355:, from December 24, 1942 until 1945, a regular propaganda program aimed at making U.S. forces in Europe feel homesick and discouraged. A running theme of these broadcasts was the infidelity of soldiers' wives and sweethearts while the listeners were stationed in Europe and North Africa. She questioned whether the women would remain faithful, "especially if you boys get all mutilated and do not return in one piece". Opening with the sound of a train whistle,
44:
459:
came when he was informed that a woman calling herself "Barbara Mome" was selling her furniture at second-hand markets around the city. A shop owner whose stock contained a table belonging to
Gillars was detained and under "intensive interrogation" revealed Gillars' address. When she was arrested on March 15, 1946, Gillars only asked to take with her a picture of Koischwitz.
458:
pilot shot down by the
Germans, recalled that a woman who had visited his prison camp seeking interviews was the broadcaster who called herself "Midge at the Mike", and had used the alias Barbara Mome. Woerheide organized wanted posters with Gillars' picture to put up in Berlin, and the breakthrough
337:
audience, including the "Bitch of Berlin", "Berlin Babe", "Olga", and "Sally", but the most common was "Axis Sally". This name probably came when asked on air to describe herself, Gillars said she was "the Irish type… a real Sally." Gillars expressed anti-Semitic sentiments during her broadcasts.
317:
was advising
American nationals to leave Germany and German-controlled territories. However, Gillars chose to remain because her fiancé Paul Karlson, a naturalized German citizen, said he would never marry her if she returned to the United States. Shortly afterwards, Karlson was sent to the
510:
broadcast. She was stripped of her US citizenship, was sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison and a $ 10,000 fine ($ 128,000 today). The judge spared
Gillars from a harsher sentence since she had not participated in high-level Nazi propaganda policy conferences as was the case with
1190:
887:
1025:
998:
1932:
1528:
407:. In 1943, they had toured POW camps in Germany, interviewing captured Americans and recording their messages for their families in the U.S. The interviews were then edited for broadcast as though the speakers were well-treated or sympathetic to the Nazi cause.
557:
Throughout her life
Gillars was unapologetic about her association with Nazism. Shortly before her death, a neighbour claimed that she showed her a cup that she described as one of her most cherished possessions. She said that it had been given to her by
437:
Koischwitz died in August 1944 and
Gillars' broadcasts became lackluster and repetitive without his creative energy. She remained in Berlin until the end of the war. Her last broadcast was on May 6, 1945, just two days before the surrender of Germany.
345:, also began broadcasting to American forces from Rome using the name "Sally". The two often were confused with each other and even thought by many to be one and the same, though Gillars was annoyed another woman was broadcasting under her name.
720:
489:
Gillars was indicted on
September 10, 1948, and charged with ten counts of treason, but only eight were used at her trial which began on January 25, 1949. The prosecution relied on the large number of her programs recorded by the
359:
attempted to exploit the fears of
American soldiers about the home front. The broadcasts were designed to make soldiers feel doubt about their mission, their leaders, and their prospects after the war.
2144:
478:, until she was conditionally released from custody on December 24, 1946; however, she declined to leave military detention. She was abruptly re-arrested on January 22, 1947, after being offered
774:
246:, to parents Vincent Sisk and Mae Hewitson. After her mother and father divorced, she took the surname Gillars in 1911 when her mother married Robert Bruce Gillars. Her family resided in
554:, and taught German, French, and music at St. Joseph Academy, Columbus. In 1973, aged 72, she returned to Ohio Wesleyan University to complete her degree, a Bachelor of Arts in speech.
506:
of
Koischwitz and therefore not fully responsible for her actions until after his death. On March 10, 1949, the jury convicted Gillars on just one count of treason, that of making the
2008:
2139:
2134:
1332:
2094:
1967:
816:
434:. He came to her after his death in the dream and told her of the horror he saw, whilst in the background there were shrieks and moans of men suffering in battle.
1254:
782:
1693:
1654:
1452:
1561:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
751:
520:
502:. The defense stated that her broadcasts stated unpopular opinions, but did not amount to treasonable conduct. They also argued that she was under the
325:
Gillars' initial broadcasts were largely apolitical, but started with the phrase "this is Berlin calling". Eventually, she started a relationship with
498:, to show her participation in propaganda activities directed at the United States. It was also shown that Gillars had taken an oath of allegiance to
2064:
1934:
The Sirens of Wartime Radio and How the American Print Media Presented Them: The Stories, the Intrigue, and the Evolving Coverage of Their Legacies
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388:
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1384:
226:
against the United States. In March 1949, she was sentenced to ten to thirty years' imprisonment. Gillars was paroled in 1961. Along with
1837:
1806:
1723:
855:
268:, New York City, where she worked in various low-skilled jobs to finance drama lessons. She toured with stock companies and appeared in
1248:
2018:
576:
2084:
1581:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1324:
646:
2119:
279:
In 1929, she moved to France and lived in Paris for six months. In 1933, Gillars left the United States again, residing first in
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1942:
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1200:
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1008:
897:
730:
692:
486:
and was eventually flown to the United States on August 21, 1948, to await trial on charges of aiding the German war effort.
338:
During one broadcast, she said "I say damn Roosevelt and Churchill, and all of their Jews who have made this war possible."
2069:
1959:
310:(RRG), German State Radio. She became their highest paid employee, and sometimes went by the name of "Midge at the mike".
2099:
2089:
483:
329:, the German-American program director in the USA Zone at the RRG. In 1942, Koischwitz cast Gillars in a new show called
1069:
808:
2129:
391:
in which Gillars used information on wounded and captured U.S. airmen to cause fear and worry in their families. After
1117:
849:
491:
1677:
1646:
2124:
2104:
447:
2114:
527:
2109:
1588:
1568:
319:
307:
426:. She played Evelyn, an Ohio mother, who dreams that her son had died a horrific death on a ship in the
1997:
1444:
609:
272:
but was unable to establish a theatrical career. Gillars also worked as an artist's model for sculptor
1217:
1091:
1512:
Dutkin, Howard L. (February 25, 1949). "Love for Mystic Professor Led Her to 'Destiny,' Sally Says".
451:
2033:
1779:
1869:
1148:
258:
1909:
1490:
1410:
1276:
966:
913:
1750:
531:
404:
17:
1634:
March 10 – A Federal jury found Mildred E. (Axis Sally) Gillars guilty of treason today ...
684:
677:
198:
1864:
1579:
1559:
604:
365:, broadcast from March to late fall 1943, in which she played American songs interspersed with
333:
and included her in his political broadcasts. Gillars soon acquired several names amongst her
1829:
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495:
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8:
479:
326:
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638:
450:
dispatched prosecutor Victor C. Woerheide to Berlin to find and arrest Gillars. He and
2013:
1938:
1901:
1771:
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1196:
1031:
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958:
893:
845:
726:
698:
688:
614:
516:
265:
679:
Traitors & Turncoats: Twenty Tales of Treason from Benedict Arnold to Ezra Pound
1575:
1555:
1000:
Crimes against the State: Sedition, Rebellion, and Treason since America's Founding
594:
559:
512:
1896:
547:
431:
427:
411:
Gillars made her most famous broadcast on May 11, 1944, a few weeks prior to the
334:
243:
146:
71:
290:, Germany to study music and was later employed as a teacher of English, at the
149:
on German State Radio, directed to U.S. troops and audience, during World War II
551:
254:
247:
90:
1991:
574:
Gillars' wartime broadcasts and trial are the subject of the 2021 legal drama
550:
while in prison, Gillars went to live at the Our Lady of Bethlehem Convent in
2043:
2004:
1905:
1775:
1689:
1486:
1192:
Our Mothers' War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II
1061:
962:
702:
589:
475:
206:; November 29, 1900 – June 25, 1988) was an American broadcaster employed by
563:
499:
370:
273:
215:
207:
538:
in 1959, but did not apply until 1961. She was released on June 10, 1961.
1355:"Axis Sally: The Americans Behind the Infamous Nazi Propaganda Broadcast"
1354:
211:
619:
419:
342:
269:
231:
227:
167:
116:
752:"Mildred Gillars, 87, of Nazi radio, Axis Sally to an allied audience"
467:
463:
366:
454:
special agent Hans Winzen only had one solid lead: Raymond Kurtz, a
503:
396:
43:
1418:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice, p. 15,
1860:"Women of the Third Reich: Mildred Elizabeth Gillars (1901–1988)"
287:
280:
223:
173:
399:
and Paris for this purpose, visiting hospitals and interviewing
2145:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
1594:
1325:"On This Day – Final Broadcast of Mildred Gillars (Axis Sally)"
535:
295:
219:
395:(June 6, 1944), Gillars and Koischwitz worked for a time from
306:
On 6 May 1940, Gillars obtained work as an announcer with the
1868:. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from
412:
392:
1618:"'Axis Sally' Is Found Guilty; Sentence on Treason Delayed"
455:
1716:"Axis Sally Is Given 10 to 30-Year Term On Treason Charge"
889:
Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present
1027:
Masquerade: Treason, the Holocaust, and an Irish Impostor
400:
1960:"American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally film review"
1284:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
1156:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
1062:"Axis Sally: The Americans Behind That Alluring Voice"
722:
The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: 1986-1990
566:
at Grant Medical Center in Columbus on June 25, 1988.
462:
She was then held by the Counterintelligence Corps at
261:
to study dramatic arts, but left without graduating.
2140:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
2135:
People convicted of treason against the United States
1250:
Axis Sally, the Greatest Generation, and Generation Y
1527:
Suisman, David; Strasser, Susan (October 11, 2011).
222:, Gillars became the first woman to be convicted of
997:Beckman, James A.; Merriam, Eric (August 8, 2024).
802:
800:
775:"Sally's axis of evil ended at convent in Columbus"
2095:Deaths from colorectal cancer in the United States
1678:"Mildred Elizabeth Sisk: American-Born Axis Sally"
1647:"Mildred Elizabeth Sisk: American-Born Axis Sally"
676:
521:U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
441:
283:where she found work as a dressmaker's assistant.
403:, falsely claiming to be a representative of the
2041:
1533:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 67.
797:
2009:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
1526:
1118:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
945:
943:
809:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
1311:Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany
1143:
1141:
1139:
996:
841:Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany
301:
1385:"'Axis Sally', 2 Other Broadcasters Released"
1003:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 51–52.
1547:
1475:"Treason: True to the Red, White & Blue"
1092:"TREASON: True to the Red, White & Blue"
1030:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 79.
1024:Hull, Mark M.; Moynes, Vera (May 18, 2017).
940:
892:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 152–155.
718:
2034:The Last Archive Episode 3: The Inner Front
1530:Sound in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1136:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
482:by the United States at the request of the
276:but was unable to find regular employment.
1830:"Almost Silent 'Axis Sally' Gains Freedom"
1023:
257:with her family. In 1918, she enrolled at
42:
921:, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
773:Blundo, Joseph "Joe" (January 30, 2011),
577:American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally
348:Gillars' main programs from Berlin were:
2065:American women civilians in World War II
1574:
1554:
1218:"6 World War II Propaganda Broadcasters"
1044:
831:
725:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 327.
1597:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1228:from the original on September 20, 2018
1215:
885:
674:
242:She was born Mildred Elizabeth Sisk in
14:
2075:Radio personalities from New York City
2060:American broadcasters for Nazi Germany
2042:
2003:
1957:
1951:
1930:
1675:
1511:
1365:from the original on February 25, 2022
1188:
806:
772:
746:
744:
742:
27:American Nazi propagandist (1900–1988)
1827:
1800:
1595:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1425:from the original on October 15, 2012
1322:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1059:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
837:
719:Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie (1998).
649:from the original on October 26, 2020
250:where Robert Gillars was a dentist.
197:
1931:Morton, Scott A. (October 5, 2020).
1291:from the original on August 30, 2010
1246:
1163:from the original on August 30, 2010
1060:Lucas, Richard (November 23, 2009).
928:from the original on August 30, 2010
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
768:
766:
714:
712:
670:
668:
666:
664:
639:"Mildred Gillars | American traitor"
562:, leader of the SS. Gillars died of
341:In 1943, an Italian-American woman,
218:. Following her capture in post-war
1455:from the original on March 10, 2022
1257:from the original on March 10, 2022
1195:. Simon and Schuster. p. 249.
844:. Casemate Publishers. p. 42.
739:
526:Gillars served her sentence at the
24:
1840:from the original on July 10, 2018
1809:from the original on July 10, 2018
1726:from the original on July 10, 2018
1696:from the original on March 7, 2018
1657:from the original on March 7, 2018
1624:. Associated Press. March 11, 1949
1335:from the original on March 7, 2018
1175:
981:
858:from the original on July 23, 2020
819:from the original on March 7, 2018
25:
2156:
1985:
1970:from the original on June 4, 2021
1803:"'Axis Sally' Out After 11 Years"
1676:Harper, Dale P. (November 1995).
1216:Andrews, Evan (August 29, 2018).
1072:from the original on June 4, 2016
870:
807:Taylor, Blaine (March 21, 2016).
763:
709:
661:
492:Federal Communications Commission
322:, where he was killed in action.
430:during an attempted invasion of
2085:Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
1924:
1884:
1852:
1821:
1794:
1756:
1738:
1708:
1669:
1639:
1610:
1520:
1505:
1467:
1445:"Spinster Charged With Treason"
1437:
1403:
1377:
1347:
1316:
1303:
1269:
1240:
1209:
1110:
1084:
1017:
442:Arrest, trial, and imprisonment
102:Saint Joseph Cemetery, Columbus
2120:Radio personalities from Maine
1189:Yellin, Emily (May 11, 2010).
906:
631:
13:
1:
2080:Converts to Roman Catholicism
1958:Madden, Hope (May 28, 2021).
1801:Davis, Jack (July 10, 1961).
625:
541:
528:Federal Reformatory for Women
422:written by Koischwitz called
237:
1937:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1828:Marsh, Don (July 11, 1961).
1589:American Antiquarian Society
1569:American Antiquarian Society
1323:Hoare, James (May 6, 2014).
1247:Pfau, Ann Elizabeth (2010),
683:. London: Quercus. pp.
308:Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft
48:Gillars's prison photo, 1949
7:
2070:People from Portland, Maine
583:
470:, along with collaborators
302:Work as a Nazi propagandist
183:10 to 30 years imprisonment
10:
2161:
2100:Deaths from cancer in Ohio
2090:People from Conneaut, Ohio
1753: (D.C. Cir. 1950).
610:Jane Anderson (journalist)
534:. She became eligible for
2130:Nazis convicted of crimes
452:Counterintelligence Corps
373:rhetoric, and attacks on
194:Mildred Elizabeth Gillars
187:
179:
165:
161:
153:
141:
133:
125:
106:
98:
79:
53:
41:
34:
1746:Gillars v. United States
387:(1944), directed at the
259:Ohio Wesleyan University
1892:"People, June 25, 1973"
1122:Warfare History Network
838:Lucas, Richard (2013).
643:Encyclopædia Britannica
569:
532:Alderson, West Virginia
523:upheld the conviction.
405:International Red Cross
294:School of Languages in
2036:– Jill Lepore podcast.
1865:Jewish Virtual Library
286:In 1934, she moved to
264:Gillars then moved to
58:Mildred Elizabeth Sisk
2125:Nazi propaganda radio
2105:Women in Nazi Germany
1361:. November 23, 2009.
675:Crofton, Ian (2009).
496:Silver Hill, Maryland
448:U.S. attorney general
375:Franklin D. Roosevelt
315:U.S. State Department
2115:Catholics from Maine
1993:Axis Sally Broadcast
1805:. Associated Press.
1751:182 F.2d 962
1150:Axis Sally (part 15)
957:. February 7, 1949.
600:Herbert John Burgman
546:Having converted to
472:Herbert John Burgman
416:invasion of Normandy
353:Home Sweet Home Hour
253:At 16, she moved to
2110:Catholics from Ohio
1912:on October 27, 2010
1782:on November 6, 2012
1514:The Washington Post
1451:. August 23, 1948.
1412:Axis Sally (part 1)
1391:. December 24, 1946
1278:Axis Sally (part 3)
969:on January 31, 2011
951:"Treason: Big Role"
785:on January 21, 2013
605:Iva Toguri D'Aquino
480:conditional release
327:Max Otto Koischwitz
230:she was nicknamed "
2007:(March 21, 2016).
1872:on October 5, 2012
1834:Charleston Gazette
1770:. August 3, 1959.
1722:. March 26, 1949.
1720:Charleston Gazette
1622:The New York Times
1449:The Canberra Times
886:Christenson, Ron.
756:The New York Times
508:Vision of Invasion
504:hypnotic influence
484:Justice Department
424:Vision of Invasion
389:U.S. home audience
214:propaganda during
2021:on March 12, 2018
2014:Military Heritage
1944:978-1-7936-0146-9
1900:. June 25, 1973.
1653:. June 12, 2006.
1540:978-0-8122-0686-9
1493:on March 10, 2008
1481:. March 7, 1949.
1329:All About History
1202:978-1-4391-0358-6
1037:978-0-8061-5836-5
1010:978-1-4408-7908-1
899:978-1-4128-3125-3
813:Military Heritage
779:Columbus Dispatch
732:978-0-684-80491-0
694:978-1-84866-011-3
615:Robert Henry Best
517:Robert Henry Best
363:Midge at the Mike
266:Greenwich Village
191:
190:
134:Years active
129:Radio broadcaster
113:Midge at the Mike
68:November 29, 1900
16:(Redirected from
2152:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:. Archived from
1994:
1980:
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1949:
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1908:. Archived from
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965:. Archived from
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781:, archived from
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682:
672:
659:
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656:
654:
635:
595:Douglas Chandler
560:Heinrich Himmler
513:Douglas Chandler
205:
180:Criminal penalty
170:
107:Other names
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67:
65:
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32:
31:
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1576:McCusker, J. J.
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1556:McCusker, J. J.
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1309:Richard Lucas,
1308:
1304:
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519:. In 1950, the
494:, stationed in
444:
432:Occupied Europe
428:English Channel
385:Medical Reports
381:GI's Letter-box
357:Home Sweet Home
331:Home Sweet Home
304:
244:Portland, Maine
240:
210:to disseminate
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154:Criminal status
147:Nazi propaganda
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72:Portland, Maine
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83:June 25, 1988
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19:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2012:
1972:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1895:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:the original
1767:
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1719:
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1698:. Retrieved
1682:World War II
1681:
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1650:
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1626:. Retrieved
1621:
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1602:February 29,
1600:. Retrieved
1580:
1560:
1549:
1529:
1522:
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1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:the original
1478:
1469:
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1448:
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1411:
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1393:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1328:
1318:
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1293:, retrieved
1277:
1271:
1259:, retrieved
1249:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1221:
1211:
1191:
1165:, retrieved
1149:
1128:December 15,
1126:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1095:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1026:
1019:
999:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
954:
930:, retrieved
914:
908:
888:
860:. Retrieved
840:
833:
821:. Retrieved
812:
789:February 17,
787:, retrieved
783:the original
778:
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678:
651:. Retrieved
642:
633:
575:
573:
564:colon cancer
556:
545:
525:
507:
500:Adolf Hitler
488:
461:
445:
436:
423:
410:
384:
380:
371:anti-Semitic
369:propaganda,
362:
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330:
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305:
285:
278:
274:Mario Korbel
263:
252:
241:
216:World War II
208:Nazi Germany
202:
193:
192:
85:(1988-06-25)
29:
2055:1988 deaths
2050:1900 births
1573:1700–1799:
1553:1634–1699:
1261:October 30,
653:October 20,
548:Catholicism
145:Presenting
2044:Categories
1651:HistoryNet
1359:Historynet
1066:HistoryNet
915:Axis Sally
626:References
620:Tokyo Rose
542:Later life
420:radio play
343:Rita Zucca
270:vaudeville
238:Early life
232:Axis Sally
228:Rita Zucca
126:Occupation
117:Axis Sally
64:1900-11-29
2025:March 11,
1906:0040-781X
1776:0040-781X
1690:0040-781X
1487:0040-781X
1369:March 10,
963:0040-781X
703:298185611
468:Oberursel
464:Camp King
367:defeatist
137:1940–1945
1968:Archived
1916:March 6,
1844:July 10,
1838:Archived
1813:July 10,
1807:Archived
1786:March 6,
1764:"People"
1730:July 10,
1724:Archived
1700:March 6,
1694:Archived
1661:March 6,
1655:Archived
1628:March 9,
1578:(1992).
1558:(1997).
1497:March 6,
1459:March 6,
1453:Archived
1429:March 6,
1420:archived
1395:March 6,
1363:Archived
1339:March 6,
1333:Archived
1286:archived
1255:archived
1226:Archived
1158:archived
1102:March 9,
1076:March 6,
1070:Archived
973:March 6,
923:archived
862:March 7,
856:Archived
823:March 6,
817:Archived
647:Archived
584:See also
397:Chartres
1998:YouTube
1313:(2001).
1222:History
418:, in a
292:Berlitz
288:Dresden
281:Algiers
224:treason
174:Treason
18:Gillars
1941:
1904:
1876:May 6,
1774:
1749:,
1688:
1537:
1485:
1199:
1034:
1007:
961:
896:
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729:
701:
691:
536:parole
296:Berlin
220:Berlin
201:
93:, U.S.
74:, U.S.
1585:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1423:(PDF)
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1289:(PDF)
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1161:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
926:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
413:D-Day
393:D-Day
2027:2018
1976:2021
1939:ISBN
1918:2018
1902:ISSN
1897:Time
1878:2012
1846:2018
1815:2018
1788:2018
1772:ISSN
1768:Time
1732:2018
1702:2018
1686:ISSN
1663:2018
1630:2023
1604:2024
1535:ISBN
1499:2018
1483:ISSN
1479:Time
1461:2018
1431:2018
1397:2018
1371:2022
1341:2018
1297:2010
1263:2017
1234:2018
1197:ISBN
1169:2010
1130:2022
1104:2019
1096:Time
1078:2018
1032:ISBN
1005:ISBN
975:2018
959:ISSN
955:Time
934:2010
894:ISBN
864:2018
846:ISBN
825:2018
791:2011
727:ISBN
699:OCLC
689:ISBN
655:2017
570:Film
515:and
474:and
456:B-17
446:The
401:POWs
383:and
212:Axis
203:Sisk
80:Died
54:Born
1996:on
685:131
530:in
234:".
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196:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
