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717:(CATRA) in the UK, a range of devices can accurately determine the cutting edge profile, including a rounding of the tip to ½°. The included angle of a blade is important in controlling its cutting ability and edge strength—i.e., a low angle makes a thin sharp edge optimized for cutting softer materials, while a large angle makes a thick edge that is less sharp but stronger, which may be better for cutting harder materials.
440:. It used the signals from two crossed antennas, or four individual antennas simulating two crossed ones, to re-create the radio signal in a small area between two loops of wire. The operator could then measure the angle to the target radio source by performing direction finding within this small area. The advantage to the Bellini–Tosi system is that the antennas do not move, allowing them to be built at any required size.
380:
90:
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an angle between the beam and the blade of 90° or less, the reading may be obtained directly from the graduation number on the dial indicated by the mark on the swivel plate. To measure an angle of over 90°, subtract the number of degrees as indicated on the dial from 180°, as the dial is graduated from opposite zero marks to 90° each way.
555:
application developers have created mobile applications that provide the functions of a goniometer. These applications (such as Knee
Goniometer and Goniometer Pro) use the accelerometers in phones to calculate joint angles. Recent research supports these applications and their devices as reliable and
252:
The bevel protractor consists of a beam, a graduated dial, and a blade which is connected to a swivel plate (with
Vernier scale) by a thumb nut and clamp. When the edges of the beam and blade are parallel, a small mark on the swivel plate coincides with the zero line on the graduated dial. To measure
741:
processes, can be inspected with a goniometer, typically with a built-in light source, to examine the blade edge for wear and correct angles. A difference in angle from that set on the machine may indicate excessive pressure, and a range of angles ("rounding") probably indicates a lack of stiffness,
625:
and manufactured by ramé-hart (now ramé-hart instrument company), New Jersey, USA. The original manual contact angle goniometer used an eyepiece with a microscope. Today's contact angle goniometer uses a camera and software to capture and analyze the drop shape, and is better suited for dynamic and
515:
of limbs and joints of the body. These measurements help accurately track progress in a rehabilitation program. When a patient has decreased range of motion, a therapist assesses the joint before performing an intervention, and continues to use the tool to monitor progress. The therapist can take
547:
These goniometers come in different forms that some argue increase reliability. The universal standard goniometer is a plastic or metal tool with 1 degree increments. The arms are usually not longer than 12-inches, so it can be hard to accurately pinpoint the exact landmark for measurement. The
559:
Modern rehabilitative therapy motion capture systems perform goniometry at the very least measuring active range of motion. While in some cases accuracy may be inferior to a goniometer, measuring angles with a motion capture system is superior at measuring during dynamic, as opposed to static
256:
Since the spaces, both on the main scale and the
Vernier scale, are numbered both to the right and the left from zero, any angle can be measured. The readings can be taken either to the right or to the left, according to the direction in which the zero on the main scale is moved.
654:
between any two liquids. If the difference in densities between the two fluids is known, the surface tension or interfacial tension can be calculated by the pendant drop method. An advanced instrument often called a goniometer / tensiometer includes software tools that measure
516:
these range of motion measurements at any joint. They typically require knowledge about the anatomy of the body, particularly bony landmarks. For example, when measuring the knee joint, the therapist places the axis (point of rotation) on the lateral
443:
The basic technique remains in use, although the equipment has changed dramatically. Goniometers are widely used for military and civil purposes, e.g. interception of satellite and naval communications on the French warship
638:
Surface tension exists because the molecules inside a liquid experience roughly equal cohesive forces in all directions, but molecules at the surface experience larger attractive forces toward the liquid than toward
701:—however, rather than move linearly relative to its base, the stage platform rotates partially about a fixed axis above the mounting surface of the platform. Positioning goniometers typically use a
223:
are attached to give more precise readings. It has wide application in architectural and mechanical drawing, although its use is decreasing with the availability of modern drawing software or
705:
with a partial worm wheel fixed to the underside of the stage platform meshing with a worm in the base. The worm gear may be rotated manually, or by a motor in automated positioning systems.
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situations. Furthermore, using a traditional goniometer takes valuable time. In the clinical context, performing manual measurements takes valuable time and may not be practical.
668:
548:
telescopic-armed goniometer is more reliable—with a plastic circular axis like a classic goniometer, but with arms that extend to as long as two feet in either direction.
975:
Milanese, Gordon. "Reliability and concurrent validity of knee angle measurement: Smart phone app versus universal goniometer used by experienced and novice clinicians".
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230:
Universal bevel protractors are also used by toolmakers; as they measure angles by mechanical contact they are classed as mechanical protractors.
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316:
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A positioning goniometer or goniometric stage is a device that rotates an object precisely about a fixed axis in space. It is similar to a
544:
may increase as the experience of the examiner decreases. Some studies suggest that these errors can be anywhere between 5 and 10 degrees.
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evaluators to determine a permanent disability. This is to evaluate progress, and also for medico-legal purposes. It is a tool to evaluate
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The included cutting angles of all kinds of sharp edge blades are measured using a laser reflecting goniometer. Developed by the
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is sometimes a problem with goniometers. Issues with the intra-measure (between measures) and inter-tester (between clinicians)
219:
A bevel protractor is a graduated circular protractor with one pivoted arm; used for measuring or marking off angles. Sometimes
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613:, advancing and receding contact angles, and sometimes surface tension. The first contact angle goniometer was designed by
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In a contact angle measurement, the angle between the droplet and solid surface indicates the wettability of the surface.
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A goniometer is used to document initial and subsequent range of motion, at the visits for occupational injuries, and by
38:
is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term
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A miniature electro-mechanical goniometer stage. This type of stage is used primarily in the field of lasers and optics.
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The bevel protractor is used to establish and test angles to very close tolerances. It reads to 5 arcminutes (5′ or
55:
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In physical therapy, occupational therapy, Orthotics and prosthetics and athletic training, a goniometer measures
950:
1097:"Concurrent validity and reliability of the simple goniometer iphone app compared with the universal goniometer"
996:"Concurrent validity and reliability of the simple goniometer iPhone app compared with the universal goniometer"
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124:. Most protractors are divided into 180 equal parts. Some precision protractors further divide degrees into
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109:. Some protractors are simple half-discs or full circles. More advanced protractors, such as the
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536:, and records a measurement using the degree scale on the circular portion of the tool. Reading
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460:, goniometers are used for measuring angles between crystal faces. They are also used in
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using the pendant drop, inverted pendant drop, and sessile drop methods, in addition to
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528:. Finally, the therapist lines up the moveable arm of the goniometer with the lateral
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1157:"Goniometer-apps in hand surgery and their applicability in daily clinical practice"
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is a commonly used type in the fields of mechanics, engineering, and geometry.
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Goniometer made by
Develey le Jeune in Lausanne, late 18th–early 19th century
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measure the spatial distribution of light visible to the human eye (often
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relates the contact angles to the adhesion of the drop to the surface. A
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850:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 234.
487:) at specific angular positions, usually covering all spherical angles.
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1056:"Validation of a novel smartphone accelerometer-based knee goniometer"
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to rotate the samples. The groundbreaking investigations of physicist
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André-Louis
Cholesky: Mathematician, Topographer, and Army Officer
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measures the reflectivity of a surface at a number of angles.
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Surface scientists use a contact angle goniometer to measure
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valid tools with as much accuracy as a universal goniometer.
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306:" double-protractor, in foreground, named after its inventor
106:
51:
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by Petri
Appiani as a 16-page appendix by Frisius entitled
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optical (2) goniometers for use in crystallography, c. 1900
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The first known description of a goniometer, based on the
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Reference for the famous Chain Home
British Radar of WWII
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1155:
Kuegler, P.; Wurzer, P.; Tuca, A.; et al. (2015).
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of the femur, and lines up the stationary arm with the
105:, typically made of transparent plastic, for measuring
605:, an instrument called a contact angle goniometer or
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
503:(findings that may indicate symptom magnification.)
1189:"Markerless Motion Capture. Biomechanical Analysis"
816: – Area of geometry, about angles and lengths
322:A half circle protractor marked in degrees (180°).
93:A half-circle protractor marked in degrees (180°).
1255:
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120:(°). Radian-scale protractors measure angles in
924:Brezinski, Claude; Tournès, Dominique (2014).
715:Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association
709:Knife and blade cutting edge angle measurement
408:was described in the second (1533) edition of
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171:. There might be a discussion about this on
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551:More recently in the twenty-first century,
249:°) and can measure angles from 0° to 450°.
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414:Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione
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191:Learn how and when to remove this message
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742:or wear, in the blade holder assembly.
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369:Protractor scale in degrees and radians
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404:. The application of triangulation to
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951:"Radio receiver workload accelerates"
903:. Industrial Press Inc. p. 580.
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861:Capotosto, Rosario (December 1993).
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274:A 360° protractor marked in degrees.
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900:Handbook of Dimensional Measurement
116:Most protractors measure angles in
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1104:Physiotherapy: Theory and Practice
1003:Physiotherapy: Theory and Practice
949:Boucher, Jacqueline (3 May 2007).
897:Farago, Francis T; Curtis (1994).
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834:Spencer, Leonard James (1911).
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396:Prior to the invention of the
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42:derives from two Greek words,
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650:for any liquid in gas or the
426:Bellini–Tosi direction finder
400:, the goniometer was used in
215:A universal bevel protractor.
84:
1299:Coordinate-measuring machine
1116:10.3109/09593985.2014.900835
1015:10.3109/09593985.2014.900835
669:centrifugal adhesion balance
470:atomic structure of crystals
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7:
1590:Angle measuring instruments
1060:The Journal of Knee Surgery
764:for drawing circles or arcs
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448:uses multiple goniometers.
21:Goniometer (disambiguation)
10:
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1054:Ockendon, Matthew (2012).
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432:that was widely used from
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128:. A protractor divided in
110:
18:
16:Angle measuring instrument
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1174:10.1186/s40886-015-0003-4
644:Contact angle goniometers
1543:Machine and metalworking
863:"Bridge City Protractor"
569:Contact angle goniometer
468:and colleagues into the
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1595:Dimensional instruments
1553:Measuring and alignment
847:Encyclopædia Britannica
807:Technical drawing tools
795: – radio range set
721:Doctor blade inspection
646:can also determine the
304:Cras navigation plotter
1073:10.1055/s-0031-1299669
994:Jones, Sealey (2014).
762:Compass (drawing tool)
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685:Positioning goniometer
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507:Rehabilitative therapy
430:radio direction finder
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132:is normally called a "
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928:. Basel: Birkhäuser.
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1605:Occupational therapy
1600:Laboratory equipment
1518:Cutting and abrasive
1354:Laser measuring tool
609:measures the static
341:, a special type of
161:confusing or unclear
103:measuring instrument
19:For other uses, see
1259:and alignment tools
661:interfacial tension
652:interfacial tension
410:Cosmograficus liber
343:protractor triangle
169:clarify the article
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1289:Combination square
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476:Light measurement
462:X-ray diffraction
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1439:Straightedge
1429:Steel square
1424:Spirit level
1419:Speed square
1394:Radius gauge
1359:Lesbian rule
1329:French curve
1319:Feeler gauge
1274:Beam compass
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542:reliability
491:In medicine
434:World War I
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1469:Try square
1459:Theodolite
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1389:Protractor
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1284:Chalk line
1198:2018-01-15
1125:2328/37026
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821:References
757:Centiturns
733:and other
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553:smartphone
518:epicondyle
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398:theodolite
337:Geodreieck
163:to readers
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