1507:
739:
law. It's a regulation." "OK. Show me the regulation." "Well, it isn't really a regulation. It's a policy that was put in place by Mr. Somebody twenty years ago." "Great. We can change that!" Laws should specify goals, rights, outcomes, authorities, and limits. If specified broadly, those laws can stand the test of time. Regulations, which specify how to execute those laws in much more detail, should be regarded in much the same way that programmers regard their code and algorithms, that is, as a constantly updated toolset to achieve the outcomes specified in the laws. It's time for government to enter the age of big data. Algorithmic regulation is an idea whose time has come.
985:
770:
580:
588:
852:
826:. Similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $ 100 million and to would have taken about 10 years to develop. With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.
55:
568:
822:(population 4,104) for $ 170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $ 4,600,000,000. Cryptocurrency will be allowed for payments. Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring
3482:
1869:
United
Kingdom, and Sweden largely oppose the idea. The survey results exhibit significant generational differences. Over 60% of Europeans aged 25-34 and 56% of those aged 34-44 support the measure, while a majority of respondents over the age of 55 are against it. International perspectives also vary: 75% of Chinese respondents support the proposal, whereas 60% of Americans are opposed.
738:
Sometimes the "rules" aren't really even rules. Gordon Bruce, the former CIO of the city of
Honolulu, explained to me that when he entered government from the private sector and tried to make changes, he was told, "That's against the law." His reply was "OK. Show me the law." "Well, it isn't really a
785:
is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance. In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for
527:
is applied to regulations, law enforcement, and generally any aspect of everyday life such as transportation or land registration. The term "government by algorithm" has appeared in academic literature as an alternative for "algorithmic governance" in 2013. A related term, algorithmic regulation, is
1538:
which is used to keep citizens safe. This system generates a QR code in one of three colors (green, yellow, or red) after users fill in a form on Alipay with personal details. A green code enables the holder to move around unrestricted. A yellow code requires the user to stay at home for seven days
1522:
called "close-contact-detector". Users are asked to enter their name and ID number. The app is able to detect "close contact" using surveillance data (i.e. using public transport records, including trains and flights) and therefore a potential risk of infection. Every user can also check the status
1214:
In Costa Rica, the possible digitalization of public procurement activities (i.e. tenders for public works, ...) has been investigated. The paper discussing this possibility mentions that the use of ICT in procurement has several benefits such as increasing transparency, facilitating digital access
1562:
Cellphone data is used to locate infected patients in South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and other countries. In March 2020, the
Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus. The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those
1206:
to make it more automated and seamless. A virtual assistant will guide citizens through any interactions they have with the government. Automated and proactive services "push" services to citizens at key events of their lives (including births, bereavements, unemployment, ...). One example is the
1860:
Researchers found some evidence that when citizens perceive their political leaders or security providers to be untrustworthy, disappointing, or immoral, they prefer to replace them by artificial agents, whom they consider to be more reliable. The evidence is established by survey experiments on
1868:
indicates that 51% of
Europeans are in favor of reducing the number of national parliamentarians and reallocating these seats to an algorithm. This proposal has garnered substantial support in Spain (66%), Italy (59%), and Estonia (56%). Conversely, the citizens of Germany, the Netherlands, the
802:
is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms. A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.
659:
as tools for rationalization and evaluation of administrative behavior. The automation of rule-based processes was an ambition of tax agencies over many decades resulting in varying success. Early work from this period includes Thorne McCarty's influential TAXMAN project in the US and Ronald
1781:'s Center for the Governance of Change in Spain found that 25% of citizens from selected European countries were somewhat or totally in favor of letting an artificial intelligence make important decisions about how their country is run. The following table lists the results by country:
1624:
are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates. Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of
863:
combined in algorithmic regulation can outperform traditional regulations. For instance, once taxi-drivers are rated by passengers, the quality of their services will improve automatically and "drivers who provide poor service are eliminated". O'Reilly's suggestion is based on
706:
he invisible hand of cyberspace is building an architecture that is quite the opposite of its architecture at its birth. This invisible hand, pushed by government and by commerce, is constructing an architecture that will perfect control and make highly efficient regulation
726:
developed the concept of algocracy — information technologies constrain human participation in public decision making. Aneesh differentiated algocratic systems from bureaucratic systems (legal-rational regulation) as well as market-based systems (price-based regulation).
1483:
as an AI avatar named "AI Steve", saying that constituents could interact with AI Steve to shape policy. Endacott stated that he would only attend
Parliament to vote based on policies which had garnered at least 50% support. AI Steve placed last with 179 votes.
1312:
can perform tasks that are typically done by paralegals or young associates at law firms. One such technology used by US law firms to assist in legal research is from ROSS Intelligence, and others vary in sophistication and dependence on scripted
2705:"Organisations: Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute): Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, Russia"
609:, published an article in the journal "Communist" about a computer network for processing information and control of the economy. In fact, he proposed to make a network like the modern Internet for the needs of algorithmic governance (Project
1657:
estimated in 2017, automation of US government work could save 96.7 million federal hours annually, with a potential savings of $ 3.3 billion; at the high end, this rises to 1.2 billion hours and potential annual savings of $ 41.1 billion.
5053:
1616:(i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and GPS phone personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires, to investigate how householders responded in wildfires and spotting wildfire in real time using
1149:. Medical records serve as the central repository for planning patient care and documenting communication among patient and health care provider and professionals contributing to the patient's care. In the EU, work is ongoing on a
1697:, the conflict between democracy and dictatorship is seen as a conflict of two different data-processing systems—AI and algorithms may swing the advantage toward the latter by processing enormous amounts of information centrally.
755:
technology to ensure transparency and hinder corruption in governmental transactions. "Government by
Algorithm?" was the central theme introduced at Data for Policy 2017 conference held on 6–7 September 2017 in London.
1652:
Algorithmic regulation is supposed to be a system of governance where more exact data, collected from citizens via their smart devices and computers, is used to more efficiently organize human life as a collective. As
1357:
AI teaching assistants are being developed and used for education (e.g., Georgia Tech's Jill Watson) and there is also an ongoing debate on whether perhaps teachers can be entirely replaced by AI systems (e.g., in
3457:
945:
represented by smart contracts that is transparent, controlled by shareholders and not influenced by a central government. Smart contracts have been discussed for use in such applications as use in (temporary)
6696:
Stainforth, Elizabeth and Jo
Lindsay Walton. "Computing Utopia: The Horizons of Computational Economies in History and Science Fiction." Science Fiction Studies, vol. 46 no. 3, 2019, p. 471-489. Project MUSE,
1301:
of an actual female judge. She "will help the court's judges complete repetitive basic work, including litigation reception, thus enabling professional practitioners to focus better on their trial work". Also
1558:
to be carried out where needed). The algorithms used by the monitoring software can be incorporated into existing surveillance systems in public spaces (hospitals, stations, airports, shopping centres, ...)
1531:. The close contact detector can be accessed via popular mobile apps including Alipay. If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, it also alerts local health officials.
1215:
to public tenders, reducing direct interaction between procurement officials and companies at moments of high integrity risk, increasing outreach and competition, and easier detection of irregularities.
6504:
1554:
during the COVID-19 pandemic. The system does not store identifying data, but rather allows to alert city authorities and police where breaches of the mask and mask wearing rules are spotted (allowing
933:
often employs similar technology, but is differentiated from the fact that it does use a central bank. It is soon to be employed by major unions and governments such as the
European Union and China.
1195:
to generate various three-digit "risk scores" for prescriptions of medications and an overall "Overdose Risk Score", collectively referred to as Narx Scores, in a process that potentially includes
5859:
5061:
2274:
906:
was said to be a mass surveillance effort with a centralized numerical score for each citizen given for their actions, though newer reports say that this is a widespread misconception.
1442:
SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to an electoral race in New
Zealand. The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believes SAM will be advanced enough to run as a
5593:
4825:
4191:
4084:
Senator, Ted E.; Wong, Raphael W.H.; Marrone, Michael P.; Llamas, Winston M.; Klinger, Christina D.; Khan, A.F. Umar; Cottini, Matthew A.; Goldberg, Henry G.; Wooton, Jerry.
2611:
855:
Model of cybernetic thinking about organisation. On the one hand in reality a system is determined. On the other hand, cybernetic factory can be modeled as a control system.
619:"by 1970 the USSR may have a radically new production technology, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing
4543:
2759:. Information and technology: Moscow: Publishing House "Nauka", 1973. - Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems. pp. 495–508.
1409:
899:, so that rational agents would be motivated to increase their score by adapting their behaviour. Several ethical aspects of that technology are still being discussed.
941:, whose objectives are the reduction of need in trusted governmental intermediators, arbitrations and enforcement costs. A decentralized autonomous organization is an
5209:
4859:
4571:
4245:
2774:
3941:
5288:
Ferretti, Luca; Wymant, Chris; Kendall, Michelle; Zhao, Lele; Nurtay, Anel; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Parker, Michael; Bonsall, David; Fraser, Christophe (8 May 2020).
1297:
in courts. According to the statement of
Beijing Internet Court, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court. The Chinese AI judge is a
3614:
996:, 45% of the studied US federal agencies have experimented with AI and related machine learning (ML) tools up to 2020. US federal agencies counted the number of
6453:
6900:
2490:
Veale, Michael; Brass, Irina (2019). "Administration by Algorithm? Public Management Meets Public Sector Machine Learning". Social Science Research Network.
6831:
2858:
1705:
6152:
5374:
4304:
925:
are mentioned as means to replace traditional ways of governance. Cryptocurrencies are currencies, which are enabled by algorithms without a governmental
1000:
applications, which are listed below. 53% of these applications were produced by in-house experts. Commercial providers of residual applications include
5028:
4658:
1539:
and red means a two-week quarantine. In some cities such as Hangzhou, it has become nearly impossible to get around without showing one's Alipay code.
1472:" hopes to be the first AI-powered officeholder in Japan in November 2023. This candidacy is said to be supported by a group led by Michihito Matsuda
644:
to improve the management of the national economy. Elements of the project were used in 1972 to successfully overcome the traffic collapse caused by a
5545:
4001:
3655:
712:
2729:
1996:
1340:
162:
4844:
1700:
In 2018, the Netherlands employed an algorithmic system SyRI (Systeem Risico Indicatie) to detect citizens perceived being high risk for committing
1164:. It scanned more than 16.5 million of records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124,000 of them for manual analysis and review by
555:
and Teresa Scantamburlo argued that the combination of a human society and certain regulation algorithms (such as reputation-based scoring) forms a
6944:
3351:
1704:, which quietly flagged thousands of people to investigators. This caused a public protest. The district court of Hague shut down SyRI referencing
551:
that rules by the effective use of information, with algorithmic governance, although algorithms are not the only means of processing information.
5411:
5165:
5084:
3790:
3973:
439:
6179:
1480:
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and by not pretending to be an objective candidate. This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.
5991:
5111:
1038:
5166:"A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines"
5934:
Banna, Md. Hasan Al; Taher, Kazi Abu; Kaiser, M. Shamim; Mahmud, Mufti; Rahman, Md. Sazzadur; Hosen, A. S. M. Sanwar; Cho, Gi Hwan (2020).
5474:
3458:"Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth"
1766:
1726:
1670:, a lack of transparency in how an algorithm may make decisions, and the accountability for any such decisions. According to a 2016's book
1235:
1579:
said that "40% of people are continuing to move around anyway", as he has been informed by mobile phone operators. In USA, Europe and UK,
4018:
430:
3629:
528:
defined as setting the standard, monitoring and modifying behaviour by means of computational algorithms – automation of
3027:
Sodemann, Angela A.; Ross, Matthew P.; Borghetti, Brett J. (November 2012). "A Review of Anomaly Detection in Automated Surveillance".
1506:
1469:
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and Teresa Scantamburlo, where the reputation-credit scoring system is modeled as an incentive given to the citizens and computed by a
6671:
5790:
Zhao, Xilei; Xu, Yiming; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel; Cova, Thomas J.; Wu, Alex; Yan, Xiang (2022-06-01).
1088:
6313:
4933:
3274:
2969:
2275:"DERECOM. Derecho de la Comunicación. - An approach to the algorithmic legal order and to its civil, trade and financial projection"
6236:
1145:
National health administration entities and organisations such as AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association) hold
880:
of reputation enforce desired behavior. The usage of feed-loops for the management of social systems is already been suggested in
4708:
4070:
4044:
3576:
1551:
6969:
4745:
2804:
2585:
1339:
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in-person final exams were impossible for thousands of students. The public high school
1211:
will also be rebuilt to include even more privacy control and accountability into the way the government uses citizen's data.
6844:
6722:
6543:
6131:
4131:
3914:
3766:
3166:
3011:
979:
922:
348:
155:
85:
70:
4792:
4166:
1172:. There were flagged due to potential fraud, public safety and national security issues. Some of the scanned data came from
6871:
6205:
5241:
4581:
4544:"A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It's actually not that clear"
4086:"The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions"
3428:
2782:
1476:
1139:
475:
5860:"California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire"
4885:
3927:
3710:
5644:
2058:
1239:
606:
4766:
2029:
6479:
6081:
Gómez, Diego; Salvador, Pablo; Sanz, Julia; Casanova, Carlos; Taratiel, Daniel; Casanova, Jose Luis (August 15, 2018).
3534:
2952:
1108:
1028:
3606:
1523:
of three other users. To make this inquiry users scan a Quick Response (QR) code on their smartphones using apps like
645:
6994:
6806:
5138:
4294:
See section on smart contracts; this is possible by means of a digital birth certificate, triggering a smart contract
3831:
2901:
2093:"Algorithmic Government: Automating Public Services and Supporting Civil Servants in using Data Science Technologies"
1946:
1633:
breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.
1177:
699:
399:
229:
5676:
4810:
4335:
4318:
3296:
Singh, Saurabh; Sharma, Pradip Kumar; Yoon, Byungun; Shojafar, Mohammad; Cho, Gi Hwan; Ra, In-Ho (1 December 2020).
3262:
6984:
6939:
6897:
4400:
3550:
1951:
404:
148:
90:
38:
5567:
5437:
5266:
6828:
6018:"Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking"
5618:
5500:
4724:
2865:
1157:
1058:
115:
6016:
Mousavi, S. Mostafa; Ellsworth, William L.; Zhu, Weiqiang; Chuang, Lindsay Y.; Beroza, Gregory C. (2020-08-07).
6999:
6641:
4511:
2704:
1078:
637:
323:
6338:
3211:
2352:
6920:
4960:
1334:
958:). Some countries such as Georgia and Sweden have already launched blockchain programs focusing on property (
930:
744:
690:
published a paper in 1998, where he expressed optimism that the then-available computer technologies such as
105:
4683:
2643:
Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa (8 October 2019). "On social machines for algorithmic regulation".
6959:
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4370:
3377:
1690:
1173:
1068:
1048:
5936:"Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges"
4707:"ROSS Intelligence Lands Another Law Firm Client." The American Lawyer. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <
3297:
6376:
4826:"A professor built an AI teaching assistant for his courses — and it could shape the future of education"
4576:
2536:
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1400:
trained using Tama city datasets. The project was backed by high-profile executives Tetsuzo Matsumoto of
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602:
447:
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could evolve to computer systems, which will strongly affect the practice of courts. In 2006, attorney
343:
110:
95:
6914:
5791:
4192:"Cuccinelli Announces USCIS' FY 2019 Accomplishments and Efforts to Implement President Trump's Goals"
1354:
Besides use in grading, software systems like AI were used in preparation for college entrance exams.
6964:
6866:
6857:
6505:"OASI, the first search engine to find the algorithms that governments and companies use on citizens"
4496:
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '95
3298:"Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city"
1621:
1572:
614:
6401:
Rinta-Kahila, Tapani; Someh, Ida; Gillespie, Nicole; Indulska, Marta; Gregor, Shirley (4 May 2022).
6974:
3379:
The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes
2857:
Freeman Engstrom, David; Ho, Daniel E.; Sharkey, Catherine M.; Cuéllar, Mariano-Florentino (2020).
1729:
under the banner "Fuck the algorithm." This protest was successful and the grades were taken back.
1519:
1344:
1282:
592:"Blockchain and the future of governance. Let's overcome the hype and understand what can be done."
468:
424:
373:
318:
214:
20:
6454:"Fuck the Algorithm - Jugendproteste in Großbritannien gegen maschinelle Notenvergabe erfolgreich"
2757:
Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 3
2510:
2388:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
6989:
6979:
6083:"Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture"
4111:
1493:
1381:
997:
984:
678:
641:
4631:
3989:
1262:
Some government agencies provide track and trace systems for services they offer. An example is
769:
7004:
6949:
5619:"Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies"
3902:"A Blockchain-Based Decentralized System for Proper Handling of Temporary Employment Contracts"
1971:
1890:
1601:
1243:
881:
834:
673:
620:
394:
328:
234:
6480:"U.S. Government Is Using an Algorithm to Flag American Citizens for Denaturalization: Report"
5840:
4709:
http://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202769384977/ROSS-Intelligence-Lands-Another-Law-Firm-Client
4606:
3887:
3856:
2570:
2495:
2337:
2125:
837:
assert that it will be monitored by AI to improve life by using data and predictive modeling.
6954:
6749:"Prescription-Drug Policing: The Right To Health Information Privacy Pre- and Post-Carpenter"
5677:"How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives"
5143:
4250:
1878:
1666:
There are potential risks associated with the use of algorithms in government. Those include
1580:
1568:
1270:
1001:
823:
687:
669:
368:
358:
313:
5290:"Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing"
4382:
2220:
6886:
6853:
6535:
6403:"Algorithmic decision-making and system destructiveness: A case of automatic debt recovery"
6094:
6029:
5947:
5890:
2662:
2395:
1981:
1901:
imagines an algorithm supposedly based on "fairness" recreating a premodern rural economy.
1762:
1686:
1647:
1592:
1497:
1428:
903:
298:
6559:
5054:"Meet SAM, world's first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020"
8:
6848:
6839:
5792:"Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data"
5029:"World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand"
4659:"AI shock: China unveils 'cyber court' complete with AI judges and verdicts via chat app"
4548:
4353:
4112:"The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions"
4045:"Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology"
2511:"Cyberocracy, Cyberspace, and Cyberology:Political Effects of the Information Revolution"
1450:
1306:
plans to employ artificial intelligence to decide small-claim cases of less than €7,000.
1124:
993:
947:
691:
461:
303:
293:
179:
120:
6265:"Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy"
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2666:
2399:
2300:
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6434:
6294:
6112:
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6017:
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5916:
5803:
5772:
5749:
Zhao, Xilei; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel (April 15, 2020).
5717:
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333:
288:
239:
4319:"Enhancing the use of competitive tendering in Costa Rica's Public Procurement System"
4147:
3681:
2353:"Decoding identity: Reprogramming pedagogic identities through algorithmic governance"
1715:
expressed apprehension of "infinitely stable dictatorships" created by government AI.
6917:, An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis
6802:
6785:
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6739:
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6718:
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3029:
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part C: Applications and Reviews
3007:
2948:
2918:
Reflections on" Taxman: An Experiment in Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning.
2897:
2859:"Government by Algorithm: Artificial Intelligence in Federal Administrative Agencies"
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2464:
2423:
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1966:
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In 2021, Eticas Foundation has launched a database of governmental algorithms called
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892:
877:
873:
860:
811:
552:
266:
75:
6748:
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3732:
3401:
3190:(2013). "Open Data and Algorithmic Regulation". In Goldstein, B.; Dyson, L. (eds.).
3048:
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1689:, regulated parties might try to manipulate their outcome in own favor and even use
601:
In 1962, the director of the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the
6780:
6753:
6610:
6600:
6531:
6424:
6414:
6276:
6132:"A brief exchange with Tim O'Reilly about "algorithmic regulation" | Tim McCormick"
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5813:
5762:
5707:
5317:
5301:
5183:
4991:
4541:
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4119:
3875:
3872:"The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts, and Disruption of Traditional Work Arrangements"
3718:
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3129:
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2413:
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6419:
6402:
5879:"STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI"
5712:
5695:
4980:"Collaborative е-Rulemaking, Democratic Bots, and the Future of Digital Democracy"
3352:"Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits"
3236:
2612:"'Far more than surveillance' is happening and could change how government is run"
1256:
1187:
is a US software, which combines data from the prescription registries of various
6904:
6835:
5455:
5089:
4728:
4123:
3974:"The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Blockchain Pilot"
3821:
3187:
2999:
1986:
1941:
1911:
1719:
1617:
1462:
1413:
1393:
1263:
934:
818:
by tech firms in 2021. Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km) in Nevada's rural
731:
695:
683:
363:
353:
308:
224:
125:
5960:
5935:
5903:
5878:
5087:[Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence].
3956:"Silent Notary - Blockchain Notary Service 100% events falsification protection"
3156:
579:
6041:
5767:
5750:
5696:"Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach"
5519:
5392:
5345:
4893:
3736:
3040:
2889:
2674:
1991:
1936:
1718:
Due to public criticism, the Australian government announced the suspension of
1576:
1555:
1146:
1132:
967:
914:
896:
865:
807:
665:
656:
587:
556:
209:
6909:
6880:
6862:
5877:
Mousavi, S. Mostafa; Sheng, Yixiao; Zhu, Weiqiang; Beroza, Gregory C. (2019).
5817:
5694:
Sayad, Younes Oulad; Mousannif, Hajar; Al Moatassime, Hassan (March 1, 2019).
4542:
Sam Corbett-Davies; Emma Pierson; Avi Feller; Sharad Goel (October 17, 2016).
3313:
3133:
2141:
6933:
6789:
6766:
6732:
6624:
6290:
6281:
6264:
6049:
5969:
5912:
5825:
5546:"German telecom giant shares private data with government amid privacy fears"
5313:
5221:
5005:
3522:
3321:
3087:
2682:
2468:
2252:
2149:
1865:
1778:
1722:
key functions in 2019, and a review of all debts raised using the programme.
1701:
1626:
1613:
1501:
1424:
1359:
1298:
1223:
885:
819:
548:
6107:
6082:
5305:
4811:"Could Artificial Intelligence Replace Our Teachers? | Education World"
2109:
2092:
1765:. Software code can be looked into and improvements can be proposed through
1571:, in order to research and prevent the spread of the virus. Russia deployed
6067:
5751:"Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations"
5331:
3871:
3776:
2843:
2459:
2442:
2427:
2408:
2383:
2077:
1885:
1737:
1454:
1432:
1417:
1389:
1219:
1203:
1161:
959:
942:
926:
851:
846:
830:
540:
539:
Government by algorithm raises new challenges that are not captured in the
520:
219:
24:
6237:"Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector"
4961:"Robot to run for mayor in Japan promising 'fairness and balance' for all"
4503:
1687:
transparency is brought into the decision making by algorithmic governance
1371:
543:
literature and the practice of public administration. Some sources equate
5568:"Moscow deploys facial recognition technology for coronavirus quarantine"
5438:"In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags"
3879:
2236:
1956:
1377:
1249:
1231:
1227:
963:
951:
791:
544:
28:
6362:
Rechtbank Den Haag 5 February 2020, C-09-550982-HA ZA 18-388 (English),
4845:"The Future of Homeschooling: How Robots are Changing In-Home Education"
4246:"Walmart Will Implement New Opioid Prescription Limits By End Of Summer"
3723:
3483:"Saudi Arabia is planning a 100-mile line of car-free smart communities"
3117:
3095:
3063:
2244:
1542:
In Cannes, France, monitoring software has been used on footage shot by
1222:(construction of buildings, roads, ...), e-tenders can also be used for
54:
6429:
4492:"Levels of reasoning as the basis for a formalisation of argumentation"
4442:
3706:
2418:
2196:
2179:
1678:
are suspected to increase inequality due to opacity, scale and damage.
1586:
1515:
1468:
In 2023, In the Japanese town of Manazuru, a mayoral candidate called "
1294:
1188:
782:
752:
595:
516:
187:
130:
6915:
New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector
6845:
A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency
6615:
5242:"Meet AI Steve, the avatar standing as a candidate in the UK election"
4721:
4019:"Leaked Palantir Doc Reveals Uses, Specific Functions And Key Clients"
3429:"Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County"
3402:"Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government"
1563:
who may come into contact with infected citizens. Also in March 2020,
1266:
for applications done by citizens (i.e. driving license procurement).
682:, where they claim to demonstrate the possibility of a democratically
567:
5116:
5112:"Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics?"
4860:"POLITICS 2028: WHY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WILL REPLACE POLITICIANS"
4167:"Little-Known Federal Software Can Trigger Revocation of Citizenship"
3551:"China's social credit score – untangling myth from reality | Merics"
1926:
1461:. Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a
1449:
In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for
1314:
1142:
employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.
723:
613:). This created a serious concern among CIA analysts. In particular,
529:
524:
6712:
6605:
6588:
5456:"Coronavirus France: Cameras to monitor masks and social distancing"
4996:
4979:
4418:
3955:
2830:
Medina, Eden (1 January 2015). "Rethinking algorithmic regulation".
1575:
to detect quarantine breakers. Italian regional health commissioner
1384:
program. While election posters and campaign material used the term
5992:"How Location Intelligence Can Help Protect Lives During Disasters"
5808:
5210:"Brighton general election candidate aims to be UK's first 'AI MP'"
3711:"View of Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks"
2657:
2360:
1976:
1931:
1675:
1654:
1609:
1605:
1412:. Organisers claimed that the 'AI mayor' was programmed to analyze
1401:
1348:
1322:
1184:
1123:
started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of
938:
869:
532:
is in its scope. In the context of blockchain, it is also known as
6400:
5594:"Italians scolded for flouting lockdown as death toll nears 3,000"
5501:"Coronavirus mobile apps are surging in popularity in South Korea"
4720:
CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <
4607:"Beijing Internet Court launches online litigation service center"
4401:"Track progress of a reported road fault or issue | nidirect"
3577:"Far From a Panopticon, Social Credit Focuses on Legal Violations"
2441:
Lumineau, Fabrice; Wang, Wenqian; Schilke, Oliver (1 March 2021).
1567:
shared private cellphone data with the federal government agency,
1408:. Michihito Matsuda came third in the election, being defeated by
1376:
In 2018, an activist named Michihito Matsuda ran for mayor in the
5085:"Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens"
4371:
Audit app: an effective tool for government procurement assurance
3942:"Blockchain and AI are coming to kill these 4 business verticals"
3192:
Beyond Transparency: open Data and the Future of Civic Innovation
1597:
1479:, a businessman named Steve Endacott ran for the constituency of
1439:
1318:
1303:
1286:
799:
4886:"There's an AI Running for the Mayoral Role of Tama City, Tokyo"
4354:"Best Government Audit Software - 2023 Reviews & Comparison"
3118:"The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation"
2856:
2730:"Machine of communism. Why the USSR did not create the Internet"
2126:"The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation"
1893:
describe a fictional scenario of global algorithmic regulation.
988:
Team Rubicon in the Rockaways Nov 12, 2012 - Palantir screenshot
4746:"Opinion | When Algorithms Give Real Students Imaginary Grades"
3849:
The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues
2894:
Information technology in government : Britain and America
2443:"Blockchain Governance—A New Way of Organizing Collaborations?"
2000:
1961:
1630:
1528:
1524:
1457:
parliamentary election, and was built by the artist collective
1405:
1347:
also employed a statistical calculus to assign final grades in
1309:
1255:
can also be used. Audits are performed in some countries after
815:
5748:
5375:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact detector' platform"
5184:"Danskere vil ind den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens"
4767:"Skewed Grading Algorithms Fuel Backlash Beyond the Classroom"
1446:
by late 2020, when New Zealand has its next general election.
1207:
automated registering of babies when they are born. Estonia's
966:
ownership) Ukraine is also looking at other areas too such as
6206:"Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government"
3212:"Ukraine launches big blockchain deal with tech firm Bitfury"
1725:
In 2020, algorithms assigning exam grades to students in the
1165:
661:
629:
6339:"Europe Limits Government by Algorithm. The US, Not So Much"
6153:"Why the internet of things could destroy the welfare state"
5436:
Mozur, Paul; Zhong, Raymond; Krolik, Aaron (March 2, 2020).
5412:"China's coronavirus app could have unintended consequences"
4915:
1740:, sparked uproar from activists and Amazon's own employees.
686:
built on modern computer technology. The Honourable Justice
594:
with Andrea Bauer, Boris Moshkovits und Shermin Voshmgir at
6872:
Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government
5693:
4572:"Are Algorithms Building the New Infrastructure of Racism?"
4305:"Exclusive: Estonia's vision for an 'invisible government'"
3452:
3450:
3448:
1543:
1458:
1120:
711:
Since the 2000s, algorithms have been designed and used to
610:
135:
100:
4215:
4213:
3194:. San Francisco: Code for America Press. pp. 289–300.
2219:
Katzenbach, Christian; Ulbricht, Lena (29 November 2019).
1583:
is taken in charge to provide COVID-19 tracking services.
1420:
in a more 'fair and balanced' way than human politicians.
6080:
6015:
5796:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
5789:
5393:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact detector' app"
5287:
5186:[AI Mayer run to the election in Manazuru Town].
4498:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 333–339.
4071:"300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir"
2301:"Rule by Algorithm? Big Data and the Threat of Algocracy"
1285:
in case of determining the percentage of a split after a
774:
4116:
Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets
3445:
5663:"Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System"
5498:
4490:
Stranieri, Andrew; Zeleznikow, John (2 December 1995).
4225:
4210:
3870:
Oranburg, Seth; Palagashvili, Liya (October 22, 2018).
3607:"China's Social Credit System: Speculation vs. Reality"
3527:
Platform for change : a message from Stafford Beer
3295:
2642:
1546:
cameras, allowing to monitor their compliance to local
950:
and automatic transfership of funds and property (i.e.
640:. This project was aimed at constructing a distributed
6178:
Eggers, illiam D.; Schatsky, David; Viechnick, Peter.
5933:
4636:
RADII | Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China
4466:
3791:"What is DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations"
3261:
Brauneis, Robert; Goodman, Ellen P. (1 January 2018).
2775:"How the Computer Got Its Revenge on the Soviet Union"
1761:
An initial approach towards transparency included the
1131:) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include
6587:
Spatola, Nicolas; Macdorman, Karl F. (11 July 2021).
5876:
5645:"How AI will help us better understand tsunami risks"
3026:
2323:
2321:
1431:. In an augumented democracy, legislation is done by
1127:. Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar (
6589:"Why Real Citizens Would Turn to Artificial Leaders"
6234:
6180:"Demystifying artificial intelligence in government"
5736:"Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction"
4793:"The Machines Are Learning, and So Are the Students"
4761:
4759:
4684:"Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So"
4276:
4264:
4083:
4002:"Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles"
3869:
3656:"Do digital currencies spell the end of capitalism?"
2561:
Ronfeldt, David; Varda, Danielle (1 December 2008),
2330:
The Siren Song: Algorithmic Governance By Blockchain
1750:
1706:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1587:
Prevention and management of environmental disasters
1281:
Judges' decisions in Australia are supported by the
1199:
and criminal justice data as well as court records.
973:
810:
millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of
646:
CIA-sponsored strike of forty thousand truck drivers
6898:
How Blockchain can transform India: Jaspreet Bindra
6177:
4489:
3158:
Virtual Migration: the Programming of Globalization
2440:
2357:
British Educational Research Association Conference
1202:In Estonia, artificial intelligence is used in its
664:project in the UK. In 1993, the computer scientist
5520:"Coronavirus: Israel enables emergency spy powers"
4569:
3205:
3203:
3201:
2805:"IU professor analyzes Chile's 'Project Cybersyn'"
2318:
2218:
2180:"Algorithmic regulation: A critical interrogation"
4959:O'Leary, Abigail; Verdon, Anna (April 17, 2018).
4958:
4756:
2586:"Transparency in governance, through cyberocracy"
2030:"Government by Algorithm: A Review and an Agenda"
1510:A schematic of app-based COVID-19 contact tracing
16:Alternative form of government or social ordering
6931:
6586:
5435:
5346:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact' app"
4601:
4599:
3915:How blockchain technology could change our lives
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
1685:by the regulated parties might occur, once more
6704:
5475:"Coronavirus tests Europe's resolve on privacy"
4109:
3260:
3209:
3198:
2091:Engin, Zeynep; Treleaven, Philip (March 2019).
5499:Ivan Watson; Sophie Jeong (28 February 2020).
4165:Biddle, Sam; Saleh, Maryam (August 25, 2021).
3568:
2768:
2766:
2534:
2508:
2090:
1293:software is used in USA to assess the risk of
1160:has employed the software ATLAS, which run on
730:In 2013, algorithmic regulation was coined by
5139:"This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI"
4596:
3599:
3263:"Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City"
3182:
3180:
3178:
2755:Kharkevich, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1973).
2629:
2560:
1039:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
859:Tim O'Reilly suggested that data sources and
469:
156:
3926:Official, Illuminates (September 11, 2019).
3890:– via Social Science Research Network.
3756:
2384:"Algorithmic regulation and the rule of law"
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1745:Observatory of Algorithms with Social Impact
1614:Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems
6528:Transparency: The Key to Better Governance?
5838:
4164:
3427:Independent, Daniel Rothberg | The Nevada.
3210:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (17 April 2017).
2763:
2381:
1343:employed algorithms to assign grades. UK's
6796:
6636:
6634:
5472:
4419:"Senate Tracker Help – The Florida Senate"
3175:
2933:The Computer Journal 20.2 (1977): 102-108.
2931:The LEGOL 1 prototype system and language.
2754:
2489:
2350:
1487:
1328:
734:, founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc.:
672:and the economist Allin Cottrell from the
476:
462:
163:
149:
6773:
6614:
6604:
6593:Digital Government: Research and Practice
6428:
6418:
6280:
6129:
6106:
6057:
5959:
5902:
5841:"How AI is helping spot wildfires faster"
5807:
5766:
5711:
5321:
5082:
4995:
4984:Digital Government: Research and Practice
4740:
4467:"GovTrack.us: Tracking the U.S. Congress"
4231:
4219:
4152:European Commission - European Commission
3722:
3396:
3394:
3392:
2970:"The Future of Courts - Do They Have One"
2942:
2923:
2888:
2772:
2656:
2563:The Prospects for Cyberocracy (Revisited)
2458:
2417:
2407:
2195:
2108:
2013:
1711:The contributors of the 2019 documentary
1089:United States Patent and Trademark Office
713:automatically analyze surveillance videos
6560:"European Tech Insights (2019) | IE CGC"
6269:Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers
5369:
5367:
5267:"Results - General Election 4 July 2024"
5207:
4883:
4570:Aaron M. Bornstein (December 21, 2017).
4383:"Track your driving licence application"
4110:Goldberg, H. G.; Senator, T. E. (1998).
3925:
3621:
3186:
2998:
2052:
2050:
1505:
983:
850:
768:
605:in Moscow (later Kharkevich Institute),
586:
578:
566:
6945:Applications of artificial intelligence
6631:
6407:European Journal of Information Systems
5163:
5109:
4857:
4068:
4042:
3750:
3630:"Transforming India through blockchain"
3426:
3115:
3068:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
2910:
2382:Hildebrandt, Mireille (6 August 2018).
2327:
2123:
1668:algorithms becoming susceptible to bias
1608:can also be detected using AI systems.
1276:
1153:which supports the use of health data.
1138:In the fight against money laundering,
6932:
6856:by Zeynep Engin and Philip Treleaven,
6710:
6451:
6230:
6228:
5026:
3846:
3819:
3757:Fries, Martin; P. Paal, Boris (2019).
3627:
3389:
3375:
3154:
2974:Journal of Law and Information Science
2829:
2609:
2056:
1629:, analysis, and computational models.
6746:
6525:
6374:
6262:
5642:
5473:Manancourt, Vincent (10 March 2020).
5364:
5136:
5027:Sarmah, Harshajit (28 January 2019).
4977:
4934:"Werden Bots die besseren Politiker?"
4842:
4791:Smith, Craig S. (December 18, 2019).
4790:
4282:
4270:
4158:
4036:
3705:
3061:
3006:(Version 2.0 ed.). Basic Books.
2967:
2177:
2047:
1872:
1681:There is also a serious concern that
1242:plans in order to reach the national
980:Artificial intelligence in government
923:decentralized autonomous organization
840:
6797:Yeung, Karen; Lodge, Martin (2019).
6536:10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.003.0002
6203:
5643:Osumi, Magdalena (August 16, 2019).
5517:
4656:
4336:"Procurement at Forestry Commission"
4243:
3928:"Business inheritance in blockchain"
3847:Chohan, Usman W. (4 December 2017),
3826:. Birmingham, UK: Packt. p. 9.
3653:
3574:
3521:
3267:Yale Journal of Law & Technology
2583:
2328:Werbach, Kevin (24 September 2018),
2171:
2084:
1861:university students of all genders.
1772:
1732:In 2020, the US government software
1477:2024 United Kingdom general election
1218:Besides using e-tenders for regular
6567:Center for the Governance of Change
6225:
6197:
6130:McCormick, Tim (15 February 2014).
4884:Johnston, Lachlan (12 April 2018).
4858:Matsuda, Michihito (14 July 2018).
4843:Robot, Roybi (September 23, 2018).
4823:
4722:https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/
4069:Haskins, Caroline (July 12, 2019).
3851:, Social Science Research Network,
3617:from the original on 30 March 2021.
3543:
3511:. English Universities Press. 1959.
3349:
2920:Harvard Law Review (1977): 837–893.
2584:Shah, Bimal Pratap (July 4, 2019).
2565:, Social Science Research Network,
2332:, Social Science Research Network,
2059:"Rethinking algorithmic regulation"
1612:can be predicted using AI systems.
1514:In February 2020, China launched a
1240:nationally determined contributions
13:
6921:A bold idea to replace politicians
6825:by Data for Policy 2017 Conference
6669:
6311:
5857:
5543:
5269:. Brighton & Hove City Council
5164:Hearing, Alice (14 October 2022).
5060:. 26 November 2017. Archived from
3628:Bindra, Jaspreet (30 March 2018).
2947:. Nottingham, England: Spokesman.
2124:Danaher, John (1 September 2016).
1109:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
1029:Securities and Exchange Commission
909:
891:These connections are explored by
14:
7016:
6816:
6452:Reuter, Markus (17 August 2020).
6087:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
5083:Sternberg, Sarah (20 June 2022).
4632:"China Now Has AI-Powered Judges"
4043:Winston, Ali (27 February 2018).
3679:
2773:Gerovitch, Slava (9 April 2015).
2272:
1947:Distributed ledger technology law
1751:Algorithmic bias and transparency
1365:
1273:to keep track of ongoing issues.
1178:National Crime Information Center
974:Algorithms in government agencies
400:Sustainable Governance Indicators
6910:Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy?
6865:by Prof. Philip C. Treleaven of
6774:Szalavitz, Maia (October 2021).
6690:
6663:
6580:
6552:
6519:
6497:
6472:
6445:
6394:
6368:
6356:
6331:
6305:
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6123:
6074:
6009:
5984:
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5870:
5851:
5832:
5783:
5742:
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5687:
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5636:
5611:
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5537:
5511:
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5448:
5429:
5409:
5403:
5385:
5338:
5281:
5259:
5234:
5201:
5176:
5157:
5137:Xiang, Chloe (13 October 2022).
5130:
5103:
5076:
5046:
5020:
4971:
4952:
4926:
4908:
4877:
4851:
4836:
4817:
4803:
4784:
4734:
4714:
4701:
4676:
3116:Danaher, John (September 2016).
3080:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01035.x
2351:Williamson, Ben (January 2013).
1952:Dutch childcare benefits scandal
405:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
91:Dutch childcare benefits scandal
53:
6883:, algorithms with social impact
6314:"Why Technology Favors Tyranny"
5839:Rachel Metz (5 December 2019).
4978:Perez, Oren (31 January 2020).
4650:
4624:
4563:
4535:
4483:
4459:
4435:
4411:
4393:
4375:
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4311:
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4011:
3994:
3990:A BLOCKCHAIN - Journals Gateway
3983:
3966:
3948:
3934:
3919:
3908:
3894:
3863:
3840:
3820:Prusty, Narayan (27 Apr 2017).
3813:
3783:
3699:
3673:
3647:
3575:Daum, Jeremy (8 October 2021).
3515:
3500:
3475:
3420:
3369:
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2722:
2697:
2610:Hudson, Alex (28 August 2019).
2603:
2577:
2554:
2528:
2502:
2483:
2434:
2375:
2344:
1396:, the "AI mayor" was in fact a
1158:Department of Homeland Security
1059:United States Geological Survey
764:
6747:Oliva, Jennifer (2020-01-08).
5208:Grierson, Jamie (2024-06-10).
4611:english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn
4118:. Springer. pp. 283–302.
3302:Sustainable Cities and Society
2807:. UI News Room. Archived from
2293:
2266:
2212:
2178:Yeung, Karen (December 2018).
2117:
1767:source-code-hosting facilities
1438:In 2019, AI-powered messenger
1079:Social Security Administration
638:presidency of Salvador Allende
1:
6970:Social information processing
6642:"EUROPEAN TECH INSIGHTS 2021"
6420:10.1080/0960085X.2021.1960905
6312:Harari, Story by Yuval Noah.
6235:Capgemini Consulting (2017).
5713:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006
4657:Fish, Tom (6 December 2019).
4580:. No. 55. Archived from
1573:facial recognition technology
1335:Ofqual exam results algorithm
1269:Some government services use
931:Central bank digital currency
651:Also in the 1960s and 1970s,
106:Ofqual exam results algorithm
6705:General and cited references
5110:Diwakar, Amar (2022-08-22).
4443:"Legislative Search Results"
4244:Romo, Vanessa (2018-05-08).
4124:10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15
3823:Building Blockchain Projects
2006:
1691:adversarial machine learning
1661:
1636:
1622:Earthquake detection systems
1257:subsidies have been received
1174:Terrorist Screening Database
1069:United States Postal Service
1049:Food and Drug Administration
790:may lead to the creation of
571:Computer-generated image of
523:where the usage of computer
515:) is an alternative form of
7:
6801:. Oxford University Press.
6526:Heald, David (2006-09-07).
6263:Verma, Shikha (June 2019).
5961:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029859
5904:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848
5518:Tidy, Joe (17 March 2020).
4938:Politik & Kommunikation
3761:(in German). Mohr Siebeck.
3122:Philosophy & Technology
3062:Kelty, Christopher (2009).
2943:Cockshott, W. Paul (1993).
2184:Regulation & Governance
2130:Philosophy & Technology
1904:
1763:open-sourcing of algorithms
1672:Weapons of Math Destruction
1641:
1604:. They can make use of AI.
1317:. Another legal technology
1129:numerical analysis software
796:Intelligent street lighting
759:
628:Between 1971 and 1973, the
603:Russian Academy of Sciences
448:Market governance mechanism
431:Governance, risk management
10:
7021:
6697:doi:10.1353/sfs.2019.0084.
6672:"Understanding the Daemon"
6204:Mehr, Hila (August 2017).
6042:10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w
5768:10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x
4916:"AI党 | 多摩市議会議員選挙2019"
3654:Finn, Ed (10 April 2017).
3041:10.1109/TSMCC.2012.2215319
2675:10.1007/s00146-019-00917-8
1754:
1645:
1590:
1491:
1398:machine learning algorithm
1369:
1332:
1151:European Health Data Space
1099:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1019:Office of Justice Programs
977:
844:
562:
547:, which is a hypothetical
440:Environmental, social, and
96:IT-backed authoritarianism
18:
6867:University College London
6858:University College London
6717:. New York: Basic Books.
6711:Lessig, Lawrence (2006).
5818:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277
3509:Cybernetic and Management
3314:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364
3161:. Duke University Press.
3134:10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1
2142:10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1
1777:A 2019 poll conducted by
954:, upon registration of a
615:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
6995:Technological utopianism
6823:Government by Algorithm?
6282:10.1177/0256090919853933
5847:. Video by John General.
5379:South China Morning Post
5033:Analytics India Magazine
4920:AI党 | 多摩市議会議員選挙2019
4799:– via NYTimes.com.
3376:Morrow, Garrett (2022).
3273:(1): 103. Archived from
2273:Abril, Rubén Rodríguez.
2221:"Algorithmic governance"
1435:of every single person.
1380:as a human proxy for an
1345:Department for Education
992:According to a study of
497:regulation by algorithms
425:Chief governance officer
21:Regulation of algorithms
19:Not to be confused with
6985:Sociology of technology
6940:Government by algorithm
6891:(Documentary, 2019) by
6829:Government by Algorithm
6377:"'iHuman': IDFA Review"
6364:ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2020:1878
6108:10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011
5598:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
5306:10.1126/science.abb6936
2968:Kirby, Michael (1998).
2945:Towards a new socialism
2896:. New York: Routledge.
2537:"Cyberocracy is Coming"
2535:David Ronfeldt (1992).
2509:David Ronfeldt (1991).
1727:UK sparked open protest
1602:Tsunami warning systems
1494:Digital contact tracing
1488:Management of infection
1382:artificial intelligence
1378:Tama city area of Tokyo
1372:Chatbot § Politics
1351:, due to the pandemic.
1329:Algorithms in education
998:artificial intelligence
794:smart city ecosystems.
698:, known for the slogan
679:Towards a New Socialism
642:decision support system
632:government carried out
621:self-teaching computers
509:algorithmic legal order
489:Government by algorithm
6863:Algorithmic Government
6854:Algorithmic Government
6799:Algorithmic Regulation
3682:"Blockchain Explained"
3462:The Nevada Independent
3237:"Data for Policy 2017"
2844:10.1108/K-02-2015-0052
2460:10.1287/orsc.2020.1379
2409:10.1098/rsta.2017.0355
2225:Internet Policy Review
2078:10.1108/K-02-2015-0052
1972:Management cybernetics
1511:
1427:presented the idea of
1404:and Norio Murakami of
1230:restoration projects.
989:
882:management cybernetics
856:
778:
741:
709:
674:Wake Forest University
598:
584:
576:
501:algorithmic governance
493:algorithmic regulation
395:World Governance Index
7000:Technology in society
6022:Nature Communications
5649:www.preventionweb.net
5416:MIT Technology Review
4504:10.1145/221270.221608
3385:– via ProQuest.
2281:(in European Spanish)
2110:10.1093/comjnl/bxy082
2057:Medina, Eden (2015).
1581:Palantir Technologies
1569:Robert Koch Institute
1509:
1333:Further information:
1271:issue tracking system
1244:Paris agreement goals
1234:restoration projects
1002:Palantir Technologies
987:
854:
777:for home care systems
772:
736:
704:
670:University of Glasgow
590:
582:
570:
534:blockchain governance
505:algocratic governance
6776:"The Pain Algorithm"
5399:. February 11, 2020.
5381:. February 12, 2020.
5064:on November 26, 2017
4744:(8 September 2020).
3880:10.2139/ssrn.3270867
2916:McCarty, L. Thorne.
2811:on 10 September 2009
2785:on 22 September 2021
2447:Organization Science
2237:10.14763/2019.4.1424
2097:The Computer Journal
1982:Predictive analytics
1648:Techno-progressivism
1593:Early warning system
1534:Alipay also has the
1520:Coronavirus outbreak
1498:Disease surveillance
1429:augumented democracy
1277:Justice by algorithm
1013:Number of Use Cases
948:employment contracts
937:are self-executable
904:Social Credit System
773:Architecture of the
607:Alexander Kharkevich
442:corporate governance
6960:Information society
6849:European Parliament
6840:Stanford University
6737:Knowledge article:
6530:. British Academy.
6099:2018JARS...12c6011G
6034:2020NatCo..11.3952M
5952:2020IEEEA...8s2880B
5895:2019IEEEA...7q9464M
5864:The Washington Post
5700:Fire Safety Journal
4742:Broussard, Meredith
4549:The Washington Post
4405:www.nidirect.gov.uk
3724:10.5210/fm.v2i9.548
3241:Data for Policy CIC
3155:Aneesh, A. (2006).
2929:Stamper, Ronald K.
2667:2019arXiv190413316C
2400:2018RSPTA.37670355H
2034:Stanford Law School
1600:can be detected by
1453:to run in the 2022
1451:The Synthetic Party
1416:put forward to the
1283:"Split Up" software
1226:projects and other
1168:officers regarding
1125:predictive policing
994:Stanford University
749:government auctions
745:Ministry of Justice
743:In 2017, Ukraine's
718:In his 2006's book
692:legal expert system
676:published the book
121:Predictive policing
6903:2021-06-28 at the
6893:Tonje Hessen Schei
6876:Harvard University
6834:2022-08-15 at the
6784:. pp. 36–47.
6375:Wilkinson, Amber.
5574:. 21 February 2020
5442:The New York Times
5352:. 11 February 2020
5300:(6491): eabb6936.
4896:on 5 December 2021
4797:The New York Times
4750:The New York Times
4727:2022-03-31 at the
4584:on January 3, 2018
3557:. 11 February 2022
3464:. 12 February 2021
3350:Gardner, Allison.
2838:(6/7): 1005–1019.
2590:The Kathmandu Post
2542:. RAND Corporation
2516:. RAND Corporation
2394:(2128): 20170355.
2197:10.1111/rego.12158
2072:(6/7): 1005–1019.
1895:Matthew De Abaitua
1873:In popular culture
1536:Alipay Health Code
1512:
1299:virtual recreation
990:
861:reputation systems
857:
841:Reputation systems
833:, the planners of
779:
599:
585:
583:LEGOL Group (1977)
577:
549:form of government
6881:The OASI Register
6740:Code: Version 2.0
6724:978-0-465-03914-2
6714:Code: Version 2.0
6599:(3): 26:1–26:24.
6545:978-0-19-726383-9
6244:www.capgemini.com
6184:Deloitte Insights
5996:EHS Daily Advisor
5946:: 192880–192923.
5889:: 179464–179476.
5144:Vice: Motherboard
4307:. March 20, 2019.
4198:. 16 October 2019
4133:978-3-642-08344-0
3768:978-3-16-156911-1
3277:on 15 August 2022
3168:978-0-8223-3669-3
3013:978-0-465-03914-2
1967:Legal informatics
1858:
1857:
1773:Public acceptance
1674:, algorithms and
1548:social distancing
1518:to deal with the
1481:Brighton Pavilion
1414:citizen petitions
1117:
1116:
956:death certificate
893:Nello Cristianini
866:control-theoreric
812:local governments
747:ran experimental
720:Virtual Migration
553:Nello Cristianini
486:
485:
173:
172:
7012:
6965:Social influence
6874:by Hila Mehr of
6812:
6793:
6770:
6754:Duke Law Journal
6736:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6646:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6564:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6422:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6284:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5963:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5906:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5811:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5371:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4999:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4892:. Archived from
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4830:Business Insider
4821:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4763:
4754:
4753:
4738:
4732:
4718:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4638:. 16 August 2019
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3960:silentnotary.com
3952:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3797:. Archived from
3787:
3781:
3780:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3735:. Archived from
3726:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3454:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3356:The Conversation
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3196:
3195:
3184:
3173:
3172:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3035:(6): 1257–1272.
3024:
3018:
3017:
3000:Lawrence, Lessig
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2890:Margretts, Helen
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2864:. Archived from
2863:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2781:. Archived from
2770:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2660:
2645:AI & Society
2640:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2462:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2359:. Archived from
2348:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2026:
1922:Code for America
1917:Civic technology
1784:
1783:
1757:Algorithmic bias
1565:Deutsche Telekom
1388:, and displayed
1341:Westminster High
1193:machine learning
1170:denaturalization
1007:
1006:
919:cryptocurrencies
653:Herbert A. Simon
634:Project Cybersyn
573:Project Cybersyn
478:
471:
464:
324:Higher education
230:Multistakeholder
175:
174:
165:
158:
151:
71:AI in government
57:
34:
33:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7009:
6975:Social networks
6930:
6929:
6905:Wayback Machine
6836:Wayback Machine
6819:
6809:
6725:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6695:
6691:
6681:
6679:
6670:Rieger, Frank.
6668:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6632:
6606:10.1145/3447954
6585:
6581:
6571:
6569:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6524:
6520:
6510:
6508:
6507:(Press release)
6503:
6502:
6498:
6488:
6486:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6458:netzpolitik.org
6450:
6446:
6399:
6395:
6385:
6383:
6373:
6369:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6310:
6306:
6261:
6257:
6248:
6246:
6239:
6233:
6226:
6217:
6215:
6213:ash.harvard.edu
6208:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6176:
6172:
6162:
6160:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6124:
6079:
6075:
6014:
6010:
6001:
5999:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5932:
5928:
5875:
5871:
5858:Holley, Peter.
5856:
5852:
5837:
5833:
5788:
5784:
5755:Fire Technology
5747:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5692:
5688:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5577:
5575:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5551:
5549:
5544:Paksoy, Yunus.
5542:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5516:
5512:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5471:
5467:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5408:
5404:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5373:
5372:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5251:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5226:
5224:
5206:
5202:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5162:
5158:
5149:
5147:
5135:
5131:
5122:
5120:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5090:Jyllands-Posten
5081:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5058:Hindustan Times
5052:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5035:
5025:
5021:
4997:10.1145/3352463
4976:
4972:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4856:
4852:
4841:
4837:
4824:Leopold, Todd.
4822:
4818:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4739:
4735:
4729:Wayback Machine
4719:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4552:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4407:. May 18, 2018.
4399:
4398:
4394:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4365:
4358:sourceforge.net
4352:
4351:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4256:
4254:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4163:
4159:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4082:
4078:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3868:
3864:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3769:
3759:Smart Contracts
3755:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3680:Reiff, Nathan.
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3626:
3622:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3408:. 18 March 2021
3400:
3399:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3208:
3199:
3185:
3176:
3169:
3153:
3149:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3064:"Explaining IT"
3060:
3056:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2764:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2641:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2578:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2439:
2435:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2363:on 24 June 2021
2349:
2345:
2326:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2279:www.derecom.com
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2217:
2213:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2122:
2118:
2089:
2085:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1997:Algorithmocracy
1987:Sharing economy
1942:Digital Nations
1912:Anti-corruption
1907:
1875:
1864:A 2021 poll by
1775:
1759:
1753:
1736:, which run on
1720:Robodebt scheme
1693:. According to
1664:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1618:computer vision
1595:
1589:
1504:
1490:
1463:political party
1374:
1368:
1337:
1331:
1321:application is
1279:
1264:track and trace
1238:be part of the
1147:medical records
982:
976:
968:state registers
935:Smart contracts
915:Smart contracts
912:
910:Smart contracts
878:disimprovements
849:
843:
767:
762:
696:Lawrence Lessig
684:planned economy
575:operations room
565:
521:social ordering
491:(also known as
482:
453:
452:
444:
441:
435:
432:
420:
419:
410:
409:
390:
389:
380:
379:
378:
349:Security sector
344:Political party
283:
282:
273:
272:
271:
256:
255:
246:
245:
244:
199:
198:
169:
140:
126:Robodebt scheme
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7018:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6990:Sustainability
6987:
6982:
6980:Social systems
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6928:
6927:
6918:
6912:
6907:
6895:
6884:
6878:
6869:
6860:
6851:
6842:
6826:
6818:
6817:External links
6815:
6814:
6813:
6807:
6794:
6771:
6761:(4): 775–853.
6744:
6723:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6689:
6662:
6630:
6579:
6551:
6544:
6518:
6496:
6471:
6444:
6413:(3): 313–338.
6393:
6367:
6355:
6330:
6304:
6255:
6224:
6196:
6170:
6159:. 19 July 2014
6144:
6122:
6073:
6008:
5983:
5926:
5869:
5850:
5831:
5782:
5761:(2): 483–485.
5741:
5727:
5686:
5668:
5654:
5635:
5610:
5585:
5559:
5536:
5510:
5491:
5465:
5462:. May 4, 2020.
5447:
5428:
5410:Chen, Angela.
5402:
5384:
5363:
5337:
5280:
5258:
5233:
5200:
5175:
5156:
5129:
5102:
5075:
5045:
5019:
4970:
4951:
4925:
4907:
4876:
4850:
4835:
4816:
4802:
4783:
4755:
4733:
4713:
4700:
4675:
4649:
4623:
4595:
4562:
4534:
4512:
4482:
4458:
4434:
4410:
4392:
4374:
4363:
4345:
4327:
4310:
4296:
4287:
4285:, p. 848.
4275:
4273:, p. 847.
4263:
4236:
4232:Szalavitz 2021
4224:
4220:Szalavitz 2021
4209:
4183:
4157:
4148:"Press corner"
4139:
4132:
4102:
4076:
4061:
4035:
4010:
3993:
3982:
3965:
3947:
3933:
3918:
3907:
3893:
3862:
3839:
3832:
3812:
3801:on 24 May 2020
3782:
3767:
3749:
3698:
3672:
3646:
3620:
3598:
3567:
3542:
3536:978-0471948407
3535:
3523:Beer, Stafford
3514:
3499:
3474:
3444:
3419:
3388:
3368:
3342:
3288:
3253:
3228:
3197:
3174:
3167:
3147:
3128:(3): 245–268.
3108:
3074:(1): 156–160.
3054:
3019:
3012:
2991:
2960:
2954:978-0851245454
2953:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2902:
2881:
2849:
2822:
2796:
2762:
2747:
2721:
2709:www.mathnet.ru
2696:
2651:(3): 645–662.
2628:
2602:
2576:
2553:
2527:
2501:
2482:
2453:(2): 500–521.
2433:
2374:
2343:
2317:
2292:
2265:
2211:
2190:(4): 505–523.
2170:
2136:(3): 245–268.
2116:
2103:(3): 448–460.
2083:
2046:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1992:Smart contract
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Digital divide
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1874:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1774:
1771:
1755:Main article:
1752:
1749:
1663:
1660:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1588:
1585:
1577:Giulio Gallera
1489:
1486:
1392:of a feminine
1367:
1366:AI politicians
1364:
1330:
1327:
1278:
1275:
1253:audit software
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
975:
972:
911:
908:
897:social machine
870:feed-back loop
842:
839:
808:cryptocurrency
766:
763:
761:
758:
666:Paul Cockshott
657:expert systems
564:
561:
557:social machine
484:
483:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
438:
436:
433:and compliance
429:
427:
421:
418:Related topics
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
391:
387:
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Ecclesiastical
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
278:
275:
274:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
243:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
201:
200:
196:
195:
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190:
184:
183:
171:
170:
168:
167:
160:
153:
145:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7017:
7006:
7005:Transhumanism
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6950:Collaboration
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6926:
6925:César Hidalgo
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6810:
6808:9780198838494
6804:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6693:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6650:
6649:IE University
6643:
6637:
6635:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6568:
6561:
6555:
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6533:
6529:
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6440:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6412:
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6397:
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6340:
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6319:
6315:
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6200:
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6174:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6093:(3). 036011.
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
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5569:
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5480:
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5469:
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4737:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4710:
4704:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4664:
4663:Express.co.uk
4660:
4653:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4583:
4579:
4578:
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4306:
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700:"Code is law"
697:
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6955:E-government
6887:
6798:
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6738:
6713:
6692:
6680:. Retrieved
6675:
6665:
6653:. Retrieved
6648:
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6592:
6582:
6570:. Retrieved
6566:
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6527:
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6509:. Retrieved
6499:
6489:21 September
6487:. Retrieved
6483:
6474:
6462:. Retrieved
6457:
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6384:. Retrieved
6380:
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6342:
6333:
6321:. Retrieved
6318:The Atlantic
6317:
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6275:(2): 97–98.
6272:
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6258:
6247:. Retrieved
6243:
6216:. Retrieved
6212:
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6157:The Guardian
6156:
6147:
6135:. Retrieved
6125:
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6086:
6076:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6000:. Retrieved
5998:. 2022-02-09
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5626:. Retrieved
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5248:. 2024-06-13
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5214:The Guardian
5213:
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5192:. Retrieved
5190:. 2023-11-07
5188:Tokyo Sports
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5062:the original
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4900:22 September
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4894:the original
4889:
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4869:22 September
4867:. Retrieved
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4776:26 September
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4770:
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4582:the original
4575:
4565:
4553:. Retrieved
4547:
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4495:
4485:
4474:. Retrieved
4470:
4461:
4450:. Retrieved
4447:congress.gov
4446:
4437:
4426:. Retrieved
4423:flsenate.gov
4422:
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4255:. Retrieved
4249:
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4170:
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4095:10 September
4093:. Retrieved
4089:
4079:
4064:
4052:. Retrieved
4048:
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
4022:
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3803:. Retrieved
3799:the original
3794:
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3752:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:the original
3715:First Monday
3714:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3686:Investopedia
3685:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3660:The Guardian
3659:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3633:
3623:
3611:The Diplomat
3610:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3584:
3580:
3570:
3559:. Retrieved
3554:
3545:
3529:. J. Wiley.
3526:
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3508:
3502:
3490:. Retrieved
3486:
3477:
3466:. Retrieved
3461:
3436:. Retrieved
3433:www.nnbw.com
3432:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3405:
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3371:
3359:. Retrieved
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3333:. Retrieved
3305:
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3281:20 September
3279:. Retrieved
3275:the original
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2977:
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2866:the original
2852:
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2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2799:
2789:19 September
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2778:
2756:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2736:(in Russian)
2733:
2724:
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2708:
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2619:. Retrieved
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2530:
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2361:the original
2356:
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2329:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
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2278:
2268:
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2245:10419/210652
2228:
2224:
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2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2133:
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2119:
2100:
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2069:
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2037:. Retrieved
2033:
1898:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1776:
1760:
1744:
1742:
1738:Amazon Cloud
1731:
1724:
1717:
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1699:
1680:
1665:
1651:
1596:
1561:
1552:mask wearing
1541:
1533:
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1467:
1448:
1437:
1422:
1418:city council
1410:Hiroyuki Abe
1390:stock images
1385:
1375:
1356:
1353:
1338:
1308:
1280:
1268:
1261:
1247:
1220:public works
1217:
1213:
1204:e-government
1201:
1182:
1162:Amazon Cloud
1155:
1144:
1137:
1118:
991:
943:organization
927:central bank
913:
901:
890:
874:improvements
858:
847:Credit score
831:Saudi Arabia
828:
805:
780:
765:Smart cities
742:
737:
732:Tim O'Reilly
729:
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710:
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617:warned that
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6430:1885/294609
6028:(1): 3952.
5940:IEEE Access
5883:IEEE Access
5706:: 130–146.
4990:(1): 1–13.
4940:(in German)
4471:govtrack.us
3777:j.ctvn96h9r
3707:Szabo, Nick
3581:China Brief
2419:2066/200765
2367:26 December
1957:ERulemaking
1877:The novels
1827:Netherlands
1790:Percentage
1250:procurement
1248:Government
1232:Carbon sink
1228:carbon sink
1189:U.S. states
1010:Agency Name
964:real estate
960:land titles
952:inheritance
868:concept of
792:sustainable
655:championed
636:during the
545:cyberocracy
329:Information
235:Open-source
205:Algorithmic
29:Cyberocracy
6934:Categories
6616:1805/30988
6511:16 October
6249:2018-12-31
6218:2018-12-31
6002:2024-01-23
5809:2109.07745
5802:: 103277.
5623:TechCrunch
5548:. trtworld
5252:2024-06-15
5227:2024-06-15
5194:2023-11-25
5150:2022-10-13
5123:2022-08-22
5096:2022-06-20
4944:31 October
4864:SlideShare
4588:January 2,
4555:January 1,
4527:5 February
4513:0897918126
4476:2021-01-17
4452:2021-01-17
4428:2021-01-17
4283:Oliva 2020
4271:Oliva 2020
4257:2021-10-06
4023:TechCrunch
3743:2020-05-31
3591:10 October
3561:2022-08-10
3555:merics.org
3468:2022-11-07
3438:2022-11-07
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