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131:, which was considered a planet at the time). These missions were referred to as the Grand Tour. One would launch in 1977 and visit Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto, while the other would launch in 1979 and visit Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. This would reduce total mission time compared to a single Grand Tour from over thirteen years to seven and a half years. The Working Group also called for the development of a new spacecraft to carry out the flyby missions. These probes, called Thermoelectric Outer Planets Spacecraft (TOPS), were being designed at JPL and featured an operational life of over ten years.
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The sending of the unmanned "grand tour" craft on cruises to the outer planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto — in 1977 and 1979. Such probes, which could take a decade or longer to complete, have long been proposed by scientists because the alignment of the planets will not favor such
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Two trajectories were selected. One was designated JST: its mission would take it to
Jupiter, Saturn, and Titan, with the probe's trajectory designed to optimize the Titan flyby. The second was designated JSX: it would be launched on a trajectory that would preserve the option of a Grand Tour, while
173:
million for each of two probes. The probes would be built by JPL, with the intention that they would last long enough to complete the original Grand Tour of the four giant planets, but be advertised as missions to only
Jupiter and Saturn to reduce estimated total project costs.
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serving as backup for the first probe. It would arrive after JST, and if JST were successful, it could continue with the Grand Tour. If JST was unsuccessful, JSX could be diverted to perform the Titan flyby itself, which would eliminate the possibility of a Grand Tour.
119:. The particular alignment occurs once every 175 years. By 1966, JPL was promoting the project, noting it would allow a complete survey of the outer planets in less time and for less money than sending individual probes to each planet.
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181:. Titan was a valuable target, as it was the only moon known to have an atmosphere, and a flyby would gather information that would not otherwise be obtainable, including the density, composition, and temperature of the atmosphere.
264:'s flyby obtained valuable information about the moon, including data that offered compelling evidence for the existence of liquid hydrocarbon lakes on Titan's surface. With
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157:, led to the decision to cancel the project in December 1971. The Grand Tour and TOPS were replaced with a proposal to visit only two planets using a pair of
251:'s Titan flyby and proceed from Saturn to Pluto was identified, though Titan was still considered the more interesting target, especially after images from
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of the
University of California, Santa Barbara. President Nixon gave White House support to the concept in a statement released on March 7, 1970.
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In 1969, NASA created the Outer
Planets Working Group, which favored the concept of two missions that would visit three planets each (including
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an effort again for about 180 years after this decade. Mr. Nixon's announcement was the first giving White House support to the attempt.
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million to launch the spacecraft. Congressional pressure, combined with internal competition from the recently approved
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414:"Fast Reconnaissance Missions to the Outer Solar System Using Energy Derived from the Gravitational Field of Jupiter"
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was cleared for an extended mission to Uranus and
Neptune, fulfilling the goal of a Grand Tour as proposed in 1964.
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296:, March 1979) Note that this image is a montage of multiple pictures taken by Voyager 1, and not a single picture.
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The plan was set out in a report by 23 scientists, released on August 3, 1969. The study panel was co-chaired by
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that would occur in the late 1970s would enable a single spacecraft to visit all of the outer planets by using
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The
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From
Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners
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Butrica, Andrew J. (1998). "Voyager: The Grand Tour of Big
Science". In Mack, Pamela E. (ed.).
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In March 1977, just a few months before launch, NASA held a competition to rename the project.
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billion, led to its cancellation and replacement with
Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, which became the
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Note: Pluto was still classified as a planet when the Grand Tour was proposed and at the time
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program that would have sent two groups of robotic probes to all the planets of the
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The two spacecraft that launched retained the same mission concept.
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Though atmospheric haze obscured any images of Titan's surface,
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NASA's space program intended to explore the outer solar system
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The probes were to visit
Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's moon
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By 1971, the estimated cost of Grand Tour was $ 750 to $ 900
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48:
55:. It called for four spacecraft, two of which would visit
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Report of a Study by the Space Science Board, June 1969
504:"Nixon asks start of a 'grand tour' of planets in '77"
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The planets originally to be visited in the Grand Tour
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Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer
485:"23 Scientists Ask Unmanned Probe of Outer Planets"
91:The concept of the Grand Tour began in 1964, when
585:The Outer Solar System: A Program for Exploration
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247:were lost in a launch failure. An option to skip
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221:'s course was optimized for the Titan flyby and
557:Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour
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75:. The enormous cost of the project, around $ 1
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67:, while the other two would visit Jupiter,
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257:indicated a very substantial atmosphere.
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483:Harold M. Schmeck Jr. (August 4, 1969).
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526:"'Grand Tour' Space Flight Plan Reined"
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996:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
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231:would reach Saturn nine months after
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502:James M. Naughton (March 8, 1970).
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649:Lunar Discovery & Exploration
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554:David W. Swift (1 January 1997).
99:(JPL) noted that an alignment of
644:Large strategic science missions
393:Interplanetary Transport Network
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465:from the original on 2014-08-23
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138:of the University of Iowa and
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1001:Specific orbital energy of
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23:Grand Tour (disambiguation)
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451:. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
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97:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
681:Ocean Worlds Exploration
674:Solar System Exploration
149:million, plus over $ 100
1179:(2017 documentary film)
1024:NASA Deep Space Network
1146:Exploration of Neptune
1053:Exploration of Jupiter
560:. AIAA. pp. 69–.
412:Flandro, Gary (1966).
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165:Mariner Jupiter-Saturn
140:Gordon J. F. MacDonald
40:
1127:Exploration of Uranus
1095:Exploration of Saturn
899:Voyager Golden Record
893:Plasma Wave Subsystem
795:List of NASA missions
625:planetary exploration
199:
155:Space Shuttle program
31:
881:Cosmic Ray Subsystem
268:'s mission complete,
227:for the Grand Tour.
21:For other uses, see
532:. UPI. 1 March 1972
374:mission, July 2015)
1014:Grand Tour program
945:Stamatios Krimigis
777:Project Prometheus
736:Planetary Observer
659:Planetary Missions
508:The New York Times
489:The New York Times
207:
136:James A. Van Allen
53:outer Solar System
41:
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567:978-1-56347-252-7
458:978-1-4102-2531-3
421:Astronautica Acta
161:-derived probes.
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32:Trajectories of
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1176:The Farthest
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534:. Retrieved
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467:. Retrieved
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381:New Horizons
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371:New Horizons
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368:(image from
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93:Gary Flandro
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1043:Observation
1029:Frank Drake
1193:Categories
1078:Prometheus
1034:Carl Sagan
1009:Titan IIIE
869:Components
844:Spacecraft
767:Grand Tour
469:2014-08-25
427:: 329–337.
399:References
254:Pioneer 11
123:Grand Tour
87:Background
45:Grand Tour
1115:Shahrazad
1104:Enceladus
1003:Voyager 1
960:Jim Blinn
859:Voyager 2
852:Voyager 1
760:Cancelled
699:Completed
664:Discovery
536:29 August
351:Voyager 2
332:Voyager 2
313:Voyager 2
294:Voyager 1
270:Voyager 2
266:Voyager 1
262:Voyager 1
249:Voyager 1
245:Voyager 2
241:Voyager 1
237:Voyager 2
233:Voyager 1
229:Voyager 2
224:Voyager 2
218:Voyager 1
202:Voyager 1
38:Voyager 2
34:Voyager 1
1134:and its
1110:Dunyazad
903:contents
746:Surveyor
627:programs
463:Archived
387:See also
1045:targets
984:Related
876:MHW-RTG
731:Pioneer
716:Mariner
686:Voyager
347:Neptune
290:Jupiter
239:first,
192:Voyager
159:Mariner
113:Neptune
101:Jupiter
95:of the
73:Neptune
57:Jupiter
1155:Triton
1068:Masubi
913:Images
889:(IRIS)
751:Viking
741:Ranger
633:Active
564:
455:
328:Uranus
309:Saturn
171:
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111:, and
109:Uranus
105:Saturn
77:
71:, and
69:Uranus
63:, and
61:Saturn
1136:rings
895:(PWS)
883:(CRS)
721:MESUR
417:(PDF)
366:Pluto
179:Titan
129:Pluto
65:Pluto
47:is a
1083:Surt
1073:Pele
622:NASA
562:ISBN
538:2020
453:ISBN
49:NASA
43:The
36:and
1195::
1062:Io
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510:.
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433:^
425:12
423:.
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901:(
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349:(
330:(
311:(
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25:.
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