the Teutons and Cimbri were victorious over several Roman armies but were ultimately defeated.
2594:
generically for seaborne raiders, meaning that not all of the invaders belonged to the continental Saxons. According to the British monk
2579:. In 453, Attila died unexpectedly, and an alliance led by Ardaric's Gepids rebelled against the rule of his sons, defeating them in the
1573:(attested from c. 400 BCE); early inscriptions from the West Germanic areas found on altars where votive offerings were made to the
10796:
10588:
10514:
10417:
10367:
3888:
who adopted a Romance language, do not preserve Germanic legends but rather developed their own heroic folkloreâexcepting the figure of
1811:
and Germanic languages, concentrated in certain semantic domains such as religion and warfare, indicates intensive contacts between the
13622:
12758:
12384:
12279:
12024:
11964:
11942:
11525:
10818:
10777:
10610:
10536:
10439:
10389:
2566:
and the Huns had come to rule a multi-ethnic empire north of the Danube; two of the most important peoples within this empire were the
14878:
12058:"Runes from LĂĄny (Czech Republic) â The oldest inscription among Slavs. A new standard for multidisciplinary analysis of runic bones"
4778:
During the initial stage of the conflict between the Romans and the Tervingi, the Greuthungi had crossed the Danube into the Empire.
4516:
and to state with confidence when and where various Germanic and other peoples had migrated within Europe. In the 1930s and 40s, the
3609:
3313:. While these texts were composed in the 13th century, they frequently quote genres of traditional alliterative verse known today as
3211:
The structure of the magic formula in this charm has a long history prior to this attestation: it is first known to have occurred in
10478:(2021). "'Germanische Altertumskunde' im RĂŒckblick. EinfĂŒhrung". In Brather, Sebastian; Heizmann, Wilhelm; Patzold, Steffen (eds.).
4525:
altogether since it is too emotionally charged, adding that it has been politically abused and creates more confusion than clarity.
14669:
4178:
Clothing does not generally preserve well archaeologically. Early Germanic clothing is shown on some Roman stone monuments such as
3464:
2482:
in 410; Alaric died shortly thereafter. The Visigoths withdrew into Gaul where they faced a power struggle until the succession of
1313:
were members of preliterate societies. The only pre-Roman inscriptions that could be interpreted as Proto-Germanic, written in the
4356:; however, the authors also note that these groups are older than Germanic languages and found among speakers of other languages.
14687:
11148:
Gruen, Erich S. (2006). "The Expansion of the Empire under Augustus". In Alan K. Bowman; Edward Champlin; Andrew Lintott (eds.).
1795:'ring'; etc.), with the older loan layers possibly dating back to an earlier period of intense contacts between pre-Germanic and
296:) but that they also had kings and war leaders. The ancient Germanic-speaking peoples probably shared a common poetic tradition,
3820:
suggests that, on the basis of Latin mentions in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the following genres can be adduced:
1384:
By the time Germanic speakers entered written history, their linguistic territory had stretched farther south, since a Germanic
12038:
The Past Societies. Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the early Middle Ages", vol. 4: "500 BC â 500 AD"
3865:(4thâ6th centuries CE), placing them in highly ahistorical and mythologized settings; they originate and develop as part of an
735:, writing around 55 BCE during his governorship of Gaul. In Caesar's account, the clearest defining characteristic of the
11875:
13438:
13398:
13362:
13300:
13281:
13262:
13224:
13181:
13148:
13070:
13039:
13006:
12941:
12893:
12866:
12835:
12799:
12775:
12692:
12659:
12623:
12590:
12554:
12521:
12497:
12466:
12431:
12410:
12341:
12224:
12174:
12155:
12136:
12117:
11981:
11909:
11838:(2020), "The Marriage of Philology and Race: Constructing the 'Germanic'", in Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M. (eds.),
11813:
11732:
11711:
11689:
11596:
11404:
11368:
11349:
11306:
11197:
11176:
11157:
11126:
11102:
11083:
11052:
11022:
10991:
10946:
10879:
10840:
10671:
10631:
10555:
10346:
2685:
The Vandal and Ostrogothic kingdoms were destroyed in 534 and 555 respectively by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) empire under
13404:
13368:
13187:
13154:
13045:
13012:
12841:
12805:
12698:
12665:
12629:
12596:
12560:
12527:
12472:
12437:
12230:
11915:
11819:
11738:
11535:"Talking Neolithic: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on How Indo-European Was Implemented in Southern Scandinavia"
11410:
11203:
11132:
11058:
10997:
10846:
10637:
10561:
4190:, mostly from Scandinavia. Frequent finds include long trousers, sometimes including connected stockings, shirt-like gowns (
2858:. In the 7th century, Northumbria established overlordship over the other Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, until Mercia revolted under
2678:
composed of many subgroups, were made tributary to the Franks, as were the Frisians, who faced an attack by the Danes under
12766:
SchjÞdt, Jens Peter (2020). "Continuity and Break: Germanic". In SchjÞdt, Jens Peter; Lindow, John; Andrén, Anders (eds.).
11754:
10480:
Germanische Altertumskunde im Wandel. ArchÀologische, philologische und geschichtswissenschaftliche BeitrÀge aus 150 Jahren
3440:
2014:
1388:(where neighbouring language varieties diverged only slightly between each other, but remote dialects were not necessarily
1350:'god, deity'), which could be an invocation to a war-god or a mark of ownership engraved by its possessor. The inscription
187:
near the Rhine in the 1st century BCE, while the Roman Empire was establishing its dominance in that region. Under Emperor
12034:"With gold and sword. Contacts of Celts and early Germanics in central Europe. The historical background: 3rd â 1st c. BC"
1909:
on the Black Sea. Late in the 2nd century BCE, Roman and Greek sources recount the migrations of the Cimbri, Teutones and
1078:. They share distinctive characteristics which set them apart from other Indo-European sub-families of languages, such as
4682:, p. 521: "In the more than 250 years (ca. 2850â2600 B.C.E.) when late Funnel Beaker farmers coexisted with the new
2523:
1844:, with the similarities to Slavic being seen as remnants of Indo-European archaisms or the result of secondary contacts.
12959:
160:
in southern Denmark and northern Germany from the 6th to 1st centuries BCE. This existed around the same time that the
11333:
Namenwelten: Orts- und Personennamen in historischer Sicht ; Gewidmet Thorsten Andersson zu seinem 75. Geburtstag
6736:
892:") and an ethnic definition ("having Germanic ethnic characteristics"), and the two definitions did not always align.
631:
simply as a long-established and convenient term. Some archaeologists have also argued in favor of retaining the term
57:
bronze statuette dated to the late 1st century â early 2nd century CE, representing a Germanic man with his hair in a
13768:
3090:
and particular forms of magic throughout the Old Norse record. This deity is strongly associated with extensions of *
2969:. These deities are attested throughout literature authored by or written about Germanic-speaking peoples, including
2170:
The century after the Batavian Revolt saw mostly peace between the Germanic peoples and Rome. In 83 CE, Emperor
1582:
215:. After this major disruption, new Germanic peoples appear for the first time in the historical record, such as the
14741:
13730:
11636:
4345:
2576:
871:, though they did not live in Germania, and they were beginning to look like Sarmatians through intermarriage. The
616:
2345:
is traditionally cited by historians as beginning in 375 CE, under the assumption that the appearance of the
14692:
13900:
12924:
Steinacher, Roland (2020), "Rome and Its Created Northerners", in Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M. (eds.),
2821:
290:" are now controversial. Roman sources state that the Germanic peoples made decisions in a popular assembly (the
17:
13028:
Stiles, Patrick V. (2017). "The phonology of Germanic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
2550:, which served as an excellent base for further raids throughout the Mediterranean and became the basis for the
925:
described these new "Getic" peoples as sharing similar appearance, laws, Arian religion, and a common language.
14883:
14682:
13950:
13755:
13615:
13560:
13504:
13488:
13480:
13332:
12316:
12041:
11665:
4534:
2454:
father and a Roman mother, who became the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire from 395 to 408 CE
2090:
393:
196:
10921:
2973:, contemporary written accounts, and in folklore after Christianization. As an example, the second of the two
14726:
3535:
in 595. In the 7th century, Frankish-supported missionary activity spread out of Gaul, led by figures of the
3448:
1738:
1562:(6th c.), which is only scarcely attested; they are mainly characterized by the loss of the final consonant -
1142:
707:
Several different regions called Germania in the Roman era, about 0-200 CE (names in red were peoples called
2133:
had long served as auxiliary troops in the Roman army as well as in the imperial bodyguard as the so-called
13831:
10338:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
4353:
2832:
1067:
13511:
12995:"Warrior Bands, War Lords, and the Birth of Tribes and States in the First Millennium AD in Middle Europe"
12247:
11759:"Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe"
10449:
Ethnische Interpretationen in der frĂŒhgeschichtlichen ArchĂ€ologie: Geschichte, Grundlagen und Alternativen
8462:
The Atharveda charm is specifically charm 12 of book four of the Atharveda. See discussion in for example
4638:
since the 8th c., which have found so far no competing Indo-European etymologies, however unlikely: e.g.,
3527:
were mostly Christian already, but it appears that Christianity declined there. In 496, the Frankish king
2427:. In 397, the disunited eastern Empire submitted to some of his demands, possibly giving him control over
1444:
14734:
14697:
13710:
13576:
13097:
4812:, used among Germanic tribes ... The find reported here renders six of the last eight runes of the older
4736:, which then independently underwent the Germanic and Celtic treatments of Proto-Indo-European syllabic *
4054:
developed knowledge of ship construction, while elite graves have revealed wooden furniture with complex
3817:
3444:
2787:
in Neustria. Under their direction, the subkingdoms of Frankia were reunited. Following the mayoralty of
2311:
2239:
2206:
2185:, the longest fortified border in the empire. The period afterwards was peaceful enough that the emperor
1647:
towards Northern Europe during the third millennium BCE, via linguistic contacts and migrations from the
11654:"Southeast European Influences in the Early Iron Age of Southern Scandinavia: Gundestrup and the Cimbri"
3973:
Greco-Roman sources, however their accuracy has been questioned. The core of the army was formed by the
2998:
50:
14782:
13863:
13858:
12752:
12378:
12273:
12018:
11958:
11519:
10812:
10771:
10604:
10530:
10433:
10383:
4384:
3590:
3424:
3363:
13110:
12726:
12352:
11992:
11493:
10786:
10504:
10357:
2193:, the Romans appear to have reserved the right to choose rulers among the barbarians on the frontier.
2052:. Once Tiberius subdued the Germanic people between the Rhine and the Elbe, the region at least up to
747:
on the west side. Caesar sought to explain both why his legions stopped at the Rhine and also why the
191:(27 BCE â 14 CE), the Romans attempted to conquer a large part of Germania between the Rhine and
14873:
14715:
13895:
13802:
13795:
13773:
13608:
12876:
SimmelkjĂŠr Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Kroonen, Guus Jan (2022). "Germanic". In Olander, Thomas (ed.).
12715:
11152:. Vol. X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.CâA.D. 69. Oxford and New York: Cambridge University Press.
10745:
10397:
Beck, Heinrich (2004). "The Concept of Germanic Antiquity". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm (eds.).
4183:
4067:
kilns have also been discovered, and it seems clear that there were areas of specialized production.
3955:
3392:
2606:, but had revolted. They quickly established themselves as rulers on the eastern part of the island.
2126:
2086:
2018:
1644:
1598:
647:), rather than in ethnic terms. He nevertheless argues for some sense of shared identity between the
449:
subsequently ceased to be used as a name for any group of people and was revived as such only by the
327:, developed several theories about the nature of the Germanic peoples that were highly influenced by
4319:
The use of genetic studies to investigate the Germanic past is controversial, with scholars such as
3671:
3377:, the narrative strongly corresponds in numerous ways with the prose introduction to the eddic poem
2934:
and eastern and northern Scandinavia), it was similar to neighboring religions such as those of the
2251:
emerged along the upper Rhine and are mentioned in Roman sources from the third century onward. The
278:
Traditionally, the Germanic peoples have been seen as possessing a law dominated by the concepts of
13935:
13920:
13735:
13720:
12507:
11327:(2004). ""Heroische Zeiten?" Wanderungen von Heldennamen und Heldensagen zwischen den germanischen
11228:
2966:
2908:
2190:
1961:
1660:
1567:
1497:
1461:
1236:, described by Tacitus as a short spear carried by Germanic warriors, most likely derives from the
1134:
974:
Several ancient sources list subdivisions of the Germanic tribes. Writing in the first century CE,
679:
nevertheless refer to further commonalities such as the widely attested worship of deities such as
563:
42:
13519:
4310:
4112:
was needed in order to make molds and for the production of jewelry, however it is unclear if the
1180:
in the 1st century BCE, after which contacts with Proto-Germanic speakers began to intensify. The
14822:
14050:
13940:
13930:
13925:
13745:
13725:
13682:
13496:
12213:(2017). "The documentation of Germanic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
11237:
4124:, where again it is theorized that lead was exported to Rome. The neighboring Roman provinces of
3689:
inscription describing three generations of men. Their names share the common element of 'wolf' (
3338:
3291:
2900:
2130:
1681:
1590:
1535:
1465:
1457:
255:, they varied throughout the territory occupied by Germanic-speaking peoples. Over the course of
14817:
13592:
13584:
13568:
13539:
12648:(2017). "The dialectology of Germanic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
11291:
Ethnic Identity and the Archaeology of the aduentus Saxonum: A Modern Framework and its Problems
11224:"Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration"
4306:
2652:
The Ostrogoths, led by Valamer's brother Thiudimer, invaded the Balkans in 473. Thiudimer's son
2000:, the fortified border constructed following the final withdrawal of Roman forces from Germania.
840:(on the west bank of the Rhine). In modern scholarship, Germania magna is sometimes also called
751:
were more dangerous than the Gauls to the empire. Explaining this threat he also classified the
235:(375â568), such Germanic peoples entered the Roman Empire and eventually established their own "
14452:
13885:
13880:
13807:
13702:
13204:
11534:
11223:
10826:
4021:
Unlike agriculture in the Roman provinces, which was organized around the large farms known as
3963:
3858:
3783:
3744:). Sacral components to Germanic personal names are also attested, including elements such as *
3369:
2435:, the barbarian generalissimo who held power in the western Empire, made agreements with them.
2280:
2256:
1833:
1796:
1685:
1640:
1392:
due to accumulated differences over the distance) covered a region roughly located between the
1389:
1237:
1232:
773:
on the west bank of the Rhine, who he believed had moved from the east. It is unclear if these
692:
319:
in the 1400s greatly influenced the emerging idea of "Germanic peoples". Later scholars of the
301:
12964:
Germania: Anzeiger der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen ArchÀologischen Instituts
11704:
Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West
4314:
3725:
provides one such example, where three generations of men are connected by way of the element
2629:
1309:
In the absence of earlier evidence, it must be assumed that Proto-Germanic speakers living in
13750:
13640:
12913:
11897:
East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion
10578:
10457:
10407:
4341:
2943:
2463:
1953:
1865:
1800:
11932:
4349:
3854:
corpus. The poetic forms diverge among the different languages from the 9th century onward.
3543:. The Saxons initially rejected Christianization, but were eventually forcibly converted by
2925:. The idols were found in context with animal bones and other evidence of sacrificial rites.
2494:, the Visigoths were settled as Roman allies in Gaul between modern Toulouse and Bourdeaux.
14842:
13841:
13812:
13715:
12824:(2017). "The lexicon of Germanic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
12069:
4683:
4494:
4204:
Surviving examples indicate that Germanic textiles were of high quality and mostly made of
2784:
2622:
2415:
2407:
2181:
2140:
2118:
1758:
1652:
1095:
1087:
917:) even if they did not speak a Germanic language, and they often referred to the Goths as "
450:
328:
316:
13393:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
3906:
2965:
Like their neighbors and other historically related peoples, the ancient Germanic peoples
2656:
succeeded him in 476. In that same year, a barbarian commander in the Roman Italian army,
2081:
in the Balkans. Just three years later (9 CE), the second of these Germanic figures,
8:
14827:
14807:
14677:
13890:
13527:
13089:
12585:. A Linguistic History of English. Vol. 1 (2017 ed.). Oxford University Press.
11624:
11112:
10894:"On the origins of Germanic heroic poetry: a case study of the legend of the Burgundians"
4237:
3930:
As of 2023, scholarly consensus is that Germanic law is best understood in contrast with
3889:
3616:
3536:
3432:
3328:
2796:
2772:
2653:
2634:
2387:
1913:
whom Caesar later classified as Germanic. The movements of these groups through parts of
1648:
1449:
951:
The approximate positions of the three groups and their sub-peoples reported by Tacitus:
104:, is considered problematic by many scholars since it suggests identity with present-day
73:
12073:
4606:, the sword hung to the shoulder with valuable rings, both descending from the PIE root
4232:
3581:
3492:
Germanic peoples began entering the Roman Empire in large numbers at the same time that
3036:
are then able to reconstruct and propose early Germanic forms of these names from early
2862:
in 658. Subsequently, Mercia would establish dominance until 825 with the death of King
2827:
After a period of weak central authority, the Visigothic kingdom came under the rule of
2776:
1581:
dated to c. 160â260 CE; West Germanic remained a "residual" dialect continuum until the
580:) with a stable group identity linked to language. As a result, some scholars treat the
148:
is generally only used to refer to historical peoples from the 1st to 4th centuries CE.
14852:
14757:
14060:
13912:
13851:
13740:
13672:
13648:
13230:
12947:
12899:
12308:
12087:
11851:
11835:
11628:
11606:
11565:
11557:
11465:
11331:
des frĂŒhen Mittelalters". In Nahl, Astrid von; Lennart, Elmevik; Brink, Stefan (eds.).
11324:
11312:
11278:
11032:
10969:
10913:
10707:
10491:
4602:, long regarded as "without etymology", was found to be cognate with the Ancient Greek
4436:
4213:
4179:
4055:
4042:
3901:
3779:
3718:
3420:
3388:
3037:
3029:
2982:
2970:
2904:
2729:
2661:
2645:
2618:
2527:
2479:
2475:
1804:
1606:
1559:
1505:
1472:
1246:('forward-going one'), as suggested by comparable semantical structures found in early
1157:
1063:
1052:
769:
558:
The modern definition of Germanic peoples developed in the 19th century, when the term
454:
297:
244:
236:
157:
38:
13468:
13100:(1999). "Held, Heldendichtung und Heldensage". In Beck, Heinrich; et al. (eds.).
12645:
12452:
11561:
11489:
6479:
6455:
4101:
in Jutland (4th to 6th century CE), as well as at Glienick in northern Germany and at
3946:
2803:, would go on to conquer the Lombards, Saxons, and Bavarians. Charlemagne was crowned
2649:
the Iberian Peninsula by 484 except a small part that remained under Suevian control.
1820:
1746:
1293:
14837:
13836:
13687:
13662:
13434:
13394:
13358:
13296:
13277:
13258:
13234:
13220:
13177:
13144:
13066:
13035:
13002:
12951:
12937:
12903:
12889:
12862:
12831:
12795:
12771:
12688:
12655:
12619:
12586:
12550:
12517:
12493:
12462:
12427:
12406:
12337:
12312:
12220:
12189:
12170:
12151:
12132:
12113:
12091:
11977:
11905:
11891:
11855:
11809:
11790:
11728:
11707:
11685:
11592:
11469:
11457:
11400:
11364:
11345:
11316:
11302:
11282:
11193:
11172:
11153:
11122:
11098:
11079:
11048:
11018:
10987:
10973:
10942:
10917:
10875:
10868:
10863:
10836:
10711:
10667:
10627:
10551:
10495:
10467:
10342:
4553:
4324:
4288:
4129:
4125:
4059:
3559:
3532:
3374:
2896:
2836:
2741:
2715:
2614:
2284:
2135:
2078:
1891:
1728:
1716:
1656:
1614:
1551:
1491:
1385:
1314:
1302:
668:
375:
252:
77:
12714:
SchÀferdiek, Knut; Gschwantler, Otto (2010) . "Bekehrung und Bekehrungsgeschichte".
12201:
Murdoch, Adrian (2004). "Germania Romana". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm (eds.).
3631:
is widely attested among Germanic languages, where it developed from Proto-Germanic
2410:, joined by the Greuthungi. The Goths and their allies defeated the Romans first at
1770:
1671:
1164:, etc., it is unlikely that the members of these tribes all spoke the same dialect.
14761:
14259:
13475:
13212:
13093:
12929:
12881:
12300:
12077:
11901:
11843:
11780:
11770:
11569:
11549:
11447:
11439:
11294:
11270:
11241:
10961:
10905:
10723:
10699:
10483:
10471:
10332:
4513:
4388:
4328:
4143:
3862:
3722:
3675:
3342:
3283:
3086:
2974:
2918:
2694:
2354:
traditionally mark the transition between antiquity and the beginning of the early
2342:
2328:
2216:
2202:
2105:; however, the situation on the border was always unstable, with rebellions by the
2062:
1997:
1993:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1808:
1766:
1698:
837:
805:
672:
371:
292:
232:
212:
200:
13534:
12148:
Ancestral Journeys: The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings
4820:
in South-Germanic inscriptions, and the only one found in a non-Germanic context."
3792:. Written literature in Germanic languages is not recorded until the 6th century (
2478:. When Stilicho fell from power in 408, Alaric invaded Italy again and eventually
2333:
1172:
Definite and comprehensive evidence of Germanic lexical units only occurred after
921:", equating them to a non-Germanic people residing in the same region. The writer
14792:
13868:
13846:
13790:
13760:
13644:
13552:
13547:
13460:
13420:
Wolters, Reinhard (2001). "MannusstÀmme". In Beck, Heinrich; et al. (eds.).
13388:
13352:
13173:
Archaeology in Confrontation: Aspects of Roman Military Presence in the Northwest
13171:
13138:
13029:
12994:
12825:
12789:
12785:
12682:
12649:
12615:
Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power : The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire
12613:
12580:
12544:
12513:
Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the new science of the human past
12511:
12456:
12421:
12214:
11895:
11803:
11722:
11394:
11187:
11116:
11036:
10981:
10830:
10619:
10545:
10475:
10336:
6743:
4635:
4509:
4470:
4457:
4408:
4332:
4245:
3861:. These heroic legends mostly involve historical personages who lived during the
3851:
3839:
3797:
3615:
Like other indigenous scripts of Europe, the runes ultimately developed from the
3476:
3452:
3379:
3298:
3287:
3278:
Other widely attested entities from the North and West Germanic folklore include
3150:
A theonym identical to the proper noun 'Sun'. A goddess and the personified Sun.
2978:
2913:
2792:
2703:
2641:
2640:
In 455, in the aftermath of the death of Aetius in 453 and the murder of emperor
2580:
2491:
2261:
2220:
2212:
2175:
1754:
1689:
1594:
1555:
1525:
1476:
1267:
1083:
975:
809:
676:
611:
320:
203:. From 166 to 180 CE, Rome was embroiled in a conflict against the Germanic
169:
153:
69:
11342:
Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles
10720:
A Companion to Western Legal Traditions: From Antiquity to the Twentieth Century
1684:, the ancestral idiom of all attested Germanic dialects, existed in or near the
271:âfrom around the first century or before, which was gradually replaced with the
267:
converted only much later. The Germanic peoples shared a native scriptâknown as
14847:
14812:
14542:
14326:
13990:
13677:
13384:
13348:
13216:
11045:
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments
10690:
Donecker, Stefan (2020), "Re-inventing the 'Germanic' in the Early Modern Era:
4631:
4392:
4323:
suggesting it could represent a hearkening back to 19th-century ideas of race.
4171:
4121:
3997:
3989:
3866:
3540:
2959:
2846:
were divided into several competing kingdoms, the most important of which were
2788:
2745:
2736:
2665:
2599:
2598:(c. 500 â c. 570), this group had been recruited to protect the
2551:
2543:
2010:
1906:
1816:
1618:
1425:
1138:
1079:
1071:
992:
833:
825:
821:
603:
567:
426:
379:
324:
256:
161:
14756:
13211:, Pre-Christian Religions of the North, Brepols Publishers, pp. 115â134,
12933:
12082:
12057:
11847:
11274:
10965:
10727:
10703:
10487:
6491:
3833:
Some stylistic aspects of later Germanic poetry appear to have origins in the
3753:
2791:, the Pippinids replaced the Merovingians as kings in 751, when Charles's son
2406:
Due to mistreatment by the Romans, the Tervingi revolted in 377, starting the
2255:
begin to be mentioned along the lower Danube, where they attacked the city of
2073:
of the Marcomanni, who had led his people away from the Roman activities into
899:. Instead, they connected them with non-Germanic-speaking peoples such as the
14867:
14301:
14264:
14224:
14090:
13819:
13778:
12821:
12246:
Nedoma, Robert; Scardigli, Piergiuseppe; et al. (2010) . "Langobarden".
12210:
11794:
11461:
11390:
11378:
11040:
9872:
9831:
4444:
4429:
4093:
4022:
3834:
3686:
3659:
3624:
2867:
2804:
2499:
2395:
chose only to admit the Tervingi, who were settled in the Roman provinces of
2166:, a hairstyle which, according to Tacitus, was common among Germanic warriors
1957:
1494:
following the migration of East Germanic speakers in the 2ndâ3rd century CE;
1173:
1091:
995:, but otherwise, these divisions do not appear in other ancient works on the
732:
442:
264:
14403:
11245:
4485:
movement placed a great emphasis on the connection of modern Germans to the
3321:
2689:. Around 500, a new ethnic identity appears in modern southern Germany, the
2490:
in 417/18. Following successful campaigns against them by the Roman emperor
1996:, in existence from 7 BCE to 9 CE. The dotted line represents the
1703:
has stressed that two other archaeological groups must have belonged to the
13995:
13985:
13968:
13785:
13134:
12999:
Warfare and Society: Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives
12576:
12289:"Beowulf as Pre-National Epic: Ethnocentrism in the Poem and its Criticism"
11699:
11584:
11553:
10874:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
10503:
Bulitta, Brigitte; Springer, Matthias; et al. (2010) . "Kriegswesen".
10356:
Banck-Burgess, Johanna; MĂŒller, Mechthild; HĂ€gg, Inga (2010) . "Kleidung".
4502:
4026:
3821:
3793:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3482:
2843:
2507:
2471:
2292:
2163:
2150:
2102:
1926:
1869:
1602:
1329:
1298:
1182:
1016:
911:, who shared a similar culture. Romans also called them "Gothic peoples", (
652:
636:
466:
287:
286:. The precise details, nature and origin of what is still normally called "
275:, although runes continued to be used for specialized purposes thereafter.
272:
260:
58:
54:
12885:
12304:
11298:
10939:
Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative
10909:
9082:
8748:
8736:
8700:
8676:
8664:
8640:
4240:, likely a Roman diplomatic gift. The treasure may date from the reign of
4155:
1651:
towards modern-day Denmark, resulting in cultural mixing with the earlier
14477:
14435:
14358:
14271:
14139:
14129:
14040:
13824:
12392:
Penzl, Herbert (1972). "Old Germanic Languages". In Haugen, Einar (ed.).
11775:
11758:
11443:
11219:
10889:
4493:, democratic form of government and a unified German state. Contemporary
4478:
4440:
4320:
4079:
A 5th-century CE gold collar from Ă
lleberg, Sweden. It displays Germanic
3843:
3683:
3586:
3544:
3315:
3303:
3216:
3212:
3021:
2875:
2847:
2800:
2487:
2411:
2355:
2300:
2265:
2159:
1873:
1720:
1708:
1670:
is not until much later. Between around 500 BCE and the beginning of the
1610:
1547:
1543:
1501:
1405:
1369:
1187:
1020:
872:
607:
240:
177:
121:
11632:
11610:
11452:
10297:
10093:
9884:
9843:
9819:
6599:
4482:
4075:
3508:, who was made missionary bishop of the Goths in 341 and translated the
1941:
412:('neighbours') or could be tied to the Celtic word for their war cries,
332:
14654:
14442:
14425:
14373:
14363:
14348:
14316:
14306:
14184:
14134:
14010:
14005:
13973:
13692:
12193:
10735:
DĂŒwel, Klaus (2004). "Runic". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm (eds.).
8330:
For general discussion regarding the Merseburg Charms, see for example
5253:
5251:
4517:
4498:
4490:
4117:
4005:
3951:
3548:
3309:
3301:
and is attested in numerous works, the most expansive of which are the
2951:
2879:
2511:
2459:
2367:
2314:(235â284), and Germanic raids penetrated as far as northern Italy. The
2070:
2045:
1933:
1529:
1409:
1373:
967:
942:
938:
934:
904:
660:
656:
336:
204:
80:. In modern scholarship, they typically include not only the Roman-era
12186:
The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich
11785:
10201:
9205:
8616:
4116:
were able to produce lead. While lead mining is known from within the
2283:. He followed his victory there with another on the marshy terrain at
2028:
near the Rhine, then attacks increased further from the Rhine, on the
947:
14777:
14772:
14649:
14644:
14634:
14567:
14472:
14368:
14331:
14321:
14281:
14234:
14229:
14179:
14119:
14045:
14035:
14015:
13978:
13963:
10249:
4630:'stinging agent, pricker'. However, there is still a set of words of
4403:, as it supported Sweden's imperial ambitions. Peutinger printed the
4400:
4166:
3974:
3931:
3847:
3801:
3679:
3646:
The letters of the Elder Futhark are arranged in an order called the
3524:
3033:
3025:
2994:
2947:
2931:
2922:
2828:
2780:
2752:
2690:
2686:
2474:, and Strasbourg, territory that was recognized by the Roman Emperor
2420:
2383:
2371:
2350:
2144:
1879:
1857:
1578:
1539:
1521:
1263:
1259:
1161:
1146:
922:
864:
728:
403:
133:
13320:
12986:
Germanen aus Sicht der ArchÀologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema
12288:
12033:
11863:
11653:
6527:
5248:
5152:
3796:) or the 8th century in modern England and Germany. The philologist
3429:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
2985:
from a manuscript dated to the ninth century) mentions six deities:
1285:
14832:
14622:
14607:
14587:
14572:
14552:
14527:
14512:
14507:
14487:
14457:
14447:
14398:
14388:
14383:
14214:
14199:
14174:
14154:
14124:
14114:
14109:
14080:
14075:
14065:
14000:
13958:
13667:
13600:
10893:
10664:
A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland
9391:
9277:
6800:
6703:
6701:
6650:
4906:
4904:
4374:
4369:
4187:
4151:
4080:
3870:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3497:
3408:
3346:
3084:
A deity similarly associated with healing magic in the Old English
2955:
2859:
2764:
2725:
2720:
2674:
2555:
2547:
2533:
2447:
2432:
2424:
2379:
2375:
2248:
2224:
2171:
2155:
2106:
2082:
2033:
2025:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1922:
1910:
1742:
1676:
1376:(mid-1st c. BCE) may indicate the Germanic name of a Celtic ruler.
1305:
during the 3rdâ2nd c. BCE, is generally regarded as Proto-Germanic.
1035:
39) all suggest different subdivisions than the three mentioned in
1028:
421:
It is unclear that any people group ever referred to themselves as
348:
228:
188:
88:
12875:
11974:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
10261:
9193:
9157:
8998:
8974:
8252:
6956:
6485:
6467:
6461:
6425:
6078:
6015:
5424:
4816:, making it the first find containing the final part of the older
4757:
2117:
in the 60s CE. The most serious threat to the Roman order was the
1988:
1156:
Although Proto-Germanic is reconstructed without dialects via the
777:
were actually Germanic speakers. According to the Roman historian
96:
from this era, irrespective of where they lived, most notably the
14787:
14639:
14627:
14617:
14592:
14582:
14577:
14557:
14547:
14522:
14462:
14420:
14393:
14311:
14244:
14239:
14219:
14209:
14164:
14159:
14149:
14144:
14085:
14070:
14020:
9135:
9133:
8386:
8384:
8382:
6200:
5460:
5164:
5116:
5104:
4448:
4221:
4034:
3980:
3935:
3885:
3789:
3757:
3505:
3486:
3017:
2871:
2863:
2816:
2679:
2657:
2584:
2571:
2443:
2396:
2276:
2074:
1965:
1945:
1883:
1853:
1735:, which included Celtic-speaking peoples further south and west.
1397:
1255:
1150:
1075:
1008:
817:
813:
778:
756:
480:, which is generally used when referring to modern Germans only.
389:
308:
283:
141:
137:
125:
105:
31:
13209:
The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures
13031:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
12827:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
12768:
The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures
12651:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
12216:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
11396:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
8796:
8548:
Regarding the Ring of Pietroassa, see for example discussion in
6698:
4901:
3469:
3403:
2004:
14797:
14659:
14612:
14597:
14562:
14537:
14502:
14497:
14430:
14415:
14353:
14291:
14276:
14254:
14204:
14194:
14189:
14102:
14097:
14055:
14025:
11753:
9229:
9010:
8488:
8150:
6761:
6349:
6347:
6278:
6254:
5128:
4948:
4946:
4379:
4132:
produced a great deal of lead, which has been found stamped as
4106:
agricultural tools, tools for various crafts, and for weapons.
4102:
3604:
Germanic speakers developed a native script, the runes (or the
2855:
2851:
2808:
2698:
2595:
2567:
2563:
2503:
2483:
2467:
2451:
2428:
2400:
2392:
2296:
2288:
2186:
2139:, often called the Germanic bodyguard. The uprising was led by
2114:
2110:
2037:
2029:
1719:
in modern Poland is thought to possibly reflect a Germanic and
1433:
1401:
988:
984:
876:
786:
752:
430:
224:
216:
129:
12032:
MaciaĆowicz, Andrzej; Rudnicki, Marcin; Strobin, Anna (2016),
10577:
Capelle, Torsten; Brather, Sebastian (2010) . "Wikingerzeit".
9241:
9130:
8986:
8962:
8379:
7202:
6320:
5236:
3824:(the origin of a people or their rulers), the fall of heroes (
3752:- (both usually translated as 'holy, sacred', see for example
1940:, led a force including Suevi across the Rhine into Gaul near
1723:
component. The identification of the Jastorf culture with the
14532:
14517:
14492:
14482:
14467:
14410:
14378:
14343:
14338:
14296:
14286:
14169:
14030:
13873:
13084:. Translated by Mattingly, H.; Handford, S. A. Penguin Books.
12878:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
12394:
Linguistics in Western Europe, Part 2: The Study of Languages
10983:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
10406:
Beck, Heinrich; Quak, Arend; et al. (2010) . "Franken".
8950:
8784:
8506:
For a concise overview of sources on Germanic mythology, see
8408:
8230:
8228:
7241:
6515:
5867:
5743:
5472:
5436:
5176:
5140:
4337:
4258:
4254:
4197:
4087:
Despite the claims of Roman writers such as Tacitus that the
4038:
3917:
3576:
3555:
3006:
3002:
2990:
2939:
2935:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2603:
2272:
2252:
2189:
reduced the number of soldiers on the frontier. According to
2053:
2041:
1949:
1918:
1900:
1896:
1861:
1750:
1712:
1429:
1415:
In the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, migrations of East Germanic
1393:
1247:
1004:
957:
918:
908:
884:
846:("free Germania"), a name coined by Jacob Grimm around 1835.
740:
724:
688:
587:
488:
or the broader Germanic group. In modern German, the ancient
396:
more or less concurs with Wolfram and surmises that the name
268:
220:
208:
173:
165:
117:
97:
13357:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
9937:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8300:
8288:
8090:
8078:
8066:
7342:
7219:
7217:
6344:
4943:
4271:), the Romans also imported the feathers of Germanic geese (
4158:
work, techniques that dominated throughout Germanic Europe.
3020:
to these deities occur in other Germanic languages, such as
2423:ârevolted several more times, finally coming to be ruled by
2121:
in 69 CE, during the civil wars following the death of
1605:; c. 350â380). It became extinct after the fall of the
763:. Although Caesar described the Rhine as the border between
703:
14802:
14602:
14249:
11037:"'Instinctive Genius': The depiction of Caesar the general"
10898:
BeitrÀge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur
9217:
9118:
8909:
8724:
8688:
8213:
8201:
8126:
7907:
7895:
7866:
7842:
7758:
7734:
7671:
7647:
7611:
7582:
7570:
7558:
7534:
7522:
7414:
7390:
7378:
7354:
7330:
6749:
6626:
6359:
5559:
5335:
5323:
5299:
5287:
5041:
4241:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4147:
4109:
4098:
3761:
2986:
2751:
Merovingian Frankia became divided into three subkingdoms:
2438:
2346:
2122:
2057:
1914:
1524:, a language attested by runic inscriptions written in the
1216:
1198:
1177:
900:
832:) to this area, contrasting it with the Roman provinces of
744:
684:
680:
279:
192:
12791:
Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages
12031:
10189:
10141:
10045:
9896:
9807:
9742:
9715:
9703:
9691:
9655:
9502:
9325:
8264:
8225:
7277:
7093:
7091:
6539:
6497:
6164:
5803:
5791:
5663:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5496:
3804:
poetry. These include ritual poetry, epigrammatic poetry (
2835:; the entire Visigothic kingdom would be conquered by the
2361:
1516:(attested from c. 400 BCE); a uniform northern dialect or
1074:, and likely represented a group of mutually intelligible
801:
from the Celts was not taken up by most writers in Greek.
12997:. In Otto, Ton; Thrane, Henrik; Vandkilde, Helle (eds.).
11616:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur
10666:. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
10177:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9645:
9643:
9408:
9406:
9381:
9379:
9094:
8933:
8921:
8885:
8808:
8772:
8563:
8531:
On the correspondences between the prose introduction to
8513:
8240:
8189:
7994:
7366:
7214:
6860:
6674:
6563:
6443:
6084:
6021:
5687:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5617:
5615:
5484:
4931:
4216:, sometimes made of glass or amber, and the weights from
3850:. Alliterative verse is not attested in the small extant
3279:
1674:, archeological and linguistic evidence suggest that the
1456:
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided between
263:
of Britain converted to Christianity, but the Saxons and
13169:
13109:
Timpe, Dieter; Scardigli, Barbara; et al. (2010) .
10273:
9778:
9766:
9754:
9628:
9181:
9070:
9034:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8652:
8276:
8114:
8054:
7659:
7462:
7253:
7229:
7127:
6605:
6176:
6038:
6036:
5547:
5513:
5511:
5188:
5092:
4856:
4439:
proper starts around the turn of the 19th century, with
4170:
A pair of trousers with attached stockings found in the
3869:. Some early Gothic heroic legends are already found in
3600:, bears the oldest generally accepted runic inscription.
2660:, mutinied and removed the final western Roman emperor,
413:
407:
10717:
10355:
10237:
10165:
10153:
10117:
10081:
9890:
9878:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9849:
9837:
9825:
9732:
9730:
9594:
9592:
9555:
9553:
9454:
9337:
9211:
9169:
9145:
9022:
8712:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8312:
8177:
8167:
8165:
8018:
8006:
7972:
7970:
7931:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7854:
7806:
7794:
7746:
7722:
7712:
7710:
7695:
7683:
7623:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7546:
7486:
7474:
7426:
7318:
7306:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7265:
7190:
7156:
7154:
7115:
7088:
7076:
7051:
7049:
7022:
7010:
6973:
6971:
6872:
6836:
6778:
6776:
6332:
6224:
6112:
5895:
5571:
5080:
4799:
was used exclusively by Germanic-speaking populations."
4391:, which depicted Scandinavia as the "womb of nations" (
4253:
trade. Migration-period seaborne trade is suggested by
3562:
seems to have continued to exist into the early 1100s.
3519:
The areas of the Roman Empire conquered by the Franks,
3349:
that features the deities Frea (cognate with Old Norse
1601:(from the 3rd c. CE) and textual evidence (principally
1207:('hair dye') is certainly borrowed from Proto-Germanic
553:
13088:
12713:
11931:
Kuhn, Hans; Wilson, David M. (2010) . "Angelsachsen".
11192:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
10866:. In G.W. Bowersock; Peter Brown; Oleg Grabar (eds.).
10466:
10309:
10303:
10285:
10255:
10213:
10207:
10129:
10099:
10057:
10021:
10009:
9985:
9908:
9790:
9679:
9640:
9616:
9577:
9565:
9538:
9526:
9514:
9490:
9478:
9442:
9430:
9403:
9376:
9366:
9364:
9349:
9313:
9301:
9289:
9265:
9253:
9088:
9046:
8754:
8742:
8706:
8682:
8670:
8646:
8628:
8622:
8604:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8042:
7450:
7166:
7066:
7064:
6988:
6986:
6908:
6884:
6788:
6713:
6638:
6616:
6614:
6431:
6212:
6188:
5699:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5383:
5371:
5359:
5257:
5212:
5200:
5158:
5002:
4921:
4919:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4610:, denoting the 'suspended sword'. Similarly, the word
2609:
785:(c. 98 CE), it was among this group, specifically the
37:"Germani" redirects here. For the Iberian people, see
13253:
Ward, Allen; Heichelheim, Fritz; Yeo, Cedric (2016).
11095:
In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire
10694:", in Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M. (eds.),
10105:
9106:
8897:
8873:
8861:
8849:
8837:
8820:
8760:
8592:
7103:
7034:
6686:
6662:
6136:
6124:
6033:
5954:
5731:
5508:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5311:
5224:
5070:
5068:
5031:
5029:
4387:
in the mid-15th century and first printed in 1515 by
4016:
3788:
The ancient Germanic-speaking peoples were a largely
3174:
A goddess associated with extensions of the goddess *
2370:, a Gothic group in modern Ukraine under the rule of
655:, various common objects of material culture such as
453:
in the 16th century. Previously, scholars during the
112:
involved tribes west of the Rhine, their homeland of
10456:
Brather, Sebastian (2010) . "Völkerwanderungszeit".
10069:
9855:
9727:
9667:
9604:
9589:
9550:
8437:
8420:
8396:
8341:
8162:
8138:
8102:
8030:
7982:
7967:
7955:
7943:
7919:
7878:
7830:
7818:
7782:
7770:
7707:
7635:
7594:
7510:
7498:
7402:
7289:
7178:
7151:
7046:
6998:
6968:
6932:
6920:
6896:
6848:
6824:
6812:
6773:
6587:
6551:
5675:
5523:
5448:
5263:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4963:
4961:
3726:
3651:
3632:
1789:
1778:
1362:
1355:
1344:
1337:
1240:
1208:
1191:
1027:
43) and Tacitus's account of the origin myth of the
883:, because they had other languages and customs. The
402:
is likely of Celtic etymology and is related to the
12426:, EnzyklopÀdie deutscher Geschichte, vol. 57,
10832:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
10785:DĂŒwel, Klaus (2010b) . "Runen und RunendenkmĂ€ler".
10622:. In Kremmydas, Christos; Tempest, Kathryn (eds.).
10225:
10033:
9997:
9973:
9961:
9949:
9925:
9466:
9418:
9361:
9058:
8469:
8360:
7438:
7139:
7061:
6983:
6944:
6611:
6575:
6503:
6288:
5855:
5627:
5535:
5395:
5347:
5275:
5014:
4916:
4889:
4868:
520:). The direct equivalents in English are, however,
132:in the south. Other Germanic speakers, such as the
13252:
12912:
11361:War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327â70 B.C
10986:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
10870:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
10867:
6962:
5407:
5065:
5053:
5026:
4186:, and is occasionally discovered in finds from in
2005:Early Roman Imperial period (27 BCE â 166 CE)
1621:, has been partially recorded in the 16th century.
1448:Replica of an altar for the Matrons of Vacallina (
1321:but rather in the Venetic region. The inscription
195:, but withdrew after their shocking defeat at the
11166:
10550:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8535:and the Langobardic origin myth, see for example
6806:
6707:
4973:
4958:
3657:('cattle, property'). Such examples are known as
2517:
2414:, then defeated and killed emperor Valens in the
1566:(attested from the late 3rd century), and by the
849:Caesar and, following him, Tacitus, depicted the
723:as a large category of peoples distinct from the
14865:
13111:"Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde"
12351:Padberg, Lutz E. V. (2010) . "Zwangsbekehrung".
11399:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
11363:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
11264:
11189:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376â568
11167:Haller, Johannes; Dannenbauer, Henirich (1970).
11118:Language and History in the Early Germanic World
10626:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
5242:
5182:
5134:
4769:Tacitus referred to him as king of the Suevians.
4571:Cotinos Gallica, Osos Pannonica lingua coarguit
2946:. The term is sometimes applied as early as the
2337:2nd century to 6th century simplified migrations
2322:
2291:. In 253/254, further attacks occurred reaching
2287:, a battle which cost the life of Roman emperor
1221:, as evidenced by the parallel Finnish loanword
651:, noting the use of a common language, a common
635:due to its broad recognizability. Archaeologist
180:peoples before they were noted by the Romans.
13312:Arminius the Liberator : myth and ideology
12911:Springer, Matthias (2010) . "Völkerwanderung".
12724:
12245:
12055:
11097:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
11078:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
11017:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
10685:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). pp. 241â252.
10681:Dilcher, Gerhard (2011). "Germanisches Recht".
10502:
9397:
9283:
9235:
8802:
8790:
8156:
4011:
3816:), lyric, narrative poetry, and praise poetry.
3765:
3708:
3702:
3356:
3350:
1983:
1609:in the early 8th century. The inclusion of the
1279:
1271:
739:people was that their homeland was east of the
13325:Old Norse Mythology in Comparative Perspective
13108:
12960:"Germania and the Germani â Where are We Now?"
11724:Cultural Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean
11532:
10576:
9247:
9199:
9163:
9139:
9004:
8992:
8980:
8968:
8258:
6486:SimmelkjĂŠr Sandgaard Hansen & Kroonen 2022
6473:
6462:SimmelkjĂŠr Sandgaard Hansen & Kroonen 2022
6426:SimmelkjĂŠr Sandgaard Hansen & Kroonen 2022
6413:
6326:
6282:
6079:SimmelkjĂŠr Sandgaard Hansen & Kroonen 2022
6016:SimmelkjĂŠr Sandgaard Hansen & Kroonen 2022
5873:
5785:
5749:
5725:
5478:
5466:
5442:
5430:
5170:
5122:
5110:
4952:
4910:
4758:SimmelkjĂŠr Sandgaard Hansen & Kroonen 2022
4753:
4679:
4224:are frequently found in Germanic settlements.
3391:, which appears to be a cult object (see also
3290:. (For more discussion on these entities, see
2709:
2275:led Goths with Bastarnae, Carpi, Vandals, and
1190:, are given by Tacitus as a Latinized form of
429:, only peoples near the Rhine, especially the
14742:
13616:
13424:. Vol. 19. de Gruyter. pp. 467â478.
13104:. Vol. 14. de Gruyter. pp. 260â280.
11340:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996).
11339:
11121:(2001 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
10744:DĂŒwel, Klaus (2010a) . "Arianische Kirchen".
10683:Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte
9016:
4201:linen, no examples of these have been found.
3988:Roman sources stress, perhaps partially as a
3968:Military organization of the Germanic peoples
3458:
2724:Frankish expansion from the early kingdom of
2196:
1972:he also massacred a large migrating group of
1960:went to war with them, defeating them at the
1819:, usually identified with the archaeological
1222:
812:and Tacitus placed the eastern border at the
457:(8thâ11th centuries) had already begun using
136:and Goths, lived further east in what is now
13205:"5- Language: Placenames and Personal Names"
12126:
11890:
11073:
10692:Omnes Germani sunt, contra fabulas quorundam
7348:
6353:
5502:
4622:'having a pike'), possibly related to Greek
4191:
4030:forest, about the same percentage as today.
3830:), praise poetry, and laments for the dead.
3811:
3805:
3610:earliest known writing among Slavic speakers
3396:
2268:, was established to deal with their raids.
1905:), who are recorded threatening the city of
1847:
1379:
597:
575:
515:
509:
503:
493:
259:, most continental Germanic peoples and the
92:and parts of the Roman empire, but also all
13647:origin primarily identified as speakers of
13422:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
13295:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13102:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
12458:Recent Developments in Germanic Linguistics
12098:
11651:
11169:Der Eintritt der Germanen in die Geschichte
11092:
11031:
11012:
8549:
6767:
6755:
6656:
6632:
6533:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4133:
3978:
3825:
3643:is attested from the sixth century onward.
3474:
2538:
1202:
1186:, a pair of brother gods worshipped by the
912:
841:
581:
546:may instead be called "ancient Germans" or
537:
397:
383:
365:
359:
108:. Although the first Roman descriptions of
14749:
14735:
13623:
13609:
12957:
12923:
12770:. Vol. 1. Brepols. pp. 247â268.
12582:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
11930:
11834:
10624:Hellenistic Oratory: Continuity and Change
10547:Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.âA.D. 400
10183:
8234:
5565:
5553:
5490:
5341:
5329:
5305:
5146:
5098:
5047:
4862:
4297:have acted as a form of currency as well.
2783:came to control the Merovingian rulers as
2238:Depiction of Romans fighting Goths on the
1773:have preserved archaic forms (e.g. Finnic
211:with their allies, which was known as the
13390:The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples
13202:
12880:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12784:
12549:. University of Texas Press. p. 51.
12405:. MĂŒnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
12167:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter
12127:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997).
12107:
12081:
11861:
11805:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
11784:
11774:
11611:"Rezensionen. Rudolf Simek, Die Germanen"
11451:
11323:
10617:
9100:
8956:
8944:
8814:
8778:
8414:
6521:
6397:
6102:
5777:
4576:. However they were Germanic by country (
4497:in Scandinavia placed more weight on the
3627:, date from 200 to 700 CE. The word
3504:Christians and Arians, such as the Arian
3431:). Notable from the Roman period are the
2583:. Either before or after Attila's death,
2310:largely collapsed in 259/260, during the
2066:and provided soldiers to the Roman army.
1980:who had crossed the Rhine from the east.
13548:Pomponius Mela, Description of the World
13143:(2009 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
12910:
12725:Schmidt-Wiegand, Ruth (2010) . "Leges".
12644:
12396:. de Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1232â1281.
11488:
10835:(2011 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
10689:
10405:
10195:
10171:
10159:
10147:
10123:
8306:
8294:
8282:
8096:
8084:
8072:
8060:
7223:
7208:
6498:MaciaĆowicz, Rudnicki & Strobin 2016
6206:
6182:
6154:
6118:
6106:
6058:
6011:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5889:
5849:
5833:
5765:
5582:
4808:"Runes are an alphabetic script, called
4667:
4231:
4165:
4161:
4074:
3945:
3905:
3670:
3580:
3468:
3465:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
3327:
2912:
2735:
2719:
2628:
2613:
2437:
2332:
2233:
2149:
1987:
1757:(Germanic), Dark Green –
1737:
1443:
1292:
946:
702:
698:
433:and sometimes the Alemanni, were called
116:was portrayed as stretching east of the
49:
14688:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
13419:
13383:
13347:
13309:
13079:
12974:
12820:
12765:
12680:
12611:
12542:
12403:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen
12400:
12350:
12286:
12200:
11801:
11389:
11377:
11288:
11218:
11185:
10979:
10955:
10825:
10680:
10455:
10446:
10331:
10291:
10087:
10015:
9991:
9919:
9355:
9295:
9223:
9175:
9151:
9124:
9028:
8730:
8718:
8694:
8494:
8318:
8219:
8207:
8183:
8132:
8024:
7937:
7913:
7901:
7872:
7860:
7848:
7812:
7800:
7764:
7752:
7740:
7728:
7701:
7689:
7677:
7653:
7629:
7617:
7588:
7576:
7564:
7552:
7540:
7528:
7492:
7480:
7456:
7432:
7420:
7396:
7384:
7372:
7360:
7336:
7324:
7312:
7283:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7196:
7121:
7097:
7016:
6866:
6381:
6377:
6365:
6310:
6274:
6270:
6246:
6242:
6230:
6074:
6070:
6054:
6003:
6001:
5972:
5928:
5885:
5829:
5809:
5797:
5781:
5721:
5705:
5669:
5657:
5621:
5606:
5594:
5317:
5230:
5218:
5086:
5008:
4996:
4138:("Germanic lead") in Roman shipwrecks.
4008:shows them to be of Roman manufacture.
3857:Later Germanic peoples shared a common
2362:Early Migration Period (before 375â420)
2147:, who was victorious in the civil war.
1639:The Germanic-speaking peoples speak an
867:, who he says spoke and lived like the
759:, who had previously invaded Italy, as
622:Defenders of continued use of the term
14:
14866:
13318:
13060:
13027:
12992:
12983:
12979:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
12757:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
12492:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
12487:
12451:
12383:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
12278:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
12209:
12164:
12099:MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006).
12023:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
11971:
11963:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
11878:from the original on 13 September 2022
11679:
11605:
11524:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
11358:
11171:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
10817:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10784:
10776:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10743:
10652:
10609:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10535:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10438:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10388:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10315:
10051:
10027:
9943:
9902:
9813:
9801:
9748:
9721:
9709:
9697:
9685:
9661:
9649:
9622:
9583:
9571:
9544:
9532:
9520:
9508:
9496:
9460:
9448:
9436:
9412:
9385:
9331:
9319:
9307:
9271:
9259:
9076:
9052:
9040:
8915:
8658:
8634:
8610:
8598:
8586:
8582:
8536:
8463:
8331:
8270:
6890:
6794:
6719:
6644:
6545:
6417:
6401:
6385:
6306:
6218:
6194:
6170:
6158:
6142:
6130:
6090:
6042:
6027:
6007:
5992:
5976:
5960:
5948:
5932:
5825:
5761:
5693:
5681:
5293:
5281:
5269:
5194:
4937:
4925:
4895:
4883:
4699:
3910:Germanic bracteate from Funen, Denmark
3565:
2644:in 455, the Vandals invaded Italy and
1408:during the first two centuries of the
1137:linguistic period (2500â500 BCE), the
542:is also used. To avoid ambiguity, the
14730:
13604:
13433:. New York: Oxford University Press.
13428:
13331:. Harvard University Press: 363â380.
13290:
13271:
13241:from the original on 10 February 2022
12856:
12575:
12546:Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words
12506:
12419:
12391:
12203:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
12183:
12145:
12129:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
12036:, in Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz (ed.),
11720:
11652:Kaul, Flemming; Martens, Jes (1995),
11583:
11533:Iversen, Rune; Kroonen, Guus (2017).
11476:from the original on 13 November 2019
11147:
11111:
10936:
10888:
10861:
10737:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
10734:
10661:
10655:Conversion among the Germanic Peoples
10543:
10399:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
10267:
10243:
10111:
9891:Banck-Burgess, MĂŒller & HĂ€gg 2010
9879:Banck-Burgess, MĂŒller & HĂ€gg 2010
9850:Banck-Burgess, MĂŒller & HĂ€gg 2010
9838:Banck-Burgess, MĂŒller & HĂ€gg 2010
9826:Banck-Burgess, MĂŒller & HĂ€gg 2010
9343:
9212:Dusil, Kannowski & Schwedler 2023
9112:
9064:
8927:
8903:
8891:
8879:
8867:
8855:
8843:
8831:
8766:
8569:
8519:
8507:
8335:
8048:
8012:
7988:
7961:
7949:
7889:
7788:
7776:
7184:
7160:
7109:
7082:
7040:
7028:
7004:
6977:
6938:
6926:
6902:
6878:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6782:
6692:
6680:
6668:
6593:
6569:
6557:
6449:
6338:
6314:
6258:
5988:
5944:
5924:
5920:
5907:
5861:
5845:
5821:
5737:
5717:
5640:
5541:
5529:
5517:
5454:
5418:
5401:
5389:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5206:
5074:
5059:
5035:
5020:
4695:
4501:, resulting in the movement known as
3985:(mercenary units in the Roman army).
3547:as a result of their conquest in the
2967:venerated numerous indigenous deities
2807:in 800 and regarded his residence of
1936:, described by Caesar as king of the
1490:in accented syllables; it remained a
1167:
1143:an unknown non-Indo-European language
304:originating in the Migration Period.
13630:
13335:from the original on 9 February 2022
13321:"Ymir in India, China â and Beyonds"
13133:
12632:from the original on 13 January 2023
12331:
12260:from the original on 6 February 2022
12056:MachĂĄÄek, JiĆĂ; et al. (2021).
11990:
11945:from the original on 5 February 2022
11698:
11425:
11252:from the original on 19 January 2020
10591:from the original on 5 February 2022
10396:
10304:Brather, Heizmann & Patzold 2021
10279:
10256:Brather, Heizmann & Patzold 2021
10231:
10219:
10208:Brather, Heizmann & Patzold 2021
10135:
10100:Brather, Heizmann & Patzold 2021
10075:
10063:
10039:
10003:
9979:
9967:
9955:
9931:
9866:
9784:
9772:
9760:
9736:
9673:
9634:
9610:
9598:
9559:
9484:
9472:
9424:
9370:
9187:
9089:Tiefenbach, Reichert & Beck 1999
8557:
8482:
8450:
8431:
8402:
8390:
8373:
8354:
8246:
8195:
8171:
8144:
8120:
8108:
8036:
8000:
7976:
7925:
7836:
7824:
7716:
7665:
7641:
7605:
7516:
7504:
7468:
7444:
7408:
7300:
7172:
7145:
7133:
7070:
7055:
6992:
6950:
6914:
6620:
6606:Vanderhoeven & Vanderhoeven 2004
6581:
6509:
6437:
6421:
6294:
6250:
5998:
5916:
5258:Brather, Heizmann & Patzold 2021
5159:Brather, Heizmann & Patzold 2021
4984:
4967:
4787:"The indigenous ancient alphabet of
4721:
3773:
3383:, recorded in 13th-century Iceland.
3355:) and Godan (cognate with Old Norse
3325:dating to the pre-Christian period.
2890:
2015:Early Imperial campaigns in Germania
554:Modern definitions and controversies
550:by using the Latin term in English.
13121:from the original on 17 August 2021
12739:from the original on 15 August 2021
12455:(1992). Lippi-Green, Rosina (ed.).
12365:from the original on 18 August 2021
12044:from the original on 16 August 2021
12005:from the original on 14 August 2021
11506:from the original on 18 August 2021
10758:from the original on 17 August 2021
4359:
4311:Bell Beaker culture § Genetics
3732:, meaning 'wolf' (the alliterative
2610:After the death of Attila (453â568)
2524:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
2502:may never have been conquered. The
1436:tribes towards modern-day England.
1145:, still noticeable in the Germanic
1141:was almost certainly influenced by
562:was linked to the newly identified
508:, as distinct from modern Germans (
465:in a territorial sense to refer to
335:movement and later co-opted by the
27:Historical group of European people
24:
13407:from the original on 23 April 2023
13371:from the original on 23 April 2023
13257:. London and New York: Routledge.
13190:from the original on 23 April 2023
13157:from the original on 23 April 2023
13048:from the original on 23 April 2023
13034:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter.
13015:from the original on 23 April 2023
12844:from the original on 23 April 2023
12830:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter.
12808:from the original on 23 April 2023
12701:from the original on 23 April 2023
12668:from the original on 23 April 2023
12654:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter.
12599:from the original on 23 April 2023
12563:from the original on 23 April 2023
12530:from the original on 23 April 2023
12475:from the original on 23 April 2023
12440:from the original on 23 April 2023
12319:from the original on 26 March 2023
12233:from the original on 23 April 2023
12219:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter.
12188:. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
12131:. London and New York: Routledge.
12108:MagnĂșsson, Ăsgeir Blöndal (1989).
11918:from the original on 23 April 2023
11822:from the original on 20 April 2023
11741:from the original on 23 April 2023
11639:from the original on 23 April 2022
11591:. London and New York: Routledge.
11579:from the original on 19 July 2018.
11413:from the original on 23 April 2023
11206:from the original on 23 April 2023
11135:from the original on 23 April 2023
11061:from the original on 23 April 2023
11000:from the original on 23 April 2023
10849:from the original on 23 April 2023
10799:from the original on 23 April 2023
10640:from the original on 23 April 2023
10564:from the original on 23 April 2023
10517:from the original on 23 April 2023
10420:from the original on 9 August 2022
10370:from the original on 23 April 2023
10366:. de Gruyter. pp. 1064â1067.
8755:SchÀferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
8743:SchÀferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
8707:SchÀferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
8683:SchÀferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
8671:SchÀferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
8647:SchÀferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
8623:SchÀferdiek & Gschwantler 2010
6148:
4307:Battle Axe culture § Genetics
4150:with snakeheads, often displaying
4017:Agriculture and population density
3417:a focus on sacred groves and trees
2842:In what would become England, the
2378:river. A second Gothic group, the
2109:in 28 CE, and attacks by the
1482:, and the shift of the long vowel
820:(2nd century CE) applied the name
300:, and later Germanic peoples also
183:Roman authors first described the
25:
14895:
13471:Ecclesiastical history of England
13449:
13203:Vikstrand, Per (1 January 2020),
13115:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
13065:(reprint). Springer Netherlands.
12915:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
12733:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
12717:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
12359:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
12254:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
12150:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
12062:Journal of Archaeological Science
11999:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
11939:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
11668:from the original on 9 April 2022
11500:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
11293:. University of Amsterdam Press.
10924:from the original on 28 July 2021
10793:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
10752:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
10739:. Camden House. pp. 121â148.
10585:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
10511:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
10459:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
10414:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
10364:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
4315:Nordic Bronze Age § Genetics
4261:and other harbors on the Baltic.
3666:
3558:had converted earlier. The pagan
3395:), and the mention of the Gothic
2621:and peoples after the end of the
2510:, who would form the core of the
2279:into the empire, laying siege to
1504:: initially characterized by the
1439:
1057:
767:and Celts, he also describes the
719:The first author to describe the
472:In modern English, the adjective
14879:2nd-millennium BC establishments
14711:
14710:
12859:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
12334:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
12169:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
11684:, vol. I, London: Penguin,
10960:, De Gruyter, pp. 241â250,
10513:. de Gruyter. pp. 667â746.
8575:
8542:
8525:
8500:
8456:
8324:
6963:Ward, Heichelheim & Yeo 2016
6725:
6407:
6391:
6371:
6300:
6264:
6236:
4832:
4823:
4802:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4747:
4715:
4705:
4689:
4673:
4661:
4614:could descend from a PGer. form
4368:in the 1450s was used by German
3723:runestone D359 in Istaby, Sweden
3570:
2866:. Few written sources report on
2577:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
1745:: Orange Field –
1655:. The subsequent culture of the
1452:) from Mechernich-Weyer, Germany
879:lived in Germania, but were not
643:in geographical terms (covering
358:The etymology of the Latin word
68:were tribal groups who lived in
14693:Christianization of Scandinavia
12684:German: Biography of a Language
12205:. Camden House. pp. 55â71.
12101:Runic Amulets and Magic Objects
11991:LĂŒck, Heiner (2010) . "Recht".
11589:Europe's Barbarians, AD 200â600
11542:American Journal of Archaeology
11335:. de Gruyter. pp. 513â534.
10401:. Camden House. pp. 25â28.
10324:
6096:
6064:
6048:
5982:
5966:
5938:
5879:
5839:
5815:
5771:
5755:
5711:
4591:
4559:
4373:nations. Equally important was
4070:
3895:
3361:). Attested in the 7th-century
3040:. Compare the following table:
2833:a Muslim army landed at Grenada
1542:(attested from the 5th c. CE),
1098:), or the merger of the vowels
1015:40) as well as the cult of the
928:
14683:Christianization of the Franks
13756:Continental Germanic mythology
13455:Classical and medieval sources
12928:, De Gruyter, pp. 31â66,
12618:. Amsterdam University Press.
11842:, De Gruyter, pp. 19â30,
11682:Penguin Atlas of World History
10698:, De Gruyter, pp. 67â84,
10620:"Paradoxon, Enargeia, Empathy"
10341:. Princeton University Press.
8581:See discussion in for example
8552:, pp. 173â174. On Gothic
4546:
4535:List of early Germanic peoples
4236:The Minerva Bowl, part of the
3234:Proto-Germanic reconstruction
3055:Proto-Germanic reconstruction
2570:and the Goths. The Gepid king
2518:The Hunnic Empire (c. 420â453)
2091:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
1878:According to some authors the
1577:(Matrons of Vacallina) in the
1475:: mainly characterized by the
1254:'tester', on a lancehead) and
1086:, the conservation of the PIE
342:
197:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
162:First Germanic Consonant Shift
128:in the east, and to the upper
13:
1:
13291:Wells, Colin Michael (1995).
13255:A History of the Roman People
13082:The Agricola and The Germania
12461:. John Benjamins Publishing.
11269:, De Gruyter, pp. 1â18,
11150:The Cambridge Ancient History
11074:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009b).
10482:. de Gruyter. pp. 1â36.
6807:Haller & Dannenbauer 1970
6708:Haller & Dannenbauer 1970
4845:
4364:The rediscovery of Tacitus's
3950:Image of Romans fighting the
3878:
3594:
3449:Proto-Indo-European mythology
2450:(on the right), the son of a
2323:Migration Period (c. 375â568)
2060:âwas made the Roman province
1753:), Dark Red –
1680:('original homeland') of the
1634:
13274:The Battle That Stopped Rome
12926:Interrogating the 'Germanic'
11840:Interrogating the 'Germanic'
11267:Interrogating the 'Germanic'
11093:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2016).
11047:. Classical Press of Wales.
11013:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006).
10958:Interrogating the 'Germanic'
10696:Interrogating the 'Germanic'
10270:, pp. 27, 220, 238â248.
5243:Harland & Friedrich 2020
5183:Harland & Friedrich 2020
5135:Harland & Friedrich 2020
4850:
4340:that is a mixture including
4012:Economy and material culture
3846:, and in a modified form in
2795:became king and founded the
1984:Roman Imperial Period to 375
1901:
1707:, one on either side of the
1585:in the 5thâ6th centuries CE;
1068:Proto-Indo-European language
1046:
711:, despite not living within
639:defines his own work on the
588:
353:
7:
14698:Christianization of Iceland
13310:Winkler, Martin M. (2016).
13001:. Aarhus University Press.
12958:Steinacher, Roland (2022).
12687:. Oxford University Press.
12543:Riggsby, Andrew M. (2010).
12516:. Oxford University Press.
11976:. Oxford University Press.
11359:Harris, William V. (1979).
10618:Chaniotis, Angelos (2013).
10447:Brather, Sebastian (2004).
9398:Bulitta & Springer 2010
9284:Bulitta & Springer 2010
8157:Nedoma & Scardigli 2010
4528:
4300:
3445:Proto-Indo-European culture
2885:
2710:Early Middle Ages to c. 800
2312:Crisis of the Third Century
2240:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
2207:Crisis of the Third Century
797:. Caesar's division of the
10:
14900:
13314:. Oxford University Press.
13217:10.1484/m.pcrn-eb.5.116932
12401:Pfeifer, Wolfgang (2000).
11862:Looijenga, Tineke (2020).
11289:Harland, James M. (2021).
11015:Caesar: Life of a Colossus
10864:"Barbarians and Ethnicity"
10862:Geary, Patrick J. (1999).
10722:. Brill. pp. 77â160.
10653:Cusack, Carole M. (1998).
9248:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
9200:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
9164:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
9140:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
9005:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
8993:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
8981:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
8969:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
8259:Capelle & Brather 2010
6474:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
6414:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
6327:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
6283:Iversen & Kroonen 2017
6157:, pp. 987, 991, 997;
5874:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5786:Iversen & Kroonen 2017
5750:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5726:Iversen & Kroonen 2017
5479:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5467:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5443:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5431:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5171:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5123:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
5111:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
4953:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
4911:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
4754:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
4680:Iversen & Kroonen 2017
4508:In the late 19th century,
4385:Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini
4304:
3961:
3941:
3899:
3777:
3593:and dating to around from
3591:National Museum of Denmark
3574:
3462:
3459:Conversion to Christianity
3364:Origo Gentis Langobardorum
2894:
2728:(481) to the divisions of
2713:
2532:In 428, the Vandal leader
2521:
2326:
2200:
2197:Marcomannic Wars to 375 CE
2008:
1948:against their enemies the
1944:, successfully aiding the
1851:
1629:
1528:from the beginning of the
1050:
932:
693:shared legendary tradition
346:
36:
29:
14768:
14706:
14668:
13949:
13911:
13701:
13655:
13638:
13530:History of the Langobards
13276:. New York: W.W. Norton.
13061:Storms, Godfrid (2013) .
12934:10.1515/9783110701623-003
12681:Sanders, Ruth H. (2010).
12287:Neidorf, Leonard (2018).
12083:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105333
11848:10.1515/9783110701623-003
11275:10.1515/9783110701623-003
10966:10.1515/9783110701623-003
10728:10.1163/9789004687257_004
10704:10.1515/9783110701623-003
10488:10.1515/9783110563061-001
9017:Haymes & Samples 1996
8393:, pp. 361, 385, 387.
6273:, pp. 360, 367â368;
4184:Column of Marcus Aurelius
4048:
3956:Column of Marcus Aurelius
3425:numerous vocabulary items
3393:Gothic runic inscriptions
3215:, where it occurs in the
2127:Year of the Four Emperors
2087:Publius Quinctilius Varus
2019:Year of the Four Emperors
1890:to be encountered by the
1848:Earliest recorded history
1380:Linguistic disintegration
1317:, have not been found in
1290:all mean 'to carry out'.
1072:Proto- or Common Germanic
829:
94:Germanic speaking peoples
13936:North Germanic languages
13921:Germanic parent language
13319:Witzel, Michael (2017).
13272:Wells, Peter S. (2004).
11680:Kinder, Hermann (1988),
10980:Goffart, Walter (2006).
6536:, pp. 133, 153â154.
6354:Mallory & Adams 1997
6209:, pp. 987, 997â998.
4642:'aristocratic lineage';
4586:Osis, Germanorum natione
4540:
4257:on the Danish island of
4244:(37â68 CE) or the early
4227:
3676:The Istaby Stone (DR359)
3401:(cognate with Old Norse
2909:List of Germanic deities
2775:in the southeast around
2744:from c. 625 in the
2056:âand possibly up to the
1661:Germanic Parent Language
960:(part of the Herminones)
564:Germanic language family
43:Germani (disambiguation)
30:Not to be confused with
14760:established around the
13941:West Germanic languages
13931:East Germanic languages
13926:Proto-Germanic language
13746:Proto-Germanic folklore
13683:Romano-Germanic culture
13431:Rome: An Empire's Story
12975:Stenton, Frank (1971).
12332:Orel, Vladimir (2003).
12165:Millet, Victor (2008).
11238:Oxford University Press
11043:; Anton Powell (eds.).
8585:, pp. 189â221 and
8550:MacLeod & Mees 2006
8497:, pp. 96, 114â115.
8338:, pp. 84, 278â279.
6534:Kaul & Martens 1995
6279:Kristiansen et al. 2017
6255:Kristiansen et al. 2017
4425:History of the Lombards
4413:History of the Lombards
3766:
3728:
3709:
3703:
3653:
3634:
3397:
3357:
3351:
3339:Old Saxon Baptismal Vow
3292:Proto-Germanic folklore
2901:Proto-Germanic folklore
2755:in the east around the
1791:
1780:
1727:has been criticized by
1682:Proto-Germanic language
1558:(6th c.), and possibly
1532:(8thâ9th centuries CE);
1364:
1357:
1346:
1339:
1297:The inscription on the
1286:
1280:
1272:
1242:
1210:
1193:
617:end of the Roman Empire
574:as a people or nation (
484:relates to the ancient
414:
408:
325:Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
12993:Steuer, Heiko (2006).
12984:Steuer, Heiko (2021).
12857:Simek, Rudolf (1993).
12612:Roymans, Nico (2004).
12488:Puhvel, Jaan (1989) .
12420:Pohl, Walter (2004a),
12361:. pp. 1171â1177.
12184:Mosse, George (1964).
11802:Kroonen, Guus (2013).
11727:. Getty Publications.
11562:10.3764/aja.121.4.0511
11554:10.3764/aja.121.4.0511
10544:Burns, Thomas (2003).
8334:, pp. 227â28 and
8235:Kuhn & Wilson 2010
6659:, p. 212, note 2.
6014:, p. 995; ;
4474:
4461:
4396:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4249:
4192:
4175:
4134:
4084:
4001:
3979:
3964:Early Germanic warfare
3959:
3911:
3826:
3812:
3806:
3784:Germanic heroic legend
3694:
3601:
3489:
3475:
3370:Historia Langobardorum
3334:
3012:With the exception of
2926:
2748:
2733:
2637:
2626:
2539:
2455:
2442:A replica of an ivory
2338:
2243:
2167:
2001:
1992:The Roman province of
1834:Balto-Slavic languages
1777:, from Proto-Germanic
1762:
1686:archaeological culture
1641:Indo-European language
1583:Anglo-Saxon migrations
1453:
1306:
1258:attested in the later
1223:
1203:
971:
913:
842:
716:
598:
582:
576:
568:Celtic-speaking people
538:
516:
514:) and modern Germany (
510:
504:
494:
445:writers respectively.
398:
384:
382:, for example, thinks
366:
360:
61:
41:. For other uses, see
14884:Indo-European peoples
13751:Anglo-Saxon mythology
13641:Ethnolinguistic group
12886:10.1017/9781108758666
12490:Comparative Mythology
12305:10.1353/elh.2018.0031
12112:. OrĂ°abĂłk HĂĄskĂłlans.
11972:Lindow, John (2001).
11755:Kristiansen, Kristian
11492:(2010) . "Religion".
11426:Heyd, Volker (2017).
11344:. New York: Garland.
11299:10.1515/9789048544967
11246:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107
11186:Halsall, Guy (2007).
10937:Ghosh, Shami (2016).
10910:10.1515/BGSL.2007.220
10795:. pp. 997â1024.
9946:, pp. 1274â1275.
9881:, pp. 1221â1222.
9840:, pp. 1214â1215.
7211:, pp. 1020â1021.
6742:23 April 2023 at the
6384:, pp. 247, 311;
6010:, pp. 879, 881;
5296:, pp. 1275â1277.
4464:) with "Germanness" (
4235:
4169:
4162:Clothing and textiles
4078:
3949:
3909:
3674:
3584:
3472:
3331:
2916:
2739:
2723:
2714:Further information:
2697:, the Lombards under
2632:
2617:
2522:Further information:
2441:
2336:
2237:
2219:. By 168 (during the
2201:Further information:
2153:
2009:Further information:
1991:
1954:Battle of Magetobriga
1866:Germanisation of Gaul
1852:Further information:
1741:
1645:PonticâCaspian steppe
1575:Matronae Vacallinehae
1571:-consonant gemination
1450:Matronae Vacallinehae
1447:
1390:mutually intelligible
1296:
950:
933:Further information:
824:("Greater Germania",
706:
699:Classical terminology
667:to refer to peoples,
243:claimed the title of
53:
14818:Kingdom of the AurĂšs
14778:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
13429:Woolf, Greg (2012).
13354:History of the Goths
13117:. pp. 363â876.
13090:Tiefenbach, Heinrich
12735:. pp. 419â447.
12146:Manco, Jean (2013).
12040:, pp. 133â161,
12001:. pp. 418â447.
11776:10.15184/aqy.2017.17
11502:. pp. 859â914.
11444:10.15184/aqy.2017.21
10827:Fortson, Benjamin W.
10754:. pp. 801â807.
10662:Derry, T.K. (2012).
9236:Schmidt-Wiegand 2010
8918:, pp. 999â1006.
8803:MachĂĄÄek et al. 2021
8791:MachĂĄÄek et al. 2021
8249:, pp. 210, 219.
8198:, pp. 158, 174.
8097:Beck & Quak 2010
8085:Beck & Quak 2010
8073:Beck & Quak 2010
8061:Beck & Quak 2010
7250:, p. 1035-1036.
6416:, pp. 579â589;
6253:, pp. 348â349;
6173:, pp. 877, 881.
5975:, pp. 338â339;
5433:, pp. 376, 511.
4684:Single Grave culture
4634:origin, attested in
4626:'to stab, poke' and
4495:Romantic nationalism
3810:), memorial verses (
3756:), and deity names (
3367:and the 8th-century
3341:and the Old English
2785:mayors of the palace
2730:Charlemagne's Empire
2623:Western Roman Empire
2416:Battle of Adrianople
2242:(c. 250â260 CE)
2141:Gaius Julius Civilis
2119:Revolt of the Batavi
1759:Iron Age Scandinavia
1711:and reaching to the
1653:Funnelbeaker culture
1597:is attested by both
1092:Germanic verb system
329:romantic nationalism
251:Denoted by the term
247:for himself in 800.
14828:Ostrogothic kingdom
14678:Gothic Christianity
12977:Anglo-Saxon England
12720:. pp. 350â409.
12110:Ăslensk orĂ°sifjabĂłk
12074:2021JArSc.127j5333M
11864:""Germanic: Runes""
11836:Kulikowski, Michael
11325:Haubrichs, Wolfgang
11033:Goldsworthy, Adrian
10282:, pp. 251â252.
10054:, pp. 463â469.
9905:, pp. 433â434.
9816:, pp. 430â431.
9787:, pp. 123â124.
9775:, pp. 122â123.
9763:, pp. 126â127.
9751:, pp. 510â511.
9724:, pp. 455â457.
9712:, pp. 459â460.
9700:, pp. 455â456.
9664:, pp. 448â449.
9637:, pp. 128â129.
9511:, pp. 427â428.
9400:, pp. 678â679.
9334:, pp. 793â794.
9286:, pp. 665â667.
9226:, pp. 246â247.
9202:, pp. 800â801.
9190:, pp. 423â424.
9166:, pp. 798â799.
9127:, pp. 241â242.
9091:, pp. 267â268.
9007:, pp. 609â611.
8983:, pp. 614â615.
8930:, pp. 131â132.
8894:, pp. 121â122.
8757:, pp. 401â404.
8745:, pp. 389â391.
8733:, pp. 588â589.
8709:, pp. 364â371.
8697:, pp. 104â128.
8685:, pp. 362â364.
8673:, pp. 360â362.
8649:, pp. 350â353.
8589:, pp. 365â369.
8572:, pp. 204â205.
8522:, pp. 298â300.
8510:, pp. 298â300.
8466:, pp. 107â112.
8417:, pp. 463â464.
8309:, pp. 866â867.
8297:, pp. 865â866.
8273:, pp. 641â642.
8261:, pp. 157â158.
8222:, pp. 277â278.
8210:, pp. 297â298.
8135:, pp. 293â294.
8123:, pp. 226â227.
8075:, pp. 857â858.
8003:, p. 200, 240.
7916:, pp. 219â220.
7904:, pp. 216â217.
7875:, pp. 284â285.
7851:, pp. 154â155.
7767:, pp. 151â152.
7743:, pp. 251â253.
7668:, pp. 176â177.
7656:, pp. 243â244.
7620:, pp. 113â114.
7591:, pp. 111â112.
7579:, pp. 102â103.
7567:, pp. 228â230.
7543:, pp. 147â149.
7531:, pp. 147â148.
7471:, pp. 145â146.
7423:, pp. 143â144.
7399:, pp. 138â139.
7387:, pp. 135â137.
7363:, pp. 176â178.
7339:, pp. 131â132.
7136:, pp. 141â142.
6770:, pp. 276â277.
6683:, pp. 180â182.
6572:, pp. 105â107.
6548:, pp. 245â247.
6524:, pp. 209â211.
6500:, pp. 136â138.
6488:, pp. 166â167.
6476:, pp. 581â582.
6464:, pp. 161â163.
6452:, pp. 145â159.
6428:, pp. 161â163.
6368:, pp. 181â183.
6093:, pp. 903â905.
6081:, pp. 158â160.
6030:, pp. 876â877.
6018:, pp. 158â160.
5812:, pp. 979â980.
5800:, pp. 978â979.
5696:, pp. 125â126.
5672:, pp. 470â471.
5469:, pp. 510â511.
5173:, pp. 381â382.
5149:, pp. 292â293.
5125:, pp. 379â380.
5113:, pp. 380â381.
4940:, p. 89, 1310.
4913:, pp. 383â385.
4238:Hildesheim Treasure
3890:Walter of Aquitaine
3859:legendary tradition
3617:Phoenician alphabet
3566:Society and culture
3537:Anglo-Saxon mission
3433:Matres and Matronae
3407:'(pagan) gods') by
2797:Carolingian dynasty
2767:in the west around
2635:Theodoric the Great
2492:Flavius Constantius
2486:in 415 and his son
2446:probably depicting
2388:defensive earthwork
1805:lexical innovations
1803:) speakers. Shared
1649:Corded Ware culture
1368:'ruler') carved on
1256:linguistic cognates
536:although the Latin
492:are referred to as
364:, from which Latin
74:Classical Antiquity
14853:Visigothic kingdom
14813:Kingdom of Odoacer
14783:Burgundian kingdom
14773:Alamannian kingdom
14758:Barbarian kingdoms
14061:Germani cisrhenani
13769:Funerary practices
13673:Pre-Roman Iron Age
13649:Germanic languages
13176:. Academia Press.
11892:Liebeschuetz, Wolf
11658:Acta Archaeologica
11428:"Kossinna's smile"
10468:Brather, Sebastian
8959:, p. 129-132.
8556:, see for example
8099:, p. 864-865.
8087:, p. 863-864.
7680:, p. 245-247.
7286:, pp. 98â100.
6424:, pp. 79â80;
6285:, pp. 512â513
6261:, pp. 110â111
6161:, pp. 881â883
5724:, pp. 57â58;
5197:, pp. 29, 35.
4437:Germanic philology
4383:, rediscovered by
4289:non-ferrous metals
4250:
4176:
4135:plumbum Germanicum
4085:
4043:three-field system
3960:
3912:
3902:Early Germanic law
3780:Alliterative verse
3719:alliterative verse
3695:
3602:
3498:Arian Christianity
3490:
3419:, the presence of
3389:Ring of Pietroassa
3335:
3038:Germanic mythology
3030:comparative method
2983:alliterative verse
2971:runic inscriptions
2927:
2917:Wooden idols from
2905:Germanic mythology
2878:, ushering in the
2749:
2734:
2662:Romulus Augustulus
2638:
2627:
2619:Barbarian kingdoms
2528:Barbarian kingdoms
2456:
2339:
2244:
2168:
2002:
1763:
1688:known as the late
1615:Vandalic languages
1607:Visigothic Kingdom
1599:runic inscriptions
1506:monophthongization
1473:Northwest Germanic
1454:
1328:, engraved on the
1307:
1168:Early attestations
1158:comparative method
1064:Germanic languages
1053:Germanic languages
1019:controlled by the
972:
770:Germani cisrhenani
717:
455:Carolingian period
307:The publishing of
298:alliterative verse
284:blood compensation
245:Holy Roman Emperor
237:barbarian kingdoms
158:Pre-Roman Iron Age
86:who lived in both
62:
39:Germani (Oretania)
14861:
14860:
14838:Sub-Roman Britain
14808:Kingdom of Altava
14724:
14723:
13896:Gothic and Vandal
13688:Germanic Iron Age
13663:Nordic Bronze Age
13645:Northern European
13542:Natural Histories
13540:Pliny the Elder,
13528:Paul the Deacon,
13440:978-0-19-932518-4
13400:978-0-520-08511-4
13364:978-0-520-05259-8
13302:978-0-67477-770-5
13283:978-0-39335-203-0
13264:978-0-205-84679-5
13226:978-2-503-57489-9
13183:978-90-382-0578-6
13150:978-1-4051-3756-0
13140:The Early Germans
13094:Reichert, Hermann
13072:978-94-017-6312-7
13063:Anglo-Saxon Magic
13041:978-3-11-054243-1
13008:978-87-7934-935-3
12943:978-3-11-070162-3
12895:978-1-108-49979-8
12868:978-0-85991-513-7
12837:978-3-11-054243-1
12801:978-1-134-25449-1
12777:978-2-503-57489-9
12753:cite encyclopedia
12694:978-0-19-538845-9
12661:978-3-11-054243-1
12625:978-90-5356-705-0
12592:978-0-19-153633-5
12556:978-0-292-77451-3
12523:978-0-19-255438-3
12499:978-0-8018-3938-2
12468:978-90-272-3593-0
12433:978-3-486-70162-3
12412:978-3-05000-626-0
12379:cite encyclopedia
12343:978-90-04-12875-0
12274:cite encyclopedia
12226:978-3-11-054243-1
12176:978-3-11-020102-4
12157:978-0-500-05178-8
12138:978-1-884964-98-5
12119:978-9979-654-01-8
12019:cite encyclopedia
11983:978-0-19-515382-8
11959:cite encyclopedia
11911:978-90-04-28952-9
11815:978-90-04-18340-7
11734:978-0-89236-969-0
11713:978-1-907029-32-5
11691:978-0-14-051054-6
11598:978-0-58277-296-0
11520:cite encyclopedia
11406:978-0-19-989226-6
11370:978-0-19-814866-1
11351:978-0-8153-0033-5
11308:978-90-485-4496-7
11199:978-0-52143-543-7
11178:978-3-11101-001-4
11159:978-0-521-26430-3
11128:978-0-521-79423-7
11104:978-0-30021-852-7
11085:978-0-30013-719-4
11054:978-1-910589-36-6
11024:978-0-300-12048-6
10993:978-0-81222-105-3
10948:978-9-00430-522-9
10881:978-0-674-51173-6
10842:978-1-4443-5968-8
10813:cite encyclopedia
10772:cite encyclopedia
10673:978-0-8166-3799-7
10633:978-0-19-965431-4
10605:cite encyclopedia
10557:978-0-8018-7306-5
10531:cite encyclopedia
10472:Heizmann, Wilhelm
10434:cite encyclopedia
10384:cite encyclopedia
10348:978-1-4008-3110-4
10333:Anthony, David W.
10306:, pp. 11â12.
10246:, pp. 67â71.
10222:, pp. 26â27.
10198:, pp. 80â84.
10150:, pp. 67â71.
10138:, pp. 25â26.
10102:, pp. 32â33.
10066:, pp. 87â88.
9487:, pp. 76â77.
9346:, pp. 68â69.
9079:, pp. 11â13.
9043:, pp. 27â28.
9019:, pp. 39â40.
8661:, pp. 50â51.
8015:, pp. 39â40.
7375:, pp. 79â87.
7349:Goldsworthy 2009b
7175:, pp. 59â61.
7085:, pp. 40â45.
7031:, pp. 26â27.
6917:, pp. 52â53.
6881:, pp. 17â18.
6869:, pp. 57â58.
6845:, pp. 16â17.
6809:, pp. 30â31.
6440:, pp. 79â80.
6341:, pp. 49â50.
5568:, pp. 47â48.
5503:Liebeschuetz 2015
5392:, pp. 54â55.
5380:, pp. 53â54.
5368:, pp. 52â53.
5344:, pp. 37â38.
5332:, pp. 36â37.
5308:, pp. 35â39.
5209:, pp. 50â51.
5050:, pp. 48â57.
4573:non esse Germanos
4554:Nordic Bronze Age
4435:The beginning of
4325:Sebastian Brather
4130:Germania inferior
4126:Germania superior
3774:Poetry and legend
3693:) and alliterate.
3560:Temple at Uppsala
3533:Gregory the Great
3510:Bible into Gothic
3375:Italian Peninsula
3276:
3275:
3209:
3208:
2954:, or the earlier
2897:Germanic paganism
2891:Germanic paganism
2874:raid occurred at
2837:Umayyad Caliphate
2811:as the new Rome.
2742:Sutton Hoo helmet
2716:Early Middle Ages
2464:crossed the Rhine
2162:, displaying the
2136:Numerus Batavorum
1892:Greco-Roman world
1886:, were the first
1729:Sebastian Brather
1717:Przeworsk culture
1657:Nordic Bronze Age
1492:dialect continuum
1386:dialect continuum
1326:
1315:Etruscan alphabet
1303:Etruscan alphabet
1201:'), and the word
669:Sebastian Brather
476:is distinct from
374:, and Latin, and
317:humanist scholars
253:Germanic paganism
78:Early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
14891:
14874:Germanic peoples
14788:Frankish kingdom
14762:Migration Period
14751:
14744:
14737:
14728:
14727:
14714:
14713:
14670:Christianization
14260:Ripuarian Franks
13632:Germanic peoples
13625:
13618:
13611:
13602:
13601:
13506:Historia Augusta
13483:De Bello Gallico
13444:
13425:
13416:
13414:
13412:
13380:
13378:
13376:
13344:
13342:
13340:
13315:
13306:
13293:The Roman Empire
13287:
13268:
13249:
13248:
13246:
13199:
13197:
13195:
13166:
13164:
13162:
13130:
13128:
13126:
13105:
13085:
13080:Tacitus (1948).
13076:
13057:
13055:
13053:
13024:
13022:
13020:
12989:
12980:
12971:
12954:
12920:
12918:
12907:
12872:
12853:
12851:
12849:
12817:
12815:
12813:
12786:Schrijver, Peter
12781:
12762:
12756:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12721:
12710:
12708:
12706:
12677:
12675:
12673:
12646:RĂŒbekeil, Ludwig
12641:
12639:
12637:
12608:
12606:
12604:
12572:
12570:
12568:
12539:
12537:
12535:
12503:
12484:
12482:
12480:
12453:Polomé, Edgar C.
12448:
12447:
12445:
12416:
12397:
12388:
12382:
12374:
12372:
12370:
12347:
12328:
12326:
12324:
12283:
12277:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12242:
12240:
12238:
12206:
12197:
12180:
12161:
12142:
12123:
12104:
12103:. Boydell Press.
12095:
12085:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12028:
12022:
12014:
12012:
12010:
11987:
11968:
11962:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11887:
11885:
11883:
11858:
11831:
11829:
11827:
11798:
11788:
11778:
11769:(356): 334â347.
11750:
11748:
11746:
11717:
11694:
11676:
11675:
11673:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11625:S. Hirzel Verlag
11607:Kaiser, Reinhold
11602:
11580:
11578:
11539:
11529:
11523:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11490:HultgÄrd, Anders
11485:
11483:
11481:
11455:
11438:(356): 348â359.
11422:
11420:
11418:
11386:
11374:
11355:
11336:
11320:
11285:
11261:
11259:
11257:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11182:
11163:
11144:
11142:
11140:
11113:Green, Dennis H.
11108:
11089:
11070:
11068:
11066:
11028:
11009:
11007:
11005:
10976:
10952:
10933:
10931:
10929:
10885:
10873:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10822:
10816:
10808:
10806:
10804:
10781:
10775:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10740:
10731:
10714:
10686:
10677:
10658:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10614:
10608:
10600:
10598:
10596:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10540:
10534:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10499:
10476:Patzold, Steffen
10463:
10452:
10443:
10437:
10429:
10427:
10425:
10402:
10393:
10387:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10352:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10301:
10295:
10289:
10283:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10253:
10247:
10241:
10235:
10229:
10223:
10217:
10211:
10205:
10199:
10193:
10187:
10181:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10157:
10151:
10145:
10139:
10133:
10127:
10121:
10115:
10109:
10103:
10097:
10091:
10085:
10079:
10073:
10067:
10061:
10055:
10049:
10043:
10037:
10031:
10025:
10019:
10013:
10007:
10001:
9995:
9989:
9983:
9977:
9971:
9965:
9959:
9953:
9947:
9941:
9935:
9929:
9923:
9917:
9906:
9900:
9894:
9888:
9882:
9876:
9870:
9864:
9853:
9847:
9841:
9835:
9829:
9823:
9817:
9811:
9805:
9799:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9725:
9719:
9713:
9707:
9701:
9695:
9689:
9683:
9677:
9671:
9665:
9659:
9653:
9647:
9638:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9614:
9608:
9602:
9596:
9587:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9563:
9557:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9530:
9524:
9518:
9512:
9506:
9500:
9494:
9488:
9482:
9476:
9470:
9464:
9458:
9452:
9446:
9440:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9416:
9410:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9374:
9368:
9359:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9329:
9323:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9191:
9185:
9179:
9173:
9167:
9161:
9155:
9149:
9143:
9137:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9086:
9080:
9074:
9068:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8829:
8818:
8812:
8806:
8800:
8794:
8788:
8782:
8776:
8770:
8764:
8758:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8674:
8668:
8662:
8656:
8650:
8644:
8638:
8632:
8626:
8620:
8614:
8608:
8602:
8596:
8590:
8579:
8573:
8567:
8561:
8546:
8540:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8504:
8498:
8492:
8486:
8480:
8467:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8435:
8429:
8418:
8412:
8406:
8400:
8394:
8388:
8377:
8371:
8358:
8352:
8339:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8187:
8181:
8175:
8169:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7738:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7059:
7053:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6981:
6975:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6771:
6768:Goldsworthy 2016
6765:
6759:
6756:Goldsworthy 2016
6753:
6747:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6657:Goldsworthy 2009
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6633:Goldsworthy 2006
6630:
6624:
6618:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6411:
6405:
6395:
6389:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6268:
6262:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6068:
6062:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6005:
5996:
5986:
5980:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5942:
5936:
5914:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5843:
5837:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5775:
5769:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5644:
5638:
5625:
5619:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5520:, pp. 9â10.
5515:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4971:
4965:
4956:
4950:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4914:
4908:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4866:
4860:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4806:
4800:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4751:
4745:
4728:and Pro-Celtic *
4719:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4595:
4589:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4514:Neolithic period
4481:thinkers of the
4469:
4456:
4389:Konrad Peutinger
4360:Modern reception
4329:Wilhelm Heizmann
4282:
4277:) and hair dye (
4276:
4270:
4195:
4174:(3rd century CE)
4144:polychrome style
4137:
3984:
3925:Leges Barbarorum
3883:
3880:
3863:migration period
3829:
3815:
3809:
3769:
3731:
3712:
3706:
3701:, consisting of
3682:that features a
3656:
3637:
3599:
3596:
3589:, housed at the
3480:
3400:
3360:
3354:
3343:Nine Herbs Charm
3225:Old High German
3222:
3221:
3087:Nine Herbs Charm
3046:Old High German
3043:
3042:
3028:. By way of the
2975:Merseburg charms
2777:Chalon-sur-SaĂŽne
2695:Carpathian basin
2542:
2540:magister militum
2386:, constructed a
2343:Migration Period
2329:Migration Period
2217:Marcomannic Wars
2215:, beginning the
2203:Marcomannic Wars
1998:Limes Germanicus
1962:Battle of Vosges
1925:resulted in the
1904:
1842:Slavic languages
1825:Italic languages
1794:
1783:
1702:
1593:, of which only
1432:and part of the
1367:
1360:
1349:
1342:
1324:
1301:, carved in the
1289:
1283:
1275:
1245:
1230:The name of the
1226:
1213:
1206:
1196:
1066:derive from the
965:
955:
916:
845:
838:Germania Secunda
831:
806:Hercynian Forest
789:, that the name
673:Wilhelm Heizmann
601:
591:
585:
579:
541:
519:
513:
507:
497:
417:
411:
401:
394:Wolfgang Pfeifer
392:. The historian
387:
369:
363:
233:Migration Period
213:Marcomannic Wars
201:Limes Germanicus
100:. Another term,
66:Germanic peoples
21:
14899:
14898:
14894:
14893:
14892:
14890:
14889:
14888:
14864:
14863:
14862:
14857:
14843:Suebian kingdom
14823:Lombard kingdom
14793:Frisian kingdom
14764:
14755:
14725:
14720:
14702:
14664:
13945:
13907:
13869:Gothic alphabet
13761:Norse mythology
13697:
13651:
13634:
13629:
13522:History of Rome
13452:
13447:
13441:
13410:
13408:
13401:
13385:Wolfram, Herwig
13374:
13372:
13365:
13349:Wolfram, Herwig
13338:
13336:
13303:
13284:
13265:
13244:
13242:
13227:
13193:
13191:
13184:
13160:
13158:
13151:
13124:
13122:
13073:
13051:
13049:
13042:
13018:
13016:
13009:
12944:
12896:
12869:
12861:. D.S. Brewer.
12847:
12845:
12838:
12811:
12809:
12802:
12778:
12750:
12749:
12742:
12740:
12704:
12702:
12695:
12671:
12669:
12662:
12635:
12633:
12626:
12602:
12600:
12593:
12566:
12564:
12557:
12533:
12531:
12524:
12500:
12478:
12476:
12469:
12443:
12441:
12434:
12413:
12376:
12375:
12368:
12366:
12344:
12322:
12320:
12271:
12270:
12263:
12261:
12236:
12234:
12227:
12177:
12158:
12139:
12120:
12047:
12045:
12016:
12015:
12008:
12006:
11984:
11956:
11955:
11948:
11946:
11921:
11919:
11912:
11881:
11879:
11868:PalaeohispĂĄnica
11825:
11823:
11816:
11744:
11742:
11735:
11714:
11692:
11671:
11669:
11642:
11640:
11599:
11576:
11537:
11517:
11516:
11509:
11507:
11479:
11477:
11416:
11414:
11407:
11371:
11352:
11309:
11255:
11253:
11209:
11207:
11200:
11179:
11160:
11138:
11136:
11129:
11105:
11086:
11064:
11062:
11055:
11025:
11003:
11001:
10994:
10949:
10927:
10925:
10882:
10852:
10850:
10843:
10810:
10809:
10802:
10800:
10769:
10768:
10761:
10759:
10674:
10643:
10641:
10634:
10602:
10601:
10594:
10592:
10567:
10565:
10558:
10528:
10527:
10520:
10518:
10431:
10430:
10423:
10421:
10381:
10380:
10373:
10371:
10349:
10327:
10322:
10314:
10310:
10302:
10298:
10290:
10286:
10278:
10274:
10266:
10262:
10254:
10250:
10242:
10238:
10230:
10226:
10218:
10214:
10210:, pp. 5â6.
10206:
10202:
10194:
10190:
10184:Steinacher 2020
10182:
10178:
10170:
10166:
10158:
10154:
10146:
10142:
10134:
10130:
10122:
10118:
10110:
10106:
10098:
10094:
10086:
10082:
10074:
10070:
10062:
10058:
10050:
10046:
10038:
10034:
10026:
10022:
10014:
10010:
10002:
9998:
9990:
9986:
9978:
9974:
9966:
9962:
9954:
9950:
9942:
9938:
9930:
9926:
9918:
9909:
9901:
9897:
9893:, p. 1216.
9889:
9885:
9877:
9873:
9865:
9856:
9852:, p. 1215.
9848:
9844:
9836:
9832:
9828:, p. 1214.
9824:
9820:
9812:
9808:
9800:
9791:
9783:
9779:
9771:
9767:
9759:
9755:
9747:
9743:
9735:
9728:
9720:
9716:
9708:
9704:
9696:
9692:
9684:
9680:
9672:
9668:
9660:
9656:
9648:
9641:
9633:
9629:
9621:
9617:
9609:
9605:
9597:
9590:
9582:
9578:
9570:
9566:
9558:
9551:
9543:
9539:
9531:
9527:
9519:
9515:
9507:
9503:
9495:
9491:
9483:
9479:
9471:
9467:
9463:, p. 1273.
9459:
9455:
9447:
9443:
9435:
9431:
9423:
9419:
9411:
9404:
9396:
9392:
9384:
9377:
9369:
9362:
9354:
9350:
9342:
9338:
9330:
9326:
9318:
9314:
9306:
9302:
9294:
9290:
9282:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9258:
9254:
9246:
9242:
9234:
9230:
9222:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9198:
9194:
9186:
9182:
9174:
9170:
9162:
9158:
9150:
9146:
9138:
9131:
9123:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9099:
9095:
9087:
9083:
9075:
9071:
9063:
9059:
9055:, pp. 4â7.
9051:
9047:
9039:
9035:
9027:
9023:
9015:
9011:
9003:
8999:
8991:
8987:
8979:
8975:
8967:
8963:
8955:
8951:
8943:
8934:
8926:
8922:
8914:
8910:
8902:
8898:
8890:
8886:
8878:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8854:
8850:
8842:
8838:
8830:
8821:
8813:
8809:
8805:, p. 1, 2.
8801:
8797:
8789:
8785:
8777:
8773:
8765:
8761:
8753:
8749:
8741:
8737:
8729:
8725:
8717:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8689:
8681:
8677:
8669:
8665:
8657:
8653:
8645:
8641:
8633:
8629:
8621:
8617:
8609:
8605:
8597:
8593:
8580:
8576:
8568:
8564:
8547:
8543:
8530:
8526:
8518:
8514:
8505:
8501:
8493:
8489:
8481:
8470:
8461:
8457:
8449:
8438:
8430:
8421:
8413:
8409:
8401:
8397:
8389:
8380:
8372:
8361:
8353:
8342:
8329:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8305:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8281:
8277:
8269:
8265:
8257:
8253:
8245:
8241:
8233:
8226:
8218:
8214:
8206:
8202:
8194:
8190:
8182:
8178:
8170:
8163:
8155:
8151:
8143:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8107:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8083:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8051:, p. 41-2.
8047:
8043:
8035:
8031:
8023:
8019:
8011:
8007:
7999:
7995:
7987:
7983:
7975:
7968:
7960:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7936:
7932:
7924:
7920:
7912:
7908:
7900:
7896:
7888:
7879:
7871:
7867:
7859:
7855:
7847:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7823:
7819:
7811:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7787:
7783:
7775:
7771:
7763:
7759:
7751:
7747:
7739:
7735:
7727:
7723:
7715:
7708:
7700:
7696:
7688:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7664:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7640:
7636:
7628:
7624:
7616:
7612:
7604:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7539:
7535:
7527:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7451:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7427:
7419:
7415:
7407:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7371:
7367:
7359:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7335:
7331:
7323:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7299:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7262:, p. 1036.
7258:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7238:, p. 1034.
7234:
7230:
7226:, p. 1021.
7222:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7183:
7179:
7171:
7167:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7069:
7062:
7054:
7047:
7039:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7015:
7011:
7003:
6999:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6897:
6889:
6885:
6877:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6841:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6793:
6789:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6754:
6750:
6744:Wayback Machine
6730:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6612:
6604:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6496:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6472:
6468:
6460:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6436:
6432:
6420:, p. 113;
6412:
6408:
6400:, p. 197;
6396:
6392:
6380:, p. 338;
6376:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6313:, p. 338;
6305:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6281:, p. 340;
6277:, p. 978;
6269:
6265:
6257:, p. 340;
6249:, p. 978;
6245:, p. 360;
6241:
6237:
6229:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6153:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6105:, p. 185;
6101:
6097:
6089:
6085:
6077:, p. 976;
6073:, p. 339;
6069:
6065:
6057:, p. 339;
6053:
6049:
6041:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6006:
5999:
5987:
5983:
5971:
5967:
5959:
5955:
5943:
5939:
5927:, p. 152;
5923:, p. 108;
5915:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5888:, p. 422;
5884:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5844:
5840:
5832:, p. 975;
5828:, p. 875;
5820:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5784:, p. 978;
5780:, p. 197;
5776:
5772:
5764:, p. 889;
5760:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5740:, p. 1232.
5736:
5732:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5647:
5639:
5628:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5581:
5572:
5566:Steinacher 2020
5564:
5560:
5554:Steinacher 2020
5552:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5532:, pp. 4â5.
5528:
5524:
5516:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5491:Steinacher 2022
5489:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5342:Steinacher 2020
5340:
5336:
5330:Steinacher 2020
5328:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5306:Steinacher 2020
5304:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5147:Steinacher 2022
5145:
5141:
5137:, pp. 2â3.
5133:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5099:Kulikowski 2020
5097:
5093:
5089:, p. xxii.
5085:
5081:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5048:Steinacher 2020
5046:
5042:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4974:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4869:
4863:Steinacher 2022
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4807:
4803:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4752:
4748:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4694:
4690:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4636:Old High German
4596:
4592:
4564:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4531:
4510:Gustaf Kossinna
4465:
4452:
4409:Paul the Deacon
4397:vagina nationum
4362:
4333:Steffen Patzold
4317:
4303:
4246:Flavian dynasty
4230:
4180:Trajan's Column
4164:
4073:
4051:
4023:villae rusticae
4019:
4014:
3970:
3962:Main articles:
3944:
3904:
3898:
3881:
3840:Old High German
3798:Andreas Heusler
3786:
3778:Main articles:
3776:
3669:
3597:
3579:
3573:
3568:
3481:containing the
3477:Codex Argenteus
3467:
3461:
3453:Vedic mythology
3443:âstemming from
3299:Norse mythology
2979:Old High German
2911:
2895:Main articles:
2893:
2888:
2793:Pepin the Short
2718:
2712:
2642:Valentinian III
2612:
2581:Battle of Nedao
2530:
2520:
2500:Those in Crimea
2364:
2331:
2325:
2262:English Channel
2221:Antonine plague
2213:Marcus Aurelius
2209:
2199:
2176:Flavian dynasty
2079:Illyrian revolt
2044:(including the
2021:
2007:
1986:
1876:
1850:
1821:La TĂšne culture
1755:Jastorf culture
1747:La TĂšne culture
1696:
1690:Jastorf culture
1637:
1632:
1603:Wulfila's Bible
1556:Old High German
1546:(late 5th c.),
1502:Primitive Norse
1486:towards a long
1442:
1404:, and southern
1382:
1343:'army-guest' +
1334:Harigasti TeiwÇŁ
1268:Old High German
1176:'s conquest of
1170:
1060:
1055:
1049:
976:Pliny the Elder
970:
963:
961:
953:
945:
931:
914:gentes Gothicae
843:Germania libera
830:ÎΔÏÎŒÎ±ÎœÎŻÎ± ÎΔγΏλη
810:Pliny the Elder
701:
677:Steffen Patzold
612:Leonard Neidorf
556:
356:
351:
345:
321:Romantic period
154:Jastorf culture
102:ancient Germans
70:Northern Europe
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Germanic people
15:
12:
11:
5:
14897:
14887:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14859:
14858:
14856:
14855:
14850:
14848:Vandal kingdom
14845:
14840:
14835:
14833:Rugian kingdom
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14769:
14766:
14765:
14754:
14753:
14746:
14739:
14731:
14722:
14721:
14719:
14718:
14707:
14704:
14703:
14701:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14674:
14672:
14666:
14665:
14663:
14662:
14657:
14652:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14631:
14630:
14625:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14439:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14408:
14407:
14406:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14335:
14334:
14329:
14327:Thracian Goths
14324:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14268:
14267:
14262:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14106:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14094:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14018:
14013:
14008:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13983:
13982:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13955:
13953:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13917:
13915:
13909:
13908:
13906:
13905:
13904:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13883:
13878:
13877:
13876:
13871:
13861:
13856:
13855:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13834:
13829:
13828:
13827:
13817:
13816:
13815:
13810:
13800:
13799:
13798:
13793:
13783:
13782:
13781:
13776:
13766:
13765:
13764:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13707:
13705:
13699:
13698:
13696:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13678:Roman Iron Age
13675:
13670:
13665:
13659:
13657:
13653:
13652:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13628:
13627:
13620:
13613:
13605:
13599:
13598:
13590:
13582:
13574:
13566:
13558:
13550:
13545:
13537:
13525:
13517:
13509:
13502:
13494:
13486:
13478:
13466:
13451:
13450:External links
13448:
13446:
13445:
13439:
13426:
13417:
13399:
13381:
13363:
13345:
13316:
13307:
13301:
13288:
13282:
13269:
13263:
13250:
13225:
13200:
13182:
13167:
13149:
13131:
13106:
13098:Beck, Heinrich
13086:
13077:
13071:
13058:
13040:
13025:
13007:
12990:
12981:
12972:
12955:
12942:
12921:
12908:
12894:
12873:
12867:
12854:
12836:
12822:Seebold, Elmar
12818:
12800:
12782:
12776:
12763:
12722:
12711:
12693:
12678:
12660:
12642:
12624:
12609:
12591:
12573:
12555:
12540:
12522:
12504:
12498:
12485:
12467:
12449:
12432:
12417:
12411:
12398:
12389:
12348:
12342:
12329:
12299:(4): 847â875.
12284:
12243:
12225:
12211:Nedoma, Robert
12207:
12198:
12181:
12175:
12162:
12156:
12143:
12137:
12124:
12118:
12105:
12096:
12053:
12029:
11988:
11982:
11969:
11928:
11910:
11888:
11859:
11832:
11814:
11799:
11751:
11733:
11718:
11712:
11696:
11690:
11677:
11649:
11603:
11597:
11581:
11530:
11486:
11423:
11405:
11391:Heather, Peter
11387:
11379:Heather, Peter
11375:
11369:
11356:
11350:
11337:
11321:
11307:
11286:
11262:
11229:German History
11216:
11198:
11183:
11177:
11164:
11158:
11145:
11127:
11109:
11103:
11090:
11084:
11071:
11053:
11029:
11023:
11010:
10992:
10977:
10953:
10947:
10934:
10904:(2): 220â252.
10886:
10880:
10859:
10841:
10823:
10782:
10741:
10732:
10715:
10687:
10678:
10672:
10659:
10650:
10632:
10615:
10574:
10556:
10541:
10500:
10464:
10453:
10444:
10403:
10394:
10353:
10347:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10318:, p. 379.
10308:
10296:
10284:
10272:
10260:
10248:
10236:
10224:
10212:
10200:
10188:
10176:
10164:
10152:
10140:
10128:
10116:
10114:, p. 208.
10104:
10092:
10090:, p. 518.
10080:
10078:, p. 101.
10068:
10056:
10044:
10032:
10030:, p. 461.
10020:
10008:
9996:
9984:
9972:
9960:
9948:
9936:
9924:
9907:
9895:
9883:
9871:
9869:, p. 131.
9854:
9842:
9830:
9818:
9806:
9804:, p. 431.
9789:
9777:
9765:
9753:
9741:
9739:, p. 120.
9726:
9714:
9702:
9690:
9688:, p. 452.
9678:
9676:, p. 129.
9666:
9654:
9652:, p. 444.
9639:
9627:
9625:, p. 469.
9615:
9613:, p. 127.
9603:
9601:, p. 123.
9588:
9586:, p. 434.
9576:
9574:, p. 507.
9564:
9562:, p. 130.
9549:
9547:, p. 435.
9537:
9535:, p. 429.
9525:
9523:, p. 248.
9513:
9501:
9499:, p. 410.
9489:
9477:
9465:
9453:
9451:, p. 409.
9441:
9439:, p. 661.
9429:
9417:
9415:, p. 672.
9402:
9390:
9388:, p. 663.
9375:
9360:
9348:
9336:
9324:
9322:, p. 785.
9312:
9310:, p. 674.
9300:
9288:
9276:
9274:, p. 794.
9264:
9262:, p. 673.
9252:
9250:, p. 801.
9240:
9238:, p. 396.
9228:
9216:
9204:
9192:
9180:
9178:, p. 243.
9168:
9156:
9154:, p. 245.
9144:
9142:, p. 811.
9129:
9117:
9115:, p. 249.
9105:
9103:, p. 519.
9101:Haubrichs 2004
9093:
9081:
9069:
9057:
9045:
9033:
9031:, p. 242.
9021:
9009:
8997:
8995:, p. 616.
8985:
8973:
8971:, p. 609.
8961:
8957:Vikstrand 2020
8949:
8947:, p. 127.
8945:Vikstrand 2020
8932:
8920:
8908:
8906:, p. 123.
8896:
8884:
8882:, p. 132.
8872:
8870:, p. 255.
8860:
8858:, p. 121.
8848:
8846:, p. 125.
8836:
8834:, p. 254.
8819:
8817:, p. 819.
8815:Looijenga 2020
8807:
8795:
8783:
8781:, p. 820.
8779:Looijenga 2020
8771:
8769:, p. 139.
8759:
8747:
8735:
8723:
8721:, p. 588.
8711:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8663:
8651:
8639:
8637:, p. 802.
8627:
8625:, p. 350.
8615:
8613:, p. 356.
8603:
8591:
8574:
8562:
8541:
8539:, p. 129.
8524:
8512:
8499:
8487:
8468:
8455:
8453:, p. 114.
8436:
8434:, p. 118.
8419:
8415:MagnĂșsson 1989
8407:
8405:, p. 385.
8395:
8378:
8359:
8357:, p. 469.
8340:
8323:
8321:, p. 265.
8311:
8299:
8287:
8285:, p. 863.
8275:
8263:
8251:
8239:
8237:, p. 614.
8224:
8212:
8200:
8188:
8186:, p. 300.
8176:
8174:, p. 234.
8161:
8159:, p. 129.
8149:
8147:, p. 228.
8137:
8125:
8113:
8111:, p. 193.
8101:
8089:
8077:
8065:
8063:, p. 853.
8053:
8041:
8039:, p. 226.
8029:
8027:, p. 284.
8017:
8005:
7993:
7981:
7979:, p. 184.
7966:
7954:
7942:
7940:, p. 111.
7930:
7928:, p. 170.
7918:
7906:
7894:
7877:
7865:
7863:, p. 280.
7853:
7841:
7839:, p. 153.
7829:
7827:, p. 177.
7817:
7815:, p. 255.
7805:
7803:, p. 242.
7793:
7781:
7769:
7757:
7755:, p. 116.
7745:
7733:
7731:, p. 109.
7721:
7719:, p. 174.
7706:
7704:, p. 240.
7694:
7692:, p. 248.
7682:
7670:
7658:
7646:
7644:, p. 176.
7634:
7632:, p. 109.
7622:
7610:
7608:, p. 223.
7593:
7581:
7569:
7557:
7555:, p. 150.
7545:
7533:
7521:
7519:, p. 197.
7509:
7507:, p. 172.
7497:
7495:, p. 211.
7485:
7483:, p. 182.
7473:
7461:
7449:
7437:
7435:, p. 199.
7425:
7413:
7411:, p. 145.
7401:
7389:
7377:
7365:
7353:
7351:, p. 252.
7341:
7329:
7327:, p. 131.
7317:
7315:, p. 100.
7305:
7303:, p. 143.
7288:
7276:
7274:, p. 101.
7264:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7213:
7201:
7199:, p. 125.
7189:
7177:
7165:
7150:
7138:
7126:
7124:, p. 112.
7114:
7112:, p. 122.
7102:
7100:, p. 244.
7087:
7075:
7060:
7058:, p. 140.
7045:
7043:, p. 109.
7033:
7021:
7019:, p. 120.
7009:
6997:
6982:
6967:
6965:, p. 340.
6955:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6895:
6893:, p. 683.
6883:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6797:, p. 994.
6787:
6772:
6760:
6758:, p. 275.
6748:
6724:
6722:, p. 995.
6712:
6697:
6695:, p. 183.
6685:
6673:
6671:, p. 155.
6661:
6649:
6647:, p. 230.
6637:
6635:, p. 204.
6625:
6610:
6608:, p. 144.
6598:
6586:
6574:
6562:
6560:, pp. 72.
6550:
6538:
6526:
6522:Chaniotis 2013
6514:
6502:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6430:
6406:
6398:Schrijver 2014
6390:
6370:
6358:
6356:, p. 470.
6343:
6331:
6329:, p. 635.
6319:
6309:, p. 51;
6299:
6287:
6263:
6235:
6233:, p. 339.
6223:
6221:, p. 880.
6211:
6199:
6197:, p. 879.
6187:
6185:, p. 992.
6175:
6163:
6147:
6145:, p. 878.
6135:
6133:, p. 877.
6123:
6121:, p. 991.
6111:
6103:Schrijver 2014
6095:
6083:
6063:
6047:
6045:, p. 881.
6032:
6020:
5997:
5991:, p. 85;
5981:
5965:
5963:, p. 875.
5953:
5947:, p. 13;
5937:
5935:, p. 875.
5931:, p. 27;
5919:, p. 13;
5906:
5904:, p. 990.
5894:
5878:
5876:, p. 595.
5866:
5854:
5848:, p. 85;
5838:
5824:, p. 85;
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:Schrijver 2014
5770:
5754:
5752:, p. 593.
5742:
5730:
5720:, p. 84;
5710:
5708:, p. 471.
5698:
5686:
5674:
5662:
5660:, p. 470.
5645:
5626:
5624:, p. 568.
5611:
5609:, p. 567.
5599:
5597:, p. 102.
5587:
5585:, p. 986.
5570:
5558:
5546:
5534:
5522:
5507:
5495:
5493:, p. 293.
5483:
5481:, p. 513.
5471:
5459:
5457:, p. 204.
5447:
5445:, p. 377.
5435:
5423:
5406:
5394:
5382:
5370:
5358:
5346:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5247:
5235:
5223:
5221:, p. 865.
5211:
5199:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5139:
5127:
5115:
5103:
5091:
5079:
5064:
5052:
5040:
5025:
5013:
5011:, p. 434.
5001:
4989:
4972:
4957:
4955:, p. 636.
4942:
4930:
4915:
4900:
4888:
4867:
4865:, p. 292.
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4822:
4801:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4746:
4714:
4704:
4688:
4672:
4660:
4658:'pillar'; etc.
4632:Proto-Germanic
4590:
4558:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4527:
4415:, so that the
4407:together with
4361:
4358:
4302:
4299:
4229:
4226:
4172:Thorsberg moor
4163:
4160:
4072:
4069:
4060:potter's wheel
4050:
4047:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
3990:literary topos
3943:
3940:
3900:Main article:
3897:
3894:
3867:oral tradition
3807:Spruchdichtung
3775:
3772:
3668:
3667:Personal names
3665:
3575:Main article:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3541:Saint Boniface
3485:translated by
3473:Page from the
3463:Main article:
3460:
3457:
3322:skaldic poetry
3274:
3273:
3270:dĂs SkjÇ«ldunga
3268:and Old Norse
3266:ides Scildinga
3261:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3082:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
2960:Norse paganism
2944:Finnic peoples
2919:Oberdorla moor
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2789:Charles Martel
2746:British Museum
2711:
2708:
2625:in 476 CE
2611:
2608:
2600:Romano-British
2552:Vandal Kingdom
2544:Flavius Aetius
2519:
2516:
2363:
2360:
2327:Main article:
2324:
2321:
2198:
2195:
2011:Roman Iron Age
2006:
2003:
1985:
1982:
1968:. Near modern
1849:
1846:
1817:Celtic peoples
1771:SĂĄmi languages
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1619:Crimean Gothic
1588:
1587:
1586:
1533:
1526:Younger FuĂŸark
1498:North Germanic
1441:
1440:Classification
1438:
1381:
1378:
1323:harikastiteiva
1299:Negau helmet B
1169:
1166:
1139:proto-language
1133:). During the
1090:system in the
1059:
1058:Proto-Germanic
1056:
1048:
1045:
993:Pomponius Mela
962:
952:
930:
927:
834:Germania Prima
822:Germania magna
700:
697:
604:Walter Goffart
555:
552:
427:late antiquity
380:Herwig Wolfram
355:
352:
344:
341:
302:shared legends
257:Late Antiquity
120:, to southern
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14896:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14803:Hunnic empire
14801:
14799:
14798:Gepid kingdom
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14770:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14752:
14747:
14745:
14740:
14738:
14733:
14732:
14729:
14717:
14709:
14708:
14705:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14675:
14673:
14671:
14667:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14620:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14413:
14412:
14409:
14405:
14402:
14401:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14302:Crimean Goths
14300:
14299:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14266:
14265:Salian Franks
14263:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14063:
14062:
14059:
14058:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13961:
13960:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13952:
13948:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13910:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13888:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13866:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13839:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13826:
13823:
13822:
13821:
13818:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13805:
13804:
13801:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13788:
13787:
13784:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13770:
13767:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13708:
13706:
13704:
13703:Early culture
13700:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13660:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13637:
13633:
13626:
13621:
13619:
13614:
13612:
13607:
13606:
13603:
13597:
13596:
13591:
13589:
13588:
13583:
13581:
13580:
13575:
13573:
13572:
13567:
13565:
13564:
13559:
13557:
13556:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13543:
13538:
13536:
13532:
13531:
13526:
13524:
13523:
13518:
13516:
13515:
13510:
13508:
13507:
13503:
13501:
13500:
13499:Roman History
13497:Dio Cassius,
13495:
13493:
13492:
13487:
13485:
13484:
13479:
13477:
13473:
13472:
13467:
13465:
13464:
13459:
13458:
13457:
13456:
13442:
13436:
13432:
13427:
13423:
13418:
13406:
13402:
13396:
13392:
13391:
13386:
13382:
13370:
13366:
13360:
13356:
13355:
13350:
13346:
13334:
13330:
13326:
13322:
13317:
13313:
13308:
13304:
13298:
13294:
13289:
13285:
13279:
13275:
13270:
13266:
13260:
13256:
13251:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13210:
13206:
13201:
13189:
13185:
13179:
13175:
13174:
13168:
13156:
13152:
13146:
13142:
13141:
13136:
13135:Todd, Malcolm
13132:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13107:
13103:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13083:
13078:
13074:
13068:
13064:
13059:
13047:
13043:
13037:
13033:
13032:
13026:
13014:
13010:
13004:
13000:
12996:
12991:
12988:. de Gruyter.
12987:
12982:
12978:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12956:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12939:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12922:
12919:. de Gruyter.
12917:
12916:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12891:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12874:
12870:
12864:
12860:
12855:
12843:
12839:
12833:
12829:
12828:
12823:
12819:
12807:
12803:
12797:
12794:. Routledge.
12793:
12792:
12787:
12783:
12779:
12773:
12769:
12764:
12760:
12754:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12729:
12728:Archived copy
12723:
12719:
12718:
12712:
12700:
12696:
12690:
12686:
12685:
12679:
12667:
12663:
12657:
12653:
12652:
12647:
12643:
12631:
12627:
12621:
12617:
12616:
12610:
12598:
12594:
12588:
12584:
12583:
12578:
12577:Ringe, Donald
12574:
12562:
12558:
12552:
12548:
12547:
12541:
12529:
12525:
12519:
12515:
12514:
12509:
12505:
12501:
12495:
12491:
12486:
12474:
12470:
12464:
12460:
12459:
12454:
12450:
12439:
12435:
12429:
12425:
12424:
12418:
12414:
12408:
12404:
12399:
12395:
12390:
12386:
12380:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12355:
12354:Archived copy
12349:
12345:
12339:
12335:
12330:
12318:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12302:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12285:
12281:
12275:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12250:
12249:Archived copy
12244:
12232:
12228:
12222:
12218:
12217:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12182:
12178:
12172:
12168:
12163:
12159:
12153:
12149:
12144:
12140:
12134:
12130:
12125:
12121:
12115:
12111:
12106:
12102:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12059:
12054:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12030:
12026:
12020:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11995:
11994:Archived copy
11989:
11985:
11979:
11975:
11970:
11966:
11960:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11935:
11934:Archived copy
11929:
11917:
11913:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11898:
11893:
11889:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11860:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11821:
11817:
11811:
11807:
11806:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11752:
11740:
11736:
11730:
11726:
11725:
11719:
11715:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11700:Koch, John T.
11697:
11693:
11687:
11683:
11678:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11650:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11619:(in German).
11618:
11617:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11585:James, Edward
11582:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11536:
11531:
11527:
11521:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11496:
11495:Archived copy
11491:
11487:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11429:
11424:
11412:
11408:
11402:
11398:
11397:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11366:
11362:
11357:
11353:
11347:
11343:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11287:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11263:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11230:
11225:
11221:
11217:
11205:
11201:
11195:
11191:
11190:
11184:
11180:
11174:
11170:
11165:
11161:
11155:
11151:
11146:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11120:
11119:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11100:
11096:
11091:
11087:
11081:
11077:
11076:How Rome Fell
11072:
11060:
11056:
11050:
11046:
11042:
11041:Kathryn Welch
11038:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11020:
11016:
11011:
10999:
10995:
10989:
10985:
10984:
10978:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10954:
10950:
10944:
10940:
10935:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10877:
10872:
10871:
10865:
10860:
10848:
10844:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10814:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10789:
10788:Archived copy
10783:
10779:
10773:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10748:
10747:Archived copy
10742:
10738:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10688:
10684:
10679:
10675:
10669:
10665:
10660:
10656:
10651:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10616:
10612:
10606:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10581:
10580:Archived copy
10575:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10549:
10548:
10542:
10538:
10532:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10507:
10506:Archived copy
10501:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10462:. de Gruyter.
10461:
10460:
10454:
10451:. de Gruyter.
10450:
10445:
10441:
10435:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10410:
10409:Archived copy
10404:
10400:
10395:
10391:
10385:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10360:
10359:Archived copy
10354:
10350:
10344:
10340:
10339:
10334:
10330:
10329:
10317:
10312:
10305:
10300:
10294:, p. 14.
10293:
10288:
10281:
10276:
10269:
10264:
10258:, p. 11.
10257:
10252:
10245:
10240:
10234:, p. 27.
10233:
10228:
10221:
10216:
10209:
10204:
10197:
10196:Donecker 2020
10192:
10186:, p. 40.
10185:
10180:
10174:, p. 76.
10173:
10172:Donecker 2020
10168:
10162:, p. 75.
10161:
10160:Donecker 2020
10156:
10149:
10148:Donecker 2020
10144:
10137:
10132:
10126:, p. 68.
10125:
10124:Donecker 2020
10120:
10113:
10108:
10101:
10096:
10089:
10084:
10077:
10072:
10065:
10060:
10053:
10048:
10042:, p. 87.
10041:
10036:
10029:
10024:
10018:, p. 66.
10017:
10012:
10006:, p. 95.
10005:
10000:
9994:, p. 65.
9993:
9988:
9982:, p. 89.
9981:
9976:
9970:, p. 88.
9969:
9964:
9958:, p. 98.
9957:
9952:
9945:
9940:
9934:, p. 92.
9933:
9928:
9922:, p. 64.
9921:
9916:
9914:
9912:
9904:
9899:
9892:
9887:
9880:
9875:
9868:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9851:
9846:
9839:
9834:
9827:
9822:
9815:
9810:
9803:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9786:
9781:
9774:
9769:
9762:
9757:
9750:
9745:
9738:
9733:
9731:
9723:
9718:
9711:
9706:
9699:
9694:
9687:
9682:
9675:
9670:
9663:
9658:
9651:
9646:
9644:
9636:
9631:
9624:
9619:
9612:
9607:
9600:
9595:
9593:
9585:
9580:
9573:
9568:
9561:
9556:
9554:
9546:
9541:
9534:
9529:
9522:
9517:
9510:
9505:
9498:
9493:
9486:
9481:
9475:, p. 79.
9474:
9469:
9462:
9457:
9450:
9445:
9438:
9433:
9427:, p. 42.
9426:
9421:
9414:
9409:
9407:
9399:
9394:
9387:
9382:
9380:
9373:, p. 35.
9372:
9367:
9365:
9358:, p. 63.
9357:
9352:
9345:
9340:
9333:
9328:
9321:
9316:
9309:
9304:
9298:, p. 62.
9297:
9292:
9285:
9280:
9273:
9268:
9261:
9256:
9249:
9244:
9237:
9232:
9225:
9220:
9214:, p. 78.
9213:
9208:
9201:
9196:
9189:
9184:
9177:
9172:
9165:
9160:
9153:
9148:
9141:
9136:
9134:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9109:
9102:
9097:
9090:
9085:
9078:
9073:
9066:
9061:
9054:
9049:
9042:
9037:
9030:
9025:
9018:
9013:
9006:
9001:
8994:
8989:
8982:
8977:
8970:
8965:
8958:
8953:
8946:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8929:
8924:
8917:
8912:
8905:
8900:
8893:
8888:
8881:
8876:
8869:
8864:
8857:
8852:
8845:
8840:
8833:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8816:
8811:
8804:
8799:
8792:
8787:
8780:
8775:
8768:
8763:
8756:
8751:
8744:
8739:
8732:
8727:
8720:
8715:
8708:
8703:
8696:
8691:
8684:
8679:
8672:
8667:
8660:
8655:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8631:
8624:
8619:
8612:
8607:
8601:, p. 35.
8600:
8595:
8588:
8584:
8578:
8571:
8566:
8560:, p. 21.
8559:
8555:
8551:
8545:
8538:
8534:
8528:
8521:
8516:
8509:
8503:
8496:
8491:
8485:, p. 72.
8484:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8465:
8459:
8452:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8433:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8416:
8411:
8404:
8399:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8376:, p. 33.
8375:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8356:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8320:
8315:
8308:
8307:HultgÄrd 2010
8303:
8296:
8295:HultgÄrd 2010
8291:
8284:
8283:HultgÄrd 2010
8279:
8272:
8267:
8260:
8255:
8248:
8243:
8236:
8231:
8229:
8221:
8216:
8209:
8204:
8197:
8192:
8185:
8180:
8173:
8168:
8166:
8158:
8153:
8146:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8117:
8110:
8105:
8098:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8074:
8069:
8062:
8057:
8050:
8045:
8038:
8033:
8026:
8021:
8014:
8009:
8002:
7997:
7991:, p. 32.
7990:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7971:
7964:, p. 34.
7963:
7958:
7952:, p. 31.
7951:
7946:
7939:
7934:
7927:
7922:
7915:
7910:
7903:
7898:
7892:, p. 42.
7891:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7874:
7869:
7862:
7857:
7850:
7845:
7838:
7833:
7826:
7821:
7814:
7809:
7802:
7797:
7791:, p. 64.
7790:
7785:
7779:, p. 65.
7778:
7773:
7766:
7761:
7754:
7749:
7742:
7737:
7730:
7725:
7718:
7713:
7711:
7703:
7698:
7691:
7686:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7662:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7638:
7631:
7626:
7619:
7614:
7607:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7590:
7585:
7578:
7573:
7566:
7561:
7554:
7549:
7542:
7537:
7530:
7525:
7518:
7513:
7506:
7501:
7494:
7489:
7482:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7459:, p. 89.
7458:
7453:
7447:, p. 61.
7446:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7417:
7410:
7405:
7398:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7362:
7357:
7350:
7345:
7338:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7314:
7309:
7302:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7285:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7261:
7256:
7249:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7225:
7224:Springer 2010
7220:
7218:
7210:
7209:Springer 2010
7205:
7198:
7193:
7187:, p. 35.
7186:
7181:
7174:
7169:
7163:, p. 27.
7162:
7157:
7155:
7148:, p. 57.
7147:
7142:
7135:
7130:
7123:
7118:
7111:
7106:
7099:
7094:
7092:
7084:
7079:
7073:, p. 56.
7072:
7067:
7065:
7057:
7052:
7050:
7042:
7037:
7030:
7025:
7018:
7013:
7007:, p. 32.
7006:
7001:
6995:, p. 55.
6994:
6989:
6987:
6980:, p. 26.
6979:
6974:
6972:
6964:
6959:
6953:, p. 54.
6952:
6947:
6941:, p. 31.
6940:
6935:
6929:, p. 25.
6928:
6923:
6916:
6911:
6905:, p. 18.
6904:
6899:
6892:
6887:
6880:
6875:
6868:
6863:
6857:, p. 17.
6856:
6851:
6844:
6839:
6833:, p. 16.
6832:
6827:
6821:, p. 98.
6820:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6796:
6791:
6785:, p. 15.
6784:
6779:
6777:
6769:
6764:
6757:
6752:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6716:
6710:, p. 30.
6709:
6704:
6702:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6677:
6670:
6665:
6658:
6653:
6646:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6623:, p. 45.
6622:
6617:
6615:
6607:
6602:
6596:, p. 13.
6595:
6590:
6584:, p. 22.
6583:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6547:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6512:, p. 23.
6511:
6506:
6499:
6494:
6487:
6482:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6434:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6404:, p. 876
6403:
6399:
6394:
6388:, p. 876
6387:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6348:
6340:
6335:
6328:
6323:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6297:, p. 38.
6296:
6291:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6232:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6208:
6207:RĂŒbekeil 2017
6203:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6183:RĂŒbekeil 2017
6179:
6172:
6167:
6160:
6156:
6155:RĂŒbekeil 2017
6151:
6144:
6139:
6132:
6127:
6120:
6119:RĂŒbekeil 2017
6115:
6109:, p. 992
6108:
6107:RĂŒbekeil 2017
6104:
6099:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6061:, p. 993
6060:
6059:RĂŒbekeil 2017
6056:
6051:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6013:
6012:RĂŒbekeil 2017
6009:
6004:
6002:
5995:, p. 879
5994:
5990:
5985:
5979:, p. 876
5978:
5974:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5951:, p. 876
5950:
5946:
5941:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5903:
5902:RĂŒbekeil 2017
5898:
5892:, p. 990
5891:
5890:RĂŒbekeil 2017
5887:
5882:
5875:
5870:
5864:, p. 85.
5863:
5858:
5852:, p. 989
5851:
5850:RĂŒbekeil 2017
5847:
5842:
5836:, p. 989
5835:
5834:RĂŒbekeil 2017
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5799:
5794:
5788:, p. 518
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5768:, p. 989
5767:
5766:RĂŒbekeil 2017
5763:
5758:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5728:, p. 519
5727:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5684:, p. 59.
5683:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5643:, p. 57.
5642:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5608:
5603:
5596:
5591:
5584:
5583:RĂŒbekeil 2017
5579:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5556:, p. 47.
5555:
5550:
5544:, p. 53.
5543:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5505:, p. 97.
5504:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5456:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5404:, p. 19.
5403:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5379:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5356:, p. 11.
5355:
5350:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5320:, p. 51.
5319:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5295:
5290:
5283:
5278:
5272:, p. 29.
5271:
5266:
5260:, p. 34.
5259:
5254:
5252:
5245:, p. 10.
5244:
5239:
5233:, p. 28.
5232:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5167:
5161:, p. 31.
5160:
5155:
5148:
5143:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5112:
5107:
5101:, p. 19.
5100:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5023:, p. 58.
5022:
5017:
5010:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4970:, p. 11.
4969:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4934:
4928:, p. 32.
4927:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4898:, p. 28.
4897:
4892:
4886:, p. 30.
4885:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4835:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4775:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4668:RĂŒbekeil 2017
4664:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:'pike' (<
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4445:Wilhelm Grimm
4442:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4430:Indo-European
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:haplogroup I1
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3996:, the wedge (
3995:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3965:
3958:(193 CE)
3957:
3953:
3948:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3923:sources, the
3921:
3919:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3835:Indo-European
3831:
3828:
3827:casus heroici
3823:
3819:
3818:Heinrich Beck
3814:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3687:Elder Futhark
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3660:Begriffsrunen
3655:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3625:Elder Futhark
3620:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3598: 160 CE
3592:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3571:Runic writing
3563:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:(see below).
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:Vendel period
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:Roman emperor
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:Mausoleum of
2631:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2349:prompted the
2348:
2344:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:and possibly
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Philippopolis
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2125:known as the
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:client states
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:Julius Caesar
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1694:Hermann Ament
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:East Germanic
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:West Germanic
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:of the sound
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:West Germanic
1463:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
969:
959:
949:
944:
940:
936:
926:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
847:
844:
839:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Julius Caesar
730:
726:
722:
714:
710:
705:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
618:
613:
609:
605:
600:
593:
590:
584:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
512:
506:
501:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:by Latin and
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
410:
405:
400:
395:
391:
386:
381:
377:
373:
368:
362:
350:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:Scandinavians
262:
258:
254:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:. During the
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
85:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
13996:Anglo-Saxons
13986:Adrabaecampi
13969:Bucinobantes
13711:Architecture
13631:
13594:
13586:
13578:
13570:
13562:
13554:
13541:
13529:
13521:
13520:Titus Livy,
13513:
13505:
13498:
13491:Against Piso
13490:
13482:
13470:
13462:
13454:
13453:
13430:
13421:
13409:. Retrieved
13389:
13373:. Retrieved
13353:
13337:. Retrieved
13328:
13324:
13311:
13292:
13273:
13254:
13243:, retrieved
13208:
13192:. Retrieved
13172:
13159:. Retrieved
13139:
13123:. Retrieved
13114:
13101:
13081:
13062:
13050:. Retrieved
13030:
13017:. Retrieved
12998:
12985:
12976:
12967:
12963:
12925:
12914:
12877:
12858:
12846:. Retrieved
12826:
12810:. Retrieved
12790:
12767:
12741:. Retrieved
12732:
12727:
12716:
12703:. Retrieved
12683:
12670:. Retrieved
12650:
12634:. Retrieved
12614:
12601:. Retrieved
12581:
12565:. Retrieved
12545:
12532:. Retrieved
12512:
12508:Reich, David
12489:
12477:. Retrieved
12457:
12442:, retrieved
12423:Die Germanen
12422:
12402:
12393:
12367:. Retrieved
12358:
12353:
12333:
12321:. Retrieved
12296:
12292:
12262:. Retrieved
12253:
12248:
12235:. Retrieved
12215:
12202:
12185:
12166:
12147:
12128:
12109:
12100:
12065:
12061:
12046:, retrieved
12037:
12007:. Retrieved
11998:
11993:
11973:
11947:. Retrieved
11938:
11933:
11920:. Retrieved
11896:
11882:13 September
11880:. Retrieved
11871:
11867:
11839:
11824:. Retrieved
11804:
11766:
11762:
11743:. Retrieved
11723:
11703:
11681:
11670:, retrieved
11661:
11657:
11641:. Retrieved
11620:
11614:
11588:
11545:
11541:
11508:. Retrieved
11499:
11494:
11478:. Retrieved
11453:10138/255652
11435:
11431:
11415:. Retrieved
11395:
11385:. Blackwell.
11382:
11360:
11341:
11332:
11328:
11290:
11266:
11254:. Retrieved
11233:
11227:
11220:Halsall, Guy
11208:. Retrieved
11188:
11168:
11149:
11137:. Retrieved
11117:
11094:
11075:
11063:. Retrieved
11044:
11014:
11002:. Retrieved
10982:
10957:
10938:
10926:. Retrieved
10901:
10897:
10890:Ghosh, Shami
10869:
10851:. Retrieved
10831:
10801:. Retrieved
10792:
10787:
10760:. Retrieved
10751:
10746:
10736:
10719:
10695:
10691:
10682:
10663:
10654:
10642:. Retrieved
10623:
10593:. Retrieved
10584:
10579:
10566:. Retrieved
10546:
10519:. Retrieved
10510:
10505:
10479:
10458:
10448:
10422:. Retrieved
10413:
10408:
10398:
10372:. Retrieved
10363:
10358:
10337:
10325:Bibliography
10311:
10299:
10292:Halsall 2007
10287:
10275:
10263:
10251:
10239:
10227:
10215:
10203:
10191:
10179:
10167:
10155:
10143:
10131:
10119:
10107:
10095:
10088:Halsall 2014
10083:
10071:
10059:
10047:
10035:
10023:
10016:Murdoch 2004
10011:
9999:
9992:Murdoch 2004
9987:
9975:
9963:
9951:
9939:
9927:
9920:Murdoch 2004
9898:
9886:
9874:
9845:
9833:
9821:
9809:
9780:
9768:
9756:
9744:
9717:
9705:
9693:
9681:
9669:
9657:
9630:
9618:
9606:
9579:
9567:
9540:
9528:
9516:
9504:
9492:
9480:
9468:
9456:
9444:
9432:
9420:
9393:
9356:Murdoch 2004
9351:
9339:
9327:
9315:
9303:
9296:Murdoch 2004
9291:
9279:
9267:
9255:
9243:
9231:
9224:Dilcher 2011
9219:
9207:
9195:
9183:
9176:Dilcher 2011
9171:
9159:
9152:Dilcher 2011
9147:
9125:Dilcher 2011
9120:
9108:
9096:
9084:
9072:
9067:, p. 8.
9060:
9048:
9036:
9029:Goering 2020
9024:
9012:
9000:
8988:
8976:
8964:
8952:
8923:
8911:
8899:
8887:
8875:
8863:
8851:
8839:
8810:
8798:
8793:, p. 4.
8786:
8774:
8762:
8750:
8738:
8731:Padberg 2010
8726:
8719:Padberg 2010
8714:
8702:
8695:Stenton 1971
8690:
8678:
8666:
8654:
8642:
8630:
8618:
8606:
8594:
8577:
8565:
8553:
8544:
8532:
8527:
8515:
8502:
8495:Kroonen 2013
8490:
8458:
8410:
8398:
8326:
8319:SchjĂždt 2020
8314:
8302:
8290:
8278:
8266:
8254:
8242:
8220:Wolfram 1997
8215:
8208:Heather 1996
8203:
8191:
8184:Wolfram 1997
8179:
8152:
8140:
8133:Wolfram 1997
8128:
8116:
8104:
8092:
8080:
8068:
8056:
8044:
8032:
8025:Halsall 2007
8020:
8008:
7996:
7984:
7957:
7945:
7938:Goffart 2006
7933:
7921:
7914:Heather 1996
7909:
7902:Heather 1996
7897:
7873:Halsall 2007
7868:
7861:Halsall 2007
7856:
7849:Heather 1996
7844:
7832:
7820:
7813:Halsall 2007
7808:
7801:Wolfram 1997
7796:
7784:
7772:
7765:Heather 1996
7760:
7753:Heather 1996
7748:
7741:Halsall 2007
7736:
7729:Heather 1996
7724:
7702:Halsall 2007
7697:
7690:Halsall 2007
7685:
7678:Halsall 2007
7673:
7661:
7654:Halsall 2007
7649:
7637:
7630:Goffart 2006
7625:
7618:Heather 1996
7613:
7589:Heather 1996
7584:
7577:Heather 1996
7572:
7565:Halsall 2007
7560:
7553:Heather 1996
7548:
7541:Heather 1996
7536:
7529:Heather 1996
7524:
7512:
7500:
7493:Halsall 2007
7488:
7481:Heather 2009
7476:
7464:
7457:Wolfram 1997
7452:
7440:
7433:Halsall 2007
7428:
7421:Heather 1996
7416:
7404:
7397:Heather 1996
7392:
7385:Heather 1996
7380:
7373:Wolfram 1997
7368:
7361:Halsall 2007
7356:
7344:
7337:Heather 1996
7332:
7325:Heather 1996
7320:
7313:Heather 1996
7308:
7284:Heather 1996
7279:
7272:Heather 1996
7267:
7260:Brather 2010
7255:
7248:Brather 2010
7243:
7236:Brather 2010
7231:
7204:
7197:Halsall 2007
7192:
7180:
7168:
7141:
7129:
7122:Heather 2009
7117:
7105:
7098:Wolfram 1997
7078:
7036:
7024:
7017:Halsall 2007
7012:
7000:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6898:
6886:
6874:
6867:Roymans 2004
6862:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6763:
6751:
6732:
6727:
6715:
6688:
6676:
6664:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6601:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6409:
6393:
6382:Kroonen 2013
6378:Fortson 2004
6373:
6366:Brather 2004
6361:
6334:
6322:
6317:, p. 85
6311:Fortson 2004
6302:
6290:
6275:Seebold 2017
6271:Anthony 2007
6266:
6247:Seebold 2017
6243:Anthony 2007
6238:
6231:Fortson 2004
6226:
6214:
6202:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6150:
6138:
6126:
6114:
6098:
6086:
6075:Seebold 2017
6071:Fortson 2004
6066:
6055:Fortson 2004
6050:
6023:
5984:
5973:Fortson 2004
5968:
5956:
5940:
5929:Sanders 2010
5897:
5886:Kroonen 2013
5881:
5869:
5857:
5841:
5830:Seebold 2017
5817:
5810:Seebold 2017
5805:
5798:Seebold 2017
5793:
5782:Seebold 2017
5773:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5722:Anthony 2007
5713:
5706:Wolters 2001
5701:
5689:
5677:
5670:Wolters 2001
5665:
5658:Wolters 2001
5622:Wolters 2001
5607:Wolters 2001
5602:
5595:Tacitus 1948
5590:
5561:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5498:
5486:
5474:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5421:, p. 3.
5397:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5318:Riggsby 2010
5313:
5301:
5289:
5284:, p. 3.
5277:
5265:
5238:
5231:Harland 2021
5226:
5219:Neidorf 2018
5214:
5202:
5190:
5185:, p. 6.
5178:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5087:Winkler 2016
5082:
5077:, p. 8.
5062:, p. 4.
5055:
5043:
5038:, p. 1.
5016:
5009:Pfeifer 2000
5004:
4999:, p. 5.
4997:Wolfram 1988
4992:
4987:, p. 9.
4933:
4891:
4858:
4834:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4707:
4691:
4675:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4552:The earlier
4548:
4522:
4507:
4503:Scandinavism
4486:
4434:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4378:
4365:
4363:
4318:
4293:
4285:
4263:
4251:
4203:
4177:
4140:
4113:
4108:
4088:
4086:
4071:Metalworking
4063:
4052:
4032:
4027:Heiko Steuer
4020:
3993:
3987:
3971:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3913:
3896:Germanic law
3874:
3856:
3832:
3822:origo gentis
3813:Merkdichtung
3794:Gothic Bible
3790:oral culture
3787:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3715:
3707:'victory' +
3698:
3696:
3690:
3658:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3605:
3603:
3553:
3551:in 776/777.
3518:
3494:Christianity
3491:
3483:Gothic Bible
3447:, including
3437:
3413:
3402:
3385:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3336:
3320:
3316:eddic poetry
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3231:Old English
3210:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3052:Old English
3034:philologists
3013:
3011:
2981:examples of
2964:
2928:
2844:Anglo-Saxons
2841:
2826:
2813:
2750:
2684:
2671:
2651:
2639:
2591:
2589:
2561:
2531:
2508:Amal dynasty
2496:
2457:
2405:
2365:
2340:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2303:was killed.
2293:Thessalonica
2270:
2245:
2228:
2210:
2191:Edward James
2180:
2169:
2164:Suebian knot
2134:
2099:
2095:
2068:
2061:
2049:
2022:
1937:
1931:
1927:Cimbrian War
1887:
1877:
1870:Cimbrian War
1828:
1812:
1797:Finno-Permic
1785:
1774:
1764:
1732:
1724:
1704:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1638:
1624:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1538:: including
1517:
1513:
1509:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1455:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1383:
1370:tetradrachms
1351:
1340:harja-gastiz
1333:
1330:Negau helmet
1322:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1276:
1251:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1197:(a kind of '
1181:
1171:
1155:
1135:Pre-Germanic
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:strong verbs
1094:(notably in
1084:Verner's law
1061:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1012:
1001:
996:
980:
973:
966: Other
929:Subdivisions
896:
894:
889:
880:
868:
859:
855:
850:
848:
803:
798:
794:
790:
782:
774:
768:
764:
760:
748:
736:
720:
718:
712:
708:
664:
653:runic script
648:
644:
640:
637:Heiko Steuer
632:
628:
623:
621:
594:
571:
559:
557:
547:
543:
533:
529:
525:
521:
499:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
467:East Francia
462:
458:
446:
438:
434:
422:
420:
357:
312:
306:
291:
288:Germanic law
277:
273:Latin script
261:Anglo-Saxons
249:
184:
182:
150:
145:
113:
109:
101:
93:
87:
82:
81:
65:
63:
59:Suebian knot
47:
14436:Nahanarvali
14359:Hilleviones
14272:Frisiavones
14140:Cananefates
14130:Burgundians
14041:Banochaemae
13891:Anglo-Saxon
13842:Anglo-Saxon
13808:Anglo-Saxon
13791:Anglo-Saxon
13774:Anglo-Saxon
13595:The History
13577:Suetonius,
13553:Procopius,
13245:10 February
12323:10 February
12048:20 February
11874:: 819â853.
11672:11 February
11664:: 111â161,
11627:: 379â382.
11240:: 515â532.
11139:23 December
10316:Kaiser 2007
10052:Steuer 2021
10028:Steuer 2021
9944:Steuer 2021
9903:Steuer 2021
9814:Steuer 2021
9802:Steuer 2021
9749:Steuer 2021
9722:Steuer 2021
9710:Steuer 2021
9698:Steuer 2021
9686:Steuer 2021
9662:Steuer 2021
9650:Steuer 2021
9623:Steuer 2021
9584:Steuer 2021
9572:Steuer 2021
9545:Steuer 2021
9533:Steuer 2021
9521:Steuer 2021
9509:Steuer 2021
9497:Steuer 2021
9461:Steuer 2021
9449:Steuer 2021
9437:Steuer 2021
9413:Steuer 2021
9386:Steuer 2021
9332:Steuer 2021
9320:Steuer 2021
9308:Steuer 2021
9272:Steuer 2021
9260:Steuer 2021
9077:Millet 2008
9053:Millet 2008
9041:Millet 2008
8916:DĂŒwel 2010b
8659:Cusack 1998
8635:DĂŒwel 2010a
8611:DĂŒwel 2010a
8599:Cusack 1998
8587:Witzel 2017
8583:Puhvel 1989
8537:Lindow 2001
8464:Storms 2013
8332:Lindow 2001
8271:Steuer 2021
6891:Steuer 2021
6795:Steuer 2021
6720:Steuer 2021
6645:Steuer 2006
6546:Harris 1979
6418:Steuer 2021
6402:Nedoma 2017
6386:Nedoma 2017
6307:Polomé 1992
6219:Nedoma 2017
6195:Nedoma 2017
6171:Nedoma 2017
6159:Nedoma 2017
6143:Nedoma 2017
6131:Nedoma 2017
6091:Stiles 2017
6043:Nedoma 2017
6028:Nedoma 2017
6008:Nedoma 2017
5993:Nedoma 2017
5977:Nedoma 2017
5961:Nedoma 2017
5949:Nedoma 2017
5933:Nedoma 2017
5826:Nedoma 2017
5762:Stiles 2017
5694:Steuer 2021
5682:Steuer 2021
5294:Steuer 2021
5282:Steuer 2021
5270:Steuer 2021
5195:Steuer 2021
4938:Steuer 2021
4926:Steuer 2021
4896:Steuer 2021
4884:Steuer 2021
4734:Bhr̄ghn̄tes
4700:Polomé 1992
4479:nationalist
4462:Germanentum
4321:Guy Halsall
4248:(69â96 CE).
3844:Old English
3764:(Old Norse
3684:Proto-Norse
3587:Vimose Comb
3545:Charlemagne
3304:Poetic Edda
3217:Atharvaveda
3213:Vedic India
3165:Unattested
3022:Old English
3016:, proposed
2876:Lindisfarne
2848:Northumbria
2801:Charlemagne
2799:. His son,
2646:sacked Rome
2488:Theodoric I
2480:sacked Rome
2412:Marcianople
2382:under King
2356:Middle Ages
2301:Cannabaudes
2266:Saxon Shore
2160:Osterby Man
1874:Gallic Wars
1801:Finno-Samic
1709:Lower Rhine
1697: [
1560:Langobardic
1548:Old Frisian
1544:Old English
1406:Scandinavia
1270:languages:
1243:fram-ij-an-
1188:Nahanarvali
1106:qualities (
1039:chapter 2.
1021:Nahanarvali
743:, opposite
608:Walter Pohl
586:(Latin) or
517:Deutschland
343:Terminology
241:Charlemagne
144:. The term
122:Scandinavia
14868:Categories
14655:Vinoviloth
14443:Marcomanni
14426:Helveconae
14404:HeaĂ°obards
14374:Istvaeones
14364:Ingaevones
14349:Hermunduri
14317:Ostrogoths
14307:Greuthungi
14185:Chattuarii
14011:Angrivarii
14006:Ampsivarii
13974:Lentienses
13803:Literature
13693:Viking Age
13579:12 Caesars
13555:Gothic War
13512:Jordanes,
13461:Agathias,
12970:: 291â312.
12264:6 February
12194:B000W259Y8
12068:: 105333.
11949:5 February
11922:15 January
11786:1887/70150
11548:(4): 511.
11256:17 January
10657:. Cassell.
10595:5 February
10374:22 January
10268:Derry 2012
10244:Mosse 1964
10112:Manco 2013
9344:Green 1998
9113:Ghosh 2007
9065:Ghosh 2016
8928:DĂŒwel 2004
8904:DĂŒwel 2004
8892:DĂŒwel 2004
8880:DĂŒwel 2004
8868:Green 1998
8856:DĂŒwel 2004
8844:DĂŒwel 2004
8832:Green 1998
8767:DĂŒwel 2004
8570:Simek 1993
8533:GrĂmnismĂĄl
8520:Simek 1993
8508:Simek 1993
8336:Simek 1993
8049:Pohl 2004a
8013:Pohl 2004a
7989:Pohl 2004a
7962:Pohl 2004a
7950:Pohl 2004a
7890:Pohl 2004a
7789:James 2014
7777:James 2014
7185:Pohl 2004a
7161:Pohl 2004a
7110:James 2014
7083:James 2014
7041:Geary 1999
7029:Pohl 2004a
7005:James 2014
6978:Pohl 2004a
6939:James 2014
6927:Pohl 2004a
6903:Pohl 2004a
6879:Pohl 2004a
6855:Pohl 2004a
6843:Pohl 2004a
6831:Pohl 2004a
6819:Wells 1995
6783:Pohl 2004a
6693:Gruen 2006
6681:Gruen 2006
6669:Wells 2004
6594:Pohl 2004a
6570:Woolf 2012
6558:Burns 2003
6450:Green 1998
6339:Pohl 2004a
6315:Ringe 2006
6259:Reich 2018
5989:Ringe 2006
5945:Green 1998
5925:Ringe 2006
5921:Green 1998
5862:Ringe 2006
5846:Ringe 2006
5822:Ringe 2006
5738:Penzl 1972
5718:Ringe 2006
5641:Pohl 2004a
5542:Pohl 2004a
5530:Pohl 2004a
5518:Pohl 2004a
5455:Krebs 2011
5419:Pohl 2004a
5402:Pohl 2004a
5390:Pohl 2004a
5378:Pohl 2004a
5366:Pohl 2004a
5354:Pohl 2004a
5207:Pohl 2004a
5075:Green 1998
5060:Pohl 2004a
5036:Pohl 2004a
5021:Pohl 2004a
4846:References
4696:Ringe 2006
4518:Nazi Party
4499:Viking Age
4475:Deutschtum
4423:, and the
4305:See also:
4118:Siegerland
4006:chain mail
3952:Marcomanni
3882: 551
3742:Hariwulfaz
3738:Heruwulfaz
3734:HaĂŸuwulfaz
3549:Saxon Wars
3380:GrĂmnismĂĄl
3310:Prose Edda
3286:, and the
3228:Old Norse
3049:Old Norse
2952:Bronze Age
2880:Viking Age
2512:Ostrogoths
2460:Radagaisus
2408:Gothic War
2368:Greuthungi
2306:The Roman
2071:Maroboduus
2046:Marcomanni
1934:Ariovistus
1761:(Germanic)
1672:common era
1635:Prehistory
1611:Burgundian
1554:(6th c.),
1550:(6th c.),
1530:Viking Age
1410:Common Era
1374:Bratislava
1361:'ferry' +
1252:raun-ij-az
1051:See also:
968:Herminones
943:Istaevones
939:Herminones
935:Ingaevones
905:Sarmatians
661:gullgubber
657:bracteates
463:Germanicus
347:See also:
323:, such as
205:Marcomanni
14650:Vidivarii
14645:Victohali
14635:Vangiones
14568:Thuringii
14473:Nuithones
14369:Irminones
14332:Visigoths
14322:Thervingi
14282:Gambrivii
14235:Dulgubnii
14230:Dauciones
14180:Chasuarii
14120:Brondings
14046:Bastarnae
14036:Baiuvarii
14016:Armalausi
13979:Raetovari
13913:Languages
13881:Symbology
13741:Folklore
13736:Festivals
13593:Tacitus,
13585:Tacitus,
13571:Geography
13563:Geography
13561:Ptolemy,
13463:Histories
13387:(1997) .
13339:21 August
13235:229209928
13161:25 August
13052:25 August
12952:241474332
12904:161016819
12848:25 August
12812:25 August
12705:25 August
12672:25 August
12603:25 August
12534:25 August
12336:. Brill.
12313:165792664
12237:25 August
12092:233858713
11856:241474332
11826:25 August
11808:. Brill.
11795:0003-598X
11763:Antiquity
11643:29 August
11470:164376362
11462:0003-598X
11432:Antiquity
11417:25 August
11383:The Goths
11317:244947891
11283:241474332
10974:241474332
10941:. Brill.
10918:161148492
10853:25 August
10803:23 August
10712:241474332
10568:25 August
10521:23 August
10496:233770774
10280:Todd 1999
10232:Beck 2004
10220:Beck 2004
10136:Beck 2004
10076:Todd 1999
10064:Todd 1999
10040:Todd 1999
10004:Todd 1999
9980:Todd 1999
9968:Todd 1999
9956:Todd 1999
9932:Todd 1999
9867:Todd 1999
9785:Todd 1999
9773:Todd 1999
9761:Todd 1999
9737:Todd 1999
9674:Todd 1999
9635:Todd 1999
9611:Todd 1999
9599:Todd 1999
9560:Todd 1999
9485:Todd 1999
9473:Todd 1999
9425:Todd 1999
9371:Todd 1999
9188:LĂŒck 2010
8558:Orel 2003
8483:Orel 2003
8451:Orel 2003
8432:Orel 2003
8403:Orel 2003
8391:Orel 2003
8374:Orel 2003
8355:Orel 2003
8247:Todd 1999
8196:Todd 1999
8172:Todd 1999
8145:Todd 1999
8121:Todd 1999
8109:Todd 1999
8037:Todd 1999
8001:Todd 1999
7977:Todd 1999
7926:Todd 1999
7837:Todd 1999
7825:Todd 1999
7717:Todd 1999
7666:Todd 1999
7642:Todd 1999
7606:Todd 1999
7517:Todd 1999
7505:Todd 1999
7469:Todd 1999
7445:Todd 1999
7409:Todd 1999
7301:Todd 1999
7173:Todd 1999
7146:Todd 1999
7134:Todd 1999
7071:Todd 1999
7056:Todd 1999
6993:Todd 1999
6951:Todd 1999
6915:Todd 1999
6731:Tacitus,
6621:Todd 1999
6582:Todd 1999
6510:Todd 1999
6438:Koch 2020
6422:Koch 2020
6295:Koch 2020
6251:Heyd 2017
5917:Todd 1999
4985:Todd 1999
4968:Todd 1999
4851:Citations
4730:Brigantes
4726:BurgunĂŸaz
4722:Koch 2020
4650:'board';
4646:'barge';
4620:*handuga-
4565:Tacitus,
4467:âčSee Tfdâș
4454:âčSee Tfdâș
4401:Gothicism
4370:humanists
4156:cloisonné
3975:comitatus
3932:Roman law
3848:Old Norse
3802:Old Norse
3680:runestone
3525:Baiuvarii
3421:seeresses
3373:from the
3026:Old Norse
3014:Sinthgunt
2995:Sinthgunt
2948:Stone Age
2932:Rhineland
2923:Thuringia
2921:, modern
2829:Liuvigild
2822:Liutprand
2781:Pippinids
2753:Austrasia
2732:(843â870)
2691:Baiuvarii
2687:Justinian
2654:Theodoric
2602:from the
2421:Visigoths
2384:Athanaric
2372:Ermanaric
2351:Visigoths
2145:Vespasian
1880:Bastarnae
1858:Bastarnae
1579:Rhineland
1540:Old Saxon
1522:Old Norse
1372:found in
1264:Old Saxon
1260:Old Norse
1214:(English
1147:phonology
1047:Languages
987:, son of
923:Procopius
729:Scythians
505:Germanien
451:humanists
404:Old Irish
378:origins.
354:Etymology
134:Bastarnae
14716:Category
14623:Hasdingi
14608:Usipetes
14588:Tubantes
14573:Toxandri
14553:Tencteri
14528:Suarines
14513:Sicambri
14508:Semnones
14488:Reudigni
14458:Mattiaci
14448:Marsacii
14399:Lombards
14389:Lacringi
14384:Juthungi
14215:Corconti
14200:Cherusci
14175:Charudes
14155:Chaedini
14125:Bructeri
14110:Bateinoi
14081:Eburones
14076:Condrusi
14071:Caeroesi
14066:Atuatuci
14001:Ambrones
13964:Brisgavi
13959:Alemanni
13837:Paganism
13726:Clothing
13721:Calendar
13668:Germania
13587:Germania
13569:Strabo,
13535:in Latin
13489:Cicero,
13481:Caesar,
13476:in Latin
13411:30 March
13405:Archived
13375:30 March
13369:Archived
13351:(1988).
13333:Archived
13239:archived
13194:7 August
13188:Archived
13155:Archived
13137:(1999).
13119:Archived
13046:Archived
13019:7 August
13013:Archived
12842:Archived
12806:Archived
12788:(2014).
12737:Archived
12699:Archived
12666:Archived
12636:7 August
12630:Archived
12597:Archived
12579:(2006).
12567:6 August
12561:Archived
12528:Archived
12510:(2018).
12479:30 March
12473:Archived
12444:30 March
12438:archived
12363:Archived
12317:Archived
12258:Archived
12231:Archived
12042:archived
12003:Archived
11943:Archived
11916:Archived
11894:(2015).
11876:Archived
11820:Archived
11745:8 August
11739:Archived
11702:(2020).
11666:archived
11637:Archived
11633:20658494
11609:(2007).
11587:(2014).
11574:Archived
11504:Archived
11480:22 April
11474:Archived
11411:Archived
11393:(2009).
11381:(1996).
11250:Archived
11222:(2014).
11210:30 March
11204:Archived
11133:Archived
11115:(1998).
11059:Archived
11035:(2009).
11004:30 March
10998:Archived
10922:Archived
10892:(2007).
10847:Archived
10829:(2004).
10797:Archived
10756:Archived
10638:Archived
10589:Archived
10562:Archived
10515:Archived
10424:9 August
10418:Archived
10368:Archived
10335:(2007).
6740:Archived
4789:Germania
4654:'lock';
4582:Germania
4567:Germania
4529:See also
4523:Germanic
4487:Germania
4483:völkisch
4417:Germania
4375:Jordanes
4366:Germania
4354:R1b-U106
4350:R1b-P312
4301:Genetics
4294:Germania
4222:distaffs
4214:Spindles
4182:and the
4152:filigree
4094:ĆysogĂłry
4081:filigree
3871:Jordanes
3758:theonyms
3539:such as
3529:Clovis I
3521:Alemanni
3516:in 587.
3514:Reccared
3502:Orthodox
3409:Jordanes
3347:Lombards
3307:and the
3018:cognates
2956:Iron Age
2886:Religion
2860:Wulfhere
2839:by 725.
2773:Burgundy
2765:Neustria
2726:Clovis I
2702:nomadic
2682:in 533.
2675:Clovis I
2562:By 440,
2556:Sapaudia
2548:Carthage
2534:Geiseric
2476:Honorius
2448:Stilicho
2433:Stilicho
2380:Tervingi
2376:Dniester
2285:Abrittus
2249:Alamanni
2225:Commodus
2172:Domitian
2156:bog body
2107:Frisians
2083:Arminius
2063:Germania
2050:Germania
2034:Cherusci
2026:Frisians
1994:Germania
1978:Usipetes
1974:Tencteri
1970:Nijmegen
1942:Besançon
1923:Hispania
1911:Ambrones
1899:(Greek:
1829:Urheimat
1827:, whose
1807:between
1784:'king';
1781:kuningaz
1775:kuningas
1743:Iron Age
1677:Urheimat
1552:Frankish
1352:Fariarix
1319:Germania
1311:Germania
1281:fremmian
1238:compound
1211:saipwĆn-
1162:Bauivari
1076:dialects
1037:Germania
1033:Germania
1029:Semnones
1025:Germania
1013:Germania
981:Germania
890:Germania
856:Germania
783:Germania
713:Germania
691:, and a
665:Germanic
645:Germania
633:Germanic
629:Germanic
624:Germanic
589:Germanoi
560:Germanic
539:Germania
534:Germania
511:Deutsche
500:Germania
495:Germanen
482:Germanic
474:Germanic
459:Germania
439:Germanoi
388:must be
376:Illyrian
367:Germania
349:Germania
333:völkisch
313:Germania
229:Alemanni
189:Augustus
146:Germani
124:and the
114:Germania
89:Germania
76:and the
14640:Varisci
14628:Silingi
14618:Vandals
14593:Tulingi
14583:Triboci
14578:Treveri
14558:Teutons
14548:Taifals
14523:Sitones
14463:Nemetes
14421:Helisii
14394:Lemovii
14312:Gutones
14245:Firaesi
14240:Favonae
14220:Cugerni
14210:Cobandi
14165:Chamavi
14160:Chaemae
14150:Casuari
14145:Caritni
14115:Betasii
14086:Paemani
14021:Auiones
13886:Warfare
13864:Scripts
13832:Numbers
13656:History
13125:27 July
12743:27 July
12369:27 July
12070:Bibcode
12009:27 July
11570:4811514
11510:27 July
11065:27 July
10928:28 July
10762:27 July
10644:25 July
6733:Annales
4628:kéntron
4624:kenteĂźn
4616:*handu-
4608:*swerd-
4491:liberal
4449:Germans
4268:glaesum
4114:Germani
4089:Germani
4064:Germani
4056:joinery
4035:Einkorn
3994:Germani
3981:auxilia
3954:on the
3942:Warfare
3936:orality
3886:Francia
3748:- and *
3746:hailaga
3721:). The
3699:SigrĂĂ°r
3648:futhark
3506:Wulfila
3487:Wulfila
3116:BalÄraz
3080:WĆÄanaz
2864:Cenwulf
2817:Agilulf
2680:Hygelac
2658:Odoacer
2585:Valamer
2572:Ardaric
2444:diptych
2277:Taifali
2257:Histria
2174:of the
2089:at the
2075:Bohemia
1966:Cologne
1952:at the
1946:Sequani
1938:Germani
1888:Germani
1884:Peucini
1854:Pytheas
1813:Germani
1792:hringaz
1788:, from
1733:Germani
1725:Germani
1705:Germani
1668:Germani
1630:History
1480:-umlaut
1398:Vistula
1358:farjĆn-
1287:fremmen
1250:(e.g.,
1151:lexicon
1080:Grimm's
1009:Nerthus
997:Germani
897:Germani
881:Germani
869:Germani
865:Peucini
860:Germani
851:Germani
818:Ptolemy
814:Vistula
799:Germani
795:Germani
791:Germani
781:in his
779:Tacitus
775:Germani
765:Germani
761:Germani
757:Teutons
749:Germani
737:Germani
721:Germani
709:Germani
649:Germani
641:Germani
583:Germani
572:Germani
548:Germani
544:Germani
530:Germany
526:Germani
522:Germans
490:Germani
486:Germani
447:Germani
435:Germani
423:Germani
399:Germani
390:Gaulish
385:Germani
361:Germani
309:Tacitus
280:feuding
185:Germani
156:of the
142:Ukraine
138:Moldova
126:Vistula
110:Germani
106:Germans
83:Germani
32:Germans
14660:Warini
14613:Vagoth
14598:Tungri
14563:Thelir
14543:Swedes
14538:Sunici
14503:Saxons
14498:Rugini
14431:Manimi
14416:Diduni
14354:Heruli
14292:Gepids
14277:Frisii
14255:Franks
14205:Cimbri
14195:Chauci
14190:Chatti
14103:Nervii
14098:Morini
14056:Belgae
14051:Batavi
14026:Avarpi
13991:Angles
13951:Groups
13901:Viking
13847:Gothic
13825:Gothic
13731:Family
13514:Getica
13469:Bede,
13437:
13397:
13361:
13299:
13280:
13261:
13233:
13223:
13180:
13147:
13069:
13038:
13005:
12950:
12940:
12902:
12892:
12865:
12834:
12798:
12774:
12691:
12658:
12622:
12589:
12553:
12520:
12496:
12465:
12430:
12409:
12340:
12311:
12223:
12192:
12173:
12154:
12135:
12116:
12090:
11980:
11908:
11854:
11812:
11793:
11731:
11710:
11688:
11631:
11595:
11568:
11560:
11468:
11460:
11403:
11367:
11348:
11329:gentes
11315:
11305:
11281:
11196:
11175:
11156:
11125:
11101:
11082:
11051:
11021:
10990:
10972:
10945:
10916:
10878:
10839:
10710:
10670:
10630:
10554:
10494:
10345:
4818:fuĂŸark
4814:fuĂŸark
4810:fuĂŸark
4797:fuĂŸark
4793:fuĂŸark
4791:, the
4471:German
4458:German
4421:Getica
4419:, the
4405:Getica
4380:Getica
4331:, and
4313:, and
4193:Kittel
4103:Heeten
4049:Crafts
4002:cuneus
3875:Getica
3852:Gothic
3740:, and
3729:wulfaz
3691:wulfaz
3641:erilaR
3606:fuĂŸark
3523:, and
3441:motifs
3423:, and
3333:verse.
3284:dwarfs
3237:Notes
3200:FrijjĆ
3176:FrijjĆ
3170:FullĆn
3142:SowelĆ
3110:BĂŠldĂŠg
3100:Balder
3092:FrijjĆ
3064:Wuotan
3058:Notes
3005:, and
2991:Balder
2942:, and
2907:, and
2872:Viking
2856:Wessex
2854:, and
2852:Mercia
2809:Aachen
2771:, and
2699:Alboin
2596:Gildas
2568:Gepids
2564:Attila
2504:Gepids
2484:Wallia
2468:Speyer
2452:Vandal
2429:Epirus
2425:Alaric
2401:Moesia
2397:Thrace
2393:Valens
2297:Thrace
2289:Decius
2264:, the
2187:Trajan
2158:, the
2131:Batavi
2129:. The
2115:Chatti
2111:Chauci
2038:Chatti
2030:Chauci
2017:, and
1902:Skiroi
1872:, and
1838:Baltic
1809:Celtic
1799:(i.e.
1786:rengas
1767:Finnic
1751:Celtic
1721:Slavic
1595:Gothic
1426:Angles
1417:gentes
1402:Danube
1400:, the
1396:, the
1347:teiwaz
1273:fremja
1233:framea
1224:saipio
1174:Caesar
1088:ablaut
989:Tuisto
985:Mannus
964:
956:
954:
941:, and
907:, and
877:Cotini
787:Tungri
753:Cimbri
599:Völker
478:German
431:Franks
372:Celtic
227:, and
225:Saxons
217:Franks
178:Slavic
176:, and
174:Baltic
170:Iranic
166:Celtic
130:Danube
14533:Suebi
14518:Sciri
14493:Rugii
14483:Quadi
14468:Njars
14453:Marsi
14411:Lugii
14379:Jutes
14344:Harii
14339:Gutes
14297:Goths
14287:Geats
14225:Danes
14170:Chali
14091:Segni
14031:Baemi
13874:Runes
13859:Rings
13852:Norse
13820:Names
13813:Norse
13796:Norse
13779:Norse
13231:S2CID
12948:S2CID
12900:S2CID
12309:S2CID
12088:S2CID
11902:BRILL
11852:S2CID
11629:JSTOR
11623:(3).
11577:(PDF)
11566:S2CID
11558:JSTOR
11538:(PDF)
11466:S2CID
11313:S2CID
11279:S2CID
11236:(4).
11039:. In
10970:S2CID
10914:S2CID
10708:S2CID
10492:S2CID
8554:Anses
4740:and *
4732:was *
4656:SĂ€ule
4648:Beute
4600:sword
4578:natio
4541:Notes
4441:Jacob
4393:Latin
4346:R1a1a
4338:Y-DNA
4274:ganta
4259:Funen
4255:Gudme
4228:Trade
4218:looms
4198:tunic
4188:moors
4148:torcs
4122:Soest
4083:work.
4039:emmer
3998:Latin
3918:Sippe
3727:*
3710:frĂĂ°r
3678:is a
3652:*
3633:*
3577:Runes
3556:Geats
3398:Anses
3358:ĂĂ°inn
3352:Frigg
3280:elves
3189:Frigg
3184:Friia
3161:Fulla
3156:Volla
3136:Sigel
3126:Sunne
3105:Baldr
3074:WĆden
3069:ĂĂ°inn
3007:Volla
3003:Frija
2999:Sunna
2987:Woden
2977:(two
2940:Celts
2936:Slavs
2769:Paris
2761:Meuse
2757:Rhine
2704:Avars
2604:Picts
2592:Saxon
2472:Worms
2316:limes
2308:limes
2273:Cniva
2253:Goths
2229:limes
2182:limes
2054:Weser
2042:Suevi
1950:Aedui
1919:Italy
1907:Olbia
1897:Sciri
1882:, or
1862:Sciri
1790:*
1779:*
1713:Weser
1701:]
1518:koiné
1462:North
1434:Saxon
1430:Jutes
1394:Rhine
1363:*
1356:*
1345:*
1338:*
1325:\\\ip
1248:runes
1241:*
1209:*
1194:alhiz
1192:*
1183:Alcis
1129:>
1118:>
1017:Alcis
1005:Suebi
958:Suebi
919:Getae
909:Alans
885:Aesti
826:Greek
741:Rhine
725:Gauls
689:Frigg
443:Greek
425:. By
415:gairm
406:word
337:Nazis
293:thing
269:runes
221:Goths
209:Quadi
118:Rhine
98:Goths
55:Roman
14603:Ubii
14250:Fosi
14135:Buri
13435:ISBN
13413:2020
13395:ISBN
13377:2020
13359:ISBN
13341:2021
13297:ISBN
13278:ISBN
13259:ISBN
13247:2022
13221:ISBN
13196:2021
13178:ISBN
13163:2020
13145:ISBN
13127:2021
13067:ISBN
13054:2020
13036:ISBN
13021:2021
13003:ISBN
12938:ISBN
12890:ISBN
12863:ISBN
12850:2020
12832:ISBN
12814:2020
12796:ISBN
12772:ISBN
12759:link
12745:2021
12707:2020
12689:ISBN
12674:2020
12656:ISBN
12638:2021
12620:ISBN
12605:2020
12587:ISBN
12569:2021
12551:ISBN
12536:2020
12518:ISBN
12494:ISBN
12481:2020
12463:ISBN
12446:2020
12428:ISBN
12407:ISBN
12385:link
12371:2021
12338:ISBN
12325:2022
12280:link
12266:2022
12239:2020
12221:ISBN
12190:ASIN
12171:ISBN
12152:ISBN
12133:ISBN
12114:ISBN
12050:2020
12025:link
12011:2021
11978:ISBN
11965:link
11951:2022
11924:2020
11906:ISBN
11884:2022
11828:2020
11810:ISBN
11791:ISSN
11747:2021
11729:ISBN
11708:ISBN
11686:ISBN
11674:2020
11645:2020
11593:ISBN
11526:link
11512:2021
11482:2020
11458:ISSN
11419:2020
11401:ISBN
11365:ISBN
11346:ISBN
11303:ISBN
11258:2020
11212:2020
11194:ISBN
11173:ISBN
11154:ISBN
11141:2019
11123:ISBN
11099:ISBN
11080:ISBN
11067:2021
11049:ISBN
11019:ISBN
11006:2020
10988:ISBN
10943:ISBN
10930:2021
10876:ISBN
10855:2020
10837:ISBN
10819:link
10805:2021
10778:link
10764:2021
10668:ISBN
10646:2021
10628:ISBN
10611:link
10597:2022
10570:2020
10552:ISBN
10537:link
10523:2021
10440:link
10426:2022
10390:link
10376:2022
10343:ISBN
6737:2.26
4652:Loch
4644:Asch
4640:Adel
4612:hand
4584:28:
4569:43:
4443:and
4352:and
4280:sapo
4242:Nero
4220:and
4210:wool
4208:and
4206:flax
4154:and
4128:and
4110:Lead
4099:Ribe
4037:and
3966:and
3842:and
3782:and
3767:ĂĂłrr
3762:Thor
3750:wīha
3704:sigr
3654:fehu
3635:rƫna
3629:rune
3585:The
3404:Ăsir
3319:and
3288:mare
3259:ÄÄ«sĆ
3253:ides
3243:itis
3194:Frīg
3146:SĆel
3024:and
2759:and
2740:The
2666:Zeno
2526:and
2399:and
2366:The
2347:Huns
2341:The
2247:The
2205:and
2123:Nero
2113:and
2058:Elbe
2040:and
1976:and
1921:and
1915:Gaul
1840:and
1815:and
1769:and
1613:and
1464:and
1458:East
1365:rīk-
1284:and
1266:and
1217:soap
1204:sapo
1199:stag
1178:Gaul
1149:and
1102:and
1082:and
1062:All
901:Huns
875:and
836:and
755:and
745:Gaul
731:was
727:and
687:and
685:Thor
681:Odin
675:and
659:and
615:the
577:Volk
532:for
528:and
524:for
498:and
461:and
409:gair
282:and
207:and
193:Elbe
140:and
64:The
14478:Osi
13786:Law
13716:Art
13643:of
13213:doi
12968:100
12930:doi
12882:doi
12301:doi
12293:ELH
12078:doi
12066:127
11844:doi
11781:hdl
11771:doi
11621:136
11550:doi
11546:121
11448:hdl
11440:doi
11295:doi
11271:doi
11242:doi
10962:doi
10906:doi
10902:129
10724:doi
10700:doi
10484:doi
4604:ĂĄor
4580:),
4411:'s
4377:'s
3770:).
3736:, *
3612:).
3294:.)
3272:).
3248:dĂs
3144:~ *
3131:SĂłl
1512:to
1500:or
873:Osi
502:as
437:or
315:by
311:'s
72:in
14870::
13533:,
13474:,
13403:.
13367:.
13327:.
13323:.
13237:,
13229:,
13219:,
13207:,
13186:.
13153:.
13113:.
13096:;
13092:;
13044:.
13011:.
12966:.
12962:.
12946:,
12936:,
12898:.
12888:.
12840:.
12804:.
12755:}}
12751:{{
12731:.
12697:.
12664:.
12628:.
12595:.
12559:.
12526:.
12471:.
12436:,
12381:}}
12377:{{
12357:.
12315:.
12307:.
12297:85
12295:.
12291:.
12276:}}
12272:{{
12256:.
12252:.
12229:.
12086:.
12076:.
12064:.
12060:.
12021:}}
12017:{{
11997:.
11961:}}
11957:{{
11941:.
11937:.
11914:.
11904:.
11900:.
11872:20
11870:.
11866:.
11850:,
11818:.
11789:.
11779:.
11767:91
11765:.
11761:.
11737:.
11662:66
11660:,
11656:,
11635:.
11613:.
11572:.
11564:.
11556:.
11544:.
11540:.
11522:}}
11518:{{
11498:.
11472:.
11464:.
11456:.
11446:.
11436:91
11434:.
11430:.
11409:.
11311:.
11301:.
11277:,
11248:.
11234:32
11232:.
11226:.
11202:.
11131:.
11057:.
10996:.
10968:,
10920:.
10912:.
10900:.
10896:.
10845:.
10815:}}
10811:{{
10791:.
10774:}}
10770:{{
10750:.
10706:,
10636:.
10607:}}
10603:{{
10587:.
10583:.
10560:.
10533:}}
10529:{{
10509:.
10490:.
10474:;
10470:;
10436:}}
10432:{{
10416:.
10412:.
10386:}}
10382:{{
10362:.
9910:^
9857:^
9792:^
9729:^
9642:^
9591:^
9552:^
9405:^
9378:^
9363:^
9132:^
8935:^
8822:^
8471:^
8439:^
8422:^
8381:^
8362:^
8343:^
8227:^
8164:^
7969:^
7880:^
7709:^
7596:^
7291:^
7216:^
7153:^
7090:^
7063:^
7048:^
6985:^
6970:^
6775:^
6735:,
6700:^
6613:^
6346:^
6035:^
6000:^
5909:^
5648:^
5629:^
5614:^
5573:^
5510:^
5409:^
5250:^
5067:^
5028:^
4975:^
4960:^
4945:^
4918:^
4903:^
4870:^
4742:n̄
4738:r̄
4505:.
4473::
4460::
4395::
4348:,
4344:,
4327:,
4309:,
4045:.
4000::
3892:.
3879:c.
3873:'
3754:VĂ©
3595:c.
3455:.
3411:.
3282:,
3032:,
3009:.
3001:,
2997:,
2993:,
2989:,
2950:,
2938:,
2903:,
2899:,
2882:.
2850:,
2763:,
2706:.
2470:,
2403:.
2154:A
2036:,
2032:,
2013:,
1917:,
1868:,
1864:,
1860:,
1856:,
1699:de
1510:ai
1488:*Ä
1484:*Ä
1460:,
1428:,
1422:-z
1262:,
1153:.
1125:,
1120:a;
1114:,
1110:,
999:.
937:,
903:,
828::
808:.
695:.
683:,
671:,
619:.
469:.
223:,
219:,
172:,
168:,
14750:e
14743:t
14736:v
13763:)
13624:e
13617:t
13610:v
13443:.
13415:.
13379:.
13343:.
13329:3
13305:.
13286:.
13267:.
13215::
13198:.
13165:.
13129:.
13075:.
13056:.
13023:.
12932::
12906:.
12884::
12871:.
12852:.
12816:.
12780:.
12761:)
12747:.
12709:.
12676:.
12640:.
12607:.
12571:.
12538:.
12502:.
12483:.
12415:.
12387:)
12373:.
12346:.
12327:.
12303::
12282:)
12268:.
12241:.
12196:.
12179:.
12160:.
12141:.
12122:.
12094:.
12080::
12072::
12027:)
12013:.
11986:.
11967:)
11953:.
11926:.
11886:.
11846::
11830:.
11797:.
11783::
11773::
11749:.
11716:.
11695:.
11647:.
11601:.
11552::
11528:)
11514:.
11484:.
11450::
11442::
11421:.
11373:.
11354:.
11319:.
11297::
11273::
11260:.
11244::
11214:.
11181:.
11162:.
11143:.
11107:.
11088:.
11069:.
11027:.
11008:.
10964::
10951:.
10932:.
10908::
10884:.
10857:.
10821:)
10807:.
10780:)
10766:.
10730:.
10726::
10702::
10676:.
10648:.
10613:)
10599:.
10572:.
10539:)
10525:.
10498:.
10486::
10442:)
10428:.
10392:)
10378:.
10351:.
6746:.
4588:.
3920:,
3877:(
3257:*
3198:*
3168:*
3140:*
3114:*
3078:*
1749:(
1569:j
1564:z
1514:Ä
1478:i
1354:(
1336:(
1277:,
1228:.
1219:)
1131:Ć
1127:Ć
1123:Ä
1116:o
1112:a
1108:É
1104:o
1100:a
1031:(
1023:(
1011:(
854:(
715:)
596:(
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
