462:
64:
486:
443:
245:
As a result of the excessive amounts of growth hormone, children achieve heights that are well above normal ranges. The specific age of onset for gigantism varies between patients and gender, but the common age that excessive growth symptoms start to appear has been found to be around 13 years. Other
284:
More broadly, GH and IGF have both been identified to be involved in most stages of growth: embryonic, prenatal, and postnatal. Moreover, the receptor gene for IGF has been shown to be particularly influential throughout various stages of development, especially prenatally. This is the same for GH
327:
have been associated with gigantism. Pediatric gigantism patients have shown to have duplications of genes on a specific chromosome, Xq26. Typically, these patients also experienced an onset of typical gigantism symptoms before reaching the age of 5. This indicates a possible linkage between
307:
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an excellent test for evaluation of GH hyper-secretion. It does not undergo diurnal variation and will thus be consistently elevated in GH hyper-secretion and therefore patients with gigantism. A single normal IGF-1 value will reliably exclude GH
998:
Zimmerman, D; Young, W F; Ebersold, M J; Scheithauer, B W; Kovacs, K; Horvath, E; Whitaker, M D; Eberhardt, N L; Downs, T R (1 January 1993). "Congenital gigantism due to growth hormone-releasing hormone excess and pituitary hyperplasia with adenomatous transformation".
1443:
Vierimaa, Outi; Georgitsi, Marianthi; Lehtonen, Rainer; Vahteristo, Pia; Kokko, Antti; Raitila, Anniina; Tuppurainen, Karoliina; Ebeling, Tapani M. L.; Salmela, Pasi I. (26 May 2006). "Pituitary
Adenoma Predisposition Caused by Germline Mutations in the AIP Gene".
304:. However, a random blood sample showing markedly elevated GH is adequate for diagnosis of GH hyper-secretion. Additionally, a high-normal GH level that fails to suppress with administration of glucose is also sufficient for a diagnosis of GH hyper-secretion.
113:, weakness and severe or recurrent headaches, strokes, vomiting or nausea, high fevers, daytime sleepiness or narcolepsy, dry mouth, frequent diarrheas, stomachaches, ear pains, memory loss, back pains, excessive muscle cramps, chest pains
357:
Two specific mutations in the AIP gene have been identified as possible causes of pituitary adenomas. These mutations also have the ability to cause adenoma growth to occur early in life. This is typical in gigantism.
1773:
1754:
1735:
406:
After treatment with pegvisomant, high growth rates, a feature characteristic of gigantism, can be significantly decreased. Pegvisomant has been seen to be a powerful alternative to other treatments such as
671:
506:
above mean for persons of the same sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. The term is seldom applied to those who are simply "tall" or "above average" whose heights appear to be the result of normal
281:(IGF-I) are two substances that have been identified as influencing growth plate formation and bone growth and, therefore, gigantism. Their specific mechanisms are still not well understood.
787:
Rostomyan, Liliya; Daly, Adrian F.; Petrossians, Patrick; Nachev, Emil; Lila, Anurag R.; Lecoq, Anne-Lise; Lecumberri, Beatriz; Trivellin, Giampaolo; Salvatori, Roberto (October 2015).
1095:. In De Groot, Leslie J.; Chrousos, George; Dungan, Kathleen; Feingold, Kenneth R.; Grossman, Ashley; Hershman, Jerome M.; Koch, Christian; Korbonits, Márta; McLachlan, Robert (eds.).
320:
cause for gigantism has proven to be difficult. Gigantism is the primary example of growth hormone hyper-secretion disorders, a group of illnesses that are not yet deeply understood.
1334:
Trivellin, Giampaolo; Daly, Adrian F.; Faucz, Fabio R.; Yuan, Bo; Rostomyan, Liliya; Larco, Darwin O.; Schernthaner-Reiter, Marie Helene; Szarek, Eva; Leal, LetĂcia F. (2014).
376:
Although various gene mutations have been associated with gigantism, over 50 percent of cases cannot be linked to genetic causes, showing the complex nature of the disorder.
1388:"Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenomas (FIPA) and the Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition due to Mutations in the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein (AIP) Gene"
384:
Many treatments for gigantism receive criticism and are not accepted as ideal. Various treatments involving surgery and drugs have been used to treat gigantism.
753:
1878:
Gigantism information from U.S. National
Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & the National Institutes of Health
339:) gene are common in gigantism patients. They have been found to be present in about 29 percent of patients with gigantism. AIP is labeled as a
292:) of IGF-I, but each has its independent role in hormonal pathways. Yet both seem to ultimately come together to have a joint effect on growth.
514:
of the brain. It causes growth of the hands, face, and feet. In some cases the condition can be passed on genetically through a mutated gene.
1843:
544:
great). In the past, while many of them were social outcasts because of their height, some (usually unintentionally) found employment in
611:
1909:
361:
Additionally, a large variety of other known genetic disorders have been found to influence the development of gigantism such as
1703:
418:
Finding the optimal level of pegvisomant is important so normal body growth is not negatively affected. In order to do this,
855:
Rostomyan, Liliya; Potorac, Iulia; Beckers, Pablo; Daly, Adrian F.; Beckers, Albert (2017). "AIP mutations and gigantism".
676:
239:
1545:
Goldenberg, Naila; Racine, Michael S.; Thomas, Pamela; Degnan, Bernard; Chandler, William; Barkan, Ariel (1 August 2008).
362:
1651:
1503:
Rostomyan, Liliya; Daly, Adrian F.; Beckers, Albert (2015). "Pituitary gigantism: Causes and clinical characteristics".
206:
which usually occurs at some point soon after puberty. This increase is most often due to abnormal tumor growths on the
1279:
Sanders, Esmond J.; Harvey, Steve (2004). "Growth hormone as an early embryonic growth and differentiation factor".
789:"Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international collaborative study in 208 patients"
354:, can have deleterious effects by inducing the development of pituitary adenomas which in turn can cause gigantism.
230:(GH). The excess of growth hormone that brings about gigantism is virtually always caused by pituitary growths (
1999:
545:
1883:
Epidemiology of acromegaly from Pubmed.gov US National
Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health
502:
The term is typically applied to those whose height is not just in the upper 1% of the population but several
1902:
403:
as a result of pegvisomant administration can be incredibly beneficial for the pediatric gigantism patients.
289:
399:
which has received attention for being a possible treatment route for gigantism. Reduction of the levels of
400:
366:
278:
1887:
1994:
1946:
1677:
In a Giant's Story, a New
Chapter Writ by His DNA – By Gina Kolata. The New York Times, January 5, 2011
555:
Many of those who have been identified with gigantism have had multiple health problems involving the
1979:
476:
1238:
Lupu, Floria; Terwilliger, Joseph D.; Lee, Kaechoong; Segre, Gino V.; Efstratiadis, Argiris (2001).
300:
Evaluation of growth hormone hypersecretion cannot be excluded with a single normal GH level due to
1989:
1895:
1788:
17:
1850:
1324:
De Mais, Daniel. ASCP Quick
Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. ASCP Press, Chicago, 2009.
202:
It is a rare disorder resulting from increased levels of growth hormone before the fusion of the
104:
2004:
621:
1877:
1828:
1984:
1744:
1693:
340:
1748:
1453:
754:"Gigantism and Acromegaly – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version"
606:
1547:"Treatment of Pituitary Gigantism with the Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist Pegvisomant"
461:
285:
receptor genes which have been known to drive overall growth throughout various pathways.
8:
1936:
1777:
1676:
740:"Gigantism and Acromegaly: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology"
646:
396:
1604:"Pegvisomant therapy in pituitary gigantism: successful treatment in a 12-year-old girl"
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739:
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563:, as the strain of maintaining a large, heavy body places abnormal demands on both the
556:
503:
235:
91:
31:
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467:
411:
analogues, a common treatment method for acromegaly, if drug treatment is paired with
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1240:"Roles of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mouse postnatal growth"
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329:
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35:
1386:
Beckers, Albert; Aaltonen, Lauri A.; Daly, Adrian F.; Karhu, Auli (1 April 2013).
714:
335:
Additionally, DNA mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (
191:, is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above
1793:
631:
626:
560:
207:
136:
125:
110:
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of the medication can be used as a way to find the proper administration level.
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238:. They can also cause overproduction of GH's hypothalamic precursor known as
84:
71:
1602:
Rix, M.; Laurberg, P.; Hoejberg, A. S.; Brock-Jacobsen, B. (1 August 2005).
1465:
1336:"Gigantism and Acromegaly Due to Xq26 Microduplications and GPR101 Mutation"
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Other names somewhat obsolete for this pathology are hypersoma (Greek:
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373:, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG).
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Gigantism
Clinical Trials from U.S. National Institutes of Health
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of growth hormone. Characteristics more similar to those seen in
231:
1758:
1739:
786:
568:
1544:
195:. In humans, this condition is caused by over-production of
854:
564:
1385:
1180:"Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): a growth hormone"
1042:
Eugster, Erica A.; Pescovitz, Ora H. (1 December 1999).
1237:
1551:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1333:
1048:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1001:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
218:
enlargement specifically in the extremities and face.
1844:"Brief overview of overgrowth syndromes in childhood"
1717:
1502:
949:
Capatina, Cristina; Wass, John A. H. (August 2015).
890:
Chanson, Philippe; Salenave, Sylvie (25 June 2008).
214:, the adult form of the disorder, characterized by
1124:Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
1971:
1041:
510:and nutrition. Gigantism is usually caused by a
262:may occur in patients that are closer in age to
96:Abnormal growth in height or size, weakness and
889:
1903:
1278:
1090:
715:"Gigantism: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
951:"60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Acromegaly"
948:
266:since they are nearing growth plate fusion.
226:Gigantism is characterized by an excess of
1910:
1896:
1093:"Disorders of Growth Hormone in Childhood"
690:"Gigantism | UCLA Pituitary Tumor Program"
1691:
1619:
1578:
1419:
1359:
1255:
1211:
1151:
1099:. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.
1059:
966:
925:
907:
820:
363:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4
429:for additional treatment possibilities.
210:. Gigantism should not be confused with
74:stood 8 ft 11 in (2.72 m)
1120:"Pubertal growth and epiphyseal fusion"
14:
1972:
1091:Murray, P. G.; Clayton, P. E. (2000).
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612:Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
24:
1918:Growth and height disorder due to
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387:
25:
2016:
1713:
1608:European Journal of Endocrinology
896:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
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771:
269:
1695:4QSamuela and the Text of Samuel
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240:growth hormone releasing hormone
62:
1685:
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1436:
1340:New England Journal of Medicine
1327:
1111:
1084:
1035:
991:
525:body) and somatomegaly (Greek;
288:Growth hormone is a precursor (
135:Surgically remove the enlarged
1654:. Question.com. Archived from
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883:
746:
732:
707:
682:
665:
432:
246:health complications, such as
13:
1:
1118:Shim, Kye Shik (March 2015).
658:
234:). These adenomas are on the
955:The Journal of Endocrinology
677:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
512:tumor on the pituitary gland
379:
279:insulin-like growth factor-I
7:
758:MSD Manual Consumer Version
574:
350:Mutations in AIP, found by
311:
10:
2021:
1517:10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.002
869:10.1016/j.ando.2017.04.012
29:
1927:
1814:
1721:
1692:Driesbach, Jason (2016).
1293:10.1007/s00429-004-0422-1
1178:Laron, Z (October 2001).
1013:10.1210/jcem.76.1.8421089
172:
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103:
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61:
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48:
1505:Annales d'Endocrinologie
1136:10.6065/apem.2015.20.1.8
857:Annales d'Endocrinologie
793:Endocrine-Related Cancer
367:McCune–Albright syndrome
236:anterior pituitary gland
221:
30:Not to be confused with
1466:10.1126/science.1126100
1061:10.1210/jcem.84.12.6222
521:over the normal level;
1281:Anatomy and Embryology
1257:10.1006/dbio.2000.9975
909:10.1186/1750-1172-3-17
622:List of tallest people
2000:People with gigantism
1352:10.1056/nejmoa1408028
1244:Developmental Biology
341:tumor suppressor gene
27:Human growth disorder
1563:10.1210/jc.2007-2283
1404:10.1210/er.2012-1013
607:Homo heidelbergensis
183:", plural γίγαντες,
109:Excessive sweating,
1937:Primordial dwarfism
1621:10.1530/eje.1.01956
1458:2006Sci...312.1228V
1452:(5777): 1228–1230.
1196:10.1136/mp.54.5.311
1184:Molecular Pathology
968:10.1530/JOE-15-0109
805:10.1530/ERC-15-0320
647:Overgrowth syndrome
546:Friedrich Wilhelm I
504:standard deviations
397:pharmaceutical drug
332:and the gigantism.
316:Finding a specific
1995:Neuroendocrinology
1815:External resources
694:pituitary.ucla.edu
597:Giant of Castelnau
587:Deep-sea gigantism
477:The Princess Bride
347:disposition gene.
296:Diagnostic testing
32:Deep-sea gigantism
1967:
1966:
1838:
1837:
1705:978-90-04-32420-6
1392:Endocrine Reviews
1346:(25): 2363–2374.
1054:(12): 4379–4384.
742:. 7 January 2017.
345:pituitary adenoma
330:gene duplications
302:diurnal variation
187:), also known as
162:
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43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2012:
1980:Growth disorders
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1849:. Archived from
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1658:on 13 March 2012
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36:Island gigantism
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137:pituitary gland
126:pituitary gland
111:delayed puberty
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105:Complications
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85:Endocrinology
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72:Robert Wadlow
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1985:Human height
1958:
1947:Psychosocial
1858:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1822:
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1686:Bibliography
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1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
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892:"Acromegaly"
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761:. Retrieved
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323:Some common
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248:hypertension
244:
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204:growth plate
201:
188:
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176:
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1922:malfunction
1824:MedlinePlus
1652:"Gigantism"
1130:(1): 8–12.
1044:"Gigantism"
672:"Gigantism"
557:circulatory
433:Terminology
393:Pegvisomant
264:adolescence
157:pegvisomant
122:Hyperplasia
54:Other names
1974:Categories
1800:DiseasesDB
1287:(1): 1–9.
659:References
582:Acromegaly
552:regiment.
548:'s famous
427:acromegaly
352:sequencing
260:acromegaly
212:acromegaly
153:lanreotide
149:Octreotide
144:Medication
1959:Gigantism
1952:Ateliosis
1920:endocrine
1860:30 August
1698:. BRILL.
1630:0804-4643
1571:0021-972X
1474:0036-8075
1412:0163-769X
1204:1366-8714
1144:2287-1012
1070:0021-972X
1021:0021-972X
977:1479-6805
918:1750-1172
813:1479-6821
637:Megafauna
493:Anna Swan
491:Giantess
420:titration
413:radiation
380:Treatment
325:mutations
277:(GH) and
252:pediatric
165:Gigantism
132:Treatment
80:Specialty
49:Gigantism
1932:Dwarfism
1662:14 March
1638:16061823
1589:18492755
1525:26585365
1490:37013760
1482:16728643
1430:23371967
1370:25470569
1309:19528310
1301:15480774
1266:11133160
1222:11577173
1162:25883921
1105:25905205
1097:Endotext
1078:10599691
985:26136383
936:18578866
877:28483363
831:26187128
763:27 April
724:27 April
699:27 April
642:Nephilim
592:Dwarfism
575:See also
567:and the
531:genitive
508:genetics
472:wrestler
312:Genetics
290:upstream
242:(GHRH).
232:adenomas
189:giantism
185:gĂgantes
98:insomnia
92:Symptoms
57:Giantism
18:Giantism
1794:D005877
1580:2515082
1454:Bibcode
1446:Science
1421:3610678
1361:4291174
1213:1187088
1153:4397276
1029:8421089
927:2459162
822:6533620
602:Goliath
542:megalou
540:, gen.
534:somatos
453:Finnish
395:is one
318:genetic
216:somatic
193:average
124:in the
1866:
1829:001174
1745:5A60.0
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529:body,
343:and a
118:Causes
1854:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1805:30730
1783:253.0
1768:E34.4
1764:E22.0
1486:S2CID
1305:S2CID
569:heart
565:bones
538:megas
519:hyper
455:giant
401:IGF-I
222:Cause
181:giant
177:gĂgas
173:γίγας
169:Greek
1862:2004
1789:MeSH
1778:9-CM
1749:5B12
1700:ISBN
1664:2012
1634:PMID
1626:ISSN
1585:PMID
1567:ISSN
1521:PMID
1478:PMID
1470:ISSN
1426:PMID
1408:ISSN
1366:PMID
1297:PMID
1262:PMID
1218:PMID
1200:ISSN
1158:PMID
1140:ISSN
1101:PMID
1074:PMID
1066:ISSN
1025:PMID
1017:ISSN
981:PMID
973:ISSN
932:PMID
914:ISSN
873:PMID
827:PMID
809:ISSN
765:2017
726:2017
701:2017
527:soma
523:soma
470:, a
425:See
1774:ICD
1755:ICD
1736:ICD
1616:doi
1612:153
1575:PMC
1559:doi
1513:doi
1462:doi
1450:312
1416:PMC
1400:doi
1356:PMC
1348:doi
1344:371
1289:doi
1285:209
1252:doi
1248:229
1208:PMC
1192:doi
1148:PMC
1132:doi
1056:doi
1009:doi
963:doi
959:226
922:PMC
904:doi
865:doi
817:PMC
801:doi
674:at
559:or
337:AIP
179:, "
155:or
34:or
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