Global Hunger Index

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and United Nations agencies—can build a foundation for food security and sustainable peace. Integrating a peace-building perspective into building resilient food systems and a food security perspective into peace building requires a thorough knowledge of the context and sensitivity to the realities of ongoing conflicts. Thus, the GHI emphasizes the importance of strengthening locally led interventions and taking into account local concerns and aspirations, while building partnerships that bring together different actors and their respective knowledge. Moreover, funding should be provided in a flexible and long-term manner and should be adaptable to contexts that are fluid, fragile, and conflict affected. Finally, the 2021 GHI calls for a more vigorous approach to addressing conflicts at the political level and prosecuting those who use hunger as a weapon of war.

393:, and multiple violent conflicts and climate disasters around the world, have pushed some countries into food crises, while other countries have been more resilient. Low- and middle-income countries, which tend to be more vulnerable to crises, have been particularly hard hit relative to high-income countries. The extent to which countries are able to recover from shocks depends largely on underlying factors, such as state fragility, inequality, poor governance, and chronic poverty. Given that the world is expected to be subject to increased shocks in future years, particularly as a result of climate change, the effectiveness of disaster preparedness and response is likely to become increasingly central to the outlook on food security. 6032:

local level and hold decision makers accountable for addressing food and nutrition insecurity and hunger. Encouragingly, it points out that examples of empowerment are as visible in fragile contexts with high levels of societal fractionalization as they are in more stable settings with longer traditions of local democracy. These include a range of tools such as systems for tracking government budgets and expenditures, community scorecards for assessing the performance of local governments, and inclusive multistakeholder platforms that engage a range of local actors, including government officials, community groups, and private sector participants, in policy planning.

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since 2017 the prevalence of undernourishment, one of the indicators used in the calculation of GHI scores, has been on the rise, and the number of undernourished people has climbed from 572 million to about 735 million. South Asia and Africa South of the Sahara are the world regions with the highest hunger levels, with GHI scores of 27.0 each, indicating serious hunger. For the past two decades, these two regions have consistently had the highest levels of hunger. While both regions achieved considerable progress between 2000 and 2015, progress since 2015 has nearly halted, mirroring the trend seen for the world as a whole.

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degradation. Yet youth participation in making decisions that will affect their futures is limited. The pursuit of food sovereignty — the right of people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods—presents an opportunity to engage youth in transforming failing food systems. Young people can apply their energy and innovation to help food systems become more sustainable, more just, and better able to meet the needs of all the world’s people, especially the most vulnerable.

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authorities, may have greater credibility with communities. Yet in several countries, civic spaces are subject to increasing repression, hindering citizens from claiming and realizing their right to adequate food. Moreover, citizens are often unaware of this right, even if it has been enshrined in national law. Thus, the GHI emphasizes that decision-makers must put inclusive local governance, accountability, and the realization of the right to food at the center of food system transformation.

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state that the reciprocal linkages between hunger and conflict are widely known. Violent conflict affects nearly all aspects of a food system, from production, harvesting, processing, and transport to commodity supply, financing, marketing, and consumption. Meanwhile, increased food insecurity can fuel violent conflict. Smith and Delgado argue that without a solution to food insecurity, it is difficult to build sustainable peace, and without peace, chances of ending world hunger are minimal.

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communities, and individuals must take a number of actions in the short and long term, including sustaining the production and supply of food; ensuring social protection measures; strengthening regional food supply chains; reviewing food, health, and economic systems through a One Health lens to chart a path to environmental recovery; and working toward a circular food economy that recycles nutrients and materials, regenerates natural systems, and eliminates waste and pollution.

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three times more likely to be unemployed. They often lack access to the resources, land, skills, and opportunities that would enable them to productively engage in food systems. These barriers—as well as the challenges of climate change, land degradation, exposure to risks, difficult or precarious working conditions, and low social recognition—have turned many young people away from agricultural and rural livelihoods.

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during this critical life stage. Furthermore, young people constitute an important and growing demographic cohort, particularly in food-insecure countries. Forty- two percent of the world’s people are under 25 years of age, and the global population of adolescents and young adults, at 1.2 billion, is the largest in history.

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The report emphasizes the importance of using power analysis to name all forms of power that keep people hungry and malnourished; the significance of designing interventions strategically focused on where power is exerted; the need to empower the hungry and malnourished to challenge and resist loss of control over the food they eat.

422:. Climate change, its effects on agricultural production, and rapid population growth are projected to increase the region’s high level of dependence on food imports in the coming years. These growing resource constraints are expected to exacerbate governance issues in the region and possibly contribute to future conflicts. 6495:, criminality, or searching landfills, and sending away household members, who cannot be fed anymore. In addition, the report sees an all-time high in the instability and unpredictability of food prices, which after decades of slight decrease, increasingly show price spikes (strong and short-term increase). 6112:

The 2018 report shows that in many countries and in terms of the global average, hunger and undernutrition have declined since 2000; in some parts of the world, however, hunger and undernutrition persist or have even worsened. Since 2010, 16 countries have seen no change or an increase in their GHI levels.

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The chapter on hunger and conflict shows that the time of great famines with more than 1 million people dead is over. There is, however, a clear connection between armed conflict and severe hunger. Most of the countries scoring worst in the 2015 GHI are experiencing or have recently experienced armed

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Current actions are inadequate for the scale of the threat that climate change poses to food security. Transformation—a fundamental change in the attributes of human and natural systems—is now recognized as central to climate-resilient development pathways that can achieve zero hunger. Individual and

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The 2019 GHI report notes that climate change is making it ever more difficult to adequately and sustainably feed and nourish the human population. Climate change has direct and indirect negative impacts on food security and hunger through changes in food production and availability, access, quality,

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The 2021 GHI states that even in the midst of conflict and extreme vulnerability, it remains possible to disrupt the destructive links between conflict and hunger and build resilience. By working collaboratively, involved actors—from states and community groups to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

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In their essay, guest authors Dan Smith and Caroline Delgado describe how, despite the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, violent conflicts continued to be the main cause of global hunger in 2020. The number of active violent conflicts is increasing, and they are becoming more severe and protracted. They

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The Global Hunger Index presents a multidimensional measure of national, regional, and global hunger by assigning a numerical score based on several aspects of hunger. Countries are then ranked by GHI score and compared to previous scores from three reference years (e.g., the 2023 GHI scores can

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Different measures exist to prevent hidden hunger. It is essential to ensure that humans maintain a diverse diet. The quality of produce is as important as the caloric input. This can be achieved by promoting the production of a wide variety of nutrient-rich plants and the creation of house gardens.

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Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals’ aim of “leaving no one behind” demands approaches to hunger and malnutrition that are both more sensitive to their uneven distribution and more attuned to the power inequalities that intensify the effects of poverty and marginalization on malnutrition.

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The 2018 Global Hunger Index report presents recommendations for providing a more effective and holistic response to forced migration and hunger. These include focusing on those countries and groups of people who need the most support, providing long-term solutions for displaced people, and engaging

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The events of 2020 are laying bare many of the vulnerabilities of the world’s food system in ways that are becoming impossible to ignore. However, by taking an integrated approach to health and food and nutrition security, it may yet be possible to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030. A One Health approach,

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In many parts of the world, young people face a set of stark realities. They are more likely than adults to be affected by extreme poverty and food insecurity, with young women particularly affected, despite the importance of their health and nutrition status for future generations. Young people are

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The evidence presented in the report shows that the window of opportunity for improving nutrition spans is the 1,000 days between conception and a child's second birthday (that is the period from -9 to +24 months). Children who are do not receive adequate nutrition during this period have increased

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The essay in the 2018 GHI report examines forced migration and hunger—two closely intertwined challenges that affect some of the poorest and most conflict-ridden regions of the world. Globally, there are an estimated 68.5 million displaced people, including 40.0 million internally displaced people,

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The 2018 Global Hunger Index (GHI) report—the 13th in the annual series—presents a multidimensional measure of national, regional, and global hunger by assigning a numerical score based on several aspects of hunger. It then ranks countries by GHI score and compares current scores with past results.

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The GHI 2022 focuses on the way communities, local governments, and civil actors engage with each other to make decisions and allocate resources is key to improving the food situation for people, and especially for the most vulnerable ones. It emphasizes the power of communities on a local level to

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Facing the third global food price crisis in 15 years, it is more obvious than ever that our current food systems are inadequate to end poverty and hunger. The GHI emphasizes that the international community urgently needs to respond to the escalating humanitarian crises - while not losing sight of

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When policies, for example energy policy, are not tested for the consequences they have on the availability of land and water it can lead to failures. An example are the biofuel policies of industrialized countries: As corn and sugar are increasingly used for the production of fuels, there is less

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The developing world has made substantial progress in reducing hunger since 2000. The 2016 GHI shows that the level of hunger in developing countries as a group has fallen by 29 percent. Yet this progress has been uneven, and great disparities in hunger continue to exist at the regional, national,

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For 11 countries, individual scores could not be calculated, and ranks could not be determined owing to lack of data. 5 countries were provisionally designated by severity based on other published data. For the remaining 6 countries, data were insufficient to allow for either calculating

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shows shows that, though some countries have made significant headway, little progress has been made in reducing hunger on a global scale since 2015. The 2023 GHI score for the world is 18.3, considered moderate — less than one point below the world’s 2015 GHI score of 19.1. Furthermore,

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Micronutrient deficiencies are responsible for an estimated 1.1 million of the yearly 3.1 million death caused by undernutrition in children. Despite the magnitude of the problem, it is still not easy to get precise data on the spread of hidden hunger. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies

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The 2023 Global Hunger Index (GHI) shows that, after many years of advancement up to 2015, progress against hunger worldwide remains largely at a standstill. As the effects of crises multiply and intensify, more and more people are experiencing severe hunger, with the situation expected to worsen

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For the 2023 GHI report, data were assessed for 136 countries. Out of these, there were sufficient data to calculate 2023 GHI scores for and rank 125 countries (by way of comparison, 121 countries were ranked in the 2022 report). If "—" sign is shown, data are not available or not presented. Some

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which is based on a recognition of the interconnections between humans, animals, plants, and their shared environment, as well as the role of fair-trade relations, would address the various crises we face holistically and help avert future health crises, restore a healthy planet, and end hunger.

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At the same time, the essay by Danielle Resnick shows how local action can help citizens realize their right to food. It provides promising examples from a variety of settings where citizens are finding ways to amplify their voices in food system debates to improve food systems governance at the

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The 2023 report focuses on the central role youth must play in transforming food systems. Young people are emerging into adulthood in a context of unequal and unsustainable food systems that fail to deliver food and nutrition security and are highly vulnerable to climate change and environmental

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Undernutrition among children has reached terrible levels. About 195 million children under the age of five in the developing world—about one in three children—are too small and thus underdeveloped. Nearly one in four children under age five—129 million—is underweight, and one in 10 is severely

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According to the Global Hunger Index 2011 price trends show especially harsh consequences for poor and under-nourished people, because they are not capable to react to price spikes and price changes. Reactions, following these developments, can include: reduced calorie intake, no longer sending

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In summary, the GHI emphasizes that motivated and inclusive governance at all levels that ensure citizens’ participation, action, and oversight is pivotal for meaningful food system transformation that ultimately benefits all people, especially the most vulnerable. All levels of government must

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Although youth are underrepresented in policy- and decision- making related to food systems, they have a legitimate interest in shaping their future, and their voices must be heard. Youth are equal holders of the right to food, and good nutrition is essential for personal growth and development

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The inability to cope with these crises leads to the destruction of many development successes that had been achieved over the years. In addition, people have even less resources to withstand the next shock or crises. 2.6 billion people in the world live on less than US$ 2 per day. For them, a

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If progress is to be made in both stemming conflict and fighting hunger, a food security lens must be integrated into peace building and a peace-building lens should be integrated into the effort to create resilient food systems. For this the guest authors propose four priorities: (1) adopt a

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reserves and the lack of timely information on food products, reserves and price developments. Especially this lack of information can lead to overreactions in the markets. Moreover, seasonal limitations on production possibilities, limited land for agricultural production, limited access to

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To ensure the right to adequate and nutritious food for all and achieve Zero Hunger by 2030, we must approach health and food and nutrition security in a way that considers human, animal, and environmental health and fair-trade relations holistically. Multilateral institutions, governments,

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In her essay, Danielle Resnick explains that a recent trend toward decentralizing government functions has given local governments greater autonomy and authority, including over key elements of food systems. And in fragile states local or informal sources of governance, such as traditional

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For 11 countries, individual scores could not be calculated and ranks could not be determined owing to lack of data. Where possible, these countries were provisionally designated by severity: 1 as low, 1 as moderate, and 3 as alarming. For 6 countries, provisional designations could not be

381:

hunger levels—Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Niger, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Zambia—have all made progress since then. Also, seven countries have achieved reductions of five points or more between their 2015 and 2023 GHI scores: Bangladesh, Chad, Djibouti, Lao People’s Democratic Republic,

376:

2023 GHI scores experienced a decline of less than 5 percent between their 2015 and 2023 GHI scores, indicating negligible progress during that period. At the current pace, 58 countries will not achieve low hunger by 2030. Nonetheless, there are also examples of progress.

405:

according to the 2008 and 2015 GHI scores. While both South Asia and Africa South of the Sahara achieved considerable progress between 2000 and 2015, a comparison of the 2015 and 2023 scores shows that progress has nearly halted, reflecting the trend seen for the world as a whole.

396:

South Asia and Africa South of the Sahara are the world regions with the highest hunger levels, with GHI scores of 27.0 each, indicating serious hunger in both regions. For the past two decades, these two regions have consistently had the highest levels of hunger, which were considered

204:

In 2023, data were assessed for the 136 countries that met the criteria for inclusion in the GHI, and GHI scores were calculated for 125 of those countries based on data from 2000 to 2023. The data used to calculate GHI scores come from published United Nations sources

6357:

The world population is expected to be over 9 billion by 2050. Additionally, more and more people live in cities. Urban populations feed themselves differently than inhabitants of rural areas; they tend to consume less staple foods and more meat and dairy

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utilization, and stability of food systems. In addition, climate change can contribute to conflict, especially in vulnerable and food-insecure regions, creating a double vulnerability for communities, which are pushed beyond their ability to cope.

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risks to experiencing lifelong damage, including poor physical and cognitive development, poor health, and even early death. The consequences of malnutrition that occurred after 24 months of a child's life are by contrast largely reversible.

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If adaptation strategies do not suffice to deal with the negative impact of the crisis, fundamental, longer-lasting changes to life and behavior have to be made (e.g., nomadic tribes become sedentary farmers because they cannot keep their

81:

be directly compared to 2000, 2008 and 2015 GHI scores) to provide an assessment of progress over time. In addition to presenting GHI scores, the GHI includes an essay that covers an annually changing focus topic related to hunger.

6511:

underweight. The problem of child undernutrition is concentrated in a few countries and regions, with more than 90 percent of stunted children living in Africa and Asia. 42% of the world's undernourished children live in India alone.

6349:

Increasingly, hunger is related to how we use land, water, and energy. The growing scarcity of these resources puts more and more pressure on food security. Several factors contribute to an increasing shortage of natural resources:

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It is therefore not enough to support people in emergencies and, once the crisis is over, to start longer-term development efforts. Instead, emergency and development assistance has to be conceptualized with the goal of increasing

6241:

Generally, the situation concerning hidden hunger can only be improved when many measures intermesh. In addition to the direct measures described above, this includes the education and empowerment of women, the creation of better

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Improvement of food, especially of mothers and children, through nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions to prevent short-term crises from leading to nutrition-related problems late in life or across

6164:

The 2016 GHI emphasizes that the regions, countries, and populations most vulnerable to hunger and undernutrition have to be identified, so improvement can be targeted there, if the world community wants to seriously

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throughout the year. Large demographic groups such as women and youth are carrying the burden of these crises. This year’s GHI report considers the ways in which current food systems are failing young people.

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von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Alders, R.; Dar, O.; Kock, R.; Rampa, F.; Wiemers, M.; Acheampong, K.; Hanano, A.; Higgins, B.; Ní Chéilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2020).

6364:

As the global economy grows, wealthy people consume more food and goods, which have to be produced with a lot of water and energy. They can afford not to be efficient and wasteful in their use of resources.

409:

West Asia and North Africa is the region with the third-highest hunger level according to 2023 GHI scores. With a 2023 GHI score of 11.9, West Asia and North Africa’s hunger level is considered

382:

Mozambique, Nepal, and Timor-Leste. These reductions in hunger are particularly impressive given the challenges facing the world and the stagnation in hunger levels at the global level in recent years.

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levels of hunger: Burundi, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Niger, Somalia, South Sudan, and Yemen. In a further 34 countries, hunger is considered

6583:

von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein J.; Geza, W.; Ndlovu, M.; Wiemers, M.; Reiner, L.; Bachmeier, M.; Hanano, A.; Ní Chéilleachair, R.; Sheehan, T.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Larocque, G.; Fritschel, H. (2023).

6470:

of agricultural commodities, for instance investments in fonds, which are speculating on price changes of agricultural products (2003: 13 Bn US Dollar, 2008: 260 Bn US Dollar), as well as increasing

414:. Conflict-torn Yemen and Syria have the highest country-level 2023 GHI scores in the region, at 39.9 and 26.1, respectively. The region is contending with looming threats, including growing 6375:

Signs for an increasing scarcity of energy, land and water resources are for example: growing prices for food and energy, a massive increase of large-scale investment in arable land (so-called

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von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Resnick, D.; Wiemers, M.; Reiner, L.; Bachmeier, M.; Hanano, A.; Towey, O.; Ní Chéilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Larocque, G.; Fritschel, H. (2022).

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von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Delgado, C.; Smith, D.; Wiemers, M.; Schiffer, T.; Hanano, A.; Towey, O.; Ní Chéilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2021).

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people experience yearly droughts. On top of that, they have to deal with violent conflict and natural calamities. At the same time, the global context becomes more and more volatile (

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Once the capacity to absorb is exhausted, steps are taken to adapt the household's lifestyle to the situation without making drastic changes (e.g., using drought-resistant seeds).

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The 20 countries with 2023 GHI scores of less than 5 are not assigned individual ranks. but rather are collectively ranked 1-20. Differences between their scores are minimal.

6157:

The 2016 Global Hunger Index (GHI) presents a multidimensional measure of national, regional, and global hunger, focusing on how the world can get to Zero Hunger by 2030.

6201:

develops when humans do not take in enough micronutrients such as zinc, folate, iron and vitamins, or when their bodies cannot absorb them. Reasons include an unbalanced

6065:

A One Health lens brings into focus a number of weaknesses including the fragility of globalized food systems; underinvestment in local farmers, farmer associations, and

7133:

von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Hammond, L.; Patterson, F.; Sonntag, A.; Klaus, L.; Fahlbusch, J.; Towey, O.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2018).

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The Global Hunger Index differentiates three coping strategies. The lower the intensity of the crises, the less resources have to be used to cope with the consequences:

6208:

The consequences for individuals can be devastating: these often include mental impairment, bad health, low productivity and death caused by sickness. In particular,

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von Grebmer, K.; Headey, D.; Béné, C.; Haddad, L.; Olofi nbiyi, T.; Wiesmann, D.; Fritschel, H.; Yin, S.; Yohannes, Y.; Foley, C.; von Oppeln, C.; Iseli, B. (2013).

7022: 6803:

von Grebmer, K.; Ringler, C.; Rosegrant, M.; Olofinbiyi, T.; Fritschel, H.; Badiane, O.; Torero, M.; Yohannes, Y.; Thompson, J.; von Oppeln, C.; Rahall, J. (2012).

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include local voices and capacities and promote strong local decision-making structures, with the efforts tailored to the conditions and capacities on the ground.

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in the United States (over one third of the corn harvest of 2009 and 2010 respectively) and quota for biofuel in gasoline in the European Union, India and others.

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reflecting the severity of hunger, where 0 is the best possible score (no hunger) and 100 is the worst. Each country’s GHI score is classified by severity, from

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von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Hossain, N.; Brown, T.; Prasai, N.; Yohannes, Y.; Patterson, F.; Sonntag, A.; Zimmermann, S.-M.; Towey, O.; Foley, C. (2017).

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von Grebmer, K.; Ruel, M.; Menon, P.; Nesorova, B.; Olofinbiyi, T.; Fritschel, H.; Yohannes, Y.; von Oppeln, C.; Towey, O.; Golden, K.; Thompson, J. (2010).

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The 2017 highlights the uneven nature of progress made in reducing hunger worldwide and the ways in which inequalities of power lead to unequal nourishment.

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von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Mukerji, R.; Patterson, F.; Wiemers, M.; Ní Chéilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2019).

6205:, a higher need for micronutrients (e.g. during pregnancy or while breast feeding) but also health issues related to sickness, infections or parasites. 8484: 7697: 7649: 7473: 7426: 7375: 7324: 7273: 7221: 7170: 7119: 7064: 7009: 6954: 6899: 6844: 6789: 6734: 6620: 6327:

Implementation of multi-year, flexible programs, which are financed in a way that enables multisectoral approaches to overcome chronic food crises.

344:

According to the 2023 GHI scores and provisional designations, hunger remains serious or alarming in 43 countries. 9 countries have

77:

also became a co-publisher. In 2018, IFPRI withdrew from the project and the GHI became a joint project of Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide.

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collective values and behaviors must push toward sustainability and a fairer balance of political, cultural, and institutional power in society.

200:: the share of children who die before their fifth birthday, partly reflecting the fatal mix of inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments. 7023:

von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Nabarro, D.; Prasai, N.; Amin, S.; Yohannes, Y.; Sonntag, A.; Patterson, F.; Towey, O.; Thompson, J. (2016).

7581: 7448: 7397: 7090: 7035: 6980: 6925: 6870: 6815: 6760: 6705: 6116:

25.4 million refugees, and 3.1 million asylum seekers. For these people, hunger may be both a cause and a consequence of forced migration.

66: 8342: 6913:

von Grebmer, K.; Saltzman, A.; Birol, E.; Wiesmann, D.; Prasai, N.; Yin, S.; Yohannes, Y.; Menon, P.; Thompson, J.; Sonntag, A. (2014).

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Victora, Cesar Gomes; Adair,Linda; Fall, Caroline; Hallal, Pedro; Martorell, Reynaldo; Richter, Linda; Sachdev, Singh Harshpal (2008).

6387:), increasing number of people, who live in regions with lowering ground water levels, and the loss of arable land as a consequence of 6298:

Skills or resources are used to reduce the impact of a crisis without changing a household's lifestyle (e.g., selling some livestock).

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conflict. Still, severe hunger also exists without conflict present, as the cases of several countries in South Asia and Africa show.

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flexible and agile approach; (2) work through partnerships; (3) pursue integrative ways of working; and (4) break down funding silos.

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Communicating that improving resilience is cost-effective and improves food and nutrition security, especially in fragile contexts.

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Elimination of policies that undermine people's resilience. Using the Right to Food as a basis for the development of new policies.

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Volatility and prices increases are worsened according to the report by the concentration of staple foods in a few countries and

6418:

Improvement of the access to education for women and the strengthening of their reproductive rights to address demographic change

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Preventing and overuse of natural resources through monitoring strategies for water, land and energy, and agricultural systems

6133:• recognizing that the resilience of displaced people is never entirely absent and should be the basis for providing support. 255:

Achieving food security and sustainable use of natural resources, when the natural sources of food become increasingly scarce.

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are affected if they do not absorb enough micronutrients in the first 1000 days of their lives (beginning with conception).

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Furthermore, climate change raises four key inequities that play out at the interface of climate change and food security:

8347: 6267: 37:) is a tool that attempts to measure and track hunger globally as well as by region and by country, prepared by European 6487:

fertilizers and water, as well as the increasing demand resulting from population growth, puts pressure on food prices.

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from relatives who live abroad can set in motion a downward spiral from which they cannot free themselves on their own.

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Overcoming the institutional, financial, and conceptual boundaries between humanitarian aid and development assistance.

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von Grebmer, K.; Torero, M.; Olofinbiyi, T.; Fritschel, H.; Wiesmann, D.; Yohannes, Y.; Schofield, L.; von Oppeln, C.

8239: 352:. Many countries have seen hunger worsen in recent years: since 2015, hunger has increased in 18 countries with 206: 6189:

Armed conflict has increased since 2005, and unless it can be reduced, there is little hope for eliminating hunger.

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Active involvement of the local population in the planning and implementation of resilience-increasing programs.

8337: 6412:

Support for approaches, that lead to a more efficient use of land, water and energy along the whole value chain

6166: 222: 6967: 194:: the share of children under age five who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition. 188:: the share of children under age five who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition. 8449: 6395:

The analysis of the global conditions lead the authors of the GHI 2012 to recommend several policy actions:

6409:

Investment in agriculture technology development to promote a more efficient use of land, water and energy

8362: 8352: 8265: 8171: 390: 8234: 6209: 6127:• adopting more holistic approaches to protracted displacement settings involving development support; 6666: 8144: 7968: 210: 336:

allows users to visualize the data for different years and zoom into specific regions or countries.

8149: 7938: 7663:

Victora, Cesar Gomes; de Onis, Mercedes; Hallal, Pedro; Blössner, Monika; Shrimpton, Roger (2010).

6333:

Scientific monitoring and evaluation of measures and programs with the goal to increase resilience.

6283: 6198: 5764: 329:(ISHI) was published in 2008 and the Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia was published in 2009. 326: 7865:

The Challenge of Hunger: Ensuring Sustainable Food Security Under Land, Water, and Energy Stresses

6807:

The Challenge of Hunger: Ensuring Sustainable Food Security Under Land, Water, and Energy Stresses

49:. The GHI is calculated annually, and its results appear in a report issued in October each year. 8091: 7570: 7405: 6258:

situation is "alarming" or "extremely alarming" are particularly prone to crises: In the African

8479: 8459: 8260: 8218: 8213: 8096: 7973: 6458: 6421:

Increase incomes, reduce social and economic inequality and promotion of sustainable lifestyles

581: 7495: 8474: 8327: 8191: 8030: 7691: 7643: 6238:

can be used. In particular, the addition of vitamin A leads to a better child survival rate.

4978: 8357: 8312: 8280: 8275: 8201: 8176: 8132: 6435: 1244: 8: 8428: 8206: 8037: 7988: 7931: 2679: 5914:

countries did not exist in their present borders in the given year or reference period.

8332: 8270: 8058: 8047: 8025: 8020: 8009: 7627: 7523: 7442:"A Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia: Assessing Progress in Region-Level Outcomes" 6968:

von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; de Waal, A.; Prasai, N.; Yin, S.; Yohannes, Y. (2015).

6479: 2353: 7618: 6130:• providing support to food-insecure displaced people in their regions of origin; and 8307: 8181: 8074: 7983: 7589: 7545: 7535: 7487: 7467: 7452: 7420: 7369: 7354: 7318: 7303: 7267: 7252: 7215: 7200: 7164: 7149: 7113: 7098: 7058: 7043: 7003: 6988: 6948: 6933: 6893: 6878: 6838: 6823: 6783: 6768: 6728: 6713: 6642: 6634: 6614: 6599: 6531: 6498:

At a national level, especially food importing countries (those with a negative food

776: 386: 74: 42: 7914: 7905: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7842: 7833: 7824: 7815: 7806: 7797: 7788: 7779: 7770: 7605:"Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital" 7339: 7288: 7237: 7185: 7134: 7079: 7024: 6969: 6914: 6859: 6804: 6749: 6694: 267:

Hidden hunger, a form of undernutrition characterized by micronutrient deficiencies.

8454: 8383: 8378: 8164: 8159: 8042: 7998: 7856:

The Challenge of Hunger: Building Resilience to achieve Food and Nutrition Security

7672: 7622: 7614: 6862:

The Challenge of Hunger: Building Resilience to achieve Food and Nutrition Security

6228: 6202: 4893: 218: 7528: 6120:

Support for food-insecure displaced people needs to be improved in four key areas:

249:

of the recent years and the effects these changes have on hunger and malnutrition.

8393: 8154: 7665:"Worldwide timing of growth faltering: Revisiting implications for interventions" 7585: 7491: 7401: 7350: 7299: 7248: 7196: 7145: 7094: 7039: 6984: 6929: 6874: 6819: 6764: 6709: 6638: 6595: 6535: 6384: 6263: 6235: 3947: 1049: 70: 46: 7874:

The Challenge of Hunger: Taming Price Spikes and Excessive Food Price Volatility

7741: 7388: 6752:

The Challenge of Hunger: Taming Price Spikes and Excessive Food Price Volatility

333: 8398: 6467: 6462: 6424:

Climate change mitigation and adaptation through a reorientation of agriculture

6388: 6216:

cause a loss in global productivity of 1.4 to 2.1 billion US Dollars per year.

419: 415: 21: 6246:

and adequate hygiene, and access to clean drinking water and health services.

8443: 8137: 8086: 7549: 6499: 6376: 6274:

sickness in the family, crop failure after a drought, or the interruption of

6224: 6174: 6014: 5449: 6667:

United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME).

6316:

Based on this analysis, the authors present several policy recommendations:

6249: 6124:• recognizing and addressing hunger and displacement as political problems; 8186: 7746: 7676: 6492: 6471: 6344: 6066: 5371: 4553: 2941: 2555: 1981: 261:

Strengthening community resilience against undernutrition and malnutrition.

160:

Based on the values of the four indicators, a GHI score is calculated on a

239:

Early childhood undernutrition among children younger than the age of two.

8069: 7728: 7573:

Ensuring Sustainable Food Security under Land, Water, and Energy Stresses

6275: 6039: 5888: 5279: 4932: 4110: 3228: 2229: 246: 7892:

The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on Financial Crisis and Gender Inequality

6056: 303:

One decade to Zero Hunger: Linking health and sustainable food systems".

7954: 7793:

One Decade to Zero Hunger - Linking Health and Sustainable Food Systems

7609: 7240:

One Decade to Zero Hunger - Linking Health and Sustainable Food Systems

6243: 6076: 5997: 5711: 5233: 5194: 4156: 3993: 3869: 3104: 2764: 2066: 1864: 1446: 1361: 1322: 1010: 7529:"The State of Food and Agriculture: Food Systems for Better Nutrition" 6234:

In the case of acute nutrient deficiency and in specific life phases,

6170: 6096:

3. the impacts of climate change on poorer people in the Global South

8124: 6539: 6452: 6448: 3908: 3692: 3639: 3019: 2980: 2902: 1733: 932: 7883:

The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on the Crisis of Child Undernutrition

6697:

The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on the Crisis of Child Undernutrition

279:

Reaching the UN Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger by 2030.

8196: 8119: 8080: 7486: 6633: 6530: 6380: 5024: 4776: 4737: 4436: 4397: 4032: 3784: 3593: 3306: 3267: 2810: 2633: 2594: 2105: 1903: 1648: 1407: 1166: 6379:), increasing degradation of arable land because of too intensive 6444: 5849: 5810: 5573: 5410: 5070: 4358: 3738: 3515: 3423: 3384: 3182: 2725: 2516: 2392: 2268: 2020: 1825: 1694: 1570: 1485: 1283: 1088: 971: 815: 737: 698: 542: 65:

Created in 2006, the GHI was initially published by the US-based

6668: 6099:

4. the ability and capacity to deal with climate change impacts

8101: 7714:

List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty

7391:"India State Hunger Index: Comparisons of Hunger across States" 6483: 6255: 6197:

Hidden hunger concerns over 200 million people worldwide. This

5116: 4854: 4631: 4514: 4475: 4202: 4071: 2431: 2190: 1779: 1609: 1524: 1205: 1127: 893: 854: 214: 6180: 485: Countries where hunger is extremely alarming (GHI ≥50.0) 7923: 6259: 6137:

in greater responsibility sharing at an international level.

5665: 5534: 5325: 5155: 4815: 4677: 4319: 4280: 3823: 3469: 3345: 3065: 2856: 659: 620: 182:

the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake.

7723: 7439: 6428: 6505: 6090:

1. the degree of responsibility for causing climate change

5495: 4592: 4241: 3554: 3143: 2470: 2314: 2151: 1942: 6015:

2022 GHI: Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance

475: Countries where hunger is alarming (GHI = 35.0–49.9) 455: Countries where hunger is moderate (GHI = 10.0–19.9) 217:, and Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation), 7389:

Menon, Purnima; Deolalikar, Anil; Bhaskar, Anjor (2009).

6250:

2013 GHI: Resilience to Build Food and Nutrition Security

465: Countries where hunger is serious (GHI = 20.0–34.9) 38: 6434:

The report cites 3 factors as the main reasons for high

6345:

2012 GHI: Pressures on Land, Water, and Energy Resources

6106: 7525:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

6140: 6020:

the need for long-term transformation of food systems.

339: 207:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

8318:

International Conference on Population and Development

6491:

children to school, riskier income generation such as

6040:

2021 GHI: Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings

377:

7 countries whose 2000 GHI scores indicated

364:

2023 GHI scores. An additional 14 countries with

6057:

2020 GHI: Linking Health and Sustainable Food Systems

6231:

of feedplants (e.g. vitamin A rich sweet potatoes).

6077:

2019 GHI: The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change

5998:

2023 GHI: The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems

6362:

Higher income and non-sustainable use of resources:

6152: 6093:2. the intergenerational impacts of climate change 385:Overlapping crises, including the fallout from the 430:Country rankings as per the Global Hunger Index. 315:Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance. 8441: 7775:Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance 7498:Food Systems Transformation And Local Governance 7342:Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance 6482:of these goods, the historical low of worldwide 229:GHI scores or assigning provisional categories. 7563: 6406:Creation of a positive macroeconomic framework 445: Countries where hunger is low (GHI ≤9.9) 7939: 6438:, or price changes, and price spikes of food: 309:Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings. 60: 7784:Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings 7696:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7472:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7425:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7374:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7323:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7291:Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings 7272:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7220:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7169:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7118:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7063:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7008:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6953:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6898:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6843:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6733:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6619:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 88: 67:International Food Policy Research Institute 8343:United Nations world population conferences 7656: 7596: 6181:2015 GHI: Armed Conflict and Chronic Hunger 6024:shape how their food systems are governed. 321:The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems. 8256:Population and housing censuses by country 7946: 7932: 7838:Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger 7802:The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change 7766:The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems 7188:The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change 6972:Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger 6587:The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems 6542:The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems 6371:land and water for the production of food. 6192: 273:Armed conflict and its relation to hunger. 7626: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6429:2011 GHI: Rising and Volatile Food Prices 5777: 5734: 5724: 5678: 5596: 5586: 5462: 5341: 5295: 5246: 5086: 5040: 4994: 4948: 4707: 4697: 4687: 4647: 4169: 4120: 3960: 3839: 3748: 3702: 3662: 3652: 3603: 3482: 3439: 3198: 3035: 2866: 2826: 2777: 2695: 2649: 2483: 2284: 2121: 2030: 1795: 1749: 1664: 1537: 1377: 175:The GHI combines 4 component indicators: 7979:Estimates of historical world population 6506:2010 GHI: Early Childhood Undernutrition 6502:), are affected by the changing prices. 285:The challenges of inequality and hunger. 20: 8485:Measurements and definitions of poverty 7517: 7331: 6660: 8442: 7447:. Washington D.C., Bonn and Riverside 7396:. Washington D.C., Bonn and Riverside 7089:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 7034:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 6979:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 6924:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 6869:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 6814:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 6759:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 6704:. Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: 6561: 7927: 7580:. Bonn, Washington, DC & Dublin: 7440:Schmidt, Emily; Dorosh, Paul (2009). 6286:of poor people against these shocks. 6107:2018 GHI: Forced Migration and Hunger 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5873: 5834: 5795: 512: 509: 506: 503: 497: 494: 8412: 6141:2017 GHI: The Inequalities of Hunger 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5731: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5685: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5593: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5469: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5253: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4828: 4825: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4704: 4694: 4684: 4681: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4176: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4130: 4127: 4117: 4114: 4084: 4056: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3967: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3758: 3755: 3745: 3742: 3712: 3709: 3699: 3696: 3659: 3649: 3643: 3613: 3610: 3600: 3597: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3489: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2876: 2873: 2863: 2860: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2784: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2501: 2480: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2399: 2396: 2360: 2357: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2272: 2236: 2233: 2197: 2194: 2155: 2112: 2109: 2073: 2070: 1988: 1985: 1949: 1946: 1910: 1907: 1871: 1868: 1832: 1829: 1783: 1701: 1698: 1655: 1652: 1613: 1574: 1528: 1492: 1489: 1453: 1450: 1329: 1326: 1209: 978: 975: 780: 663: 340:Global and Regional Trends in Hunger 327:Hunger Index for the States of India 232:In previous years, topics included: 25:2023 Global Hunger Index by Severity 16:Tool that measures and tracks hunger 8348:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 6368:Bad policies and weak institutions: 6254:Many of the countries in which the 5876: 5837: 5798: 5752: 5749: 5699: 5696: 5653: 5650: 5614: 5611: 5561: 5558: 5522: 5519: 5483: 5480: 5437: 5434: 5398: 5395: 5359: 5356: 5313: 5310: 5267: 5264: 5221: 5218: 5182: 5179: 5143: 5140: 5104: 5101: 5058: 5055: 5012: 5009: 4963: 4917: 4881: 4878: 4842: 4839: 4803: 4800: 4764: 4761: 4722: 4662: 4541: 4502: 4463: 4385: 4059: 3646: 2643: 2529: 2504: 2490: 2477: 2474: 2444: 2405: 2402: 2366: 2363: 2327: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2242: 2239: 2203: 2200: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2118: 2115: 2079: 2076: 2040: 2037: 2027: 2024: 1994: 1991: 1955: 1952: 1916: 1913: 1877: 1874: 1838: 1835: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1707: 1704: 1661: 1658: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1544: 1534: 1531: 1498: 1495: 1459: 1456: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1335: 1332: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1023: 1020: 1017: 984: 981: 945: 942: 939: 936: 906: 903: 900: 897: 867: 864: 861: 858: 828: 825: 822: 819: 789: 786: 783: 750: 747: 744: 741: 711: 708: 705: 702: 672: 669: 666: 633: 630: 627: 624: 594: 591: 588: 585: 555: 552: 549: 546: 520: 515: 500: 425: 325:In addition to the yearly GHI, the 13: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5790: 5787: 5744: 5741: 5691: 5688: 5645: 5642: 5606: 5603: 5553: 5550: 5514: 5511: 5475: 5472: 5429: 5426: 5390: 5387: 5351: 5348: 5305: 5302: 5259: 5256: 5213: 5210: 5198: 5174: 5171: 5135: 5132: 5096: 5093: 5050: 5047: 5004: 5001: 4966: 4958: 4955: 4920: 4912: 4909: 4873: 4870: 4834: 4831: 4822: 4819: 4795: 4792: 4756: 4753: 4725: 4717: 4714: 4665: 4657: 4654: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4499: 4494: 4491: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4051: 4048: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4009: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2496: 2493: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1597: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1263: 1260: 1232: 1224: 1221: 1185: 1182: 1154: 1146: 1143: 1131: 1107: 1104: 1076: 1068: 1065: 1037: 1029: 1026: 1014: 990: 987: 951: 948: 912: 909: 873: 870: 834: 831: 803: 795: 792: 756: 753: 717: 714: 678: 675: 639: 636: 600: 597: 569: 561: 558: 14: 8496: 8240:Population and Development Review 6223:Other possible solutions are the 5970: 5922: 1349: 1271: 1268: 1229: 1193: 1190: 1151: 1115: 1112: 1073: 1034: 998: 995: 959: 956: 920: 917: 881: 878: 842: 839: 800: 764: 761: 725: 722: 686: 683: 647: 644: 608: 605: 566: 530: 527: 8424: 8423: 8411: 8288:Population concern organizations 7994:Projections of population growth 7740: 7722: 6669:"Under-five Mortality Estimates" 6153:2016 GHI: Getting to Zero Hunger 5881: 5842: 5803: 5776: 5757: 5733: 5723: 5704: 5677: 5658: 5627:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5619: 5595: 5585: 5566: 5527: 5488: 5461: 5442: 5403: 5364: 5340: 5318: 5294: 5272: 5245: 5226: 5187: 5148: 5109: 5085: 5063: 5039: 5017: 4993: 4971: 4947: 4925: 4886: 4847: 4808: 4769: 4730: 4706: 4696: 4686: 4670: 4646: 4624: 4585: 4546: 4507: 4468: 4429: 4390: 4351: 4312: 4273: 4234: 4195: 4168: 4149: 4119: 4103: 4064: 4025: 3986: 3959: 3940: 3901: 3862: 3838: 3816: 3777: 3747: 3731: 3701: 3685: 3661: 3651: 3632: 3602: 3586: 3547: 3508: 3481: 3462: 3438: 3416: 3377: 3338: 3299: 3260: 3221: 3197: 3175: 3136: 3097: 3058: 3034: 3012: 2973: 2934: 2895: 2865: 2849: 2825: 2803: 2776: 2757: 2718: 2694: 2672: 2648: 2626: 2587: 2548: 2509: 2482: 2463: 2424: 2385: 2346: 2307: 2283: 2261: 2222: 2183: 2144: 2120: 2098: 2059: 2029: 2013: 1974: 1935: 1896: 1857: 1818: 1794: 1772: 1748: 1726: 1687: 1663: 1641: 1602: 1563: 1536: 1517: 1478: 1439: 1400: 1376: 1354: 1315: 1276: 1237: 1198: 1159: 1120: 1081: 1042: 1003: 964: 925: 886: 847: 808: 769: 730: 691: 652: 613: 574: 535: 8389:Human impact on the environment 8323:Population Action International 7480: 7433: 7382: 7349:. Washington D.C.& Dublin: 7298:. Washington D.C.& Dublin: 7280: 7247:. Washington D.C.& Dublin: 7228: 7195:. Washington D.C.& Dublin: 7177: 7144:. Washington D.C.& Dublin: 7126: 7071: 7016: 6961: 8338:United Nations Population Fund 7953: 7847:The Challenge of Hidden Hunger 6917:The Challenge of Hidden Hunger 6906: 6851: 6796: 6741: 6686: 6627: 6524: 6400:Securing land and water rights 6167:Sustainable Development Goal 2 418:and the increasing effects of 223:Demographic and Health Surveys 1: 7755: 7619:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4 6518: 6403:Gradual lowering of subsidies 6264:financial and economic crises 7919:The Challenge of Hunger 2006 7910:The Challenge of Hunger 2007 7901:The Challenge of Hunger 2008 7571:"2012 Global Hunger Index — 7340:"2022 Global Hunger Index – 7289:"2021 Global Hunger Index – 7238:"2020 Global Hunger Index – 7186:"2019 Global Hunger Index – 7135:"2018 Global Hunger Index – 7080:"2017 Global Hunger Index – 7025:"2016 Global Hunger Index – 6970:"2015 Global Hunger Index – 6915:"2014 Global Hunger Index – 6860:"2013 Global Hunger Index – 6805:"2012 Global Hunger Index - 6750:"2011 Global Hunger Index - 6695:"2010 Global Hunger Index - 6585:"2023 Global Hunger Index - 291:Forced migration and hunger. 7: 8363:World Population Foundation 8353:World Population Conference 8266:World population milestones 7811:Forced Migration and Hunger 7707: 7137:Forced Migration and Hunger 391:Russian invasion of Ukraine 10: 8501: 8235:Population and Environment 7820:The Inequalities of Hunger 7082:The Inequalities of Hunger 5918: 5912: 297:Climate change and hunger. 69:(IFPRI) and Germany-based 61:Global Hunger Index Report 8407: 8371: 8296: 8248: 8227: 8145:Human population planning 8110: 8056: 8007: 7969:Demographics of the world 7961: 6383:(for example, increasing 245:Rising and more volatile 211:World Health Organization 89:Calculation of GHI scores 73:. In 2007, the Irish NGO 8150:Compulsory sterilization 6199:micronutrient deficiency 6161:and subnational levels. 5765:Central African Republic 54:2023 Global Hunger Index 8092:Malthusian growth model 7496:"Global Hunger Index — 7406:University of Riverside 6540:"Global Hunger Index — 6193:2014 GHI: Hidden Hunger 8470:Social statistics data 8465:International rankings 8219:Zero population growth 8214:Sustainable population 8138:Malthusian catastrophe 8097:Overshoot (population) 7974:Demographic transition 7829:Getting to Zero Hunger 7677:10.1542/peds.2009-1519 6459:Extreme weather events 582:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26: 8328:Population Connection 8192:Mere addition paradox 8031:Physiological density 7504:globalhungerindex.org 7027:Getting to Zero Hunge 6647:globalhungerindex.org 6594:. Bonn & Dublin: 6548:globalhungerindex.org 6443:Use of the so-called 6225:industrial enrichment 4979:Republic of the Congo 24: 8358:World Population Day 8313:Church of Euthanasia 8202:Non-identity problem 8177:Political demography 8133:Human overpopulation 7613:(371/9609): 340–57. 1245:United Arab Emirates 8450:Development studies 8207:Reproductive rights 8038:Population dynamics 7989:Population momentum 7592:. 2012. p. 47. 6480:export restrictions 6447:, promoted by high 6355:Demographic change: 2680:Trinidad and Tobago 96: 31:Global Hunger Index 8333:Population Matters 8048:Population pyramid 8026:Population density 8021:Population decline 6673:childmortality.org 2354:Dominican Republic 379:extremely alarming 170:extremely alarming 149:Extremely alarming 94: 27: 8437: 8436: 8308:7 Billion Actions 8182:Population ethics 8075:Carrying capacity 7984:Population growth 7749: 7731: 7590:Concern Worldwide 7541:978-92-5-107671-2 7488:Concern Worldwide 7453:Concern Worldwide 7355:Concern Worldwide 7304:Concern Worldwide 7253:Concern Worldwide 7201:Concern Worldwide 7150:Concern Worldwide 7099:Concern Worldwide 7044:Concern Worldwide 6989:Concern Worldwide 6934:Concern Worldwide 6879:Concern Worldwide 6824:Concern Worldwide 6769:Concern Worldwide 6714:Concern Worldwide 6635:Concern Worldwide 6600:Concern Worldwide 6532:Concern Worldwide 6268:food price crises 5995: 5994: 490: 489: 387:COVID-19 pandemic 180:Undernourishment: 157: 156: 75:Concern Worldwide 43:Concern Worldwide 8492: 8427: 8426: 8415: 8414: 8384:Green Revolution 8165:Two-child policy 8160:One-child policy 8083: 8043:Population model 7999:World population 7948: 7941: 7934: 7925: 7924: 7747:World portal 7745: 7744: 7738: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7702: 7701: 7695: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7647: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7579: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7533: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7471: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7446: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7424: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7395: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7373: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7348: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7322: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7297: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7271: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7246: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7219: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7194: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7143: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7088: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7033: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7007: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6978: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6952: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6923: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6868: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6842: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6813: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6758: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6703: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6618: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6593: 6580: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6528: 6236:food supplements 6229:biofortification 5987: 5983: 5968: 5965: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5023: 5021: 5020: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4894:Papua New Guinea 4892: 4890: 4889: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4031: 4029: 4028: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3018: 3016: 3015: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2019: 2017: 2016: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1204: 1202: 1201: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1009: 1007: 1006: 970: 968: 967: 931: 929: 928: 892: 890: 889: 853: 851: 850: 814: 812: 811: 775: 773: 772: 736: 734: 733: 697: 695: 694: 658: 656: 655: 619: 617: 616: 580: 578: 577: 541: 539: 538: 492: 491: 484: 474: 464: 454: 444: 438: 437: 426:Country rankings 97: 93: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8403: 8367: 8301: 8299: 8292: 8244: 8223: 8172:Overconsumption 8155:Family planning 8112: 8106: 8079: 8063: 8060: 8052: 8014: 8011: 8003: 7957: 7952: 7758: 7739: 7729:Food portal 7721: 7710: 7705: 7689: 7688: 7681: 7679: 7661: 7657: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7631: 7601: 7597: 7586:Welthungerhilfe 7577: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7542: 7531: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7492:Welthungerhilfe 7485: 7481: 7465: 7464: 7457: 7455: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7408: 7402:Welthungerhilfe 7393: 7387: 7383: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7351:Welthungerhilfe 7346: 7336: 7332: 7316: 7315: 7308: 7306: 7300:Welthungerhilfe 7295: 7285: 7281: 7265: 7264: 7257: 7255: 7249:Welthungerhilfe 7244: 7233: 7229: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7203: 7197:Welthungerhilfe 7192: 7182: 7178: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7152: 7146:Welthungerhilfe 7141: 7131: 7127: 7111: 7110: 7103: 7101: 7095:Welthungerhilfe 7086: 7076: 7072: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7046: 7040:Welthungerhilfe 7031: 7021: 7017: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6991: 6985:Welthungerhilfe 6976: 6966: 6962: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6936: 6930:Welthungerhilfe 6921: 6911: 6907: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6881: 6875:Welthungerhilfe 6866: 6856: 6852: 6836: 6835: 6828: 6826: 6820:Welthungerhilfe 6811: 6801: 6797: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6771: 6765:Welthungerhilfe 6756: 6746: 6742: 6726: 6725: 6718: 6716: 6710:Welthungerhilfe 6701: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6639:Welthungerhilfe 6632: 6628: 6612: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6596:Welthungerhilfe 6591: 6581: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6536:Welthungerhilfe 6529: 6525: 6521: 6508: 6474:of these goods. 6461:as a result of 6431: 6385:desertification 6347: 6308:Transformation: 6252: 6195: 6183: 6155: 6143: 6109: 6079: 6059: 6042: 6017: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5984: 5971: 5966: 5923: 5882: 5880: 5843: 5841: 5804: 5802: 5775: 5758: 5756: 5732: 5722: 5705: 5703: 5676: 5659: 5657: 5620: 5618: 5594: 5584: 5567: 5565: 5528: 5526: 5489: 5487: 5460: 5443: 5441: 5404: 5402: 5365: 5363: 5339: 5319: 5317: 5293: 5273: 5271: 5244: 5227: 5225: 5188: 5186: 5149: 5147: 5110: 5108: 5084: 5064: 5062: 5038: 5018: 5016: 4992: 4972: 4970: 4946: 4926: 4924: 4887: 4885: 4848: 4846: 4809: 4807: 4770: 4768: 4731: 4729: 4705: 4695: 4685: 4671: 4669: 4645: 4625: 4623: 4586: 4584: 4547: 4545: 4508: 4506: 4469: 4467: 4430: 4428: 4391: 4389: 4352: 4350: 4313: 4311: 4274: 4272: 4235: 4233: 4196: 4194: 4167: 4150: 4148: 4118: 4104: 4102: 4065: 4063: 4026: 4024: 3987: 3985: 3958: 3948:Solomon Islands 3941: 3939: 3902: 3900: 3863: 3861: 3837: 3817: 3815: 3778: 3776: 3746: 3732: 3730: 3700: 3686: 3684: 3660: 3650: 3633: 3631: 3601: 3587: 3585: 3548: 3546: 3509: 3507: 3480: 3463: 3461: 3437: 3417: 3415: 3378: 3376: 3339: 3337: 3300: 3298: 3261: 3259: 3222: 3220: 3196: 3176: 3174: 3137: 3135: 3098: 3096: 3059: 3057: 3033: 3013: 3011: 2974: 2972: 2935: 2933: 2896: 2894: 2864: 2850: 2848: 2824: 2804: 2802: 2775: 2758: 2756: 2719: 2717: 2693: 2673: 2671: 2647: 2627: 2625: 2588: 2586: 2549: 2547: 2510: 2508: 2481: 2464: 2462: 2425: 2423: 2386: 2384: 2347: 2345: 2308: 2306: 2282: 2262: 2260: 2223: 2221: 2184: 2182: 2145: 2143: 2119: 2099: 2097: 2060: 2058: 2028: 2014: 2012: 1975: 1973: 1936: 1934: 1897: 1895: 1858: 1856: 1819: 1817: 1793: 1773: 1771: 1747: 1727: 1725: 1688: 1686: 1662: 1642: 1640: 1603: 1601: 1564: 1562: 1535: 1518: 1516: 1479: 1477: 1440: 1438: 1401: 1399: 1375: 1355: 1353: 1316: 1314: 1277: 1275: 1238: 1236: 1199: 1197: 1160: 1158: 1121: 1119: 1082: 1080: 1050:North Macedonia 1043: 1041: 1004: 1002: 965: 963: 926: 924: 887: 885: 848: 846: 809: 807: 770: 768: 731: 729: 692: 690: 653: 651: 614: 612: 575: 573: 536: 534: 522: 517: 516:Absolute change 486: 482: 476: 472: 466: 462: 456: 452: 446: 442: 428: 342: 334:interactive map 198:Child mortality 162:100-point scale 158: 91: 71:Welthungerhilfe 63: 47:Welthungerhilfe 17: 12: 11: 5: 8498: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8421: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8399:Sustainability 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8372:Related topics 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8263: 8261:Largest cities 8258: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8130: 8122: 8116: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8081:I = P × A × T 8077: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8023: 8017: 8015: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7912: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7858: 7849: 7840: 7831: 7822: 7813: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7777: 7768: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7734: 7716: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7671:(125/3): 473. 7655: 7595: 7562: 7540: 7516: 7479: 7432: 7381: 7330: 7279: 7227: 7176: 7125: 7070: 7015: 6960: 6905: 6850: 6795: 6740: 6685: 6659: 6626: 6560: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6507: 6504: 6476: 6475: 6468:Future trading 6465: 6463:Climate Change 6456: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6389:climate change 6373: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6251: 6248: 6194: 6191: 6182: 6179: 6173:and achieving 6154: 6151: 6142: 6139: 6108: 6105: 6078: 6075: 6058: 6055: 6041: 6038: 6016: 6013: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5969: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5730: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5592: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4944: 4941: 4938: 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4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4116: 4113: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3698: 3695: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3658: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3599: 3596: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3544: 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1488: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 961: 958: 954: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 922: 919: 915: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 883: 880: 876: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 844: 841: 837: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 805: 802: 798: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 766: 763: 759: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 727: 724: 720: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 688: 685: 681: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 649: 646: 642: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 610: 607: 603: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 571: 568: 564: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 532: 529: 525: 524: 521:Percent change 519: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 488: 487: 481: 478: 477: 471: 468: 467: 461: 458: 457: 451: 448: 447: 441: 427: 424: 420:climate change 416:water scarcity 341: 338: 323: 322: 316: 310: 304: 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 262: 256: 250: 240: 219:the World Bank 202: 201: 195: 189: 186:Child stunting 183: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 141: 135: 134: 131: 125: 124: 121: 115: 114: 111: 105: 104: 101: 92: 90: 87: 62: 59: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8497: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8480:Hunger relief 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8460:Food politics 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8430: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8379:Bennett's law 8377: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8300:organizations 8295: 8289: 8286: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087:Kaya identity 8085: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8006: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7743: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7725: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7699: 7693: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7645: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7574: 7566: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7505: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7475: 7469: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7428: 7422: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7371: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7343: 7334: 7326: 7320: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7292: 7283: 7275: 7269: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7241: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7189: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7138: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7074: 7066: 7060: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7019: 7011: 7005: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6973: 6964: 6956: 6950: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6918: 6909: 6901: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6846: 6840: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6808: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6698: 6689: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6648: 6644: 6643:"Methodology" 6640: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6549: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6500:trade balance 6496: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6377:land grabbing 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6187: 6178: 6176: 6175:food security 6172: 6171:ending hunger 6168: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5890: 5879: 5872: 5851: 5840: 5833: 5812: 5801: 5794: 5766: 5755: 5748: 5713: 5702: 5695: 5667: 5656: 5649: 5628: 5617: 5610: 5575: 5564: 5557: 5536: 5525: 5518: 5497: 5486: 5479: 5451: 5450:Guinea-Bissau 5440: 5433: 5412: 5401: 5394: 5373: 5362: 5355: 5327: 5316: 5309: 5281: 5270: 5263: 5235: 5224: 5217: 5196: 5185: 5178: 5157: 5146: 5139: 5118: 5107: 5100: 5072: 5061: 5054: 5026: 5015: 5008: 4980: 4969: 4962: 4934: 4923: 4916: 4895: 4884: 4877: 4856: 4845: 4838: 4817: 4806: 4799: 4778: 4767: 4760: 4739: 4728: 4721: 4679: 4668: 4661: 4633: 4622: 4615: 4594: 4583: 4576: 4555: 4544: 4537: 4516: 4505: 4498: 4477: 4466: 4459: 4438: 4427: 4420: 4399: 4388: 4381: 4360: 4349: 4342: 4321: 4310: 4303: 4282: 4271: 4264: 4243: 4232: 4225: 4204: 4193: 4186: 4158: 4147: 4140: 4112: 4101: 4094: 4073: 4062: 4055: 4034: 4023: 4016: 3995: 3984: 3977: 3949: 3938: 3931: 3910: 3899: 3892: 3871: 3860: 3853: 3825: 3814: 3807: 3786: 3775: 3768: 3740: 3729: 3722: 3694: 3683: 3676: 3641: 3630: 3623: 3595: 3584: 3577: 3556: 3545: 3538: 3517: 3506: 3499: 3471: 3460: 3453: 3425: 3414: 3407: 3386: 3375: 3368: 3347: 3336: 3329: 3308: 3297: 3290: 3269: 3258: 3251: 3230: 3219: 3212: 3184: 3173: 3166: 3145: 3134: 3127: 3106: 3095: 3088: 3067: 3056: 3049: 3021: 3010: 3003: 2982: 2971: 2964: 2943: 2932: 2925: 2904: 2893: 2886: 2858: 2847: 2840: 2812: 2801: 2794: 2766: 2755: 2748: 2727: 2716: 2709: 2681: 2670: 2663: 2635: 2624: 2617: 2596: 2585: 2578: 2557: 2546: 2539: 2518: 2507: 2500: 2472: 2461: 2454: 2433: 2422: 2415: 2394: 2383: 2376: 2355: 2344: 2337: 2316: 2305: 2298: 2270: 2259: 2252: 2231: 2220: 2213: 2192: 2181: 2174: 2153: 2142: 2135: 2107: 2096: 2089: 2068: 2057: 2050: 2022: 2011: 2004: 1983: 1972: 1965: 1944: 1933: 1926: 1905: 1894: 1887: 1866: 1855: 1848: 1827: 1816: 1809: 1781: 1770: 1763: 1735: 1724: 1717: 1696: 1685: 1678: 1650: 1639: 1632: 1611: 1600: 1593: 1572: 1561: 1554: 1526: 1515: 1508: 1487: 1476: 1469: 1448: 1437: 1430: 1409: 1398: 1391: 1363: 1352: 1345: 1324: 1313: 1306: 1285: 1274: 1267: 1246: 1235: 1228: 1207: 1196: 1189: 1168: 1157: 1150: 1129: 1118: 1111: 1090: 1079: 1072: 1051: 1040: 1033: 1012: 1001: 994: 973: 962: 955: 934: 923: 916: 895: 884: 877: 856: 845: 838: 817: 806: 799: 778: 767: 760: 739: 728: 721: 700: 689: 682: 661: 650: 643: 622: 611: 604: 583: 572: 565: 544: 533: 526: 493: 480: 479: 470: 469: 460: 459: 450: 449: 440: 439: 436: 435: 431: 423: 421: 417: 413: 407: 404: 400: 394: 392: 388: 383: 380: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 337: 335: 330: 328: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 244: 241: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 199: 196: 193: 192:Child wasting 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 171: 167: 163: 152: 150: 147: 146: 142: 140: 137: 136: 132: 130: 127: 126: 122: 120: 117: 116: 112: 110: 107: 106: 102: 99: 98: 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 68: 58: 55: 50: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 23: 19: 8475:Malnutrition 8416: 8228:Publications 8187:Antinatalism 8125: 8102:World3 model 7962:Major topics 7918: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7846: 7837: 7828: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7792: 7783: 7774: 7765: 7737: 7736: 7719: 7718: 7692:cite journal 7682:14 September 7680:. Retrieved 7668: 7658: 7644:cite journal 7634:14 September 7632:. Retrieved 7608: 7598: 7572: 7565: 7555:14 September 7553:. Retrieved 7519: 7509:14 September 7507:. Retrieved 7503: 7497: 7482: 7458:14 September 7456:. Retrieved 7435: 7411:14 September 7409:. Retrieved 7384: 7360:14 September 7358:. Retrieved 7341: 7333: 7309:14 September 7307:. Retrieved 7290: 7282: 7258:14 September 7256:. Retrieved 7239: 7230: 7206:14 September 7204:. Retrieved 7187: 7179: 7155:14 September 7153:. Retrieved 7136: 7128: 7104:14 September 7102:. Retrieved 7081: 7073: 7049:14 September 7047:. Retrieved 7026: 7018: 6994:14 September 6992:. Retrieved 6971: 6963: 6939:14 September 6937:. Retrieved 6916: 6908: 6884:14 September 6882:. Retrieved 6861: 6853: 6829:14 September 6827:. Retrieved 6806: 6798: 6774:14 September 6772:. Retrieved 6751: 6743: 6719:14 September 6717:. Retrieved 6696: 6688: 6678:14 September 6676:. Retrieved 6672: 6662: 6652:14 September 6650:. 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Retrieved 6547: 6541: 6526: 6513: 6509: 6497: 6493:prostitution 6489: 6477: 6472:trade volume 6433: 6432: 6394: 6393: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6354: 6348: 6340:generations. 6315: 6314: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6253: 6240: 6233: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6147: 6144: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5986:established. 5372:Sierra Leone 4554:Burkina Faso 2942:South Africa 2556:Turkmenistan 1982:Saudi Arabia 498:Rank in 2015 495:Rank in 2023 433: 432: 429: 411: 408: 402: 401:in 2000 and 398: 395: 384: 378: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 343: 331: 324: 318: 312: 306: 300: 294: 288: 282: 276: 270: 264: 258: 252: 242: 236: 231: 227: 203: 197: 191: 185: 179: 174: 169: 165: 161: 159: 148: 138: 128: 118: 108: 83: 79: 64: 53: 51: 34: 30: 28: 18: 8111:Society and 8070:Biocapacity 6302:Adaptation: 6296:Absorption: 6276:remittances 6227:of food or 6067:smallholder 5889:South Sudan 5280:Afghanistan 5195:Timor-Leste 4933:North Korea 4111:Ivory Coast 3229:Philippines 2230:El Salvador 523:since 2015 247:food prices 95:GHI scores 8444:Categories 8298:Events and 8113:population 8059:Population 8010:Population 7955:Population 7756:Literature 7669:Pediatrics 7610:The Lancet 6519:References 6449:oil prices 6436:volatility 6284:resilience 6244:sanitation 5781: 44.0 5738: 41.0 5728: 38.9 5712:Madagascar 5682: 42.1 5600: 35.5 5590: 30.6 5466: 33.3 5345: 31.1 5299: 30.6 5250: 37.0 5234:Mozambique 5090: 28.3 5044: 28.0 4998: 28.0 4952: 27.8 4711: 26.1 4701: 23.9 4691: 16.2 4651: 25.9 4173: 22.4 4157:Mauritania 4124: 36.0 3964: 23.4 3870:Bangladesh 3843: 18.7 3752: 29.2 3706: 28.5 3666: 17.3 3656: 11.1 3607: 25.0 3486: 18.5 3443: 15.6 3202: 14.5 3105:Tajikistan 3039: 13.6 2870: 16.9 2830: 12.5 2781: 14.6 2765:Cape Verde 2699: 10.8 2653: 10.4 2487: 10.4 2067:Kyrgyzstan 1865:Azerbaijan 1447:Kazakhstan 1362:Costa Rica 1323:Uzbekistan 1011:Montenegro 518:since 2015 143:35.0-49.9 133:20.0-34.9 123:10.0-19.9 8394:Migration 8271:6 billion 7550:0081-4539 6453:subsidies 6358:products. 3909:Guatemala 3693:Indonesia 3640:Venezuela 3020:Mauritius 2981:Sri Lanka 2903:Nicaragua 2288: 8.2 2125: 7.5 2034: 8.6 1799: 6.7 1753: 6.4 1734:Argentina 1668: 6.0 1541: 6.3 1381: 5.1 933:Lithuania 8429:Category 8197:Natalism 8120:Eugenics 7708:See also 7534:. 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