29:
357:
the poorest beneficiaries. The machine learning algorithm First, it finds the poorest villages by analyzing roof material, sizes of farm plots and the presence of paved or unpaved roads through satellite images. Second, it finds the poorest individuals in a village by analyzing their mobile phone data like lengths and frequency of phone calls, number of inbound versus outbound calls, and amount of mobile data used.
308:
in order to "try to permanently end extreme poverty across dozens of villages and thousands of people in Kenya by guaranteeing them an ongoing income high enough to meet their basic needs" and, if it works, pave the way for implementation in other regions. The initiative launched in
November 2017 and
356:
In Togo it built on an existing government of Togo cash transfer program called
Novissi. Money is paid via mobile money technology, with beneficiaries withdrawing money at local shops. GiveDirectly helped expand the program to certain rural areas where the government found it difficult to identify
296:
In
December 2012, GiveDirectly received a $ 2.4M Global Impact Award from Google. In June 2014, the founders of GiveDirectly announced plans to create a for-profit technology company, Segovia, aimed at improving the efficiency of cash transfer distributions in the developing world. In August 2015,
352:
GiveDirectly set up two emergency response programs to the COVID-19 pandemic: one in the US, for which it has raised US$ 118 million, and one in
African countries, for which it has raised US$ 76 million. The organization has sent cash relief to 116,000 families in the US and 342,000 families in
338:
to themselves, including the very audit teams tasked with identifying such cases. GiveDirectly paused its operations in the country in
January 2023 and began an audit of its funds transfers in another African country.
292:
started by Paul
Niehaus, Michael Faye, Rohit Wanchoo, and Jeremy Shapiro, students at MIT and Harvard, based on their research into philanthropy. In 2012 they formalized their operation into GiveDirectly.
1014:
852:
1136:
1747:
1814:
554:
173:
774:
369:
on a rural region in
Western Kenya. More than 26,000 people will receive some type of cash transfer, with more than 6,000 receiving a long-term basic income.
1626:
748:
878:
800:
701:
572:
455:
The use of self-reporting made the results hard to interpret and rely on (this is a feature of any study that attempted to measure consumption).
1809:
1804:
1754:
1465:
1330:
1252:
451:
praised the robustness of the study's design and the clear disclosure of the study lead's conflict of interest, but raised two concerns:
1300:
1799:
334:, where GiveDirectly began operations in 2018, employees had diverted at least $ 900,000 from several hundred intended recipients in
1475:
379:
Lump sum payments: 80 villages with recipients receiving a lump sum payment equivalent to the total value of the short-term stream
826:
1555:
398:
GiveDirectly collects donations from private donors as well as foundations. In 2015, the organization received $ 25 million from
312:
In 2017, GiveDirectly applied their model for the first time in the U.S., distributing cash-loaded debit cards to residents of
629:
373:
Long-term basic income: 40 villages with recipients receiving roughly $ 0.75 per adult per day, delivered monthly for 12 years
1172:
1143:
484:
The lack of clear positive effect on long-term outcomes, as well as the lack of increased spending on health and education.
1470:
390:
paper on the GiveDirectly experiment found each dollar from cash transfers increased local economic activity by $ 2.6.
723:
481:, where the people being asked questions may be subtly influenced in their answers by the experimenter's expectations.
1065:
959:
1570:
1310:
1245:
1712:
1480:
1676:
1015:"Facebook Billionaire's Good Ventures Donates $ 25 Million To GiveDirectly, Which Gives Cash To The Very Poor"
1460:
1290:
376:
Short-term basic income: 80 villages with recipients receiving the same monthly amount, but only for 2 years
1575:
1500:
1455:
633:
331:
1113:
580:
1726:
1671:
1238:
470:
217:
676:
1442:
1335:
1168:
478:
448:
1778:
1705:
1565:
1450:
1733:
1646:
1631:
1505:
1201:
1535:
1285:
1087:
209:
60:
987:
775:"This man wants to give $ 1,000 to every poor person on Earth – but could his plan really work?"
1761:
1590:
1325:
900:
654:
603:
415:
366:
1039:
1719:
1681:
926:
1345:
702:"What If We Just Gave Poor People a Basic Income for Life? That's What We're About to Test"
8:
1580:
1661:
1621:
1606:
1560:
1525:
1495:
1280:
1261:
955:
494:
1698:
1550:
1545:
1421:
1386:
1361:
1275:
459:
853:"The Pandemic Pushed This Farmer Into Deep Poverty. Then Something Amazing Happened"
1740:
1391:
1381:
1320:
879:"How GiveDirectly is finding the poorest people in the world—and sending them cash"
407:
317:
313:
749:"After Harvey, One Group Is Hoping Giving Away Cash Will Help Houstonians Rebuild"
1510:
1485:
1305:
960:"General equilibrium effects of cash transfers: experimental evidence from Kenya"
213:
71:
1666:
1656:
1641:
1611:
1585:
1530:
1376:
1340:
1295:
1197:
536:
514:
466:
75:
1793:
1636:
1616:
1540:
951:
399:
298:
289:
89:
443:
After the release of GiveDirectly's impact self-evaluation in
October 2013,
1437:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1371:
324:
305:
1490:
1315:
801:"Rory Stewart's 'GiveDirectly' charity defrauded of almost $ 1m in Congo"
458:
The division of the sample into so many groups meant that there was less
1057:
1366:
1176:
724:"The largest basic income experiment in history just launched in Kenya"
444:
335:
249:
225:
133:
109:
555:"Can 4 Economists Build the Most Economically Efficient Charity Ever?"
365:
In April 2016 GiveDirectly announced a 12-year experiment to test a
1416:
1230:
411:
387:
57:
473:, also blogged about the study. He expressed two main reservations:
220:
to them via mobile phone. GiveDirectly transfers funds to people in
28:
1651:
1520:
1401:
1091:
607:
469:, an academic in development economics, with a particular focus on
432:
403:
927:"Charity To Amp Up Direct Aid Mission In Impoverished East Africa"
988:"Group gives cash aid to rural Kenyans, then studies its effects"
323:
In 2022, GiveDirectly appointed
British politician and diplomat
304:
In April 2016, GiveDirectly announced a $ 30M initiative to test
253:
245:
233:
221:
137:
129:
117:
105:
1225:
958:, Johannes; Niehaus, Paul; Walker, Michael (November 21, 2019).
827:"Is the pandemic making people more generous — or more selfish?"
269:
265:
257:
241:
153:
149:
141:
125:
277:
237:
161:
121:
212:
operating in low income areas that helps families living in
950:
414:. In 2019, the organization won a grant of $ 2.1m from the
261:
145:
194:
1135:
Haushofer, Jonathan; Shapiro, Jeremy (October 24, 2013).
694:
273:
229:
157:
113:
382:
Control group: 100 villages not receiving cash transfers
1137:"Policy Brief: Impacts of Unconditional Cash Transfers"
1080:
1173:"Some thoughts on the Give Directly Impact Evaluation"
438:
1627:
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
944:
1447:
462:to clearly decide which group had better outcomes.
901:"What Would Happen If We Just Gave People Money?"
1815:Organizations associated with effective altruism
1791:
1134:
1088:"Top charities - November 2012 archived version"
330:In 2023, an investigation revealed that in the
1466:Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research
1066:"Our Top Charities for the 2012 Giving Season"
798:
647:
548:
546:
435:'top rated' charities for 2012, through 2020.
1755:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
1246:
1128:
1331:Psychological barriers to effective altruism
1114:"Our Top Charities - September 2020 Version"
543:
1301:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
1253:
1239:
601:
360:
1063:
630:"Segovia: A New Player in Cash Transfers"
552:
353:Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda and Togo.
297:GiveDirectly received a $ 25M grant from
1476:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
1196:
1167:
1161:
1556:Machine Intelligence Research Institute
1064:Karnofsky, Holden (November 26, 2012).
627:
1792:
1260:
876:
850:
824:
1810:Foreign charities operating in Uganda
1234:
772:
553:Goldstein, Dana (December 21, 2012).
507:
1805:Foreign charities operating in Kenya
851:Gharib, Malaka (February 15, 2021).
431:GiveDirectly has been named one of
1471:Center for High Impact Philanthropy
877:Visram, Talib (December 11, 2020).
655:"GiveDirectly - August 2014 Update"
529:
439:Reception by development economists
426:
347:
13:
825:Samuel, Sigal (December 1, 2020).
773:Brown, Will (September 18, 2022).
602:Hassenfeld, Elie (June 20, 2014).
402:, a private foundation started by
14:
1826:
1219:
1012:
628:Coleman, Isobel (June 20, 2014).
1800:Charities based in New York City
1311:Equal consideration of interests
27:
1713:Famine, Affluence, and Morality
1481:Development Media International
1190:
1106:
1032:
1006:
980:
919:
893:
870:
844:
818:
799:Harriet Barber (June 9, 2023).
792:
766:
741:
716:
1677:Risk of astronomical suffering
669:
621:
595:
565:
1:
1461:Centre for Effective Altruism
1291:Disability-adjusted life year
1202:"And the cashonistas rejoice"
500:
342:
288:GiveDirectly originated as a
1576:Raising for Effective Giving
1501:Future of Humanity Institute
634:Council on Foreign Relations
632:. Development Channel blog,
471:randomized controlled trials
421:
332:Democratic Republic of Congo
309:is set to run for 12 years.
218:unconditional cash transfers
7:
1727:Living High and Letting Die
1672:Neglected tropical diseases
488:
41:; 16 years ago
10:
1831:
1443:Against Malaria Foundation
1336:Quality-adjusted life year
479:observer-expectancy effect
393:
283:
1779:Effective Altruism Global
1771:
1706:The End of Animal Farming
1690:
1599:
1566:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1451:Animal Charity Evaluators
1430:
1354:
1268:
189:
179:
167:
99:
81:
66:
53:
35:
26:
1734:The Most Good You Can Do
1647:Intensive animal farming
1632:Global catastrophic risk
1506:Future of Life Institute
604:"Update on GiveDirectly"
537:"GiveDirectly team page"
1536:The Good Food Institute
1286:Demandingness objection
704:. Slate. April 14, 2016
361:Basic income experiment
61:non-profit organization
1762:What We Owe the Future
1591:Wild Animal Initiative
1326:Moral circle expansion
1044:Global Innovation Fund
416:Global Innovation Fund
367:universal basic income
306:universal basic income
210:nonprofit organization
16:Nonprofit organization
1720:The Life You Can Save
1682:Wild animal suffering
677:"Blog | GiveDirectly"
386:In November 2019, an
174:Samuel Mwamburi Mwale
1346:Venture philanthropy
1226:GiveDirectly website
1200:(October 25, 2013).
1171:(October 27, 2013).
681:www.givedirectly.org
327:as their president.
1581:Sentience Institute
1149:on October 29, 2013
23:
1662:Malaria prevention
1622:Economic stability
1607:Biotechnology risk
1561:Malaria Consortium
1526:Giving What We Can
1496:Fistula Foundation
1281:Charity assessment
1262:Effective altruism
583:on January 6, 2017
495:Effective altruism
21:
1787:
1786:
1699:Doing Good Better
1571:Open Philanthropy
1551:Mercy for Animals
1546:The Humane League
1422:Eliezer Yudkowsky
1387:William MacAskill
1362:Sam Bankman-Fried
1276:Aid effectiveness
954:; Egger, Dennis;
460:statistical power
203:
202:
169:Interim President
1822:
1741:Practical Ethics
1392:Dustin Moskovitz
1382:Holden Karnofsky
1321:Marginal utility
1255:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1142:. Archived from
1141:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1013:Dolan, Kerry A.
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
964:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
907:. April 25, 2016
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
728:Business Insider
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
579:. Archived from
573:"Google Dot Org"
569:
563:
562:
550:
541:
540:
533:
527:
526:
524:
522:
511:
427:GiveWell reviews
408:Dustin Moskovitz
348:COVID-19 support
318:Hurricane Harvey
314:Rose City, Texas
199:
196:
92:
49:
47:
42:
31:
24:
20:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1767:
1686:
1652:Land use reform
1595:
1511:Founders Pledge
1486:Evidence Action
1426:
1350:
1306:Earning to give
1264:
1259:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1198:Blattman, Chris
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1169:McKenzie, David
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1116:. November 2019
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1094:. November 2012
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
994:. April 8, 2017
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
962:
949:
945:
935:
933:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
905:FiveThirtyEight
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
875:
871:
861:
859:
849:
845:
835:
833:
823:
819:
809:
807:
805:Daily Telegraph
797:
793:
783:
781:
779:Daily Telegraph
771:
767:
757:
755:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
722:
721:
717:
707:
705:
700:
699:
695:
685:
683:
675:
674:
670:
660:
658:
653:
652:
648:
638:
636:
626:
622:
612:
610:
600:
596:
586:
584:
571:
570:
566:
551:
544:
535:
534:
530:
520:
518:
513:
512:
508:
503:
491:
441:
429:
424:
396:
363:
350:
345:
286:
214:extreme poverty
193:
182:
170:
102:
95:
88:
72:extreme poverty
45:
43:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:Mass deworming
1664:
1659:
1657:Life extension
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Global poverty
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Climate change
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1586:Unlimit Health
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Good Food Fund
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Hilary Greaves
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1341:Utilitarianism
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Disease burden
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:External links
1218:
1215:
1214:
1189:
1160:
1127:
1105:
1079:
1056:
1040:"GiveDirectly"
1031:
1005:
979:
952:Miguel, Edward
943:
918:
892:
881:. Fast Company
869:
843:
817:
791:
765:
740:
715:
693:
668:
646:
620:
594:
577:www.google.org
564:
542:
528:
517:. GiveDirectly
515:"GiveDirectly"
505:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
467:Chris Blattman
464:
463:
456:
449:David McKenzie
440:
437:
428:
425:
423:
420:
395:
392:
384:
383:
380:
377:
374:
362:
359:
349:
346:
344:
341:
285:
282:
201:
200:
191:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
171:
168:
165:
164:
103:
100:
97:
96:
94:
93:
85:
83:
79:
78:
76:cash transfers
68:
64:
63:
55:
51:
50:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1827:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1748:The Precipice
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Global health
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Cultured meat
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Good Ventures
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Animal Ethics
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:Organizations
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1067:
1060:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1020:
1016:
1009:
993:
989:
983:
968:
961:
957:
953:
947:
932:
928:
922:
906:
902:
896:
880:
873:
858:
854:
847:
832:
828:
821:
806:
802:
795:
780:
776:
769:
754:
750:
744:
729:
725:
719:
703:
697:
682:
678:
672:
657:. August 2014
656:
650:
635:
631:
624:
609:
605:
598:
582:
578:
574:
568:
560:
556:
549:
547:
538:
532:
516:
510:
506:
496:
493:
492:
483:
480:
476:
475:
474:
472:
468:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:
450:
446:
436:
434:
419:
417:
413:
410:and his wife
409:
405:
401:
400:Good Ventures
391:
389:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
370:
368:
358:
354:
340:
337:
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
315:
310:
307:
302:
300:
299:Good Ventures
294:
291:
290:giving circle
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
192:
188:
184:
178:
175:
172:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
98:
91:
90:New York City
87:
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
56:
52:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1516:GiveDirectly
1515:
1438:80,000 Hours
1412:Peter Singer
1407:Derek Parfit
1397:Yew-Kwang Ng
1372:Nick Bostrom
1207:November 28,
1205:. Retrieved
1192:
1182:November 28,
1180:. Retrieved
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1144:the original
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1008:
996:. Retrieved
992:PBS NewsHour
991:
982:
970:. Retrieved
966:
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:
921:
909:. Retrieved
904:
895:
885:December 29,
883:. Retrieved
872:
862:February 15,
860:. Retrieved
856:
846:
836:December 29,
834:. Retrieved
830:
820:
808:. Retrieved
804:
794:
782:. Retrieved
778:
768:
756:. Retrieved
752:
743:
731:. Retrieved
727:
718:
706:. Retrieved
696:
684:. Retrieved
680:
671:
659:. Retrieved
649:
637:. Retrieved
623:
611:. Retrieved
597:
585:. Retrieved
581:the original
576:
567:
559:The Atlantic
558:
531:
521:November 30,
519:. Retrieved
509:
465:
442:
430:
397:
385:
364:
355:
351:
329:
325:Rory Stewart
322:
316:, following
311:
303:
295:
287:
206:GiveDirectly
205:
204:
195:givedirectly
101:Area served
70:Alleviating
22:GiveDirectly
18:
1600:Focus areas
1491:Faunalytics
1355:Key figures
1316:Longtermism
1153:October 26,
1049:October 20,
967:Berkley.edu
936:January 25,
758:January 17,
733:January 17,
587:January 25,
406:co-founder
185:Approx 175
181:Employees
1794:Categories
1691:Literature
1367:Liv Boeree
1177:World Bank
1120:October 6,
1068:. GiveWell
1024:January 4,
998:January 4,
501:References
447:economist
445:World Bank
343:Operations
336:South Kivu
250:Mozambique
226:Bangladesh
216:by making
134:Mozambique
110:Bangladesh
1417:Cari Tuna
956:Haushofer
422:Reception
412:Cari Tuna
388:economics
58:501(c)(3)
1521:GiveWell
1402:Toby Ord
1269:Concepts
1092:GiveWell
931:NPR News
857:NPR News
810:June 10,
784:June 10,
753:NPR News
639:June 21,
608:GiveWell
489:See also
433:GiveWell
404:Facebook
82:Location
74:through
394:Funding
284:History
254:Nigeria
246:Morocco
234:Liberia
222:Bahamas
190:Website
138:Nigeria
130:Morocco
118:Liberia
106:Bahamas
67:Purpose
44: (
36:Founded
1772:Events
1098:May 2,
1072:May 2,
1019:Forbes
972:May 2,
911:May 2,
708:May 2,
686:May 2,
661:May 2,
613:May 2,
276:, and
270:Uganda
266:Turkey
258:Rwanda
242:Malawi
154:Uganda
150:Turkey
142:Rwanda
126:Malawi
1147:(PDF)
1140:(PDF)
963:(PDF)
278:Yemen
238:Kenya
208:is a
162:Yemen
122:Kenya
1209:2015
1184:2015
1155:2013
1122:2021
1100:2020
1074:2020
1051:2023
1026:2018
1000:2018
974:2020
938:2017
913:2020
887:2020
864:2021
838:2020
812:2023
786:2023
760:2018
735:2018
710:2020
688:2020
663:2020
641:2014
615:2020
589:2017
523:2012
477:The
262:Togo
197:.org
146:Togo
54:Type
46:2008
39:2008
831:Vox
274:USA
268:,
264:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
244:,
232:,
230:DRC
228:,
158:USA
152:,
148:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
116:,
114:DRC
112:,
1796::
1175:.
1090:.
1042:.
1017:.
990:.
965:.
929:.
903:.
855:.
829:.
803:.
777:.
751:.
726:.
679:.
606:.
575:.
557:.
545:^
418:.
320:.
301:.
280:.
272:,
260:,
240:,
236:,
224:,
160:,
156:,
144:,
124:,
120:,
108:,
1254:e
1247:t
1240:v
1211:.
1186:.
1157:.
1124:.
1102:.
1076:.
1053:.
1028:.
1002:.
976:.
940:.
915:.
889:.
866:.
840:.
814:.
788:.
762:.
737:.
712:.
690:.
665:.
643:.
617:.
591:.
561:.
539:.
525:.
48:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
