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1821:. In turn, businesses could source their raw material and export excess product. The Act loosened central planning, giving businesses more say in their suppliers and economic decisions. The New Economic Mechanism achieved the goal of raising living standards throughout the state. Throughout the majority of the 1960s and 1970s the people enjoyed more cultural freedoms and a reduction of ideological pressure from the state. Hungary's economic resources were mobilized to satisfy consumer demand more effectively by providing a more extensive assortment of
1636:. Nagy took steps in his government towards "political liberalization", which drove Rákosi, a staunch Stalinist, to oust him from office in 1955. Imre Nagy did come back and lead the government during the 1956 revolt. During the months of October and November 1956 the people of Hungary revolted against the political and economic situation that was imposed upon them. The Soviet Union reacted with military force and extinguished the uprising, while also changing the command of the state to János Kádár as general secretary in 1956.
1861:
consumption. Their demand was not easily met, and the phrase "Kicsi vagy kocsi" was used to express frustration (it means " a baby and a car"). Even so, there were influxes of socialist cars and other consumer items all across the state. In 1964, multiple foreign embassies opened in
Budapest. As a result of being a comparatively well-off country in the Eastern bloc, Hungary was the destination for tourists from other communist nations for whom visits to the West were much more difficult.
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communist East and the capitalist West. Hungary started trading and enacting transactions with the West. Much of the capital fueling the
Goulash Communist period came from Western capital. Also fueling the reforms was an oil trade between Hungary and the Soviet Union. One main reason why Hungary could not keep Goulash Communism into the 1980s was the reliance on these foreign revenues. In the mid-1970s, an oil crisis hit Hungary (along with
40:
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1628:. In that sense, he helped implement an extensive industrialization of the country. While the quick change to industry brought an initial surge of the economy, it ultimately left many people with worse living conditions. In 1951 the Hungarian people had to use a ticket system to purchase basic supplies. After the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviet Union supported a change in leadership in Hungary and recommended
1772:" which eased foreign trade restrictions, gave limited freedom to the workings of the market, and allowed a few small businesses to operate in the services sector. Though liberal in comparison to Soviet socialism, the first relaxation of economic control was far from posing the same threat as the 1956 reforms. Official policy employed different methods of administering the collectives, leaving the pace of
1794:. In the immediate aftermath, thousands of Hungarians were arrested. Eventually, 26,000 of these were brought before the Hungarian courts, 22,000 were sentenced and imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 229 executed. Approximately 200,000 fled Hungary as refugees. Former Hungarian Foreign Minister Géza Jeszenszky estimated 350 were executed. Sporadic resistance and strikes by
1660:. He started openly practicing communism and worked throughout Hungary's new communist government until he was arrested for the third time for allegedly being a "secret agent" against the party. After Stalin's death, Imre Nagy released many people from prison, Kádár among them. He was released and rehabilitated. He became popular due to being a victim of
1768:, for example) and repealed most of the restrictions on expression and movement enacted under Rákosi. In their place, the party introduced a relatively liberal cultural and economic course aimed at overcoming the post-1956 hostility toward the Kádár government. In 1966, the Central Committee approved the "
1776:
up to each separately. Additionally, rather than enforcing the system of compulsory crop deliveries and of workdays credit the collectivizers used monthly cash wages. Later in the 1960s, cooperatives were permitted to enter into related and then general auxiliary businesses such as food processing,
2527:
I call upon the
Hungarian people to regard neither the occupation force nor the puppet government it may install as a legal authority but rather to employ every means of passive resistance against it ... (István Bibó minister of state of the Petőfi Party) Despite the devastation of the Soviet
1860:
The increase in cultural freedoms, coupled with an increase in living standards and a relative openness to foreign affairs, led to an increase of consumption of consumer goods through
Hungary. People begun buying television sets, private cars and begun to adopt a way of thinking based on increased
1692:
than was the case in the rest of the Soviet bloc; Kádár regularly said, "Who is not against us is with us." This modified the role of the
Communist Party in the development of socialism, now interpreted as "serving" rather than "commanding", reduced the formality of relations between the party and
1564:
was the first to use the term when he wanted to highlight
Hungary's economic developments. This period of "pseudo-consumerism" saw an increase of consumption of consumer goods as well. During the Kádár era, Hungary became the most consumption-oriented country of the Eastern Bloc, with the highest
1852:
After the reconciliation of
Hungary from the revolutionaries, János Kádár's government created a deal with the Soviet Union where they would control foreign affairs while Kádár could employ his domestic control. Through this compromise, the Soviet Union used Hungary as a rare opening between the
1740:
stating that though "each socialist country had the right to determine the concrete form of its development along the path of socialism by taking account of the specific nature of their national conditions... the Soviet Union would not tolerate deviation from the principles of socialism and the
1857:), forcing them to draw more loans from Western countries to pay the inflated oil prices. This oil crisis led to price increases of basic commodities across Hungary, and in turn, by 1985, the standard of living started decreasing for the first time since the introduction of Goulash Communism.
2528:
attack, most of
Hungarian society seemed to respond to Bibó's plea and continued to defy the new régime, keeping Soviet and Hungarian security forces tied up for months dealing with strikes, demonstrations, sabotage, work slowdowns, and other acts of resistance (Document No. 102)
1664:, a proof that he stood against the former Rákosi administration. In July 1956 he was elected to the Hungarian politburo. During the revolution, on October 25, 1956, he was elected to the position of first secretary of the MDP. Six days later, the MDP was reorganized as the
1568:
The phrase "the happiest barracks" was coined in the 1970s to describe the socialist state during this period. The word "happiest" referred to the
Hungarian People's Republic having the highest standard of living of all the Soviet-bloc countries. It was the easiest place to
2223:
Guha, Martin (19 September 2008). "International
Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (2nd edition), Editor-in-Chief William A. Darity. Detroit: Thomson Gale 2008. 9 vols., ISBN: 978 0 02 865965 7 $ 1,080 Also available as an e-book (ISBN 978 0 02 866117 9)".
1536:
for the people of Hungary coupled with economic reforms. These reforms fostered a sense of well-being and relative cultural freedom in Hungary, giving it the reputation of being "the happiest barracks" of the
1556:, a traditional Hungarian dish. Goulash is made with an assortment of dissimilar ingredients; here, it represents how Hungarian communism became a mixed ideology, no longer strictly adhering to the
1752:
declared the period of "consolidation of socialism" after 1956 to be over and that the "foundations for the establishment of a socialist society" had been achieved, which enabled a general
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continued until mid-1957, causing economic disruption. In the aftermath, Kádár made clear his break from the Rákosi government and sought to improve living conditions through reform.
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invokes Marxist–Leninist ideology in the desire to reform. He argues that Marxism is a "science that cannot remain static but must develop and become more perfect".
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while it was still illegal in 1931. He was arrested for conspiracy shortly after. A decade later he rejoined the party in 1941 but went into hiding until the end of
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and an increased focus on the present well-being of the citizens than had been the case in the period preceding 1956. It provided a wider latitude for
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The historical events leading to and including the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created an atmosphere for Goulash Communism to commence.
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with having created a method, meant to guide socialism and its development but not to encompass them in full. "The theory of Marx – as
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Benczes, István (26 February 2016). "From goulash communism to goulash populism: the unwanted legacy of Hungarian reform socialism".
1676:, where he was nominated to be the new leader of Hungary. He had major influence in the political affairs of the country until 1988.
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1829:. An unfortunate result of this policy were rising economic stresses and high indebtedness which became evident by the late 1980s.
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Poggi, Isotta (January 2015). "The Photographic Memory and Impact of the Hungarian 1956 Uprising during the Cold War Era".
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and the quickest to get access to Western products and culture. The country, however, remained under firm party control.
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of most people sentenced in connection with 1956. Under Kádár, the party gradually curbed some of the excesses of the
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the populace at large, increased the scope of societal self-expression and self-management, and refined the guiding
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2264:"Merriman, Nicholas John (born 6 June 1960), Director, Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, since 2006",
1825:. Some economic reform measures were introduced to integrate limited market mechanisms into the framework of the
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1620:(MDP) until shortly before its demise in the 1956 revolution, modelling Hungarian Communism after the regime of
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Although there was no legal opposition, an illegal opposition group existed for about 20 years, the so-called
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economics as well as an improved human rights record, it represented a quiet reform and deviation from the
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1813:, an act to reform the economy of Hungary. It influenced businesses, letting businesses grow through
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East Central Europe in the Modern World: The Politics of the Borderlands from Pre- to Postcommunism
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from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution had been released. In 1968, the Central Committee approved the
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The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary
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1956: European and global perspectives, Volume 1 of Global history and international studies
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1720:, in France differently than." Successive Soviet leaderships rejected this interpretation,
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1998:
Matveev, Yuri V.; Trubetskaya, Olga V.; Lunin, Igor A.; Matveev, Kirill Y. (2018-03-23).
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ideology with modified means of dissemination. In his 1956 manifesto "Reform Communism",
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declared the general amnesty of revolutionaries imprisoned since 1956. By 1963, most
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under close surveillance by the state apparatus. Its predecessor was the so-called
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From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945
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2071:"A "legvidámabb barakk" – Kerekasztal a Kádár-rendszer (újra)értékeléséről"
1801:
In 1962, six years after the Hungarian Revolution, the 8th Congress of the
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The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe
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Masterpices of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989
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1652:, when Hungary was turned communist after the occupation of the Soviet
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stated – gives general guiding principles, which must be utilized in
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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2608:
Article on economic history of Hungary including goulash communism
2000:"Institutional aspect of the Russian economy regional development"
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2458:(154). Society of the Hungarian Quarterly: 86–101. Archived from
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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
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Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union
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5343:
2058:
Henry Kamm Special to The New York Times (June 12, 1975)
1963:
Nyyssönen, Heino (1 June 2006). "Salami reconstructed".
2094:
1549:
principles applied to Hungary in the previous decade.
2543:, p. L. Central European University Press: Budapest.
2539:
Békés, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, János M. Rainer (2002).
2506:
The 1956 Hungarian revolution: a history in documents
2393:. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 16.
1670:
Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1532:
implemented policies with the goal to create a high
5560:
Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland
1684:Goulash Communism showed a far greater concern for
2508:. Central European University Press. p. 364.
2620:Discussion of goulash communism and its aftermath
2500:Csaba Békés; Malcolm Byrne; János Rainer (2002).
2388:
5709:
5314:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
1541:during the 1960s to the 1970s. With elements of
3751:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
3158:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1592:
5474:
2647:
1668:(MSZMP), with Kádár as its first leader. The
1462:
1230:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
5390:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2941:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
2479:CNN: Géza Jeszenszky, Hungarian Ambassador,
2413:
4251:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2439:
5631:Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962
5524:Economy of the People's Republic of Poland
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5481:
5467:
5354:United States involvement in regime change
2909:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
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2358:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2339:
2337:
2335:
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2331:
2307:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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2286:
1469:
1455:
629:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
5656:Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s)
5626:New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s)
2422:IX. International Oral History Conference
2015:
1962:
1185:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
16:1956–1989 variety of communism in Hungary
2502:"Hungary in the Aftermath, Introduction"
1596:
1580:
5646:New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s)
3480:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
2328:
2283:
2182:
2136:
2004:Problems and Perspectives in Management
1210:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
5710:
5324:Russian espionage in the United States
3596:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2414:Molnár, Adrienne; et al. (1996).
2343:
2292:
1842:Budapest School (Hu: Budapesti iskola)
1291:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
617:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
286:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
5728:Metaphors referring to food and drink
5462:
5319:Soviet espionage in the United States
3475:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
3254:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
2919:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
2635:
2560:
2315:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2068:
1777:light industry and service industry.
1560:interpretations of the prior decade.
793:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
714:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
649:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
117:Intensification of the class struggle
5641:Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s)
5570:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
5395:Soviet Union–United States relations
3746:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
2382:
2222:
2178:
2176:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1790:János Kádár came to power following
1552:The name is a metaphor derived from
1235:Sandinista National Liberation Front
709:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
5509:Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia
5359:Soviet involvement in regime change
2473:
2278:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.245150
1948:, Ch. 6: "Lifestyles in transition"
1785:
1724:'s response to Hungary in 1956 and
1190:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13:
5400:Soviet Union–United States summits
2874:1947 Polish parliamentary election
2759:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
2446:Cseresnyés, Ferenc (Summer 1999).
2389:Fink, Carole; et al. (2006).
2252:
2041:"The Origins of Goulash Communism"
1847:
1803:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
1750:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
1666:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
1606:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
1389:State ideology of the Soviet Union
622:The History of the Communist Party
14:
5749:
5661:Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s)
4161:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4096:United States invasion of Grenada
3366:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
3307:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2601:
2173:
2121:
2105:Central European University Press
2099:; Zubok, Vladislav, eds. (2010).
1951:
1604:was the General Secretary of the
1322:Criticism of communist party rule
654:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
92:Commanding heights of the economy
5651:New Economic System (GDR, 1960s)
4236:United States invasion of Panama
4086:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
3726:1971 Turkish military memorandum
3689:Communist insurgency in Thailand
3659:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
3591:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
3418:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
3346:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
2864:Restatement of Policy on Germany
1762:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
1618:Hungarian Working People's Party
1436:
1424:
1412:
1215:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
639:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
624:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
38:
4956:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4337:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4266:Fall of the inner German border
4166:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
3816:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
3806:Spanish transition to democracy
3766:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
3393:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
2899:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
2780:Occupation of the Baltic states
2554:
2533:
2493:
2407:
2366:
2216:
2038:
208:Theory of the productive forces
3736:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
3371:Mozambican War of Independence
2810:Indonesian National Revolution
2192:Encyclopedia of Social History
2088:
2062:
2051:
2032:
1991:
1920:
1639:
634:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
5519:Goulash (Hungarian) Communism
5334:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
4349:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4302:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
4024:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
3989:Seven Days to the River Rhine
3721:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
3008:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
2936:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2483:. Retrieved 8 November 1998.
2151:10.1080/14631377.2015.1124557
1913:
1855:much of the rest of the world
1834:''Democratic Opposition'' (Hu
1744:In 1962, six years after the
1528:'s period of leadership, the
75:Soviet-type economic planning
55:Administrative-command system
4327:Fall of communism in Albania
4297:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
4246:Polish Round Table Agreement
3586:1968 Polish political crisis
3403:Eritrean War of Independence
3169:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3064:East German uprising of 1953
2996:Chinese Communist Revolution
2661:
2374:Report on Hungarian Refugees
2372:Casardi, A. (17 April 1957)
2325:, (Stanford, 2000), pp. 267.
1792:Soviet military intervention
1746:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1741:restoration of capitalism".
1593:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1587:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1522:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1180:Communist Party of Kampuchea
823:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
154:Proletarian internationalism
7:
5723:Hungarian People's Republic
5718:Economic history of Hungary
5600:Collectivization in Romania
5580:Collectivization in Ukraine
5565:Collectivization in Hungary
5514:Economy of the Soviet Union
4201:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
3929:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
3674:Corrective Movement (Syria)
3638:New People's Army rebellion
3633:Sino-Soviet border conflict
3361:Angolan War of Independence
3224:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
3104:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
2749:Jamaican political conflict
2448:"The '56 Exodus to Austria"
2069:Bence, Mezey (2022-04-25).
1864:
1716:in another fashion than in
1679:
1530:Hungarian People's Republic
1518:Hungarian People's Republic
1205:Indochinese Communist Party
223:Wars of national liberation
10:
5754:
5585:Land Reforms (Afghanistan)
4397:Sino-Indian border dispute
4226:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4156:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
3914:1976 Argentine coup d'état
3826:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
3776:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
3460:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
3428:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
3117:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2884:Asian Relations Conference
2481:Cold War Chat (transcript)
2424:. Gotegorg. Archived from
2293:Stokes, Gale, ed. (1996).
2017:10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.36
1766:State Protection Authority
1748:, the 8th Congress of the
1576:
1332:Marxist schools of thought
1225:Party of Labour of Albania
1195:Communist Party of Vietnam
5669:
5618:
5610:Systematization (Romania)
5575:Battle for trade (Poland)
5552:
5544:Economy of SFR Yugoslavia
5496:
5433:
5382:
5304:
5281:William Appleman Williams
5226:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
5008:
4980:
4929:
4861:
4854:
4788:
4653:
4578:
4508:
4501:
4410:
4357:
4289:
4002:
3741:Bangladesh Liberation War
3731:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
3646:
3618:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
3606:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
3269:
3044:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
3021:
2731:
2669:
2348:. Oxford. pp. 81–87.
2297:. Oxford. pp. 81–93.
2238:10.1108/09504120810905060
1780:
1646:Hungarian Communist Party
5595:Three Year Plan (Poland)
4056:1980 Turkish coup d'état
3891:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
3861:1978 Somali coup attempt
3821:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
3786:1973 Chilean coup d'état
3611:Revolutionary Government
3505:South African Border War
3297:1960 Turkish coup d'état
3214:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
3069:1953 Iranian coup d'état
3049:1952 Egyptian revolution
2139:Post-Communist Economies
1175:Communist Party of India
174:Socialism in one country
129:Marxist–Leninist atheism
5636:New Course (GDR, 1950s)
5619:Pre-dissolution reforms
5504:Economy of East Germany
4261:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4206:People Power Revolution
4191:Central American crisis
4131:1986 Black Sea incident
3781:1973 Afghan coup d'état
3679:Western Sahara conflict
3490:1966 Syrian coup d'état
3413:1963 Syrian coup d'état
3356:Portuguese Colonial War
3319:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
3084:1954 Syrian coup d'état
2961:Annexation of Hyderabad
2904:1947–1949 Palestine war
2452:The Hungarian Quarterly
2270:Oxford University Press
2095:Savranskaya, Svetlana;
1977:10.4000/monderusse.3793
1658:"blue-ballot" elections
1644:János Kádár joined the
1384:State ideology of China
1310:under communist regimes
1308:Crimes against humanity
1268:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1240:Workers' Party of Korea
1170:Communist Party of Cuba
1165:Chinese Communist Party
833:Portuguese Colonial War
659:The Governance of China
612:Foundations of Leninism
159:Protracted people's war
107:Dialectical materialism
5677:Eastern Bloc economies
5490:Eastern Bloc economies
4555:Neoclassical economics
4066:Gulf of Sidra incident
3623:1969 Libyan revolution
3314:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3099:1954 Geneva Conference
2859:Turkish straits crisis
2854:Corfu Channel incident
2563:Getty Research Journal
1965:Cahiers du monde russe
1903:Eastern Bloc economies
1838:Demokratikus ellenzék)
1815:horizontal integration
1811:New Economic Mechanism
1770:New Economic Mechanism
1609:
1589:
1585:The flag used for the
1501:
1494:refrigerator communism
1489:
1200:French Communist Party
1110:Bosnia and Herzegovina
419:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
334:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
5733:Political terminology
5405:Russia–NATO relations
5286:Jonathan Reed Winkler
4570:Democratic capitalism
4565:Supply-side economics
4533:American conservatism
4332:Breakup of Yugoslavia
4221:Bougainville conflict
4136:South Yemen civil war
4071:Martial law in Poland
3934:Nicaraguan Revolution
3909:Dirty War (Argentina)
3716:1971 JVP insurrection
3530:Years of Lead (Italy)
3408:North Yemen civil war
3326:Berlin Crisis of 1961
3302:Albanian–Soviet split
3234:1959 Tibetan uprising
3199:Syrian Crisis of 1957
3054:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
2914:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2344:Stokes, Gale (1993).
2200:10.4324/9780203306352
1672:then summoned him to
1600:
1584:
1502:fridzsiderkommunizmus
1220:Nepal Communist Party
843:Nicaraguan Revolution
479:Mengistu Haile Mariam
97:Democratic centralism
87:Collective leadership
5529:Economy of Lithuania
4826:Non-Aligned Movement
4448:Peaceful coexistence
4402:North Borneo dispute
4317:German reunification
4312:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
4010:Salvadoran Civil War
3959:Grand Mosque seizure
3954:Yemenite War of 1979
3846:Mozambican Civil War
3801:Carnation Revolution
3756:Yemenite War of 1972
3694:1970 Polish protests
3525:1967 Hong Kong riots
3500:Argentine Revolution
3450:Guatemalan Civil War
3378:Cuban Missile Crisis
3292:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3164:1956 Poznań protests
3142:Geneva Summit (1955)
2744:Hukbalahap Rebellion
2723:Non-Aligned Movement
2186:(21 December 1993).
2047:on December 9, 2020.
1827:Soviet-style economy
1632:for the position of
1565:standard of living.
1512:, is the variety of
1443:Socialism portal
1419:Communism portal
838:Black power movement
808:Non-Aligned Movement
179:Socialist patriotism
5539:Economy of Moldavia
5271:Alex von Tunzelmann
5261:Vladimir Tismăneanu
5186:Thomas J. McCormick
5181:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
5081:Robert Hugh Ferrell
4944:Crusade for Freedom
4741:Illiberal democracy
4625:Ho Chi Minh Thought
4428:Eisenhower Doctrine
4281:Peaceful Revolution
4276:Romanian Revolution
4256:Revolutions of 1989
4241:1988 Polish strikes
4151:Operation INFEKTION
4146:1987 Lieyu massacre
4051:Eritrean Civil Wars
4034:Peruvian Revolution
3984:1979 Herat uprising
3974:Sino-Vietnamese War
3939:Uganda–Tanzania War
3919:Egyptian–Libyan War
3886:Third Indochina War
3881:Sino-Albanian split
3871:Ethiopian Civil War
3771:Eritrean Civil Wars
3711:Ping-pong diplomacy
3684:Cambodian Civil War
3510:Korean DMZ Conflict
3495:Cultural Revolution
3465:Dominican Civil War
3443:Tlatelolco massacre
3229:1959 Mosul uprising
3219:1958 Lebanon crisis
2946:Al-Wathbah uprising
2869:First Indochina War
2839:Iran crisis of 1946
2487:11 May 2001 at the
2272:, 1 December 2007,
1940:, Routledge, 2018,
1807:political prisoners
1431:Politics portal
1337:National Bolshevism
1327:Cult of personality
863:Revolutions of 1989
858:Naxalite insurgency
848:Cultural Revolution
734:Great Patriotic War
589:Wojciech Jaruzelski
549:Nur Muhammad Taraki
256:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5425:Russian Revolution
5221:Mary Elise Sarotte
5206:William B. Pickett
5131:Patrick J. Hearden
5111:Gabriel Gorodetsky
5106:Timothy Garton Ash
5091:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
4686:Ethnic nationalism
4438:Hallstein Doctrine
4322:Yemeni unification
4111:1985 Geneva Summit
4076:Casamance conflict
3979:New Jewel Movement
3964:Iranian Revolution
3949:Chadian–Libyan War
3896:Cambodian conflict
3876:Lebanese Civil War
3866:Western Sahara War
3841:June 1976 protests
3836:Cambodian genocide
3601:17 July Revolution
3555:Nigerian Civil War
3470:Rhodesian Bush War
3455:Colombian conflict
3398:Ramadan Revolution
3137:Bandung Conference
3013:Operation Valuable
2894:Partition of India
2625:2016-04-29 at the
2613:2014-12-07 at the
2107:. p. xxxiii.
1938:Hungary Since 1945
1908:History of Hungary
1871:Barracks communism
1736:and the resulting
1610:
1608:from 1956 to 1988.
1590:
1534:standard of living
868:Nepalese Civil War
828:Great Leap Forward
756:Chinese Revolution
429:Kaysone Phomvihane
144:People's democracy
82:Collective farming
5705:
5704:
5534:Economy of Latvia
5456:
5455:
5443:List of conflicts
5291:Rudolph Winnacker
5236:Giles Scott-Smith
5211:Ronald E. Powaski
5166:Melvyn P. Leffler
5096:John Lewis Gaddis
5071:Robert D. English
5036:Warren H. Carroll
5026:Michael Beschloss
4995:Nuclear arms race
4976:
4975:
4882:Neues Deutschland
4784:
4783:
4766:White nationalism
4736:Liberal democracy
4473:Ulbricht Doctrine
4463:Brezhnev Doctrine
4271:Velvet Revolution
4015:Soviet–Afghan War
3831:Angolan Civil War
3628:Goulash Communism
3485:ASEAN Declaration
3438:Mexican Dirty War
3336:Annexation of Goa
3287:1960 U-2 incident
3261:Sino-Soviet split
3239:Laotian Civil War
3079:Bricker Amendment
3059:Mau Mau rebellion
3003:Malayan Emergency
2991:Chinese Civil War
2951:Tito–Stalin split
2805:Division of Korea
2541:Hungarian Tragedy
2321:Janos, Andrew C.
2226:Reference Reviews
2188:Stearns, Peter N.
2184:Stearns, Peter N.
2114:978-615-5053-40-5
1796:workers' councils
1738:Brezhnev Doctrine
1722:Nikita Khrushchev
1562:Nikita Khrushchev
1492:), also known as
1490:gulyáskommunizmus
1482:Goulash Communism
1479:
1478:
818:Sino-Soviet split
724:Spanish Civil War
644:Guerrilla Warfare
606:Theoretical works
524:Władysław Gomułka
504:Nicolae Ceaușescu
454:Nikos Zachariadis
374:Nikita Khrushchev
354:Palmiro Togliatti
124:Labor aristocracy
102:Dialectical logic
5745:
5682:Shortage economy
5670:Related concepts
5553:Collectivization
5483:
5476:
5469:
5460:
5459:
5201:David S. Painter
5126:John Earl Haynes
5056:Nicholas J. Cull
5041:Adrian Cioroianu
5021:Thomas A. Bailey
4968:Voice of America
4859:
4858:
4771:White separatism
4751:Social democracy
4746:Guided democracy
4726:Authoritarianism
4676:Ultranationalism
4666:Anti-imperialism
4593:Marxism–Leninism
4506:
4505:
4493:Kinmen Agreement
4458:Johnson Doctrine
4443:Kennedy Doctrine
4359:Frozen conflicts
4342:1991 August Coup
4231:Afghan Civil War
4126:Reykjavík Summit
4121:Somali Rebellion
4061:Ugandan Bush War
4039:Gdańsk Agreement
3560:Protests of 1968
3540:War of Attrition
3249:Cuban Revolution
3185:We will bury you
3152:Cyprus Emergency
3132:Kashmir Princess
3122:Jebel Akhdar War
2971:Western betrayal
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2595:
2594:
2558:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2497:
2491:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2261:
2250:
2249:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2134:
2119:
2118:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:. Archived from
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1971:(1–2): 153–172.
1960:
1949:
1935:
1924:
1881:Market socialism
1817:instead of only
1786:Internal affairs
1695:Marxist–Leninist
1558:Marxist–Leninist
1543:regulated market
1471:
1464:
1457:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1374:State capitalism
798:De-Stalinization
579:Gennady Zyuganov
559:Rohana Wijeweera
414:Klement Gottwald
409:Valko Chervenkov
394:Lazar Kaganovich
70:Central planning
65:Anti-revisionism
60:Anti-imperialism
42:
32:Marxism–Leninism
19:
18:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5665:
5614:
5548:
5492:
5487:
5457:
5452:
5429:
5420:Second Cold War
5378:
5306:
5300:
5276:Odd Arne Westad
5266:Patrick Vaughan
5251:Athan Theoharis
5231:Ellen Schrecker
5216:Yakov M. Rabkin
5191:Timothy Naftali
5136:Tvrtko Jakovina
5121:Jussi Hanhimäki
5004:
4982:
4972:
4950:Paix et Liberté
4925:
4869:Active measures
4850:
4780:
4761:White supremacy
4721:Totalitarianism
4649:
4574:
4497:
4483:Reagan Doctrine
4478:Carter Doctrine
4418:Truman Doctrine
4406:
4353:
4285:
4180:Soviet reaction
4091:Ndogboyosoi War
3998:
3969:Saur Revolution
3796:1973 oil crisis
3761:Munich massacre
3669:Alcora Exercise
3664:Black September
3642:
3388:Sino-Indian War
3282:Simba rebellion
3265:
3109:Capture of the
3017:
2956:Berlin Blockade
2889:May 1947 crises
2879:Truman Doctrine
2844:Greek Civil War
2833:Blacklist Forty
2800:Gouzenko Affair
2787:Cursed soldiers
2739:Morgenthau Plan
2727:
2665:
2660:
2627:Wayback Machine
2615:Wayback Machine
2604:
2599:
2598:
2559:
2555:
2538:
2534:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2498:
2494:
2489:Wayback Machine
2478:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2387:
2383:
2371:
2367:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2181:
2174:
2135:
2122:
2115:
2097:Blanton, Thomas
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2037:
2033:
1996:
1992:
1961:
1952:
1929:
1927:Árpád von Klimó
1925:
1921:
1916:
1876:Khrushchev Thaw
1867:
1850:
1848:Foreign affairs
1788:
1783:
1726:Leonid Brezhnev
1682:
1662:Stalin's purges
1642:
1595:
1579:
1514:state socialism
1475:
1435:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1399:Totalitarianism
1379:State socialism
1309:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1150:
1142:
1141:
881:
873:
872:
741:Greek Civil War
672:
664:
663:
623:
607:
599:
598:
539:Mathieu Kérékou
439:Leonid Brezhnev
404:Bolesław Bierut
399:Georgi Dimitrov
384:Josip Broz Tito
379:Walter Ulbricht
309:
301:
300:
241:
233:
232:
134:One-party state
119:under socialism
118:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5751:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Dekulakization
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Timothy Snyder
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5176:Vojtech Mastny
5173:
5171:Geir Lundestad
5168:
5163:
5161:Walter Laqueur
5158:
5156:Walter LaFeber
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:André Fontaine
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5016:Gar Alperovitz
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4756:Third-Worldism
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Libertarianism
4542:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4523:Chicago school
4520:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Nixon Doctrine
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4411:Foreign policy
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Operation RYAN
4193:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Able Archer 83
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Oromo conflict
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Yom Kippur War
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:Aden Emergency
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Papua conflict
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3244:Kitchen Debate
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Sputnik crisis
3201:
3196:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:Polish October
3171:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Pact of Madrid
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Bamboo Curtain
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2603:
2602:External links
2600:
2597:
2596:
2575:10.1086/680747
2553:
2532:
2514:
2492:
2472:
2438:
2428:on 7 June 2007
2406:
2399:
2381:
2365:
2327:
2314:
2282:
2251:
2215:
2208:
2172:
2145:(2): 146–166.
2120:
2113:
2087:
2077:(in Hungarian)
2061:
2050:
2031:
2010:(1): 381–391.
1990:
1950:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:Polish October
1883:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1849:
1846:
1823:consumer goods
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1730:Czechoslovakia
1686:public opinion
1681:
1678:
1641:
1638:
1634:Prime Minister
1594:
1591:
1578:
1575:
1520:following the
1510:Hungarian Thaw
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1394:Third-Worldism
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1347:Post-communism
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:Anti-communism
1293:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:Related topics
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
941:Czechoslovakia
938:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:
916:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
737:
736:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
619:
614:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
534:Thomas Sankara
531:
526:
521:
519:Erich Honecker
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
469:Agostinho Neto
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
434:Khalid Bakdash
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
364:Võ Nguyên Giáp
361:
356:
351:
349:Maurice Thorez
346:
341:
339:Ehmetjan Qasim
336:
331:
329:Ernst Thälmann
326:
321:
316:
314:Vladimir Lenin
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
204:
203:
193:
192:
191:
186:
176:
171:
169:Social fascism
166:
164:Self-criticism
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
78:
77:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5750:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:War on terror
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:Espionage and
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Andrew Thorpe
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Gabriel Kolko
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Fred Halliday
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Lloyd Gardner
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:Norman Davies
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:John Costello
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:Technological
4979:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:Pro-communist
4860:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:Organizations
4787:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Eurocommunism
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Domino theory
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:South Ossetia
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
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2515:963-9241-66-0
2511:
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2476:
2462:on 2004-11-27
2461:
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1622:Joseph Stalin
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1614:Mátyás Rákosi
1607:
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1571:travel abroad
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853:Prague Spring
851:
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594:Todor Zhivkov
592:
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575:
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570:
569:Harry Pollitt
567:
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562:
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529:Samora Machel
527:
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510:
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494:Hardial Bains
492:
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477:
475:
472:
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467:
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460:
457:
455:
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444:Deng Xiaoping
442:
440:
437:
435:
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430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
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389:Mátyás Rákosi
387:
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375:
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370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
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355:
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350:
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319:Joseph Stalin
317:
315:
312:
311:
305:
304:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Khrushchevism
274:
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269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
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249:
247:
244:
243:
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228:Unified power
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155:
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150:
149:Popular front
147:
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61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
5692:Stakhanovite
5518:
5415:Brinkmanship
5307:intelligence
5196:Marius Oprea
5146:Harvey Klehr
5076:Herbert Feis
5066:Willem Drees
5031:Archie Brown
4948:
4936:
4918:
4908:Trybuna Ludu
4906:
4899:
4895:Radio Moscow
4887:
4880:
4873:
4701:Anti-Zionism
4617:
4540:Keynesianism
4528:Conservatism
4392:Transnistria
4372:China-Taiwan
4029:Gera Demands
3902:
3703:
3627:
3578:
3383:El Porteñazo
3277:Congo Crisis
3192:
3127:Algerian War
3110:
2986:Western Bloc
2981:Eastern Bloc
2976:Iron Curtain
2832:
2824:
2816:
2793:
2773:
2765:
2682:Soviet Union
2680:
2673:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2519:. Retrieved
2505:
2495:
2475:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:the original
2455:
2451:
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:the original
2421:
2416:
2409:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2345:
2322:
2317:
2294:
2265:
2232:(7): 17–19.
2229:
2225:
2218:
2191:
2142:
2138:
2100:
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
2053:
2045:the original
2034:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1968:
1964:
1937:
1922:
1859:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1800:
1789:
1743:
1703:
1683:
1650:World War II
1643:
1626:Soviet Union
1611:
1567:
1551:
1539:Eastern Bloc
1509:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1369:Second World
1083:Turkmenistan
1018:Soviet Union
958:East Germany
781:2002–present
751:Eastern Bloc
729:World War II
677:Soviet Union
554:Alfonso Cano
509:Gustáv Husák
499:Sanzō Nosaka
464:Fidel Castro
369:Earl Browder
270:
213:Third Period
5241:Shen Zhihua
5051:Michael Cox
4983:competition
4930:Pro-Western
4920:Soviet Life
4846:Safari Club
4816:Warsaw Pact
4671:Nationalism
4661:Imperialism
4560:Reaganomics
4423:Containment
4216:Perestroika
3705:Realpolitik
3535:Six-Day War
3520:Greek junta
3331:Berlin Wall
3179:Suez Crisis
3147:Vietnam War
3034:McCarthyism
2849:Baruch Plan
2794:Unthinkable
2754:Dekemvriana
2693:Warsaw Pact
2569:: 197–206.
2039:Shu, Wang.
1930: [
1704:He credits
1640:János Kádár
1616:headed the
1602:János Kádár
1526:János Kádár
1352:Red fascism
1013:South Yemen
993:North Korea
886:Afghanistan
813:Vietnam War
803:Warsaw Pact
719:Great Purge
704:Great Break
574:Harpal Brar
514:János Kádár
484:Kim Il Sung
459:Che Guevara
424:Enver Hoxha
359:Ho Chi Minh
218:Vanguardism
139:Partiinost'
5712:Categories
5009:Historians
5000:Space Race
4901:Rudé právo
4855:Propaganda
4711:Neo-Nazism
4681:Chauvinism
4635:Trotskyism
4550:Monetarism
4518:Liberalism
4510:Capitalism
4502:Ideologies
4453:Ostpolitik
4176:Solidarity
4141:Toyota War
4044:Solidarity
3901:Operation
3856:Ogaden War
3545:Dhofar War
3433:Shifta War
3191:Operation
3039:Korean War
2831:Operation
2823:Operation
2815:Operation
2792:Operation
2772:Operation
2764:Operation
2521:31 October
2466:2006-10-09
2432:2008-10-10
2081:2023-02-27
1914:References
1273:Trotskyism
1258:Bolshevism
1125:Montenegro
1105:Yugoslavia
1093:Uzbekistan
1078:Tajikistan
1053:Kyrgyzstan
1048:Kazakhstan
1028:Azerbaijan
988:Mozambique
880:By country
788:Korean War
584:Xi Jinping
544:Siad Barre
474:Lúcio Lara
324:Mao Zedong
5738:Socialism
5497:Economies
5296:Ken Young
5141:Tony Judt
4990:Arms race
4963:Red Scare
4831:NN States
4776:Apartheid
4731:Autocracy
4640:Stalinism
4608:Guevarism
4598:Castroism
4588:Communism
4580:Socialism
4106:Star Wars
3699:Koza riot
2825:Beleaguer
2817:Masterdom
2591:192001964
2583:1944-8740
2354:cite book
2303:cite book
2266:Who's Who
2246:0950-4125
2167:157034896
2159:1463-1377
2026:1727-7051
1985:1252-6576
1706:Karl Marx
1699:Imre Nagy
1656:, by the
1630:Imre Nagy
1547:Stalinist
1524:. During
1498:Hungarian
1486:Hungarian
1357:Red Scare
1342:New class
1160:Comintern
1120:Macedonia
1063:Lithuania
910:Cambodia
776:1989–2002
771:1976–1989
766:1949–1976
697:1982–1991
692:1964–1982
687:1953–1964
682:1927–1953
489:Chin Peng
344:José Díaz
291:Stalinism
251:Guevarism
246:Castroism
201:Socialist
5448:Timeline
5438:Category
5383:See also
4875:Izvestia
4716:Islamism
4613:Hoxhaism
4488:Rollback
4367:Abkhazia
4307:Gulf War
4211:Glasnost
3581:incident
3351:Sand War
3209:Ifni War
2718:Rio Pact
2663:Cold War
2623:Archived
2611:Archived
2485:Archived
2075:Ujkor.hu
1865:See also
1819:vertical
1680:Ideology
1654:Red Army
1506:Kádárism
1285:See also
1263:Leninism
1135:Slovenia
1033:Byelarus
983:Mongolia
963:Ethiopia
951:Slovakia
906:Bulgaria
746:Cold War
564:Gus Hall
271:Kádárism
266:Husakism
261:Hoxhaism
240:Variants
189:Yugoslav
49:Concepts
24:a series
22:Part of
5697:Comecon
5687:Sovkhoz
4938:Amerika
4821:Comecon
4706:Fascism
4696:Zionism
4645:Titoism
4186:Contras
3654:Détente
2931:Comecon
2190:(ed.).
1897:General
1891:Titoism
1754:amnesty
1714:Britain
1690:dissent
1624:in the
1577:Origins
1554:goulash
1516:in the
1508:or the
1155:Comecon
1115:Croatia
1100:Vietnam
1088:Ukraine
1068:Moldova
1043:Georgia
1038:Estonia
1023:Armenia
1008:Somalia
1003:Romania
973:Hungary
968:Grenada
946:Czechia
919:1979–92
914:1975–79
891:Albania
671:History
449:Pol Pot
296:Titoism
4889:Pravda
4691:Racism
4630:Maoism
4382:Kosovo
3903:Condor
3579:Pueblo
3565:May 68
3193:Gladio
3111:Tuapse
2774:Jungle
2766:Priboi
2589:
2581:
2547:
2512:
2397:
2244:
2206:
2165:
2157:
2111:
2024:
1983:
1944:
1781:Policy
1728:'s to
1718:France
1674:Moscow
1362:Second
1130:Serbia
1073:Russia
1058:Latvia
998:Poland
896:Angola
308:People
281:Maoism
184:Soviet
5374:Stasi
4841:SAARC
4836:ASEAN
4801:SEATO
4654:Other
4619:Juche
4377:Korea
4290:1990s
4003:1980s
3647:1970s
3270:1960s
3022:1950s
2732:1940s
2713:NEATO
2708:SEATO
2698:ANZUS
2587:S2CID
2163:S2CID
1934:]
1760:(the
1710:Lenin
931:Congo
926:China
901:Benin
761:China
196:State
4914:TASS
4806:METO
4796:NATO
4022:and
4020:1980
3577:USS
2703:METO
2688:NATO
2579:ISSN
2545:ISBN
2523:2009
2510:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2378:NATO
2360:link
2309:link
2242:ISSN
2204:ISBN
2155:ISSN
2109:ISBN
2022:ISSN
1981:ISSN
1942:ISBN
1734:1968
978:Laos
936:Cuba
112:Foco
5369:KGB
5364:MVD
5349:MI6
5344:MI5
5339:CIA
4811:EEC
2571:doi
2274:doi
2234:doi
2196:doi
2147:doi
2012:doi
1973:doi
1732:in
1504:),
5714::
2585:.
2577:.
2565:.
2525:.
2504:.
2456:XL
2454:.
2450:.
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2376:.
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2305:}}
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2228:.
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2194:.
2175:^
2161:.
2153:.
2143:28
2141:.
2123:^
2103:.
2073:.
2020:.
2008:16
2006:.
2002:.
1979:.
1969:47
1967:.
1953:^
1936:,
1932:de
1844:.
1500::
1488::
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