Gobi Desert - Knowledge

893: 1321: 1545: 1590:(i.e. sky). These vast expanses are absolutely waterless, nor do any oases relieve the unbroken stretches of yellow sand, which alternate with equally vast areas of saline clay or, nearer the foot of the mountains, with barren shingle. Although on the whole a level country with a general altitude of 1,000 to 1,500 m (3,300 to 4,900 ft), this section, like most other parts of the Gobi, is crowned by a network of hills and broken ranges of at least 300 m in elevation. The vegetation is confined to a few varieties of bushes and a dozen kinds of grasses and herbs, the most conspicuous being saxaul ( 1804:, it consists of two, possibly of three, principal ranges, which, although broken in continuity, run generally parallel to one another, and embrace between them numerous minor chains of heights. These minor ranges, together with the principal ranges, divide the region into a series of long; narrow valleys, mostly parallel to one another and to the enclosing mountain chains, which descend like terraced steps, on the one side towards the depression of Lukchun and on the other towards the desert of Lop. 1147:. The mine was and remains controversial. There was significant opposition in Mongolia's parliament to the terms under which the mine will proceed, and some are calling for the terms to be renegotiated. Specifically, the contention revolves primarily around the question of whether negotiations were fair (Rio Tinto is far better resourced) and whether Rio Tinto will pay adequate taxes on the revenues it derives from the mine (an agreement was reached whereby the operation will be exempt from 5648: 5416: 873: 186: 1425:(199 mi) south of Ulaanbaatar, streams are frequent and grass grows more or less abundantly. Through all the central parts, until the bordering mountains are reached, trees and shrubs are utterly absent. Clay and sand are the predominant formations; the watercourses, especially in the north, being frequently excavated 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) deep. In many places in the flat, dry valleys or depressions farther south, beds of 6464: 5429: 5219: 5441: 5231: 2417: 260: 251: 84: 1586:, "it is a perfectly level plain, which in all probability once formed the bed of a huge lake or inland sea." He concludes this based on the level area of the region as a whole, the hard saline clay and the sand-strewn surface and, lastly, the salt lakes which occupy its lowest parts. For hundreds of kilometers, nothing can be seen but bare sands; in some places, they continue so far without a break that the Mongols call them 43: 1417:), the surface is greatly eroded. Broad flat depressions and basins are separated by groups of flat-topped mountains of relatively low elevation 150 to 180 m (490 to 590 ft), through which archaic rocks crop out as crags and isolated rugged masses. The floors of the depressions lie mostly between 900 and 1,000 m (3,000 and 3,300 ft) above sea-level. Further south, between Iren-dutiasu-nor and the 5255: 1445:'s Gobi formation) which are characteristic of the southern parts of eastern Mongolia, are absent here or occur only in one locality, near the Shara-muren river. They are greatly intersected by gullies or dry watercourses. Water is scarce, with no streams, no lakes, no wells, and precipitation falls seldom. The prevailing winds blow from the west and northwest, and the pall of dust overhangs the country as in the 6476: 5453: 5243: 838: 1695:

call this terrain the Dzungarian desert. The Chinese also call it a desert, but the Mongols call it a 'gobi'—that is, a land of thin herbage, more suitable for camels than for cows, but capable also, if herds are kept small and moved frequently, of sustaining horses, sheep, and goats. The herbage comprises a high proportion of woody, fragrant plants. Gobi mutton is the most aromatic in the world.

861: 850: 1336: 1864:(Boy-san) system (see below). The Kuruk-tagh is throughout a relatively low, but almost completely barren range, being entirely destitute of animal life, save for hares, antelopes and wild camels, which frequent its few small, widely scattered oases. The vegetation, which is confined to these same areas, is of the scantiest and is mainly confined to bushes of 908:. Besides being quite far north, it is also located on a plateau roughly 910–1,520 m (2,990–4,990 ft) above sea level, which contributes to its low temperatures. An average of about 194 mm (7.6 in) of rain falls annually in the Gobi. Additional moisture reaches parts of the Gobi in winter as snow is blown by the wind from the 1163:, most rapidly on the southern edge into China, which is seeing 3,600 km (1,390 sq mi) of grassland overtaken every year. Dust storms increased in frequency between 1996 and 2016, causing further damage to China's agriculture economy. However, in some areas desertification has been slowed or reversed. 2117:

The Gobi Desert as a whole was known only very imperfectly to outsiders, as information was confined to observations by individual travelers engaging in their respective itineraries across the desert. Among the European and American explorers who contributed to the understanding of the Gobi, the most

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or "Salt Desert". It is some 130 to 160 km (81 to 99 mi) across from north to south, and is traversed by a number of minor parallel ranges, ridges and chains of hills. Down its middle runs a broad stony valley, 40 to 80 km (25 to 50 mi) wide, at an elevation of 900 to 1,370 m

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The altitudes are higher, those of the lowlands ranging from 1,000 to 1,700 m (3,300 to 5,600 ft), and those of the ranges from 200 to 500 m (660 to 1,640 ft) higher, though in a few cases they reach altitudes of 2,400 m (7,900 ft). The elevations do not form continuous

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In many cases these latitudinal valleys are barred transversely by ridges or spurs, generally elevations en masse of the bottom of the valley. Where such elevations exist, there is generally found, on the east side of the transverse ridge, a cauldron-shaped depression, which some time or other has

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from the southern two-thirds. On the northern side, rivers formed from the snow and glaciers of the high mountains break through barren foothill ranges and flow out into an immense, hollow plain. Here the rivers begin to straggle and fan out, and form great marshes with dense reed-beds. Westerners

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At 91° east, where the principal range of the Kuruk-tagh system wheels to the east-northeast, four of its subsidiary ranges terminate, or rather die away somewhat suddenly, on the brink of a long narrow depression (in which Sven Hedin sees a northeast bay of the former great Central Asian lake of

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of the Ghashiun-Gobi and the Kuruk-tagh is determined by the aforementioned arrangements of the latitudinal valleys. Most of the principal streams, instead of flowing straight down these valleys, cross them diagonally and only turn west after they have cut their way through one or more of the

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in between. These two ranges mark the northern and the southern edges respectively of a great swelling, which extends eastward for nearly twenty degrees of longitude. On its northern side, the Chol-tagh descends steeply, and its foot is fringed by a string of deep depressions, ranging from

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As the border-range of the Hyangan is approached, the country steadily rises up to 1,370 m (4,490 ft) and then to 1,630 m (5,350 ft). Here small lakes frequently fill the depressions, though the water in them is generally salty or brackish. Both here and for 320 km

1421:, comes a region of broad tablelands alternating with flat plains, the latter ranging at altitudes of 1000–1100 m and the former at 1,070 to 1,200 m (3,510 to 3,940 ft). The slopes of the plateaus are more or less steep and are sometimes penetrated by "bays" of the lowlands. 2625:

Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (1975). "Late Cretaceous Mammals and Dinosaurs from the Gobi Desert: Fossils excavated by the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions of 1963–71 cast new light on primitive mammals and dinosaurs and on faunal interchange between Asia and North America".

1433:, the country presents approximately the same general features, except that the mountains are not so irregularly scattered in groups but have more strongly defined strikes, mostly east to west, west-north-west to east-south-east, and west-south-west to east-north-east. 3101:

In 1902, while Lesdain was leading an expedition through the Gobi desert, he crossed the path of another explorer. This latter proved to be Miss Mailey who, dressed in men's clothes, commanded her expedition with assurance borne of the safe culmination of many

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and off-road vehicles (effects from human intervention are greater in the eastern Gobi Desert, where rainfall is heavier and may sustain livestock). In Mongolia, grasslands have been degraded by goats, which are raised by nomadic herders as source of

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are especially well-adapted to the climate of the Gobi Desert, with approximately 30 species distributed across its southern Mongolian border. The most common vegetation in the Gobi desert are shrubs adapted to drought. These shrubs included

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species, but all dwarfed, deformed and starved. The fauna consists of little but antelope, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, marten, numerous lizards and a few birds, e.g. the sandgrouse, lark, stonechat, sparrow, crane,

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activity. The more northern areas of the Gobi are very cold and dry, making it unable to support much plant growth; this cold and dry weather is attributed to Siberian-Mongolian high pressure cells. Hence, the icy

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It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk

1856:(White Pass Sands), has at first a west-northwest to east-southeast strike, but it gradually curves round like a scimitar towards the east-northeast and at the same time gradually decreases in elevation. 3309: 1828:, its altitude being 2,700 m (8,858 ft) above the level of the sea and some 1,200 m (3,937 ft) above the crown of the swelling itself. This range he considers to belong to the 1277:

range on the south. It includes the northern portion of China's Xinjiang province and extends into the southeastern corner of Mongolia. The Alashan Plateau semi-desert lies to the east, and the

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been the bottom of a former lake, but is now nearly a dry salt-basin. The surface configuration is in fact markedly similar to that which occurs in the inter-mount latitudinal valleys of the

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Liu, Ji-Liang; Li, Feng-Rui; Liu, Chang-An; Liu, Qi-Jun (2012-09-01). "Influences of shrub vegetation on distribution and diversity of a ground beetle community in a Gobi desert ecosystem".

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The northern and eastern boundaries between desert and grassland are constantly changing. This is mostly due to the climate conditions before the growing season, which influence the rate of

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The Gobi measures 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from southwest to northeast and 800 km (500 mi) from north to south. The desert is widest in the west, along the line joining the

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The Kuruk-tagh is the greatly disintegrated, denuded and wasted relic of a mountain range which used to be of incomparably greater magnitude. In the west, between Lake Bosten and the

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Starting around 8000 cal BP there was a warm wet phase in the Gobi desert. By 7500 cal BP lake levels in the Western Gobi reached their peak. Around this time there was meadow

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between 3500 cal BP and 3000 cal BP there was a decline in human habitation in the Gobi desert. Prehistoric petroglyphs have been found in Southern Mongolia in 1997.

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chains, but make up a congeries of short ridges and groups rising from a common base and intersected by a labyrinth of ravines, gullies, glens, and basins. But the

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Gonzalo de Salazar Serantes, “Discovery of Prehistoric Ruins in Gobi Desert”, Adoranten 1998. Tanum: Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art, 1998, pp 66-69

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reach the southeast parts of the Gobi, the area throughout this region is generally characterized by extreme dryness, especially during the winter, when the

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The Gobi had a long history of human habitation, mostly by nomadic peoples. The name of Gobi means desert in Mongolian. The region was inhabited mostly by

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The vast desert is crisscrossed by several trade routes, some of which have been in use for thousands of years. Among the most important are those from

6293: 3414: 2148: 3363: 2158: 1618: 3233:(1892). The narrative of a journey, in 1890 and 1891, across Siberia, Mongolia, the Gobi desert, and north China. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2251: 1837: 1105: 2198: 6233: 5683: 2882: 2855:

Yu, F.; et al. (2004). "Interannual variations of the grassland boundaries bordering the eastern edges of the Gobi Desert in central Asia".

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Average winter minimums are a frigid −21 °C (−6 °F), while summertime maximums are a warm 27 °C (81 °F). Most of the

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Despite the harsh conditions, these deserts and the surrounding regions sustain many animals species, some are even unique, including

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of the Gobi is one of great extremes, with rapid changes of temperature of as much as 35 °C (63 °F) in 24-hour spans.

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eaten by many herd animals, and Mongolians claim that this is essential in producing the proper, hazelnut-like notes of camel

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plain, string paddled, moulded rim, painted, geometrically incised, high and low fired pottery with mixture of sand, gravel,

1221:, the easternmost of the Gobi ecoregions, covering an area of 281,800 km (108,804 sq mi). It extends from the 1200:

and other fast-growing trees on some 36.5 million hectares across some 551 counties in 12 provinces of northern China.

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Steppes. These winds may cause the Gobi to reach −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter to 45 °C (113 °F) in summer.

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Lisa Janz has proposed a system of nomenclature for early Gobi desert habitation. They are Oasis I, Oasis II, Oasis III.

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project begun in 1978 and set to continue through 2050. The goal of the program is to reverse desertification by planting

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and narrow rocky chain of Longshou, 3,200 to 3,500 m (10,500 to 11,500 ft) in altitude, to the southwest. The

1297:, which is a low, sandy desert basin surrounded by the high mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau to the south and the 120: 6542: 6191: 5771: 5727: 5504: 3389: 3358: 3343: 2655:"Taxonomic composition and systematics of late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities" 2609: 2277: 1189: 4094: 6397: 5904: 3564: 3245: 3221: 1236:

to the north, the Yellow River Plain to the southeast, and the Alashan Plateau semi-desert to the southeast and east.

228: 167: 70: 1733: 1702: 6537: 6349: 5853: 5695: 5286: 5192: 5156: 4334: 3460: 2795: 1117: 885: 127: 4414: 733:. The name of the desert comes from the Mongolian word Gobi, used to refer to all of the waterless regions in the 6480: 5610: 5259: 3521: 3516: 3435: 1256: 990:

In southern Mongolia, the temperature has been recorded as low as −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F). In contrast, in

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in the northwestern part of the Gobi Desert (in Mongolia), which is noted for its fossil treasures, including

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is at its strongest. The southern and central parts of the Gobi Desert have variable plant growth due to this

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The surface is extremely diversified, although there are no great differences in vertical elevation. Between

802:(Sungari) and the upper waters of the Liao-ho, is reckoned to belong to the Gobi by conventional usage. Some 134: 2756:"Changes in the floristic composition of grasslands according to grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia, China" 6527: 5989: 5668: 5632: 5615: 5595: 5177: 4938: 3430: 3321: 1852:), that overlooks the southern shore of the Lake Bosten, though parted from it by the drift-sand desert of 396: 101: 56: 6063: 6053: 5894: 5710: 5433: 5279: 4596: 4581: 3501: 3480: 3440: 1539: 1260:, ecoregion lies north of Alashan Plateau semi-desert, between the Gobi Altai range to the south and the 1240: 1188:

China has tried various plans to slow the expansion of the desert, which have met with some success. The

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honeycomb imprinted, corded, string paddled, low and high fired pottery with a sand and gravel mixture.

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A relatively large area on the east side of the Greater Khingan range, between the upper waters of the

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would assign it to the Kuruk-tagh. This last, which is pretty certainly identical with the range of

6091: 6048: 6001: 5952: 5882: 5814: 5625: 5600: 5590: 5550: 5477: 4525: 4237: 4114: 2972:"Transitions in Paleoecology and Technology: Hunter Gatherers and Early Herders in the Gobi Desert" 2267: 2781: 6507: 6468: 6449: 6444: 6372: 6265: 5937: 5887: 5161: 5126: 5068: 4591: 3605: 3338: 2317: 2283: 2205: 1821: 1544: 1148: 757:(87°–89° east). Its area is approximately 1,295,000 square kilometres (500,000 sq mi). 730: 94: 1950:

from 8000 cal BP to 5000 cal BP. People used the oases extensively. It was characterized by:

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Lop-nor), having over against them the écheloned terminals of similar subordinate ranges of the

1522:) to Hami 670 km (416 mi); from Hami to Beijing (2,000 km (1,243 mi)); from 6114: 5942: 5899: 5837: 5605: 4981: 4948: 4696: 4626: 4444: 4396: 4197: 4187: 4142: 4124: 3863: 3785: 3445: 3348: 2142: 1774:(850 m (2,789 ft) above sea-level). To the south of the Kuruk-tagh lie the desert of 1592: 1037:, twenty-six of which, averaging 23 centimetres (9 in) in length, were uncovered in 1923. 369: 3023: 2462: 374: 6392: 6033: 5975: 5957: 5875: 5865: 5827: 5656: 5575: 5103: 4943: 4915: 4796: 4646: 4486: 4374: 4319: 4267: 4227: 3688: 3557: 3475: 2302: 2129: 1924: 1865: 1429:, 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft) thick, are exposed. West of the route from Ulaanbaatar to 1328: 31: 3114: 6502: 6152: 6124: 5802: 5525: 5121: 5093: 4994: 4930: 4830: 4701: 4691: 4661: 4631: 4601: 4586: 4570: 4453: 4301: 4272: 4242: 4202: 3638: 3035: 2923:"China's efforts to halt the Gobi provide a blueprint for tackling desertification | UNCCD" 2712: 2572: 2322: 2211: 1663: 1648: 1608: 1500: 1060: 1009: 8: 6364: 6184: 6083: 5970: 5925: 5690: 5512: 5313: 5202: 5187: 4882: 4787: 4728: 4711: 4686: 4636: 4324: 4292: 4162: 3976: 3896: 3818: 2312: 2273: 2170: 1690:, or Heavenly Mountains, running from west to east. It divides the northern one-third of 1583: 1068: 897: 141: 4478: 4081: 3620: 3039: 2716: 2576: 6377: 6354: 6288: 6273: 6104: 6058: 6043: 6038: 5819: 5737: 5647: 5405: 5302: 5223: 5083: 5033: 4872: 4743: 4706: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4651: 4641: 4498: 4354: 4314: 4252: 4217: 4207: 4192: 3610: 3470: 3051: 2999: 2991: 2736: 2682: 2635: 2511: 2307: 1653: 1642: 1624: 1340: 1278: 1167: 1072: 1045: 776: 658: 325: 3743: 1563:

or the “Little Gobi”) encompasses the distance between the great northern loop of the

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The expansion of the Gobi is attributed mostly to human activities, locally driven by

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The Gobi is overall a cold desert, with frost and occasionally snow occurring on its

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Chao SC (1984). "The sandy deserts and the gobi of China". In Farouk El-Baz (ed.).

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The Gobi Desert is the source of many important fossil finds, including the first

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and many low-lying areas with salt pans and small ponds. It is bounded by the

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prefer to regard the western area of the Gobi region (as defined above): the

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who led several palaeontological expeditions to the Gobi Desert in the 1920s

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There is little information about early habitation of the Gobi desert.

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Gobi includes the long stretch of desert extending from the foot of the

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Walking the Gobi: 1,600 Mile-trek Across a Desert of Hope and Despair

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Much of the Gobi is not sandy, instead resembling exposed bare rock.

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who led Polish-Mongolian palaeontological expeditions in the 1960s.

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Yiruhan, Ichiroku Hayashi; Nakamura, Toru; Shiyomi, Masae (2001).

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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and northeastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest.

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The Gobi, broadly defined, can be divided into five distinct dry

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Archeologists and paleontologists have done excavations in the

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Sternberg, Troy; Rueff, Henri; Middleton, Nick (2015-01-26).

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Hare, John (2009-11-01). "The Mysteries of the Gobi Desert".

2461:(2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. pp. 2026: 2021: 1992: 1917: 1560: 1519: 1504: 1426: 1197: 860: 348: 822:), as forming a separate and independent desert, called the 3186: 2671:

10.1206/0003-0090(2000)249<0001:tcasol>2.0.co;2

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to the west. The Taklamakan Desert ecoregion includes the

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from 5000 cal BP to 3000 cal BP. It is characterized by:

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The southwestern portion of the Gobi (known also as the

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of spring and early summer plus early January (winter).

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is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright

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burials have been found in the Gobi desert, as well as

635: 2824:"Living in China's Expanding Deserts (Published 2016)" 2753: 1293:, separates the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert from the 791:

mountain ranges, which form the northern edges of the

3238:

In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey Among Nomads

1028: 569: 545: 531: 517: 503: 489: 3410:

Red Sea Nubo–Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert

3087:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. July 28, 1926. p. 1 2097: 1916:

to 8000 cal BP. During this time people began using

684: 2854: 741:such as the Gobi itself rather than sandy deserts. 675: 108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3078: 2659:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2454: 1228:in China northward into Mongolia. It includes the 1181:, and depletion of water resources, as well as to 3197:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 165–169. 3137: 2624: 1212:, based on variations in climate and topography: 6494: 3173:, Vol. 139, No. 2 (June 1973), pp. 233–242. 3169:. (1973) "Return to China's Northern Frontier". 2763:Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science 1192:(or "Green Great Wall") is a Chinese government 2909:China's Soil Pollution and Degradation Problems 2779: 1699:The Yulduz valley or valley of the Haidag-gol ( 1680: 1453:. Characteristic of the flora are wild garlic, 984:−42.2 to 39.0 °C (−44.0 to 102.2 °F) 610: 596: 317: 3415:South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert 2531:, BBC TV series 2006 UK, 2007 US, "Episode 5". 1770:(130 m (427 ft) below sea level) to 1533: 737:; in Chinese, Gobi is used to refer to rocky, 6227: 5485: 5287: 5147:Geographic data and information organizations 4552: 3558: 3364:Tibesti–Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands 3303: 3201:Cable, Mildred and French, Francesca (1943). 2602:Too Big to Walk: The New Science of Dinosaurs 2208:(1889–1890) and M. Y. Grigory Grum-Grshimailo 1309: 571: 459: 302: 3142:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 3071: 2702: 2652: 2561:"Contraction of the Gobi Desert, 2000–2012" 1820:To the highest range on the great swelling 767:Mountains, 116–118° east, on the border of 286:1,295,000 km (500,000 sq mi) 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 30:"Gobi" redirects here. For other uses, see 6234: 6220: 5492: 5478: 5294: 5280: 4559: 4545: 3565: 3551: 3310: 3296: 2653:Keqin, Gao; Norell, Mark A. (2000-03-01). 818:and the desert basin of Lop Nor and Hami ( 6241: 5198:National Council for Geographic Education 2584: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 1686:The structure here is that of the mighty 1386:) and the small lake of Iren-dubasu-nor ( 1143:Large copper deposits are being mined by 229:Learn how and when to remove this message 168:Learn how and when to remove this message 3451:Central Afghan Mountains xeric woodlands 2796:"Rio set to open mammoth Mongolian mine" 2604:. London: William Collins. p. 216. 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 1543: 1334: 1319: 891: 871: 859: 848: 836: 572: 3230:From the Arctic Ocean to the Yellow Sea 2857:International Journal of Remote Sensing 2698: 2696: 2329:), said to inhabit the Gobi in Mongolia 1131:The area is vulnerable to trampling by 771:; and from the foothills of the Altay, 14: 6495: 5301: 3184: 2906: 2452: 2427: 981:−47 to 34 °C (−53 to 93 °F) 547: 6215: 5499: 5473: 5275: 4540: 3546: 3291: 3205:. Landsborough Publications, London, 3160: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2818: 2816: 2373: 1159:The Gobi Desert is expanding through 6475: 5452: 5242: 4566: 3486:Registan–North Pakistan sandy desert 3369:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands 3240:. HarperCollins Publishers, London, 3216:. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2969: 2693: 2599: 2522: 2485: 2346: 1126:Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area 779:mountain ranges on the north to the 179: 106:adding citations to reliable sources 77: 36: 5254: 3405:Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert 3028:Vegetation History and Archeobotany 1343:) on a hill in the eastern Gobi of 1079:. They are occasionally visited by 24: 3390:Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe 3359:South Saharan steppe and woodlands 3344:North Saharan steppe and woodlands 3255:. Mountaineer Books, Seattle, WA, 3177: 3010: 2948: 2813: 2446: 2278:American Museum of Natural History 1190:Three-North Shelter Forest Program 1154: 1029:Conservation, ecology, and economy 25: 6554: 3572: 3275: 3138:Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (1969). 2552: 2098:European and American exploration 731:sixth largest desert in the world 52:This article has multiple issues. 6474: 6463: 6462: 6350:Inner Mongolia Normal University 5646: 5451: 5439: 5428: 5427: 5414: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5218: 5217: 5193:International Geography Olympiad 3461:Central Asian riparian woodlands 2415: 1118:Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park 671: 258: 249: 184: 82: 41: 3522:Great Lakes Basin desert steppe 3517:Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe 3436:Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert 3282:Map, from "China the Beautiful" 3131: 3107: 3062: 2939: 2915: 2900: 2875: 2848: 2788: 2773: 2747: 2646: 2001:Oasis III is equivalent to the 1257:Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe 93:needs additional citations for 60:or discuss these issues on the 4906:Geographic information science 3266:Younghusband, Francis (1904). 3227:Price, Julius M. (1857-1924). 2780:Rio Tinto Group (2018-11-20). 2618: 2593: 2534: 2479: 2340: 2118:important were the following: 1946:Oasis II is equivalent to the 1782:desert, and the valley of the 1234:Mongolian-Manchurian grassland 959:−26.5 °C (−15.7 °F) 709: 636: 570: 546: 532: 518: 504: 490: 460: 13: 1: 5012:Geographic information system 3466:Central Asian southern desert 3456:Central Asian northern desert 3395:Central Persian desert basins 3115:"Who Was Roy Chapman Andrews" 3080:"Romance Gone, Given Divorce" 2705:Biodiversity and Conservation 2453:Wright, John W., ed. (2006). 2428:Bealby, John Thomas (1911). " 1908:Oasis I is equivalent to the 1897: 1602:. The others include prickly 1526:to Hami and Barkul; and from 1203: 1170:and subsequent plant growth. 962:−21.6 °C (−6.9 °F) 202:, which was produced in 1911. 6518:Deserts and xeric shrublands 4939:Environmental social science 3431:Afghan Mountains semi-desert 3322:deserts and xeric shrublands 3185:Bealby, John Thomas (1911). 3058:– via Springer Nature. 2333: 1987:vegetation around lakes. In 1681:Dzungarian Basin semi-desert 973:18.2 °C (64.8 °F) 970:17.5 °C (63.5 °F) 951:−0.4 °C (31.3 °F) 948:−2.5 °C (27.5 °F) 744: 7: 6533:Geography of Inner Mongolia 5684:Historical cities and towns 5621:Mongolian People's Republic 3502:Alashan Plateau semi-desert 3481:Paropamisus xeric woodlands 3441:Baluchistan xeric woodlands 3119:Roy Chapman Andrews Society 2976:Journal of World Prehistory 2907:Delang, Claudio O. (2014). 2869:10.1080/0143116031000084297 2357:10.1007/978-94-009-6080-0_5 2291: 1817:transverse barrier ranges. 1540:Alashan Plateau semi-desert 1534:Alashan Plateau semi-desert 1241:Alashan Plateau semi-desert 270:1,500 km (930 mi) 10: 6559: 3512:Eastern Gobi desert steppe 2457:The New York Times Almanac 1942:with high organic content. 1920:. It is characterized by: 1892: 1537: 1316:Eastern Gobi desert steppe 1313: 1310:Eastern Gobi desert steppe 1281:to the west, on the China- 1248:to the southeast, and the 1218:Eastern Gobi desert steppe 1108:, and low grasses such as 1056:, some 100,000 years old. 832: 29: 6543:Sites along the Silk Road 6458: 6440:Mausoleum of Genghis Khan 6422: 6406: 6363: 6345:Inner Mongolia University 6335: 6302: 6264: 6250: 6178: 6082: 5997: 5988: 5933: 5924: 5810: 5801: 5664: 5655: 5644: 5511: 5423: 5412: 5309: 5213: 5170: 5139: 5102: 5054:Global Positioning System 4980: 4971: 4929: 4881: 4742: 4617: 4610: 4577: 4511: 4477: 4452: 4443: 4395: 4373: 4300: 4291: 4123: 4080: 4058: 4005: 3962: 3887: 3809: 3751: 3742: 3619: 3581: 3494: 3423: 3400:Mesopotamian shrub desert 3377: 3331: 3236:Stewart, Stanley (2001). 3214:Gobi: Tracking the Desert 3048:10.1007/s00334-018-0710-y 2988:10.1007/s10963-016-9100-5 2970:Janz, Lisa (March 2017). 2945:Lattimore (1973), p. 238. 2725:10.1007/s10531-012-0320-4 2500:10.1080/03068370903195196 2214:(1893–1894 and 1899–1900) 2173:(1870–1872 and 1876–1877) 2090:. Due to the increasing 1001:falls during the summer. 700: 662: 647: 629: 624: 620: 611: 604: 597: 590: 585: 563: 556: 539: 525: 511: 497: 483: 476: 471: 467: 453: 448: 444: 439: 395: 383: 362: 341: 336: 318: 303: 295: 290: 282: 278:800 km (500 mi) 274: 266: 257: 248: 243: 6294:Administrative divisions 5861:Administrative divisions 5551:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 3268:The Heart of a Continent 3171:The Geographical Journal 2268:Jacques Bouly de Lesdain 1582:"Topographically," says 845:Autonomous Region, China 6538:Physiographic provinces 6450:Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda 6445:Hexigten Global Geopark 6373:Music of Inner Mongolia 5162:National mapping agency 5127:Survey (human research) 5069:Participant observation 3606:List of deserts by area 3339:Atlantic coastal desert 3194:Encyclopædia Britannica 2600:Ford, Brian J. (2018). 2439:Encyclopædia Britannica 2318:List of deserts by area 2284:Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska 2270:and Martha Mailey, 1902 2206:Grigory Grum-Grshimailo 2124:Jean-François Gerbillon 1822:Grigory Grum-Grshimailo 1492:. The taana wild onion 1098:gray sparrow's saltwort 1004:Although the southeast 198:Encyclopædia Britannica 6115:Goyol Fashion Festival 5905:Chief of General Staff 5152:Geographical societies 4949:Landscape architecture 4188:Gran Desierto de Altar 3446:Caspian lowland desert 3349:Red Sea coastal desert 3284:(archived 13 May 2008) 3251:Thayer, Helen (2007). 3022:Rosen, Arlene (2019). 2349:Deserts and arid lands 2218:Vsevolod I. Roborovsky 2143:Alexander G. von Bunge 2082:knives, and Mongolian 1697: 1593:Haloxylon ammondendron 1556: 1348: 1332: 901: 889: 869: 857: 846: 6393:Northeastern Mandarin 6284:Independence movement 5876:Third neighbor policy 5576:Northern Yuan dynasty 4944:Environmental studies 4916:Statistical geography 4797:Environmental science 4487:North American Arctic 4228:North American Arctic 3476:Kopet Dag semi-desert 3140:Hunting for dinosaurs 2303:Geography of Mongolia 2240:Charles-Etienne Bonin 2130:Eberhard Isbrand Ides 2067:, shells, and fiber. 1684: 1571:to the west, and the 1547: 1338: 1329:Bayankhongor Province 1323: 1061:black-tailed gazelles 895: 875: 863: 852: 840: 32:Gobi (disambiguation) 6135:Traditional medicine 5854:Constitutional Court 5696:Environmental issues 5526:Prehistoric Mongolia 5157:Geoscience societies 5122:Interview (research) 5094:Land change modeling 4995:Computer cartography 4973:Techniques and tools 4831:Earth system science 2323:Mongolian death worm 2248:(1897 and 1900–1901) 2212:Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov 2191:(1877 and 1884–1886) 2138:(1727–1728 and 1736) 1991:there may have been 1664:Eremophila alpestris 1649:Mongolian ground jay 1609:Artemisia campestris 1599:Agriophyllum gobicum 1530:(in Gansu) to Hami. 1069:wild Bactrian camels 1010:Siberian anticyclone 102:improve this article 6528:Deserts of Mongolia 6423:Visitor attractions 5820:State Great Khural 5611:Soviet intervention 5314:Atmospheric science 5203:Spatial citizenship 5188:Geographers on Film 5178:Geography education 4788:Atmospheric science 4415:Los Médanos de Coro 4163:Channeled scablands 3786:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn 3040:2019VegHA..28..295R 2717:2012BiCon..21.2601L 2577:2015RemS....7.1346S 2351:. pp. 95–113. 2313:Green Wall of China 2274:Roy Chapman Andrews 2230:Karl Josef Futterer 2171:Nikolai Przhevalsky 2012:chipped micro tools 1960:chipped macro tools 1840:(also known as the 1745: / 1714: / 1631:Convolvulus ammanii 1584:Nikolai Przhevalsky 1482:, saltwort and the 1401: / 1370: / 928: 898:Great Wall of China 713:) is a large, cold 415: / 27:Desert in East Asia 6378:Mongolian language 6355:Chifeng University 6059:List of Mongolians 5966:Telecommunications 5606:Chinese occupation 5406:Quaternary science 5303:Physical geography 5084:Statistical survey 5034:Geologic modelling 4873:Quaternary science 4208:Jornada del Muerto 3611:Desert exploration 3471:Kazakh semi-desert 3212:Man, John (1997). 3161:General references 3006:– via JSTOR. 2828:The New York Times 2628:American Scientist 2586:10.3390/rs70201346 2308:Geography of China 2183:Mikhail V. Pevtsov 2015:bifacially flakes 1975:cryptocrystallines 1938:plain, low fired, 1877:, reeds (kamish), 1824:gives the name of 1654:Podoces hendersoni 1625:Sophora flavescens 1606:, field wormwood ( 1557: 1507:(fermented milk). 1405:43.750°N 111.833°E 1374:48.000°N 107.000°E 1349: 1341:Mongolian wild ass 1333: 1279:Emin Valley steppe 1168:evapotranspiration 1073:Mongolian wild ass 1052:, and prehistoric 922: 902: 900:in the Gobi Desert 890: 870: 868:in the Gobi Desert 858: 847: 812:basin of the Tarim 763:(77° east) to the 721:region located in 592:Mongolian Cyrillic 6513:Biota of Mongolia 6490: 6489: 6398:Plain Blue Banner 6382:in Inner Mongolia 6209: 6208: 6174: 6173: 5984: 5983: 5920: 5919: 5912:Political parties 5871:Foreign relations 5797: 5796: 5467: 5466: 5401:Landscape ecology 5345:Coastal geography 5269: 5268: 5135: 5134: 4967: 4966: 4954:Landscape ecology 4774:Coastal geography 4534: 4533: 4507: 4506: 4391: 4390: 4076: 4075: 3753:Arabian Peninsula 3709:Plaine des Sables 3540: 3539: 3532:Taklamakan Desert 3261:978-1-59485-064-6 3149:978-0-262-61007-0 2711:(10): 2601–2619. 2472:978-0-14-303820-7 2366:978-94-009-6082-4 2224:Vladimir Obruchev 1850:Singher Mountains 1790:give the name of 1674:Galerida cristata 1567:to the east, the 1295:Taklamakan Desert 1262:Khangai Mountains 1102:Salsola passerina 988: 987: 824:Taklamakan Desert 735:Mongolian Plateau 651: 650: 643: 642: 581: 580: 478:Standard Mandarin 435: 434: 239: 238: 231: 221: 220: 178: 177: 170: 152: 75: 16:(Redirected from 6550: 6523:Deserts of China 6478: 6477: 6466: 6465: 6388:Mongolian script 6236: 6229: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6194: 6187: 6161: 6160:(New Year's Day) 6148: 6100: 6027:Southern Mongols 5995: 5994: 5961: 5931: 5930: 5841: 5823: 5808: 5807: 5662: 5661: 5650: 5546:Rouran Khaganate 5494: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5455: 5454: 5443: 5431: 5430: 5418: 5336:Paleoclimatology 5296: 5289: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5257: 5256: 5245: 5244: 5233: 5221: 5220: 5049:Geovisualization 4978: 4977: 4921:Spatial analysis 4806:Paleoclimatology 4615: 4614: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4450: 4449: 4298: 4297: 3749: 3748: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3198: 3190: 3154: 3153: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3085:The Evening News 3082: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3019: 3008: 3007: 2967: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2571:(2): 1346–1358. 2556: 2550: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2460: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2371: 2370: 2344: 2260:(1899–1900) and 2149:Hermann Fritsche 1832:system, whereas 1810:Kunlun Mountains 1760: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1573:Qilian Mountains 1549:Alxa Left Banner 1455:Kalidium gracile 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1269:Dzungarian Basin 1250:Qilian Mountains 1065:marbled polecats 1054:stone implements 929: 921: 896:Remnants of the 886:Gurvansaikhan NP 795:, on the south. 711: 702: 694: 693: 690: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 668: 664: 639: 638: 622: 621: 616: 615: 614: 606:Mongolian script 600: 599: 577: 576: 575: 574: 552: 551: 550: 535: 534: 521: 520: 507: 506: 493: 492: 469: 468: 463: 462: 437: 436: 430: 429: 427: 426: 425: 420: 419:42.59°N 103.43°E 416: 413: 412: 411: 408: 329: 321: 320: 314: 306: 305: 262: 253: 241: 240: 234: 227: 216: 213: 207: 200:Eleventh Edition 188: 187: 180: 173: 166: 162: 159: 153: 151: 110: 86: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6454: 6418: 6402: 6359: 6331: 6298: 6260: 6246: 6240: 6210: 6205: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6170: 6159: 6146: 6098: 6078: 6074:Writing systems 6064:Sex trafficking 6054:Public holidays 5980: 5959: 5916: 5895:Law enforcement 5839: 5821: 5793: 5651: 5642: 5638:Modern Mongolia 5633:1990 Revolution 5616:1921 Revolution 5596:1911 Revolution 5586:Dzungar Khanate 5561:Medieval tribes 5507: 5498: 5468: 5463: 5419: 5410: 5340:Palaeogeography 5305: 5300: 5270: 5265: 5209: 5166: 5131: 5098: 5017:Distributed GIS 4963: 4925: 4877: 4810:Palaeogeography 4738: 4606: 4573: 4565: 4535: 4530: 4503: 4473: 4439: 4387: 4369: 4330:Nullarbor Plain 4287: 4198:Great Salt Lake 4143:Baja California 4119: 4090:Bardenas Reales 4072: 4054: 4007:Iranian Plateau 4001: 3958: 3883: 3864:Saryesik-Atyrau 3805: 3738: 3674:Farafra (White) 3615: 3601:List of deserts 3591:Desertification 3577: 3571: 3541: 3536: 3490: 3419: 3373: 3327: 3316: 3278: 3273: 3203:The Gobi Desert 3180: 3178:Further reading 3163: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3090: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3020: 3011: 2968: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2838: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2774: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2701: 2694: 2651: 2647: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2598: 2594: 2557: 2553: 2546:The Gobi Desert 2540: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2451: 2447: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2374: 2367: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2294: 2289: 2242:(1896 and 1899) 2189:Grigory Potanin 2159:Z.L. Matusovski 2100: 2088:desertification 2032:grinding stones 1900: 1895: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1683: 1619:Inula ammophila 1542: 1536: 1410:43.750; 111.833 1409: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1379:48.000; 107.000 1378: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1325:Bactrian camels 1318: 1312: 1290:Tian Shan range 1246:Helan Mountains 1223:Inner Mongolian 1206: 1161:desertification 1157: 1155:Desertification 1145:Rio Tinto Group 1031: 927: 835: 793:Tibetan Plateau 765:Greater Khingan 758: 747: 674: 670: 666: 612: 513:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 423: 421: 417: 414: 409: 406: 404: 402: 401: 379: 358: 332: 323: 308: 235: 224: 223: 222: 217: 211: 208: 204: 189: 185: 174: 163: 157: 154: 111: 109: 99: 87: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6556: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6508:Biota of China 6505: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6472: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6322:Tengger Desert 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6243:Inner Mongolia 6239: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6155: 6150: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5976:Transportation 5973: 5968: 5963: 5955: 5953:Stock Exchange 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5835: 5833:Prime Minister 5830: 5825: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5774: 5772:National parks 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5351: 5342: 5329: 5327:Phytogeography 5320: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5079:Remote sensing 5076: 5074:Photogrammetry 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5039:Geomathematics 5036: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4959:Time geography 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4901:Geoinformatics 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4856: 4847: 4842: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4812: 4799: 4794: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4762:Phytogeography 4759: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4499:Russian Arctic 4496: 4495: 4494: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4320:Great Victoria 4317: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4268:Tule (Arizona) 4265: 4263:Tonopah Desert 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4238:Painted Desert 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4060:Southeast Asia 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3839:Dasht-e Naomid 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3385:Arabian Desert 3381: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3276:External links 3274: 3272: 3271: 3270:. John Murray. 3264: 3249: 3234: 3225: 3210: 3199: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3167:Owen Lattimore 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3130: 3106: 3097:Newspapers.com 3070: 3061: 3034:(3): 295–305. 3009: 2947: 2938: 2914: 2899: 2874: 2847: 2830:. 2016-10-24. 2812: 2787: 2772: 2746: 2692: 2645: 2634:(2): 150–159. 2617: 2611:978-0008311070 2610: 2592: 2565:Remote Sensing 2551: 2533: 2521: 2494:(3): 408–417. 2478: 2471: 2445: 2434:Chisholm, Hugh 2372: 2365: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2327:olgoi khorkhoi 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2271: 2265: 2255: 2252:K. Bogdanovich 2249: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2202: 2195:Béla Széchenyi 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2099: 2096: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2059:spindle whorls 2055: 2048: 2042: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2010: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1957:milling stones 1955: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1931:milling stones 1927: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1838:Kharateken-ula 1682: 1679: 1553:Inner Mongolia 1538:Main article: 1535: 1532: 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1286: 1265: 1253: 1237: 1205: 1202: 1183:climate change 1156: 1153: 1106:gray sagebrush 1030: 1027: 986: 985: 982: 979: 975: 974: 971: 968: 964: 963: 960: 957: 953: 952: 949: 946: 942: 941: 940:(1150 m) 935: 934:(1190 m) 932: 923: 854:Flaming Cliffs 843:Inner Mongolia 841:Sand dunes in 834: 831: 746: 743: 723:northern China 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 633: 627: 626: 625:Transcriptions 618: 617: 608: 602: 601: 594: 588: 587: 586:Mongolian name 583: 582: 579: 578: 567: 561: 560: 558:other Mandarin 554: 553: 543: 537: 536: 529: 523: 522: 515: 509: 508: 501: 495: 494: 487: 481: 480: 474: 473: 472:Transcriptions 465: 464: 457: 451: 450: 446: 445: 442: 441: 433: 432: 399: 393: 392: 390:Inner Mongolia 387: 381: 380: 378: 377: 372: 366: 364: 360: 359: 357: 356: 351: 345: 343: 339: 338: 334: 333: 331: 330: 315: 299: 297: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 255: 254: 246: 245: 237: 236: 219: 218: 192: 190: 183: 176: 175: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6555: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6483: 6482: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 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4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445:Polar regions 4442: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4397:South America 4394: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4273:Tule (Nevada) 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4125:North America 4122: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 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