Gorgons - Knowledge

840: 1244: 956: 902: 1286: 1388: 999: 343: 1028: 1221: 1361: 933: 1086: 1105: 1532:... in her essence Medusa is a head and nothing more; her potency only begins when her head is severed, and that potency resides in the head; she is in a word a mask with a body later appended. The primitive Greek knew that there was in his ritual a horrid thing called a Gorgoneion, a grinning mask with glaring eyes and protruding beast-like tusks and pendent tongue. How did this Gorgoneion come to be? A hero had slain a beast called the Gorgon, and this was its head. Though many other associations gathered round it, the basis of the Gorgoneion is a cultus object, a ritual mask misunderstood. The ritual object comes first; then the monster is begotten to account for it; then the hero is supplied to account for the slaying of the monster. 1312: 867: 1047: 45: 1263: 815: 1195: 1339: 1520: 418: 1438: 955: 2796:

lists 47 examples (pp. 95 (XVII, XXVII), 106–108 (CXIX–CXXV)) of gorgoneia on representations of shields, and argues (p. 79) that "the constant recurrence of the commoner devices—the bull's head, the gorgoneion, the lion, the serpent, the tripod, can hardly be explained except upon the supposition that these devices were in constant and widespread use throughout the whole period of Greek civilization". For coins, see Kroll 1981; Cook,

839: 2867:, places this transition, along with similar transitions for other mythical female human-monster hybrids, in the larger context of "the idealizing humanism" of Greek art of the Classical period, "when ugliness was largely avoided"). For a discussion of this Iconographic transition see Karoglou, pp. 6–26, which traces Medusan iconography from the ancient to the modern. See also Cook, 804:, with neither wings nor snakes present, and the Gorgons on the Eleusis Amphora, have wingless, wasp-shaped bodies with cauldron-like heads, by the end of the seventh century BC, humanoid bodies, with wings, and snakes around their head, necks, or waist, such as depicted on the Medusa pediment, become typical. Unlike the depictions of gods and heroes, which are usually shown in profile, 1407:, developed as a way to explain where gorgoneia had come from. It is also possible that the Perseus story and gorgoneia developed independently, but later converged. Since the earliest literary and iconographic evidence of both the Perseus story and gorgoneia are roughly contemporaneous, such evidence seems unable to definitively distinguish between any of these three scenarios. 749:) noses, wide mouths with rictus-like grins or grimaces, lolling tongues, fangs and/or tusks (Figs. 4, 5, 6), and sometimes beards (Figs. 3, 4, 13, 15). Aside from its particular monstrousness, the most distinctive feature of archaic representations of Gorgons is that the head is always facing frontally (en face) with its large fierce eyes glaring directly at the viewer. 179:. The stem has connotations of noise, and Germanic and Romance languages have many derivatives from this stem referring to the throat (e.g. 'gorge') or the guttural sounds produced in the throat (e.g. 'gargle', 'gurgle'). It has been understood as meaning to growl, roar or howl, while Thalia Feldman suggests that the closest meaning for the stem might be the 901: 1491:. Such depictions can show Gilgamesh with head turned away looking behind him for a goddess to pass him a weapon. In particular, a bronze shield strap from Olympia (mid-sixth century BC), which shows Perseus with his head turned away about to decapitate Medusa, assisted by Athena, bears a striking resemblance to a seal impression from 779:(Fig. 2), which shows two Gorgons chasing Perseus fleeing with a severed Gorgon head. That the Perseus on the pithos averts his gaze shows that already in these earliest images it was understood that looking directly at the Gorgon's face was deadly. Of particular interest is the famous Medusa pediment (early sixth century BC) from the 1360: 932: 1027: 998: 2377:

According to Howe, p. 212, "It is clear that some terrible noise was the originating force behind the Gorgon: a guttural, animal-like howl". Mack, p. 599, n. 5 notes that sound, "though only indirectly a feature of the face, was central to the conceptualization of Medusa's terrifying power". See also

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Vernant p. 112, which also mentions Gorgons "decorating household utensils, hanging in artisan's' workshops, attached to kilns, set up in private residences". For architecture, see Belson 1981. For Greek shield devices, see Chase 1902. Although preserved gorgoneia on actual shields are rare, Chase

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sprang from Medusa's neck, and Stheno and Euryale chased after him, but were unable to see him because he was wearing Hades' cap of invisibility. When Perseus brought back the Gorgon head, as ordered, with averted eyes he showed the head to Polydectes who was turned to stone. Perseus returned the

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According to Howe, p. 211, the "reason that the Gorgon appears on monuments with a great distended mouth to convey to the spectator the idea of a terrifying roar"; Vernant, p. 118, lists a "terrifying cry" and a "gaping grin" as one of several elements "linking the monstrous face of Gorgo to the

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Consistent with the change in literary descriptions seen in the works of Pindar and Ovid mentioned above, beginning in the fifth century BC, representations of Gorgons and gorgoneia transition from hideous monsters to beautiful young women, with such representations becoming typical in the fourth

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There has been considerable and wide-ranging speculation concerning the possible origins of the story of Perseus and the Gorgons, as well as gorgoneia, the representations of Gorgon faces. The origins of the Perseus-Gorgon story, and gorgoneia, even with respect to each other, are uncertain. The

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wove into music the dire dirge of the reckless Gorgons which Perseus heard pouring in slow anguish from beneath the horrible snakey hair of the maidens ... she created the many-voiced song of flutes so that she could imitate with musical instruments the shrill cry that reached her ears from the

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Vernant, pp. 112–113, identifies "two fundamental characteristics" in the archaic representations of Gorgons as "first frontality ... second, monstrousness". Ogden 2008, p. 35, describes this "direct frontal stare, seemingly looking out from its own iconographical context and directly

866: 1046: 1553:, which share some features with the typical earliest representations of Gorgon faces. If such masks were in fact intended to represent the face of a Gorgon, then they would show that Gorgons or gorgoneia played a role in some kind of ritualistic or dramatic practice or performance. 1387: 385:

who had only one eye and one tooth which they shared. Perseus managed to steal their eye and tooth, and refused to return them, unless they would show him the way to the nymphs, which they did. Perseus got from the nymphs, winged sandals, which allowed him to fly, and the

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Archaic Gorgons typically have snaky hair either with snake-like curls (Figs. 8, 9), or actual snakes protruding from their heads (Figs. 2, 5, 6, 10). The faces of Archaic Gorgons are particularly distinctive, typically with large menacing eyes, tripartite scroll-like

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as displaying "the Gorgon, grim of aspect, glaring terribly, and about her were Terror and Rout". Supporting the view that gorgoneia originated as masks, are two groups of seventh-century BC terracotta gorgonion-like masks: a group of wearable helmet masks from

1104: 1243: 1311: 1147:, or decorating various round objects, such as shields, coins, and the bottoms of bowls and cups. As with full-bodied Gorgons the earliest representations are found from the mid-sixth century BC. The earliest example of a "beautiful" gorgoneion is the 1495:

c. 1450 BC. This suggests the possibility that Greeks misinterpreted or reinterpreted these Mesopotamian images, giving rise, through a process that Burkert has described as a "creative misunderstanding", to the myth of the Gorgon's petrifying gaze.

719:). In addition to the many examples found on vase paintings, Gorgons occur in a wide variety of other contexts, including architectural ornamentation, shield devices, and coins. Some representations show full-bodied Gorgons, while others, called 646:

describes the Gorgons chasing Perseus as being "dreadful and unspeakable" with two snakes wrapped around their waists, and that "upon the terrible heads of the Gorgons rioted great Fear", perhaps a reference to snakes writhing about their heads.

1220: 757:(Fig. 11), which shows Perseus, with head turned away, about to behead a sleeping Medusa. While gorgoneia continue to be ubiquitous through the end of antiquity, after the fourth century BC full-bodied Gorgons ceased to be represented. 814: 3978:, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006. 531:

some of the blood the Gorgon, "and while he used the blood that flowed from the veins on the left side for the bane of mankind, he used the blood that flowed from the right side for salvation, and by that means he raised the dead."

151:(pl. gorgoneia), were popular subjects in Ancient Greek, Etruscan and Roman iconography. While Archaic Gorgons and gorgoneia are universally depicted as hideously ugly, over time they came to be portrayed as beautiful young women. 1183:

describes seeing a votive golden shield dedicated by the Spartans and their allies after the Battle of Tanagra (457 BC), with a gorgoneion (or possibly a full-bodied Gorgon) depicted in relief being displayed at the

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Ogden 2008, pp. 37–38. For the Tiryns masks see Carter, p. 360; Napier 1986, pp. 85, 86 Pl. 34. For the Spartan masks see: Rosenberg 2015; Carter 1987; Napier 1986, pp. 46–47, Pls. 9a-12b; Dickins,

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Ogden 2013, pp. 94–95, fig. 2.3; Ogden 2008, pp. 38–40, fig. 3.2; West 1997, p. 454; Burkert, p. 85, calling these depictions "models for representations of Perseus killing the Gorgon"; Carter, pp.

1948: 1866: 1628: 1194: 553:(c. late seventh–mid-sixth century BC), which describes Heracles' shield, has the Gorgons depicted on it chasing Perseus, with their shrill cry seemingly being heard emanating from the shield itself: 1403:

Perseus-Gorgon story might have come first inspiring the development of gorgoneia, or gorgoneia might have come first, in which case the Perseus story might have served an etiological function, as an

579:, also has the fleeing Perseus "listening for no trumpet but Euryale's bellowing". The desire to evoke this Gorgon cry may account for the typical distended mouth seen in Archaic Gorgon iconography. 2429:. According to Vernant, p. 117, Pindar is saying here that the sound emitted by the pursuing Gorgons came "both from their maiden mouths and from the horrible heads of snakes associated with them". 1962:. Although Bremmer reads Pindar as having located the Gorgons "among the Hyperboreans", Fowler does not conclude that Pindar did this, while Gantz says that Pindar "may or may not" have done so. 1262: 808:

Gorgons, even when their bodies are presented in profile (usually running), their heads are (as noted above) always turned frontally displaying their full face, directly gazing at the viewer.

639:, so as to meet other great men among the dead, is seized by such fear at the mere thought that he might encounter there the "head of the Gorgon, that awful monster", leaves "straightway". 681:

While such descriptions emphasize the hideous physical features of the Gorgon, by the fifth century BC, Pindar can also describe his snake-haired Medusa as "beautiful". And the Roman poet

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The gorgonesque votive masks from Sparta have deep S-shaped furrows on either side of wide-mouthed grimaces. Such features resemble those on the much earlier terracotta plaques depicting

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makes snakes for hair explicit, saying that Perseus' Gorgon head "shimmered with hair made of serpents", and that the Gorgons chasing Perseus also had "horrible snaky hair", so too in

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Pindar tells us that the cry of the Gorgons, lamenting the death of Medusa during their pursuit of Perseus, was the reason Athena invented the flute. According to Pindar, the goddess:

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The Gorgons, dreadful and unspeakable, were rushing after him, eager to catch him; as they ran on the pallid adamant, the shield resounded sharply and piercingly with a loud noise.

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pursues the fleeing Achaeans, "exulting in his might" ... ever slaying the hindmost", Homer describes the Trojan hero as having eyes like "the eyes of the Gorgon". And in the

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According to Apollodorus, after Perseus gave the Gorgon head to Athena, she "inserted the Gorgon's head in the middle of her shield", apparently a reference to Athena's

527:, one of which "wards off diseases and nourishes life", while the other "kills, as it is poison from the Gorgon serpents". While according to Apollodorus, Athena gave 3314:

Ogden 2013, p. 93; Wilk, p. 33. For a discussion of the apotropaic function of gorgoneia, see Ogden 2008, p. 37. For gorgoneia in Greek architecture, see Belson 1981.

301:(another name for the Graeae) apparently placed them at "Lake Tritonis", a mythological lake set somewhere in westernmost North Africa. And the fifth-century BC poet 3899: 4587: 4431:

Howe, Thalia Phillies , "The Origin and Function of the Gorgon-Head", American Journal of Archaeology, Jul., 1954, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jul., 1954), pp. 209–221.

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describe a weaving she made "like an aegis, bordered with serpents" with a "Gorgon in the middle". He also mentions Athena's "Gorgon-faced shield" in his tragedy

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For discussions of such previous speculations (usually followed by new speculations of their own) see, for example, Hopkins 1934, pp. 341–344; Cook 1940,

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Full-bodied Gorgons are usually shown in connection with the Perseus-Medusa story. The earliest representations (mid-seventh century BC) of such Gorgons are a

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where all three Gorgons are described as "winged" as well as "snake-haired". The Gorgon's reputation for ugliness was such that the Athenian comic playwright

144:, giving it the power both to protect her from any weapon, and instill great fear in any enemy. Gorgon blood was said to have both the power to heal and harm. 3704: 3700: 595:(c. 700–650 BC). Hesiod provides no physical description of the Gorgons, other than to say that the two Gorgons, Sthenno, and Euryale did not grow old. 4091: 5055: 1848:. As to whether Hesiod means to include the Graeae as also living there, Fowler reads Hesiod as including the Graeae, while Gantz does not. Compare with 677:... the Gorgons had heads twined about with the scales of dragons, and great tusks like swine's, and brazen hands, and golden wings, by which they flew". 2854:

challenging the viewer" as "a shocking and highly exceptional thing in the context of Greek two-dimensional imagery." See also Wilk, pp. 32–33.

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Two winged snake-haired Gorgons with volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue (center and right) chase Perseus, with a headless Gorgon (left);

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Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume III: Zeus God of the Dark Sky (Earthquakes, Clouds, Wind, Dew, Rain, Meteorites), Part I: Text and Notes

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That gorgoneia were used as apotropaic shield devices, at least, seems evident from Agamemnon's gorgoneion-shield, which Homer describes in the

324:, it says that no mortal can look at them and live. According to Apollodorus, all three of the Gorgons could turn to stone anyone who saw them. 309:(usually considered to dwell in the far north). However, whether Pindar means to imply that the Gorgons lived near the Hyperboreans is unclear. 2786:. For other discussions see: Carpenter, pp. 134–139; Karoglou, pp. 4–25; Ogden 2013, pp. 93–94; Vernant, pp. 112–116. 342: 2206: 4824: 4717: 4573: 4537: 4515: 4077: 1179:(c. 412–412 BC), the Chorus describes seeing, on the temple's stone walls, Athena "brandishing her gorgon shield" against Enceladus. 711: 129:, and were able to turn anyone who looked at them to stone. Euryale and Stheno were immortal, but Medusa was not and was slain by the hero 1472:

has noted, Lamashtu has several characteristic iconographic elements which include an animalistic head atop a humanoid body, often in the

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places them in the far east "across the surging sea" on the "Gorgonean plains of Cisthene", where the Graeae live, while his lost play

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Where the Gorgons were supposed to live varies in the ancient sources. According to Hesiod, the Gorgons lived far to the west beyond

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In some accounts, the blood of "the Gorgon" (any Gorgon?) was said to have both the power to heal and harm. According to Euripides'

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with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.

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she is called a "dread monster" and the image of her head, which appears—along with several other terrifying images—on

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Ogden 2008, pp. 38–40; Carter, pp. 355, 357 fig. 2, 358 fig. 3, 360–366; Napier 1986, p. 49 Pls. 11a, 12b; Dickens,

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Gorgons were a popular subject in ancient Greek, Etruscan and Roman art, with over six hundred representations cataloged in the

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also has the Gorgons living somewhere in Oceanus, see Gantz, p. 20; Pherecydes fr. 11 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 280–281) .

923: 741:'s shield. The earliest representations of both types are found from roughly the same time period, the mid-seventh century BC. 4978: 4895: 4876: 4774: 4709: 4635: 4609: 4507: 4306: 4264: 4249: 4241: 4055: 4040: 4000: 3871: 2819: 2553: 2527: 2173: 2151: 3801: 2823: 2531: 2222:. Other accounts name other opponents whom Athena was supposed to have killed and flayed for her aegis, including the Giant 1512:) to ward away unwanted things, and which was in origin a dancer-worn mask. The classic formulation of this view is that of 1135:

Of the depictions of ancient Greek demons, the gorgoneion is, by far, the most frequently occurring. Thought to have had an

7940: 2505: 2333: 2329: 2277: 2256: 2058: 1845: 1802: 1780: 1717: 3573:. As Ogden notes, "it is disputed whether this is the product of the mid-fifth century or the early Hellenistic period". 2325: 1898: 1036:

Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus aided by Athena; fragment of ivory relief plaque from the

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Zolotnikova, Olga A., "A hideous monster or a beautiful maiden? Did the Western Greeks alter the concept of Gorgon?" in

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Images which show Perseus, with head turned away, decapitating Medusa (Figs. 1, 7), resemble Mesopotamian depictions of

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Ogden 2013, pp. 94–95; Ogden 2008, pp. 32–33; West 1997, p. 454; Carter, pp. 360–366; Hopkins 1934.

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Two wingless cauldron-headed Gorgons with wasp-shaped bodies chase Perseus (on the body of the vase below the neck);

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Belson, Janer Danforth, "The Gorgoneion in Greek Architecture," Ph.D. dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, 2 vols, 1981.

3592: 3570: 3523: 2868: 2797: 2692: 2617: 2613: 2426: 2155: 1979: 1959: 1139:(protective) function, gorgoneia are often found on architectural elements such as temple pediments, and ornamental 167: 3905: 2960: 2669: 2345: 2227: 2125: 2083: 2062: 2013: 1849: 1806: 1721: 1211: 857: 670: 524: 199: 2447: 791:(kneeling-running) position, with two snakes wrapped around her waist, like the Gorgons described in the Hesiodic 4742:

Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.

3087: 1476:(kneeling-running) position, with the presence of snakes, a horse or ass, animal offspring, and sometimes in the 320:

tells us that Medusa's face turned men to stone, and Pindar describes Medusa's severed head as "stony death". In

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influence. In particular elements of full-bodied Gorgon iconography seem to have been borrowed from that of the

4909: 4352: 3963: 1151:(Fig. 19), which is thought to be a Roman copy of a Greek original dated to either the fifth-century BC or the 989: 365:

Stheno and Euryale were immortal, whereas Medusa was mortal. According to Apollodorus' version of their story,

4142: 3949: 2750:(206 entries). For a comprehensive discussion of Gorgon/gorgoneion iconography see: Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 2713: 4745: 4392: 3933: 3910:

Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes

3595:; Howe 1954, pp. 209–212; Phinney 1971, p. 446; Belson 1981, II p. 8 n. 1; Wilk 2000, pp. 87–104. 2460: 2955:

Carpenter, pp. 134–135, fig. 128; Ogden 2008, pp. 35–36; Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger,

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Humbaba with deep S-shaped furrows on either side of a wide-mouthed grimace; Mesopotamian terracotta mask,

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Winged snake-haired Gorgon (Medusa) with belt of snakes, in kneeling-running position, with her offspring

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The loud cry that came from the Gorgons—perhaps related to 'Gorgon' being derived from the Sanskrit

7930: 7418: 6426: 4680: 1546: 1064: 942: 5001: 4488: 3750: 3455: 2593: 2397: 171:), which, of an eye or look, means 'grim, fierce, awesome, dazzling', and is thought to derive from the 44: 7441: 6020: 4499: 4334: 4320: 3788: 3146:

Ogden 2013, pp. 94–95, fig. 2.3; Ogden 2008, pp. 32–40, fig. 3.2; Krauskopf and Dahlinger,

1429:, may have influenced the Perseus-Gorgon story, while gorgoneia may be connected to images of Humbaba. 1394:

with lion's head, standing on a donkey, holding snakes, with a suckling pig and dog; bronze plate from

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mentions only "the Gorgon" (otherwise unnamed) giving brief descriptions of her, and her head. In the

617:'s shield, is described as "dread and awful", and "grim of aspect, glaring terribly". Already in the 7935: 7398: 6015: 5975: 4324: 4069: 2456: 1461: 1185: 981: 780: 7955: 7920: 6677: 6586: 5074: 4970: 4868: 4766: 4627: 4406: 4388: 4344: 4211: 4193: 4113: 4014: 3913: 3895: 3863: 2273: 1159: 504: 491: 241: 3118:

Ogden 2013, p. 95; Ogden 2008, p. 38; Gantz, p. 21; Zolotnikova, p. 362; Krauskopf and Dahlinger,

1914:; Aeschylus fr. 262 . For lake Tritonis, and the Gorgons being located in North Africa, see also: 7590: 4298: 753:

century BC. One of the earliest such "beautiful" Gorgons (mid-fifth century BC) is a red-figure

486:, has a character say that Athena's aegis was made from the skin of the Gorgon, the offspring of 31: 4535:

Krauskopf, Ingrid, Stefan-Christian Dahlinger ("literarische Quellen"), s.v. Gorgo, Gorgones in

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Gantz, pp. 21, 304; Ogden 2008, pp. 35–36; Ogden 2013, p. 93; Carpenter pp. 134–135.

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tells us that Medusa was originally a beautiful maiden, but because of a sexual encounter with

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translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies.

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The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age

3377:("Medusa the Gorgon") probably means a gorgoneion rather than a running Gorgon; Chase, p. 74; 3357: 1891: 7950: 7880: 6256: 6211: 6088: 4276:

The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"

3555: 3324: 3249: 3189: 2894: 2356:, which says that Heracles, who had received a lock of Medusa's hair from Athena, gave it to 2290: 1870: 1823: 1606: 453:, which was decorated with a Gorgon head. Athena wore it in battle as a shield which neither 4141:, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. Volume 1, New York, Random House, 1938. 4121:, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. Volume 1, New York, Random House, 1938. 3262: 2881: 2864: 7722: 7187: 7069: 7059: 6098: 6083: 5950: 5815: 5015:, Heather L. Reid and Davide Tanasi (eds.), Parnassos Press - Fonte Aretusa, May 14, 2016. 4982: 4880: 4778: 4639: 4442: 4356: 3875: 1878: 1742: 317: 215: 4844:

Rosenberg, Jonah Lloyd, "The Masks of Orthia: Form, Function and the Origins of Theatre",

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Temple Decoration and Cultural Identity in the Archaic Greek World: The Metopes of Selinus

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Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.

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The consensus among classical scholars seems to be that the function of a gorgoneion was

1477: 1325: 686: 223: 3973: 1369:"Beautiful" gorgoneion, with small head wings and two snakes twined under her chin; the 7748: 7483: 7430: 7408: 7090: 6864: 6416: 6396: 6310: 6289: 6123: 6005: 5990: 5922: 5902: 5882: 5759: 5294: 5236: 5150: 5140: 5084: 5024: 4849: 4789: 4562: 4432: 4421: 4183: 4168: 2588: 2393: 1671:

Mack, p. 599 n. 5; Napier 1992, p. 102; Phinney, p. 447; Feldman, p. 487; Howe, p. 210.

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configuration. All of these elements are present, for example, in the Medusa pediment.

793: 775:(Fig. 1), which depicts Perseus, with head turned away, decapitating a Gorgon, and the 549: 409:

things he had acquired from the nymphs and Hermes, but gave the Gorgon head to Athena.

277:(the Titan, and world-circling river) near its springs, at the edge of night where the 110: 7768: 7758: 7704: 7524: 7308: 7253: 7197: 7006: 6963: 6872: 6236: 6196: 6133: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6000: 5965: 5347: 5226: 5016: 4993: 4974: 4948: 4930: 4919:, Froma I. Zeitlin (editor), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1991. 4905: 4891: 4872: 4830: 4812: 4770: 4723: 4705: 4690: 4672: 4650: 4631: 4605: 4579: 4543: 4521: 4503: 4461: 4348: 4302: 4279: 4260: 4245: 4237: 4219: 4201: 4153: 4083: 4051: 4036: 4018: 3996: 3925: 3917: 3867: 1203: 1162: 511:

In vase-painting, Athena is often shown wearing her aegis, fringed with snake-heads.

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Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.

1410:

It is possible that the mythology and/or the iconography of Gorgons were subject to

701:), Minerva punished Medusa by transforming her beautiful hair into horrible snakes. 544:, with its connotations of a growling beast—was also part of their mythology. 7915: 7743: 7461: 7451: 7446: 7413: 7217: 7162: 6920: 6732: 6662: 6633: 6457: 6299: 6118: 6108: 6045: 5985: 5980: 5945: 5940: 5764: 5730: 5725: 5647: 5642: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5385: 5257: 5231: 5216: 5190: 5013:

Philosopher Kings and Tragic Heroes: Essays on Images and Ideas from Western Greece

4469: 3886: 2626: 2096: 1997: 1907: 1370: 1329: 1148: 1072: 1037: 293: 245: 63: 4496:

Dangerous Beauty: Medusa in Classical Art: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin

2987:

Carpenter, p. 134, fig. 127; Near, p. 106; Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger,

2029:

Marconi, pp. 142–143, 236–237; Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger,

800:

Although the Gorgon being beheaded on the Boeotian pithos is depicted as a female

7890: 7738: 7471: 6989: 6386: 6355: 6221: 6176: 6148: 6138: 6065: 6060: 5995: 5841: 5754: 5065: 5005: 4287: 3151: 3015:

Carpenter, pp. 138, 139 fig. 133; Zolotnikova, p. 360; Krauskopf and Dahlinger,

1272: 1253: 1207: 849: 776: 136:

Gorgons were dread monsters with terrifying eyes. A Gorgon head was displayed on

106: 396:) from Hermes. Perseus then flew to Oceanus, found the Gorgons asleep. And when 7763: 7328: 7037: 7011: 6591: 6431: 6391: 6345: 6191: 5955: 5706: 5328: 5323: 4476:. Originally published as "Perseus, the Hero of Mykenai" in G. Nordquist, ed., 4006: 3459: 3173: 3035: 2223: 1469: 1018: 1014: 919: 892: 805: 287:

apparently had the Gorgons living in Oceanus on a rocky island named Sarpedon.

5028: 4150:

Talismans and Trojan Horses: Guardian Statues in Ancient Greek Myth and Ritual

7909: 7673: 7608: 6999: 6406: 5573: 4756: 4615: 4473: 4229: 3992: 2709: 1457: 1007:

Perseus, with head turned away, decapitates Medusa with Hermes on the right;

973: 880: 823:

Horse-bodied Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus with averted gaze;

417: 4403:

The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes

4178:

Fossey, John M., "UNE FIBULE GRECQUE A TÊTE DE GORGONE AU MUSÉE DU LOUVRE",

2368:, the lock of hair was given to Tegea by Athena herself), see Gantz, p. 428. 1873:; Ganz, p. 20; West 1966, p. 246 line 274 πέρην κλυτοῦ Ὠκεανοῖο; West 2003, 1165:—with a gorgoneion on her shield—was apparently depicted on the 400:

managed to behead Medusa by looking at her reflection in his bronze shield,

7829: 7684: 7624: 7488: 7371: 7121: 6652: 6646: 5805: 4420:, Jul. - Sep., 1934, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1934), pp. 341–358. 4340: 3939: 3716: 3563: 3540: 3495: 3431: 3399: 3278: 3234: 3206: 3158: 3123: 3095: 3059: 3020: 2992: 2964: 2652: 2647: 2034: 1591: 1415: 1411: 827: 769: 723:, show only the face (or head) of a Gorgon, such as those described in the 656: 523:, Athena gave two drops of blood from the Gorgon she slew for her aegis to 495: 387: 306: 180: 30:

This article is about the Greek mythological monsters. For other uses, see

4385:

The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes

1971:

Gantz, p. 20; Pherecydes fr. 11 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 280–281) ;

7834: 7651: 7580: 7263: 7042: 6128: 5660: 5596: 5568: 5509: 4808: 1404: 1395: 1152: 7885: 5033: 4945:

The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth

4853: 4566: 4187: 4172: 3948:, Matthew Dillon, Ed., Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, 1995. 7860: 7839: 7529: 7424: 7202: 7182: 6742: 6596: 6531: 6340: 6093: 5851: 5800: 5691: 5563: 5474: 5428: 5362: 5352: 4793: 4295:

Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, With Aratus's Phaenomena

4133: 3345: 2452: 2443: 2320: 2252: 2215: 1772: 1505: 1437: 1175: 1136: 1118: 720: 636: 575: 482: 466: 370: 278: 232: 38: 7047: 6526: 4436: 4425: 1754: 7776: 7733: 7699: 7694: 7679: 7635: 7630: 7550: 7323: 7313: 7278: 7177: 7167: 7136: 7116: 7032: 6606: 6565: 6305: 6261: 6216: 5846: 5591: 5558: 5514: 5469: 5393: 5357: 5221: 4786:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

4330: 4128: 4108: 3943: 3881: 3851: 3340: 2621: 2315: 2268: 2247: 2210: 2091: 1992: 1915: 1902: 1767: 1750: 1484: 1422: 1170: 1144: 915: 738: 614: 528: 477: 288: 227: 160: 147:

Representations of full-bodied Gorgons and the Gorgon face, called a

305:

has Perseus, apparently on his quest for the Gorgon head, visit the

210:, and the sisters of three other daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, the 7875: 7819: 7646: 7613: 7519: 7514: 7403: 7393: 7386: 7318: 7293: 7258: 7232: 7227: 7192: 7151: 7141: 6994: 6979: 6953: 6812: 6807: 6774: 6672: 6581: 6483: 6436: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6201: 6171: 6113: 5932: 5907: 5887: 5701: 5696: 5672: 5601: 5538: 5504: 5494: 5448: 5423: 5318: 5145: 2501: 2054: 1841: 1798: 1713: 1441: 1418: 1391: 1008: 977: 969: 884: 690: 663: 632: 405: 390:, which made him invisible. He also received an adamantine sickle ( 257: 249: 172: 4702:

Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds

621:, the Gorgon's "glaring" eyes were a notably fearsome feature. As 392: 7791: 7781: 7657: 7585: 7575: 7560: 7509: 7476: 7456: 7435: 7338: 7303: 7273: 7207: 7172: 7146: 7074: 7022: 6984: 6968: 6958: 6910: 6883: 6823: 6802: 6791: 6764: 6560: 6546: 6536: 6462: 6452: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6294: 6266: 6241: 6226: 6163: 6075: 5912: 5892: 5877: 5872: 5835: 5735: 5686: 5608: 5548: 5418: 5408: 5339: 5200: 5195: 5099: 4458:

Cults and Rites in Ancient Greece: Essays on Religion and Society

4450: 4416:

Hopkins, Clark, "Assyrian Elements in the Perseus-Gorgon Story",

4082:

II.1 APHRODISIAS-ATHENA, Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1981

2570: 1557: 1488: 1426: 1377:

GL 252 (first-second century AD, Roman copy of a Greek original?)

1332:

78–87, K 292–29 (second half of the sixth century BC)

1321: 1298: 1140: 1060: 1056: 965: 853: 801: 766: 694: 627: 401: 397: 366: 354: 346: 333: 274: 253: 203: 159:

The name 'Gorgon' is associated with the Ancient Greek adjective

130: 118: 4963:

Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC

3987: 2154:. For a detailed discussion of Athena's Gorgon aegis see Cook, 7865: 7814: 7796: 7786: 7716: 7710: 7619: 7565: 7534: 7504: 7366: 7288: 7243: 7111: 7085: 7064: 7017: 6973: 6938: 6859: 6837: 6769: 6759: 6747: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6667: 6611: 6601: 6555: 6521: 6515: 6447: 6441: 6421: 6401: 6381: 6350: 6251: 6206: 6186: 6181: 6153: 5917: 5897: 5856: 5681: 5655: 5637: 5619: 5586: 5578: 5443: 5438: 5413: 5398: 5275: 5270: 5246: 5185: 5160: 5135: 5119: 5104: 5089: 4593:

Mack, Rainer, "Facing Down Medusa (An aetiology of the gaze)",

4362: 3772: 3740:

Ogden 2013, p. 95; Ogden 2008, pp. 32–33; Burkert, p. 87.

3648: 2685: 2606: 2496: 2438: 2419: 2388: 2203: 2049: 1972: 1952: 1836: 1793: 1708: 1550: 1542: 1524: 1449: 1348: 1276: 1114: 1076: 946: 911: 888: 876: 830: 824: 772: 754: 746: 730: 698: 648: 622: 606: 588: 570: 499: 469:

made the aegis for Zeus, while according to a Hesiod fragment,

454: 450: 382: 378: 374: 350: 337: 302: 283: 219: 211: 195: 137: 126: 114: 37:"Gorgoneion" redirects here. For the moon of the asteroid, see 6657: 4799:

Robertson, Noel, "Chapter Two: Athena as Weather-Goddess: the

78: 7870: 7824: 7728: 7668: 7662: 7640: 7555: 7381: 7376: 7298: 7283: 7268: 7248: 7237: 7222: 7212: 7126: 7095: 7080: 6948: 6943: 6902: 6897: 6796: 6786: 6781: 6753: 6737: 6727: 6705: 6685: 6641: 6510: 6469: 6320: 6281: 6010: 5867: 5810: 5769: 5716: 5624: 5614: 5553: 5524: 5310: 5286: 5241: 5180: 5175: 5130: 4761:. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. 4664:, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1992. 4578:

IV.2 EROS-HERAKLES, Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988.

4398: 4380: 2937:

Ogden 2013, p. 93; Ogden 2008, pp. 35–36; Gantz, p. 21.

2815: 2810: 2565: 2549: 2544: 2523: 2518: 2357: 2195: 2190: 2169: 2147: 2142: 1465: 1354:

cup, Paris, Cabinet des Medailles 320 (late sixth century BC)

1351: 1295: 1230: 985: 784: 734: 725: 610: 601: 596: 592: 490:, who Gaia had brought forth as an ally for her children the 446: 438: 426: 422: 141: 4478:

Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid

4163:

Feldman, Thalia Phillies , "Gorgo and the Origins of Fear",

2409:

Gantz, p 20; Howe, pp. 210–211; Vernant, pp. 117, 125.

1856:, which has Perseus fly to "the ocean" to find the Gorgons. 787:(Fig. 6), which shows a winged-Medusa in the characteristic 587:

The earliest literary accounts of Gorgons occur in works by

72: 7753: 7570: 7466: 7157: 7131: 7054: 7027: 6891: 6505: 6143: 6050: 5825: 5746: 5632: 5543: 5533: 5479: 5453: 5433: 5403: 5299: 5114: 5109: 4751: 4662:

Foreign Bodies: Performance, Art, and Symbolic Anthropology

2704: 1492: 697:'s temple (Minerva being the Roman equivalent of the Greek 682: 660: 487: 458: 373:(his enemy) to bring back the head of Medusa. So guided by 237: 207: 122: 4234:

Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources

2946:

Ogden 2008, p. 35; Wilk, pp. 32–33; Vernant, p. 112.

1635:; Gantz, p. 20; Grimal, s.v. Gorgons; Tripp, s.v. Gorgons. 1545:, and another group of non-wearable votive masks from the 6719: 5265: 5124: 4784:

Phinney, Edward Jr., "Perseus' Battle with the Gorgons",

2235: 75: 69: 4198:

Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction

1689:

Mack, p. 599 n. 5; Napier 1992, p. 102; Phinney, p. 447.

4620:

Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments

4456:

Jameson, Michael H., "Perseus, the Hero of Mycenae" in

2844:

Ogden 2013, p. 93; Wilk, pp. 32–33; Gantz, p. 21.

1279:

BR 4306 (second half of the sixth century BC)

1113:

Perseus about to behead a "beautiful" sleeping Medusa;

218:, they were daughters of "the Gorgon", an offspring of 202:, the Gorgons were daughters of the primordial sea-god 1468:(Fig. 6) shows affinities with images of Lamashtu. As 1444:

holding two snakes and suckling a dog (?) and pig, in

4236:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: 3352:. For the date of the temple standing at the time of 1040:

Archaeological Museum of Samos E 1 (sixth century BC)

879:

nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard, as

659:

could, in 405 BC, ridicule the women of the Athenian

240:, spawned by Gaia to be an ally for her children the 90: 81: 4013:, translated by Walter Burkert, Margaret E. Pinder, 3201:

Zolotnikova, p. 370 n. 52; Krauskopf and Dahlinger,

2360:

for the city's protection from attack (according to

1305:

2027 (second half of the sixth century BC)

4904:, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). 2238:

warrior Asterius, and others, see Robertson, p. 42.

1516:, the gorgoneion as a "ritual mask misunderstood": 635:, although determined "steadfastly" to stay in the 66: 4669:Greek Art and Archaeology c.2500 – c.150 BCE 4513:Krauskopf, Ingrid, s.v. Gorgones (in Etrurien) in 4152:, New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press 1992. 3995:, digital ed, New York, Oxford University Press. 914:nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard; 4557:Kroll, "From Wappenmünzen to Gorgoneia to Owls", 3753:; Vernant, pp. 111; Jameson, p. 27; Howe, p. 213. 7907: 4829:VII.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. 4167:, Autumn, 1965, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 484–494 3858:, edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, 2082:(which calls Apollodorus' version "canonical"); 926:1002 (late seventh–early sixth century BC) 381:, he sought out the sisters of the Gorgons, the 4990:Medusa : Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon 4811:, Alexandra Villing, Brill Academic Pub, 2001, 4722:IV.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. 4542:IV.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. 4520:IV.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. 4165:Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 3839:), which classifies these masks as "Old Women". 2835:Ogden 2013, p. 93; Ogden 2008, pp. 34–36. 359:Antonino Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum 4863:Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, 5049: 4746:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 4671:, New York : Thames & Hudson, 2012. 4411:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 4393:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 4375:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 4357:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 4216:Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary 4143:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 4123:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 3950:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 3934:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 3900:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 1256:issued by Athens (mid-late sixth century BC). 461:' thunderbolt could pierce. According to the 4825:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 4718:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 4715:Paoletti, Grazio, s.v. Gorgones Romanae, in 4574:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 4538:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 4516:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 4078:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 3985:, published online 22 December 2015, in the 1680:Howe, p. 210, n. 10 with many more examples. 712:Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 473:made it for Athena, before Athena was born. 4992:, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. 4965:, edited and translated by Martin L. West, 4848:, 2015, Vol. 110 (2015), pp. 247–261. 4788:, 1971, Vol. 102 (1971), pp. 445–463. 1169:(latter part of the sixth century BC). In 1055:Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) holding 5056: 5042: 4983:Online version at Harvard University Press 4881:Online version at Harvard University Press 4846:The Annual of the British School at Athens 4779:Online version at Harvard University Press 4640:Online version at Harvard University Press 4559:Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 4317:Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion 4050:, Thames & Hudson Inc., London, 2021. 3876:Online version at Harvard University Press 3445:; Carpenter, pp. 135–136, fig. 129;. 1792:Grimal, s.v. Gorgons; Tripp, s.v. Medusa; 1432: 1214:B 110 (first half of the sixth century BC) 236:, has "the Gorgon" being the offspring of 5063: 4902:Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology 4099:The Sanctuary Of Artemis Orthia at Sparta 1570:Cultural depictions of Medusa and Gorgons 4649:, University of California Press, 1986. 4451:Online version at the Topos Text Project 4409:; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. 4391:; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. 4343:(translator), Cambridge, Massachusetts: 3972:Bremmer, J. N. (2006), s.v. Gorgo 1, in 3749:Mack, p. 572. See for example: Faraone, 3522:; Belson II, pp. 5–6, GM 2; Cook, 1518: 1436: 1386: 833:, Louvre CA 795 (mid-seventh century BC) 582: 421:Athena wearing her snake-fringed Gorgon 416: 412: 341: 43: 4917:Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays 4561:, 1981, Vol. 26 (1981), pp. 1–32. 4097:Dickens, G., "Chapter V: The Masks" in 3916:, London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. 3394:Mack, fig. 1; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3231:pp. 311–312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331) 3082:Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3050:Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 2924:Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 1588:pp. 311–312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331) 1069:Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi 14: 7908: 4597:vol. 25, 2002, pp. 571–604. 4101:, R. M. Dawkings (ed.), London, 1929. 3715:; Burkert, p. 86, fig. 6 (top right); 3560:pp. 347–348 (Gorgo, Gorgones 25) 3488:pp. 291–292 (Gorgo, Gorgones 41) 3329:pp. 347–348 (Gorgo, Gorgones 25) 760: 5037: 4822:Roccos, Linda Jones, s.v. Perseus in 4626:, No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 4257:The Dictionary of Classical Mythology 3663:Ogden 2013, p. 95; Ogden 2008, p. 38. 1947:Fowler 2013, p. 254; Bremmer (2006), 1732:(calling the Graeae the "Phorcides"). 1563: 1527:AO 12460 (early second millennium BC) 1320:Gorgoneion with earrings; terracotta 673:gives the most detailed description: 494:and who Athena had killed during the 449:is a device, usually associated with 4604:. Cambridge University Press, 2007. 4460:, Cambridge University Press, 2015. 972:(right) at her side, and flanked in 125:. They lived near their sisters the 4969:No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 4888:Euripides and the Language of Craft 4867:No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 4117:, translated by E. P. Coleridge in 4068:, Cambridge University Press 1940. 4035:, Cambridge University Press, 2021 3862:No. 505, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1835:Fowler 2013, p. 254; Gantz, p. 20; 1382: 1229:Bearded gorgoneion; Attic plate by 689:(the Roman equivalent of the Greek 24: 4765:No. 42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4647:Masks, Transformation, and Paradox 4483:Jenkins, G. K. (Gilbert Kenneth), 3731:Burkert, p. 86, fig. 6 (top left). 1460:, in the Medusa pediment from the 1094:Gorgon (detail); amphora, Munich, 498:. In the same play, Euripides has 248:gods. Medusa had two offspring by 27:Female monsters in Greek mythology 25: 7967: 4704:, Oxford University Press, 2013. 4447:Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus 4218:, Oxford University Press, 2013. 4200:, Oxford University Press, 2000. 4137:, translated by Robert Potter in 3894:Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 3626:Ogden 2013, p. 95; Bremmer 2006, 3613:Ogden 2013, p. 94; Bremmer 2006, 3458:; Kroll, pp. 12, 32, Pl. 2 (14); 1499: 1294:Bearded snake-haired gorgoneion; 666:by referring to them as Gorgons. 268: 48:Running Gorgon; amphora, Munich, 4182:, no. 1 (1975), pp. 19–24. 3960:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 3825: 3807: 3794: 3781: 3765: 3756: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3701:p. 1003 (Athena 502) with figure 3685: 3675: 3558:; Ogden 2013, p. 96; Krauskopf, 3327:; Ogden 2013, p. 96; Krauskopf, 1890:Fowler 2013, p. 254; Hard 2015, 1822:Fowler 2013, p. 252; Hard 2004, 1359: 1337: 1310: 1284: 1261: 1242: 1219: 1193: 1103: 1084: 1045: 1026: 997: 954: 931: 900: 865: 838: 813: 312: 62: 4418:American Journal of Archaeology 3962:, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009. 3666: 3657: 3642: 3633: 3620: 3607: 3598: 3585: 3576: 3548: 3529: 3512: 3480: 3468: 3448: 3416: 3388: 3363: 3334: 3317: 3308: 3295: 3255: 3223: 3195: 3188:Gantz, pp. 21, 305; Hard 2004, 3182: 3140: 3112: 3076: 3044: 3009: 2981: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2887: 2874: 2857: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2803: 2789: 2732: 2719: 2698: 2679: 2662: 2636: 2599: 2580: 2559: 2537: 2511: 2489: 2480: 2466: 2432: 2412: 2403: 2381: 2371: 2339: 2309: 2296: 2283: 2262: 2241: 2183: 2161: 2135: 2119: 2106: 2072: 2043: 2023: 2007: 1985: 1965: 1941: 1884: 1859: 1829: 1816: 1786: 1760: 1735: 895:A 748 (late seventh century BC) 514: 109:, are three monstrous sisters, 4769:, 1977, first published 1916. 4371:The Homeric Hymns and Homerica 4075:Demargne, Pierre, "Athena" in 4048:Art and Myth in Ancient Greece 3373:, which says that Pausanias's 1701: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1638: 1621: 1612: 1580: 1125:45.11.1 (mid-fifth century BC) 990:Archaeological Museum of Corfu 924:National Archaeological Museum 704: 117:, said to be the daughters of 13: 1: 4805:Athena in the Classical World 4689:, Routledge, New York, 2008. 4319:, second edition, Cambridge: 3845: 3771:Carter, pp. 355, 356 fig. 1; 3273:; Metropolitan Museum of Art 2863:Ogden 2013, p. 96; Karoglou, 1421:. Mesopotamian depictions of 1098:2312 (Early fifth century BC) 1021:B 471 (mid-sixth century BC). 949:E874 (early sixth century BC) 883:flanked by geese; plate from 860:2630 (mid-seventh century BC) 535: 4405:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 4387:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 3912:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 3693:p. 312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 292) 3411:p. 174 (Gorgo, Gorgones 158) 3396:p. 300 (Gorgo, Gorgones 158) 3290:p. 183 (Gorgo, Gorgones 301) 3267:p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 301) 3246:p. 187 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331) 3218:p. 181 (Gorgo, Gorgones 271) 3203:p. 309 (Gorgo, Gorgones 271) 3170:p. 183 (Gorgo, Gorgones 293) 3148:p. 312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 293) 3135:p. 182 (Gorgo, Gorgones 289) 3120:p. 311 (Gorgo, Gorgones 289) 3107:p. 185 (Gorgo, Gorgones 314) 3084:p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 314) 3071:p. 184 (Gorgo, Gorgones 313) 3052:p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 313) 3032:p. 182 (Gorgo, Gorgones 280) 3017:p. 310 (Gorgo, Gorgones 280) 3004:p. 184 (Gorgo, Gorgones 312) 2989:p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 312) 2976:p. 183 (Gorgo, Gorgones 290) 2957:p. 312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 290) 2926:p. 311 (Gorgo, Gorgones 289) 2486:Ogden 2008, pp. 34–35. 2352:. Compare with Apollodorus, 2031:p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 307) 1603:p. 187 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331) 1375:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1303:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1235:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1206:; bronze shield device from 1130: 1096:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 566:fast-moving jaws of Euryale. 431:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 281:(and the Graeae?) live. The 263: 161: 154: 50:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 7: 7941:Monsters in Greek mythology 5971:Clymene (consort of Helios) 4947:, Oxford University Press. 4929:, Oxford University Press. 4029:The Cambridge Greek Lexicon 3988:Oxford Classical Dictionary 3520:p. 291 (Gorgo, Gorgones 32) 3507:p. 166 (Gorgo, Gorgones 41) 3443:p. 165 (Gorgo, Gorgones 38) 3424:p. 291 (Gorgo, Gorgones 38) 3265:; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 2961:Perseus Medusa Louvre CA795 2378:Feldman, pp. 487–488. 1645:The Cambridge Greek Lexicon 1237:8760 (mid-sixth century BC) 976:style by a pair of lions; 943:Dinos of the Gorgon Painter 433:F2313 (c. 525–475 BC) 10: 7972: 7946:Mythological human hybrids 6021:Melia (consort of Inachus) 4500:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4321:Cambridge University Press 4278:, Psychology Press, 2004, 3800:Ogden 2008, p. 37; Homer, 3720:8770 (Gorgo, Gorgones 292) 3630:; Burkert, p. 84–85. 3474:Fossey, pp. 19–24; Louvre 2742:(351 entries); Krauskopf, 2427:12.7–11, 18–21 2418:Svarlien's translation of 1567: 1167:Temple of Apollo at Delphi 1158:Athena's victory over the 1123:Metropolitan Museum of Art 331: 327: 166: 102: 36: 29: 7848: 7805: 7599: 7543: 7497: 7358: 7351: 7104: 6929: 6881: 6821: 6717: 6631: 6624: 6574: 6545: 6493: 6482: 6280: 6162: 6074: 6016:Melia (consort of Apollo) 5976:Clymene (wife of Iapetus) 5931: 5793: 5782: 5744: 5715: 5671: 5523: 5462: 5384: 5375: 5337: 5308: 5284: 5255: 5209: 5168: 5159: 5073: 4660:Napier, A. David (1992), 4645:Napier, A. David (1986), 4480:, 1990, pp. 213–223. 4259:, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. 3691:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3672:Burkert, pp. 83–85. 3518:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3486:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3422:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3369:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3356:production, see Stieber, 3301:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 3229:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 2746:(118 entries); Paoletti, 2738:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 1586:Krauskopf and Dahlinger, 1186:Temple of Zeus at Olympia 361:3920 B (sixth century BC) 244:in their war against the 189: 4971:Harvard University Press 4869:Harvard University Press 4767:Harvard University Press 4628:Harvard University Press 4487:, London, Seaby, 1990. 4474:10.1017/CBO9781139023702 4407:Harvard University Press 4389:Harvard University Press 4345:Harvard University Press 4148:Faraone, Christopher A, 4139:The Complete Greek Drama 4119:The Complete Greek Drama 4015:Harvard University Press 3975:Brill’s New Pauly Online 3914:Harvard University Press 3896:Harvard University Press 3864:Harvard University Press 2668:Frazer's translation of 2141:Gantz, pp. 84–85; 1574: 992:(early sixth century BC) 214:. However, according to 4803:in Myth and Ritual" in 4299:Oxford University Press 3981:Bremmer, J. N. (2015), 3582:Burkert, p. 84, fig. 5. 1448:position, on a donkey; 1433:Perseus and the Gorgons 1079:(late sixth century BC) 32:Gorgon (disambiguation) 7856:Alexiares and Anicetus 4967:Loeb Classical Library 4915:Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 4865:Loeb Classical Library 4859:Sommerstein, Alan H., 4763:Loeb Classical Library 4700:Ogden, Daniel (2013), 4685:Ogden, Daniel (2008), 4624:Loeb Classical Library 4046:Carpenter, Thomas H., 4031:, edited by J. Diggle 3860:Loeb Classical Library 3713:p. 290 (Perseus 120 a) 2387:Most's translation of 1951:; Gantz, p. 20 ; 1534: 1528: 1453: 1399: 679: 568: 559: 434: 425:; plate attributed to 362: 53: 4861:Aeschylus: Fragments, 4759:, Volume I: Books 1–8 3837:Pls. XLVII–XLIX 3820:Pls. XLVII–LXII 2826:(Agamemnon's shield). 2592:229–237 (Most, 2534:(Agamemnon's shield). 2473:warrior possessed by 1741:Tripp, s.v. Gorgons; 1618:Grimal, s.v. Gorgons. 1530: 1522: 1487:slaying the wild man 1440: 1390: 1212:Archaeological Museum 858:Archaeological Museum 675: 583:Literary descriptions 563: 555: 420: 413:Athena's Gorgon aegis 345: 332:Further information: 186:of a growling beast. 47: 7723:Nymphai Hyperboreioi 4600:Marconi, Clemente, 4313:Harrison, Jane Ellen 4293:Hard, Robin (2015), 4274:Hard, Robin (2004), 4062:Cook, Arthur Bernard 3697:p. 339 (Perseus 120) 3375:Μέδουσαν τὴν Γοργόνα 2517:Gantz, pp. 85, 304; 1067:at Syracuse, in the 1059:; relief terracotta 910:Winged Gorgon with, 875:Winged Gorgon with, 206:and the sea-monster 4485:Ancient Greek coins 4180:Revue Archéologique 3762:Mack, p. 599, n. 3. 3088:Louvre E 874 (Vase) 2809:Ogden 2008, p. 34; 2543:Ogden 2008, p. 34; 2234:), an invulnerable 1547:Sanctuary of Orthia 1514:Jane Ellen Harrison 1478:Mistress of Animals 1458:Mistress of Animals 1326:Acropolis of Athens 1252:Gorgoneion; silver 974:Mistress of Animals 881:Mistress of Animals 761:Full-bodied Gorgons 252:, the winged-horse 7931:Mythological trios 7409:Astrape and Bronte 6865:Stheno and Euryale 5210:Titanides (female) 4988:Wilk, Stephen R., 4886:Stieber, Mary C., 4667:Neer, Richard T., 4502:, New York, 2018. 4498:, vol. 75, no. 3, 3604:Ogden 2008, p. 37. 3490:; Beazley Archive 3426:; Beazley Archive 3269:; Beazley Archive 3090:; Beazley Archive 3054:; Beazley Archive 2906:Ogden 2013, p. 93. 2822:(Athena's aegis), 2589:Shield of Heracles 2530:(Athena's aegis), 2477:(murderous fury)". 2394:Shield of Heracles 1875:Cypria fr. 30 West 1564:In popular culture 1529: 1508:, as a device (an 1454: 1400: 794:Shield of Heracles 550:Shield of Heracles 457:'s spear, or even 435: 363: 349:beheading Medusa; 226:, and Ceto, while 54: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7347: 7346: 6620: 6619: 6478: 6477: 5778: 5777: 5371: 5370: 4979:978-0-674-99605-2 4896:978-90-04-18906-5 4877:978-0-674-99629-8 4775:978-0-674-99046-3 4710:978-0-19-955732-5 4636:978-0-674-99721-9 4610:978-0-521-85797-0 4508:978-1-58839-642-6 4307:978-0-19-871698-3 4265:978-0-631-20102-1 4250:978-0-8018-5362-3 4242:978-0-8018-5360-9 4056:978-0-500-20454-2 4041:978-0-521-82680-8 4001:978-0-19-938113-5 3983:s.v. Gorgo/Medusa 3872:978-0-674-99629-8 3833:pp. 166–167 3816:pp. 163–186 3593:pp. 845–846 3571:pp. 850–851 3190:p. 60, Figure 2.6 2869:pp. 848–858 2798:pp. 853–856 2784:pp. 195–207 2776:pp. 345–362 2772:pp. 188–195 2764:pp. 330–345 2760:pp. 163–188 2752:pp. 285–330 2748:pp. 345–346 2727:s.v. Gorgo/Medusa 2156:pp. 837–867 2080:s.v. Gorgo/Medusa 1899:pp. 260–261 1633:s.v. Gorgo/Medusa 1462:temple of Artemis 1271:Gorgoneion; Disk- 1204:Winged gorgoneion 1117:, attributed to 1013:(pitcher) by the 982:temple of Artemis 781:temple of Artemis 669:The mythographer 480:, in his tragedy 353:from Temple C at 230:, in his tragedy 16:(Redirected from 7963: 7936:Mythic humanoids 7356: 7355: 6629: 6628: 6625:Personifications 6491: 6490: 5791: 5790: 5386:Twelve Olympians 5382: 5381: 5166: 5165: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5002:Internet Archive 4927:Hesiod: Theogony 4839:Internet Archive 4732:Internet Archive 4681:Internet Archive 4588:Internet Archive 4552:Internet Archive 4530:Internet Archive 4494:Karoglou, Kiki, 4489:Internet Archive 4325:Internet Archive 4269:Internet Archive 4255:Grimal, Pierre, 4103:Internet Archive 4092:Internet Archive 4070:Internet Archive 3964:Internet Archive 3887:Prometheus Bound 3840: 3829: 3823: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3552: 3546: 3535:Beazley Archive 3533: 3527: 3516: 3510: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3452: 3446: 3420: 3414: 3392: 3386: 3371:p. 300, no. 158a 3367: 3361: 3338: 3332: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3259: 3253: 3227: 3221: 3199: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3144: 3138: 3116: 3110: 3080: 3074: 3048: 3042: 3013: 3007: 2985: 2979: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2807: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2736: 2730: 2723: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2683: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2640: 2634: 2627:Prometheus Bound 2603: 2597: 2584: 2578: 2563: 2557: 2541: 2535: 2515: 2509: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2461:30.265–266 2436: 2430: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2343: 2337: 2313: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2245: 2239: 2200:15.309–310 2187: 2181: 2178:21.400–402 2165: 2159: 2139: 2133: 2123: 2117: 2112:Beazley Archive 2110: 2104: 2097:Prometheus Bound 2076: 2070: 2047: 2041: 2027: 2021: 2011: 2005: 1998:Prometheus Bound 1989: 1983: 1969: 1963: 1945: 1939: 1908:Prometheus Bound 1888: 1882: 1863: 1857: 1833: 1827: 1820: 1814: 1790: 1784: 1764: 1758: 1739: 1733: 1705: 1699: 1698:Feldman, p. 487. 1696: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1642: 1636: 1631:; Bremmer 2015, 1625: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1584: 1383:Possible origins 1371:Medusa Rondanini 1363: 1341: 1330:Acropolis Museum 1314: 1288: 1265: 1246: 1223: 1197: 1149:Medusa Rondanini 1107: 1088: 1065:Temple of Athena 1049: 1038:Heraion of Samos 1030: 1001: 958: 935: 904: 869: 842: 817: 729:as appearing on 653:Prometheus Bound 322:Prometheus Bound 294:Prometheus Bound 256:and the warrior 170: 164: 104: 93: 88: 87: 84: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 52:2312 (c. 490 BC) 21: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7956:Deeds of Athena 7921:European demons 7906: 7905: 7904: 7895: 7844: 7801: 7601: 7595: 7539: 7493: 7343: 7100: 6931: 6925: 6877: 6817: 6713: 6616: 6570: 6541: 6494:Theoi Chthonioi 6485: 6474: 6276: 6158: 6070: 5927: 5842:Ichthyocentaurs 5785: 5774: 5740: 5711: 5667: 5519: 5458: 5377: 5367: 5333: 5304: 5280: 5251: 5205: 5155: 5076: 5069: 5062: 4900:Tripp, Edward, 4890:, BRILL, 2011. 4007:Burkert, Walter 3848: 3843: 3830: 3826: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3553: 3549: 3534: 3530: 3517: 3513: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3421: 3417: 3393: 3389: 3368: 3364: 3339: 3335: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3260: 3256: 3250:p. 59, fig. 2.5 3228: 3224: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3152:Beazley Archive 3145: 3141: 3117: 3113: 3081: 3077: 3049: 3045: 3014: 3010: 2986: 2982: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2820:5.738–742 2808: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2703: 2699: 2684: 2680: 2667: 2663: 2641: 2637: 2604: 2600: 2594:pp. 18–21 2585: 2581: 2575:11.630–37 2564: 2560: 2554:8.337–349 2542: 2538: 2528:5.738–742 2516: 2512: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2467: 2437: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2344: 2340: 2326:1003–1015 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2278:1254–1257 2267: 2263: 2257:1417–1423 2246: 2242: 2188: 2184: 2174:5.738–742 2166: 2162: 2152:5.738–742 2140: 2136: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2077: 2073: 2048: 2044: 2028: 2024: 2012: 2008: 1990: 1986: 1970: 1966: 1946: 1942: 1897:; Sommerstein, 1889: 1885: 1864: 1860: 1834: 1830: 1826:; Gantz, p. 20. 1824:pp. 59–60 1821: 1817: 1791: 1787: 1766:Gantz, p. 448; 1765: 1761: 1740: 1736: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1643: 1639: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1607:p. 59, fig. 2.5 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1566: 1502: 1435: 1385: 1378: 1364: 1355: 1342: 1333: 1315: 1306: 1289: 1280: 1266: 1257: 1247: 1238: 1224: 1215: 1198: 1133: 1126: 1108: 1099: 1089: 1080: 1050: 1041: 1031: 1022: 1002: 993: 959: 950: 936: 927: 905: 896: 870: 861: 850:Eleusis Amphora 843: 834: 818: 777:Eleusis Amphora 763: 707: 585: 538: 517: 415: 369:was ordered by 340: 330: 315: 271: 266: 192: 157: 111:Stheno, Euryale 107:Greek mythology 91: 65: 61: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7969: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7807:Deified people 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7676: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7649: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7611: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 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3841: 3824: 3806: 3802:11.32–37 3793: 3780: 3764: 3755: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3684: 3682:360–362. 3674: 3665: 3656: 3641: 3632: 3619: 3606: 3597: 3584: 3575: 3547: 3528: 3511: 3479: 3467: 3460:British Museum 3456:p. 25, fig. 51 3447: 3415: 3387: 3362: 3333: 3316: 3307: 3294: 3263:pp. 9–10 3254: 3222: 3194: 3181: 3174:British Museum 3139: 3111: 3075: 3043: 3036:British Museum 3008: 2980: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2895:pp.11–12 2886: 2882:pp. 9–10 2873: 2856: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2824:11.32–37 2802: 2788: 2762:); Krauskopf, 2731: 2725:Bremmer 2015, 2718: 2697: 2678: 2661: 2642:Bremmer 2006, 2635: 2618:12.10–14 2614:10.46–48 2605:Gantz, p. 20; 2598: 2586:Gantz, p. 20; 2579: 2558: 2536: 2532:11.32–37 2510: 2495:Gantz, p. 20; 2488: 2479: 2465: 2457:13.77–78 2431: 2411: 2402: 2380: 2370: 2338: 2308: 2302:Bremmer 2006, 2295: 2282: 2261: 2240: 2189:Gantz, p. 84; 2182: 2167:Gantz, p. 84; 2160: 2134: 2118: 2105: 2071: 2042: 2022: 2006: 1991:Gantz, p. 20; 1984: 1980:10.46–48 1964: 1960:10.30–48 1940: 1883: 1865:Bremmer 2006, 1858: 1828: 1815: 1785: 1759: 1734: 1707:Gantz, p. 19; 1700: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1637: 1627:Bremmer 2006, 1620: 1611: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1568:Main article: 1565: 1562: 1501: 1500:The gorgoneion 1498: 1470:Walter Burkert 1456:The Gorgon as 1434: 1431: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1267: 1260: 1258: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1225: 1218: 1216: 1199: 1192: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1090: 1083: 1081: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1019:British Museum 1015:Amasis Painter 1003: 996: 994: 960: 953: 951: 937: 930: 928: 920:Nessos Painter 906: 899: 897: 893:British Museum 871: 864: 862: 844: 837: 835: 819: 812: 762: 759: 706: 703: 584: 581: 537: 534: 516: 513: 414: 411: 329: 326: 314: 311: 270: 269:Dwelling place 267: 265: 262: 191: 188: 156: 153: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7968: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:Female demons 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7352:Other deities 7350: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7001: 7000:Philophrosyne 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6592:Hecatonchires 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6481: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631:Muses of the 5630: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585:Daughters of 5584: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532:Daughters of 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463:Olympian Gods 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5374: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169:Titans (male) 5167: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5072: 5067: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4998:0-19-512431-6 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953:0-19-815042-3 4950: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935:0-19-814169-6 4932: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4835:3-7608-8751-1 4832: 4828: 4826: 4821: 4818: 4817:9789004121423 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4757:Metamorphoses 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4728:3-7608-8751-1 4725: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4695:0-415-42725-8 4692: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677:9780500288771 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4655:9780520045330 4652: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4584:3-7608-8751-1 4581: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4548:3-7608-8751-1 4545: 4541: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4526:3-7608-8751-1 4523: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466:9781139023702 4463: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4284:9780415186360 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4212:Fowler, R. L. 4210: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194:Fowler, R. L. 4192: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4158:0-19-506404-6 4155: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4088:3-7608-8751-1 4085: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4023:0-674-64364-X 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993:Tim Whitmarsh 3990: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956:Beekes, S. P. 3954: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930:9780786471119 3927: 3923: 3922:0-674-99135-4 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3358:p. 289, n. 61 3355: 3351: 3350:205–211 3348: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3251: 3248:; Hard 2004, 3247: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2866: 2865:pp. 4–5 2860: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774:); Paoletti, 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710:Metamorphoses 2706: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2657:475–477 2655: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2506:276–277 2504: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2398:230–233 2396: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220:987–997 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2130:2.4.2–3 2127: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2101:798–800 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2088:2.4.2–3 2085: 2081: 2075: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:270–277 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912:790–800 1910: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869:; Hard 2004, 1868: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:274–282 1844: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:278–281 1801: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1777:986–991 1775: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:270–277 1716: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1615: 1608: 1605:; Hard 2004, 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 868: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 841: 836: 832: 829: 826: 822: 816: 811: 810: 809: 807: 803: 798: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 771: 768: 758: 756: 750: 748: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727: 722: 718: 714: 713: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 678: 674: 672: 667: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 642:The Hesiodic 640: 638: 634: 630: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603: 598: 594: 590: 580: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 558: 554: 552: 551: 547:The Hesiodic 545: 543: 533: 530: 526: 522: 512: 509: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 432: 428: 424: 419: 410: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394: 389: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 335: 325: 323: 319: 313:Petrification 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194:According to 187: 185: 182: 178: 174: 169: 163: 152: 150: 145: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 100: 99:Ancient Greek 96: 95: 86: 59: 51: 46: 40: 33: 19: 7951:Sister trios 7830:Rhadamanthus 7685:Chrysopeleia 7625:Amphictyonis 7489:Tritopatores 6978:The Younger 6930:Children of 6882:Children of 6854: 6822:Children of 6718:Children of 6653:Androktasiai 6647:Amphillogiai 6632:Children of 5806:Benthesikyme 5745:Children of 5338:Children of 5309:Children of 5285:Children of 5256:Children of 5012: 5006:Google Books 4989: 4962: 4944: 4926: 4916: 4901: 4887: 4860: 4845: 4823: 4807:, edited by 4804: 4800: 4785: 4755: 4741: 4716: 4701: 4686: 4668: 4661: 4646: 4619: 4601: 4594: 4572: 4558: 4536: 4514: 4495: 4484: 4477: 4457: 4446: 4417: 4402: 4384: 4370: 4366: 4341:A. D. Godley 4335: 4316: 4294: 4288:Google Books 4275: 4256: 4233: 4215: 4197: 4179: 4164: 4149: 4138: 4132: 4118: 4112: 4098: 4076: 4065: 4047: 4032: 4028: 4010: 3991:, edited by 3986: 3974: 3959: 3944: 3940:Aristophanes 3909: 3891: 3885: 3855: 3827: 3809: 3796: 3783: 3767: 3758: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3717:Digital LIMC 3708: 3699:; Demargne, 3687: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3644: 3635: 3628:s.v. Gorgo 1 3622: 3615:s.v. Gorgo 1 3609: 3600: 3587: 3578: 3564:Digital LIMC 3550: 3541:Digital LIMC 3531: 3514: 3502: 3496:Digital LIMC 3482: 3470: 3450: 3438: 3432:Digital LIMC 3418: 3406: 3400:Digital LIMC 3390: 3374: 3365: 3353: 3344: 3336: 3319: 3310: 3297: 3285: 3279:Digital LIMC 3257: 3241: 3235:Digital LIMC 3225: 3213: 3207:Digital LIMC 3197: 3184: 3165: 3159:Digital LIMC 3142: 3130: 3124:Digital LIMC 3114: 3102: 3096:Digital LIMC 3078: 3066: 3060:Digital LIMC 3046: 3027: 3021:Digital LIMC 3011: 2999: 2993:Digital LIMC 2983: 2971: 2965:Digital LIMC 2951: 2942: 2933: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2889: 2876: 2859: 2849: 2840: 2831: 2814: 2805: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2734: 2721: 2708: 2700: 2689: 2681: 2664: 2651: 2648:Aristophanes 2644:s.v. Gorgo 1 2638: 2625: 2610: 2601: 2587: 2582: 2569: 2561: 2548: 2539: 2522: 2513: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2474: 2468: 2451: 2442: 2434: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2392: 2383: 2373: 2341: 2319: 2311: 2304:s.v. Gorgo 1 2298: 2285: 2272: 2264: 2251: 2243: 2214: 2207:fr. 294 Most 2194: 2185: 2168: 2163: 2146: 2137: 2121: 2108: 2095: 2074: 2053: 2045: 2035:Digital LIMC 2025: 2009: 1996: 1987: 1976: 1967: 1956: 1949:s.v. Gorgo 1 1943: 1906: 1893: 1886: 1867:s.v. Gorgo 1 1861: 1840: 1831: 1818: 1797: 1788: 1771: 1762: 1746: 1737: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1629:s.v. Gorgo 1 1623: 1614: 1598: 1592:Digital LIMC 1582: 1555: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1509: 1503: 1482: 1473: 1455: 1445: 1416:Mesopotamian 1412:Near-Eastern 1409: 1401: 1366: 1347:Gorgoneion; 1344: 1317: 1291: 1268: 1249: 1226: 1200: 1174: 1157: 1134: 1110: 1091: 1052: 1033: 1009: 1004: 961: 938: 907: 872: 845: 820: 799: 792: 788: 764: 751: 743: 724: 716: 710: 708: 680: 676: 668: 657:Aristophones 652: 643: 641: 626: 618: 600: 586: 574: 569: 564: 560: 556: 548: 546: 541: 539: 525:Erichthonius 520: 518: 515:Gorgon blood 510: 503: 496:Gigantomachy 481: 475: 462: 442: 436: 391: 388:cap of Hades 364: 321: 316: 307:Hyperboreans 298: 292: 282: 272: 231: 193: 183: 181:onomatopoeic 176: 158: 148: 146: 135: 57: 55: 7835:Triptolemus 7695:Epimeliades 7680:Hamadryades 7652:Britomartis 7591:Telesphorus 7498:Agriculture 7264:Peitharchia 6129:Protomedeia 5794:Sea deities 5661:Polymatheia 5597:Borysthenis 5569:Terpsichore 5075:Primordial 4959:West, M. L. 4941:West, M. L. 4923:West, M. L. 4809:Susan Deacy 4595:Art History 3906:Apollodorus 3705:p. 1026, B3 3177:1849,0620.5 3039:1860,0404.2 2670:Apollodorus 2450:; see also 2346:Apollodorus 2289:Hard 2004, 2228:Apollodorus 2126:Apollodorus 2090:. See also 2084:Apollodorus 2063:Apollodorus 2014:Apollodorus 1850:Apollodorus 1807:Apollodorus 1722:Apollodorus 1510:apotropaion 1405:origin myth 1396:Charchemish 1153:Hellenistic 968:(left) and 705:Iconography 671:Apollodorus 200:Apollodorus 7910:Categories 7861:Aphroditus 7840:Trophonius 7530:Philomelus 7425:Hesperides 7399:Phosphorus 7203:Heimarmene 7183:Ekecheiria 7163:Dikaiosyne 6932:other gods 6743:Hesperides 6532:Persephone 6341:Cleocharia 6104:Cymatolege 6094:Amphitrite 5852:Melicertes 5801:Amphitrite 5692:Euphrosyne 5564:Polyhymnia 5475:Eileithyia 5429:Hephaestus 5363:Prometheus 5353:Epimetheus 4910:069022608X 4616:Most, G.W. 4353:0674991338 4244:(Vol. 1), 3846:References 3787:Harrison, 3695:; Roccos, 3556:pp. 14, 16 3554:Karoglou, 3463:1841,B.618 3325:pp. 14, 16 3323:Karoglou, 3261:Karoglou, 3086:; Perseus 2893:Karoglou, 2880:Karoglou, 2453:Dionysiaca 2444:Dionysiaca 1892:p. 176 16 1879:Pherecydes 1655:; Beekes, 1506:apotropaic 1373:, Munich, 1301:, Munich, 1233:, Munich, 1137:apotropaic 1119:Polygnotos 922:, Athens, 637:underworld 576:Dionysiaca 536:Gorgon cry 467:Hephaestus 429:, Munich, 371:Polydectes 318:Pherecydes 279:Hesperides 149:gorgoneion 39:93 Minerva 7891:Sosipolis 7881:Palaestra 7777:Pegasides 7734:Adrasteia 7700:Hecaterus 7647:Auloniads 7636:Aristaeus 7631:Anthousai 7551:Asclepius 7324:Prophasis 7314:Praxidice 7279:Pepromene 7178:Eiresione 7168:Dyssebeia 7137:Amechania 7117:Adephagia 7033:Hedylogos 6848:Pemphredo 6607:Telchines 6575:Earthborn 6566:Tisiphone 6484:Chthonic 6306:Anigrides 6262:Scamander 6257:Sangarius 6217:Clitumnus 6212:Cephissus 6089:Amphithoe 5961:Callirhoe 5847:Leucothea 5654:Muses at 5592:Apollonis 5559:Melpomene 5470:Asclepius 5394:Aphrodite 5376:Olympian 5358:Menoetius 5222:Mnemosyne 4973:, 2003. 4738:Pausanias 4336:Histories 4331:Herodotus 4252:(Vol. 2). 4129:Euripides 4109:Euripides 3882:Aeschylus 3856:Fragments 3852:Aeschylus 3454:Jenkins, 3379:Pausanias 3341:Euripides 2778:(images: 2766:(images: 2754:(images: 2714:4.794–803 2622:Aeschylus 2362:Pausanias 2316:Euripides 2269:Euripides 2248:Euripides 2211:Euripides 2092:Aeschylus 2078:Bremmer, 1993:Aeschylus 1932:Pausanias 1916:Herodotus 1903:Aeschylus 1768:Euripides 1485:Gilgamesh 1423:Gilgamesh 1324:from the 1181:Pausanias 1171:Euripides 1163:Enceladus 1145:acroteria 1141:antefixes 1131:Gorgoneia 980:from the 916:name vase 739:Agamemnon 721:gorgoneia 615:Agamemnon 573:, in his 529:Asclepius 478:Euripides 476:However, 441:. In the 299:Phorkides 289:Aeschylus 264:Mythology 228:Euripides 155:Etymology 7886:Pasiphaë 7876:Enyalius 7820:Heracles 7711:Maenades 7614:Agdistis 7520:Eunostus 7515:Despoina 7442:Pleiades 7404:Phaethon 7394:Hesperus 7387:Zephyrus 7319:Proioxis 7294:Phthonus 7259:Palioxis 7233:Kydoimos 7228:Koalemos 7193:Eusebeia 7188:Eulabeia 7152:Apheleia 7142:Anaideia 7070:Homonoia 7060:Eupraxia 6995:Euthenia 6980:Charites 6954:Aletheia 6813:Thanatos 6808:Philotes 6775:Lachesis 6673:Hysminai 6663:Dysnomia 6597:Kouretes 6587:Gigantes 6582:Cyclopes 6549:(Furies) 6458:Cleodora 6437:Salmacis 6336:Castalia 6331:Cassotis 6326:Caliadne 6316:Bistonis 6300:Aganippe 6202:Caanthus 6192:Asterion 6172:Achelous 6134:Psamathe 6114:Dynamene 6099:Arethusa 6084:Amatheia 6006:Eurynome 5951:Amalthea 5933:Oceanids 5908:Thalassa 5888:Poseidon 5816:Calliste 5702:Pasithea 5697:Hegemone 5675:(Graces) 5673:Charites 5609:Boeotian 5602:Cephisso 5539:Calliope 5505:Heracles 5495:Harmonia 5449:Poseidon 5424:Dionysus 5319:Astraeus 5258:Hyperion 5191:Hyperion 5146:Tartarus 5064:Ancient 4961:(2003), 4943:(1997), 4925:(1966), 4871:, 2009. 4854:44082112 4567:43574049 4367:Theogony 4347:, 1920; 4323:, 1908. 4301:, 2015. 4214:(2013), 4196:(2000), 4188:41744520 4173:20162978 4017:, 1995. 3898:. 1926. 3866:, 2009. 3776:AO 12460 3652:AO 22205 3569:; Cook, 2611:Phythian 2502:Theogony 2055:Theogony 1977:Phythian 1957:Phythian 1894:Tritonis 1842:Theogony 1799:Theogony 1749:Preface 1714:Theogony 1474:Knielauf 1452:AO 22205 1446:Knielauf 1442:Lamashtu 1425:slaying 1419:Lamashtu 1392:Lamashtu 1367:Fig. 19. 1345:Fig. 18. 1292:Fig. 16. 1269:Fig. 15. 1254:didrachm 1227:Fig. 13. 1201:Fig. 12. 1155:period. 1111:Fig. 11. 1092:Fig. 10. 1073:Syracuse 978:pediment 970:Chrysaor 885:Kameiros 789:Knielauf 767:Boeotian 691:Poseidon 664:Teithras 633:Odysseus 406:Chrysaor 258:Chrysaor 250:Poseidon 246:Olympian 173:Sanskrit 103:Γοργώνες 7916:Gorgons 7792:Silenus 7782:Priapus 7739:Cyllene 7669:Dryades 7658:Cabeiri 7620:Alseids 7602:deities 7600:Rustic 7586:Panacea 7576:Hygieia 7561:Darrhon 7510:Demeter 7477:Taygete 7462:Electra 7457:Celaeno 7452:Sterope 7447:Alcyone 7436:Nephele 7339:Thrasos 7334:Soteria 7304:Polemos 7274:Penthus 7208:Homados 7173:Chrysus 7147:Alastor 7075:Iacchus 7023:Anteros 6990:Eupheme 6985:Eucleia 6969:Astraea 6959:Angelia 6915:Podarge 6911:Ocypete 6907:Celaeno 6898:Harpies 6884:Thaumas 6855:Gorgons 6832:Echidna 6824:Phorcys 6803:Oneiroi 6792:Nemesis 6765:Atropos 6710:Pseudea 6561:Megaera 6547:Erinyes 6537:Zagreus 6527:Melinoë 6522:Lampads 6501:Angelos 6486:deities 6463:Melaina 6453:Corycia 6387:Liriope 6377:Larunda 6372:Ismenis 6367:Ionides 6361:Harpina 6356:Drosera 6295:Achiroe 6272:Strymon 6267:Simoeis 6247:Phyllis 6242:Numicus 6232:Meander 6227:Kladeos 6222:Enipeus 6177:Alpheus 6164:Potamoi 6119:Galatea 6076:Nereids 6056:Telesto 6041:Pleione 6036:Philyra 6001:Electra 5913:Thaumas 5893:Proteus 5878:Phorcys 5873:Oceanus 5862:Nerites 5836:Glaucus 5831:Eurybia 5821:Calypso 5786:deities 5736:Eunomia 5719:(Hours) 5687:Antheia 5549:Euterpe 5419:Demeter 5409:Artemis 5378:deities 5340:Iapetus 5295:Asteria 5201:Oceanus 5196:Iapetus 5100:Chronos 5077:deities 5068:deities 4794:2935950 4687:Perseus 4443:Hygynus 4114:Electra 3711:VII.2, 3492:9031655 3476:CA 1371 3275:45.11.1 2758:IV-2, 2690:Pythian 2571:Odyssey 2424:Pythian 2366:87.47.5 2274:Electra 1928:4.186.1 1747:Fabulae 1743:Hyginus 1558:Humbaba 1489:Humbaba 1427:Humbaba 1322:antefix 1318:Fig. 17 1299:eye-cup 1250:Fig. 14 1208:Olympia 1061:antefix 1057:Pegasus 1053:Fig. 9. 1034:Fig. 8. 966:Pegasus 962:Fig. 6. 939:Fig. 5. 918:of the 908:Fig. 4. 873:Fig. 3. 854:Eleusis 846:Fig. 2. 825:Boetian 821:Fig. 1. 806:Archaic 802:centaur 695:Minerva 687:Neptune 628:Odyssey 505:Electra 402:Pegasus 398:Perseus 367:Perseus 355:Selinus 347:Perseus 334:Perseus 328:Perseus 275:Oceanus 254:Pegasus 224:Echidna 216:Hyginus 204:Phorcys 131:Perseus 119:Phorcys 58:Gorgons 7866:Enodia 7849:Others 7815:Aeacus 7797:Telete 7787:Rhapso 7764:Oenone 7749:Helice 7729:Oreads 7717:Meliae 7566:Epione 7544:Health 7535:Plutus 7505:Aphaea 7484:Sirius 7472:Merope 7431:Hyades 7419:Chione 7372:Boreas 7367:Anemoi 7289:Phrike 7244:Maniae 7112:Achlys 7105:Others 7091:Phobos 7086:Peitho 7065:Hedone 7048:Pothos 7018:Erotes 7012:Deimos 6974:Caerus 6939:Aergia 6873:Sirens 6860:Medusa 6838:Graeae 6770:Clotho 6760:Moirai 6748:Hypnos 6701:Phonoi 6696:Neikea 6691:Machai 6668:Horkos 6612:Typhon 6602:Meliae 6556:Alecto 6516:Hecate 6448:Thriae 6442:Stilbe 6432:Pirene 6427:Pallas 6422:Orseis 6417:Nicaea 6402:Minthe 6397:Metope 6392:Melite 6382:Lilaea 6351:Daphne 6346:Creusa 6311:Argyra 6290:Aegina 6282:Naiads 6252:Peneus 6207:Cebren 6187:Asopus 6182:Anapus 6154:Thetis 6149:Thalia 6124:Galene 6046:Plouto 5991:Dodone 5981:Clytie 5946:Admete 5941:Acaste 5923:Triton 5918:Thetis 5903:Tethys 5898:Rhodos 5883:Pontus 5857:Nereus 5784:Water 5760:Kratos 5731:Eirene 5707:Thalia 5682:Aglaea 5656:Sicyon 5638:Hypate 5620:Melete 5611:Muses 5587:Apollo 5579:Urania 5574:Thalia 5444:Hestia 5439:Hermes 5414:Athena 5399:Apollo 5329:Perses 5324:Pallas 5276:Selene 5271:Helios 5247:Themis 5237:Tethys 5227:Phoebe 5186:Cronus 5161:Titans 5151:Uranus 5141:Pontus 5136:Phanes 5120:Hemera 5105:Erebus 5090:Ananke 5085:Aether 5027: 5019: 4996: 4977: 4951: 4933: 4908: 4894: 4875: 4852: 4833: 4827:(LIMC) 4815: 4792: 4773: 4726: 4720:(LIMC) 4708: 4693: 4675: 4653: 4634: 4608: 4582: 4576:(LIMC) 4565: 4546: 4540:(LIMC) 4524: 4518:(LIMC) 4506: 4464: 4437:500901 4435: 4426:498901 4424: 4363:Hesiod 4351: 4305: 4282: 4263: 4248: 4240: 4222: 4204: 4186: 4171: 4156: 4086: 4080:(LIMC) 4054: 4039: 4021: 3999: 3928: 3920: 3870: 3789:p. 187 3773:Louvre 3649:Louvre 3537:302907 3524:p. 848 3505:IV-2, 3441:IV-2, 3428:350347 3409:IV-2, 3383:5.10.4 3303:p. 288 3288:IV-2, 3271:213438 3244:IV-2, 3216:IV-2, 3168:IV-2, 3155:310459 3133:IV-2, 3105:IV-2, 3092:300055 3069:IV-2, 3056:300025 3030:IV-2, 3002:IV-2, 2974:IV-2, 2782:IV-2, 2770:IV-2, 2744:p. 331 2740:p. 288 2686:Pindar 2607:Pindar 2497:Hesiod 2439:Nonnus 2420:Pindar 2389:Hesiod 2350:3.10.3 2224:Pallas 2204:Hesiod 2114:200575 2050:Hesiod 1973:Pindar 1953:Pindar 1936:3.17.3 1920:2.91.6 1837:Hesiod 1794:Hesiod 1709:Hesiod 1659:γοργός 1649:γοργός 1601:IV-2, 1551:Sparta 1543:Tiryns 1525:Louvre 1450:Louvre 1277:Louvre 1273:fibula 1115:Pelike 1077:Sicily 1005:Fig. 7 947:Louvre 912:volute 889:Rhodes 877:volute 831:pithos 828:relief 773:pithos 770:relief 755:pelike 747:volute 737:, and 731:Athena 699:Athena 649:Pindar 644:Shield 623:Hector 613:, and 607:Athena 589:Hesiod 571:Nonnus 500:Creusa 492:Giants 455:Apollo 451:Athena 445:, the 383:Graeae 379:Athena 375:Hermes 351:Metope 338:Medusa 303:Pindar 284:Cypria 242:Giants 220:Typhon 212:Graeae 196:Hesiod 190:Family 168:γοργός 162:gorgós 138:Athena 127:Graeae 115:Medusa 113:, and 105:), in 18:Gorgon 7871:Circe 7825:Minos 7769:Pitys 7759:Nomia 7705:Leuce 7674:Erato 7663:Comus 7641:Attis 7609:Aetna 7581:Paean 7556:Aceso 7525:Opora 7382:Notus 7377:Eurus 7329:Soter 7309:Poros 7299:Poine 7284:Pheme 7269:Penia 7254:Nomos 7249:Methe 7238:Lyssa 7223:Kakia 7213:Horme 7198:Gelos 7127:Alala 7096:Tyche 7081:Litae 7043:Hymen 7007:Corus 6964:Arete 6949:Alala 6944:Aidos 6903:Aello 6842:Deino 6797:Oizys 6787:Moros 6782:Momus 6754:Keres 6738:Geras 6728:Apate 6706:Ponos 6686:Limos 6682:Logoi 6678:Lethe 6642:Algos 6511:Hades 6470:Tiasa 6407:Moria 6321:Bolbe 6237:Nilus 6197:Axius 6066:Zeuxo 6061:Theia 6031:Perse 6026:Metis 6011:Idyia 5996:Doris 5986:Dione 5868:Nesoi 5811:Brizo 5770:Zelus 5717:Horae 5625:Mneme 5615:Aoide 5554:Erato 5525:Muses 5510:Paean 5348:Atlas 5311:Crius 5287:Coeus 5242:Theia 5217:Dione 5181:Crius 5176:Coeus 5131:Ourea 5095:Chaos 5066:Greek 5025:JSTOR 4850:JSTOR 4801:Aigis 4790:JSTOR 4563:JSTOR 4433:JSTOR 4422:JSTOR 4399:Homer 4381:Homer 4369:from 4184:JSTOR 4169:JSTOR 4033:et al 3945:Frogs 3884:(?), 3751:p. 38 3567:25976 3544:35646 3499:30269 3435:30266 3403:30455 3354:Ion's 3210:30551 3063:13680 3024:30559 2816:Iliad 2811:Homer 2693:12.16 2674:2.4.2 2653:Frogs 2624:(?), 2566:Homer 2550:Iliad 2545:Homer 2524:Iliad 2519:Homer 2475:menos 2448:25.58 2358:Tegea 2354:2.7.3 2291:p. 74 2232:1.6.2 2196:Iliad 2191:Homer 2170:Iliad 2148:Iliad 2143:Homer 2094:(?), 2067:2.4.2 2018:2.4.2 1995:(?), 1924:4.178 1905:(?), 1871:p. 60 1854:2.4.2 1811:2.4.2 1730:2.4.2 1726:1.2.6 1657:s.v. 1653:Γοργώ 1647:svv. 1575:Notes 1538:Iliad 1466:Corfu 1352:kylix 1349:Attic 1296:kylix 1231:Lydos 1160:Giant 986:Corfu 785:Corfu 735:aegis 726:Iliad 693:) in 619:Iliad 611:aegis 602:Iliad 597:Homer 593:Homer 471:Metis 463:Iliad 447:aegis 443:Iliad 439:aegis 427:Oltos 423:aegis 393:harpē 175:stem 142:aegis 94:-gənz 7775:The 7754:Iynx 7744:Echo 7727:The 7721:The 7715:The 7709:The 7693:The 7678:The 7667:The 7656:The 7645:The 7629:The 7618:The 7571:Iaso 7467:Maia 7440:The 7429:The 7423:The 7414:Aura 7365:The 7242:The 7218:Ioke 7158:Arae 7156:The 7132:Alke 7122:Aion 7079:The 7055:Ersa 7028:Eros 7016:The 6921:Iris 6896:The 6892:Arke 6871:The 6853:The 6845:Enyo 6836:The 6801:The 6758:The 6752:The 6733:Eris 6651:The 6634:Eris 6520:The 6506:Gaia 6446:The 6412:Nana 6365:The 6304:The 6144:Spio 6109:Cymo 6051:Styx 5966:Ceto 5956:Asia 5866:The 5840:The 5826:Ceto 5765:Nike 5747:Styx 5726:Dike 5648:Nete 5643:Mese 5633:Lyre 5544:Clio 5534:Zeus 5500:Hebe 5490:Iris 5485:Eris 5480:Enyo 5454:Zeus 5434:Hera 5404:Ares 5300:Leto 5232:Rhea 5129:The 5115:Gaia 5110:Eros 5017:ISBN 4994:ISBN 4975:ISBN 4949:ISBN 4931:ISBN 4906:ISBN 4892:ISBN 4873:ISBN 4831:ISBN 4813:ISBN 4771:ISBN 4752:Ovid 4724:ISBN 4706:ISBN 4691:ISBN 4673:ISBN 4651:ISBN 4632:ISBN 4606:ISBN 4580:ISBN 4544:ISBN 4522:ISBN 4504:ISBN 4462:ISBN 4349:ISBN 4303:ISBN 4280:ISBN 4261:ISBN 4246:ISBN 4238:ISBN 4220:ISBN 4202:ISBN 4154:ISBN 4084:ISBN 4052:ISBN 4037:ISBN 4019:ISBN 3997:ISBN 3926:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3868:ISBN 3709:LIMC 3503:LIMC 3439:LIMC 3407:LIMC 3286:LIMC 3282:9730 3242:LIMC 3238:9805 3214:LIMC 3166:LIMC 3162:9728 3131:LIMC 3103:LIMC 3099:4022 3067:LIMC 3028:LIMC 3000:LIMC 2996:9830 2972:LIMC 2968:9731 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