Grande Armée - Knowledge

3706: 4453:'s opponents were still wedded to a rigid system of "Linear" (or Line) tactics and formations, in which masses of infantry would simply line up and exchange vollies of fire, in an attempt to either blow the enemy from the field or outflank them. Due to the vulnerabilities of the line formations to flanking attacks, it was considered the highest form of military manoeuvre to outflank one's adversary. Armies would often retreat or even surrender if this was accomplished. Consequently, commanders who adhered to this system would place a great emphasis on flank security, often at the expense of a strong centre or reserve. Napoleon would frequently take full advantage of this linear mentality by feigning flank attacks or offering the enemy his own flank as "bait" (best illustrated at the Battle of Austerlitz and also later at Lützen), then throw his main effort against their centre, split their lines, and roll up their flanks. He always kept a strong reserve as well, mainly in the form of his Imperial Guard, which could deliver a "knockout blow" if the battle was going well or turn the tide if it was not. 3971:, was established by Napoleon in January 1800. Its function was to provide the teamsters and drivers which handled the horses that hauled the artillery's vehicles. Prior to this, the French, like all other period armies, had employed contracted, civilian teamsters who would sometimes abandon the guns under fire, rendering them immobile, rather than risk their lives or their valuable teams of horses. Its personnel, unlike their civilian predecessors, were armed, trained, and uniformed as soldiers. Apart from making them look better on parade, this made them subject to military discipline and capable of fighting back if attacked. The drivers were armed with a carbine, a short sword of the same type used by the infantry, and a pistol. They needed little encouragement to use these weapons, earning surly reputations for gambling, brawling, and various forms of mischief. Their uniforms and coats of grey helped enhance their tough appearance. But their combativeness could prove useful as they often found themselves attacked by Cossacks and Spanish and Tyrolian guerillas. 2454:

turned the tide. Following this, almost legendary, feat Napoleon proclaimed "Poles, You are worthy of my Old Guard I proclaim you my bravest cavalry!". Promoted to the Old Guard, they were then given lances, remained at the Emperor's side until Waterloo, and were never defeated by enemy cavalry. The 1e Regiment of the Guard developed a rivalry with their fellow Poles of the 1st Vistula Uhlans. This was not simply based on who was the better unit, but on deep political differences as well, with the lancers being fanatical Bonapartists, while many, if not most, of the uhlans held fiercely Republican sentiments. Such differences, political and otherwise, between units were not unusual and are well illustrated here. From being instructed by the French, they, along with their Vistula rivals, would go on to serve as instructors and models for the French and most other lancer regiments of the

4592:). Behind them would be two groups of artillery batteries or the "eyes" of the boar. On their flanks and behind them, in oblique order, would be other infantry in column, line, or square to form the boar's "face". Protecting their flanks and rear would be two groups of cavalry, which would serve as the boar's "tusk". This was a highly complex formation, which could not be formed as easily or quickly as the others. Once formed, except for the tusks, it had slow mobility. It was, however, faster moving than the traditional square and less vulnerable to artillery or infantry fire. The "tusks" also gave it stronger offensive capabilities. It would later be employed to great effect during the French conquests in North Africa during the 1830s and 1840s, and would be used up until the 1920s. 864: 3673: 3820:. In addition to the batteries assigned to the cavalry units, Napoleon would also assign at least one battery to each infantry corps or, if available, to each division. Their abilities came at a price, however, as horse batteries were very expensive to raise and maintain. Consequently, they were far fewer in number than their foot counterparts, typically constituting only one fifth of the artillery's strength. It was a boastful joke among their ranks that the emperor knew every horse gunner by name. Besides better training, horses, weapons, and equipment, they used far more ammunition. Horse batteries were given twice the ammo ration of the foot, three times that of the Guard. 3621:) cavalry had near equal speed to the hussars, shock power almost as great as the cuirassiers, and were nearly as versatile as the dragoons. They were armed with, as their name indicates, lances along with sabres and pistols. Initially, French ministers of war insisted on arming all lancers identically. Real battlefield experience, however, proved that the Polish way of arming only the first line with lance while the second rank carried carbines instead was much more practical and thus was adopted. Lancers were the best cavalry for charging against infantry squares, where their lances could outreach the infantry's bayonets, (as was the case with Colborne's British brigade at 3804: 3691: 2635:. A line infantry battalion was numbered at about 840 men; however, this was the battalion's 'full strength' and few units ever reached this. A more typical strength for a battalion would be 400–600 men. From 1800 to 1803, a line infantry battalion had eight fusilier companies and one grenadier company. From 1804 to 1807, a line infantry battalion had seven fusilier companies, one grenadier company, and one voltigeur company. From 1808 to 1815, a line infantry battalion had four companies of fusiliers, one company of grenadiers, and one company of voltigeurs. According to the 1808 regulation, the staff of each company and the regiment HQ was the following: 3049: 4275:(who would later become Surgeon-General of the Imperial Guard). His inspiration was the use of fast horse artillery, or "flying artillery", which could manoeuver rapidly around the battlefield to provide urgent artillery support, or to escape an advancing enemy. The flying ambulance was designed to follow the advance guard and provide initial dressing of wounds (often under fire), while rapidly transporting the critically injured away from the battlefield. The personnel for a given ambulance team included a doctor, quartermaster, non-commissioned officer, a drummer boy (who carried the bandages), and 24 infantrymen as stretcher bearers. 2292: 1948: 1923:: In 1808, Napoleon ordered the most intelligent and strongest recruits to be formed into the first regiments of the Young Guard. The tallest of the recruits were inducted into the Tirailleurs-Grenadier regiments (renamed Tirailleurs in 1810). All officers of the Tirailleurs-Grenadiers were drawn from the Old Guard, and as such were entitled to wear bearskins. The NCOs were drawn from the Middle Guard. Having this leavening of hardened veterans helped to increase the morale and combat abilities of the Tirailleurs-Grenadiers, and its sister formations the Tirailleurs-Chasseurs. Tirailleurs-Grenadiers wore a dark blue 1204: 2283:. The Horse Grenadiers wore tall bearskin caps, dark blue coats and collars, white lapels, and tall boots. The entire formation was mounted on large black horses. A prospective recruit had to be over 176 cm tall, have accrued 10 years of service serving in a minimum of four campaigns, and have received a citation for bravery. The Grenadiers performed admirably at Austerlitz, where they defeated the Russian Guard cavalry, but their most famous combat was at the Battle of Eylau. After standing under the fire of sixty Russian guns for a time, the troopers began to search for cover. Their commander, Colonel 3552:

mounted, though fighting on foot had become increasingly uncommon for dragoons of all armies in the decades preceding Napoleon. The versatility of a dual-purpose soldier came at the cost of their horsemanship and swordsmanship often not being up to the same standards as those of other cavalry. Finding enough large horses proved a challenge. Some infantry officers were even required to give up their mounts for the dragoons, creating resentment towards them from this branch as well. There were 25, later 30, dragoon regiments. In 1815, only 15 could be raised and mounted in time for the Waterloo campaign.

1836:: In 1806, the Fusiliers-Chasseurs was formed as a regiment of the Middle Guard infantry. All members of the Middle Guard were veterans of 2–3 campaigns and were commissioned as NCOs in the line regiments. Arguably the best infantry of the entire Guard, the Fusiliers-Chasseurs most often operated together with its sister formation, the Fusiliers-Grenadiers, as part of a Guard Fusilier-Brigade. The Fusilier-Chasseurs saw extensive action, proving their worth time and time again, until they were disbanded in 1814, following Napoleon's abdication. The Fusiliers-Chasseurs were not reformed in 1815 for the 3470: 4002: 3812:

better armed and trained for close quarters combat, mounted or dismounted much as were the dragoons. Once in position, they were trained to quickly dismount, unlimber (deploy), and sight their guns, then fire rapid barrages at the enemy. They could then quickly limber (undeploy) the guns, remount, and move on to a new position. To accomplish this, they had to be the best trained and most elite of all artillerymen. The horse batteries of the Imperial Guard could go from riding at full gallop to firing their first shot in just under a minute. After witnessing such a performance, an astounded

1809:. They had the same entry criteria, however accepted men who were 172 cm and taller. The Chasseurs were in action in several crucial battles. Following Napoleon's return in 1815, the Chasseurs was expanded to four regiments also, with the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th regiments being formed from recruits with only four years experience. These regiments also formed the assault of the Guard during the final phase of the Battle of Waterloo. The 2nd battalion of the 1st Chasseurs joined in the main attack of the Middle Guard, but were repulsed, while the second guarded the emperor's headquarters. The 1861:: Formed in 1807, the Fusiliers-Grenadiers was a regiment of Middle Guard infantry. The Fusiliers-Grenadiers was organised in the same way as the Fusiliers-Chasseurs, being a slightly larger formation. The Fusiliers-Grenadiers most often operated together with its sister formation, the Fusiliers-Chasseurs, as a part of a Guard Fusilier-Brigade. The Fusilier-Grenadiers saw extensive action, proving their worth time and time again, until they were disbanded in 1814 following Napoleon's abdication. The Fusiliers-Grenadiers were not reformed in 1815. The Fusiliers-Grenadiers wore a dark blue 3641: 2417:. They distinguished themselves at Austerlitz in 1805, winning their own standard, a second trumpeter and promotion to full squadron. This unit eventually became part of the Old Guard, and served the emperor right up to Waterloo. In 1813, a second Mameluke company was raised and attached to the Young Guard. As with their predecessors, they were incorporated into the Chasseurs, and served alongside them during the Hundred Days in 1815. By this time, the personnel being almost exclusively Frenchmen. Their distinct and colourful uniforms consisted of a green (later red) 4543:): Classic infantry formation for defence against cavalry. Soldiers would form a hollow square at least three or four ranks deep on each side, with officers and artillery or cavalry in the middle. It offered infantry their best protection against charges, especially on good defensive terrain such as on the top or reverse slope of a hill. Squares were slow moving, almost stationary targets, however. This, along with their density, made squares very vulnerable to artillery and to a lesser extent, infantry fire. Once broken, squares tended to completely collapse. 4507:): A wide column of infantry, almost a hybrid of line and column, with light infantry skirmishers in front to disrupt the enemy and screen the column's advance. Once the column closed, the skirmishers would move off to its flanks, then the column would fire a massed musket salvo and charge with their bayonets. An excellent formation against a standard, thin line. The Attack Column was developed from the "Mob" or "Horde" tactics of the early French Revolutionary Armies. Its disadvantages were a lack of massed firepower and vulnerability to artillery fire. 4359: 1495:", it can be said that Berthier's job consisted of absorbing Napoleon's strategic intentions, translating them into written orders and transmitting them with the utmost speed and clarity. He also received in the emperor's name the reports of the marshals and commanding generals and when necessary signed them on Napoleon's behalf. Detailed reports on everything that occurred for good or ill were to be sent to Berthier, who would in turn select the most important ones and transmit them to the emperor; nothing was to be concealed from Napoleon. 2019: 69: 4251: 2413:: Fearsome desert warriors, whose loyalty Napoleon purchased during his Egyptian campaign. They combined superb horsemanship and swordsmanship with fanatical courage. Often romantically viewed as "authentic sons of the desert" or even "head-hunters", their officers were French, the NCOs and ranks comprising not only Egyptians and Turks, but also Greeks, Georgians, Syrians, and Cypriots as well, and even many of them were French. Originally they were an attached company (or "Half-Squadron") of the 4553:): Designed to take advantage of the French artillery's mobility and training. A battery would move to one area on the field, lay down a short, sharp barrage, then rapidly redeploy to another area and fire another barrage, then quickly redeploy again, etc. The combined, cumulative effect of numerous batteries doing this all along the enemy's lines could be devastating. The horse artillery were especially well suited for this tactic. Napoleon used it to great success in the early campaigns of the 1140: 3159:) were elite light infantry of the line regiments. In 1805, Napoleon ordered that the smallest, most agile men of the line battalions be chosen to form a voltigeur company. These troops were to be second only to the grenadiers in the battalion hierarchy. Their name comes from their original mission; Voltigeurs were to vault upon horses of friendly cavalry for faster movement, an idea which proved impractical if not outright impossible. Despite this, the voltigeurs did perform a valuable task, 4569:): An alternative artillery tactic, when circumstances prohibited the flying batteries. Artillery would mass its fire at a single, crucial point on the battlefield (usually against the enemy's centre). It could be devastating if the enemy was caught by surprise or in the open. But massing large numbers of guns in a single area without the enemy's knowledge could be tricky. Once the battery opened fire and its target became clear, measures could be taken to avoid it. It was also vulnerable to 3946: 1980: 3979:

company for training recruits and remounts. Following the campaigns of 1800, the train was re-organised into eight battalions of six companies each. As Napoleon enlarged his artillery, additional battalions were created, rising to a total of fourteen in 1810. In 1809, 1812, and 1813 the first thirteen battalions were "doubled" to create 13 additional battalions. Additionally, after 1809 some battalions raised extra companies to handle the regimental guns attached to the infantry.

4080: 2400:. Along with maintaining security and order near the headquarters, the Gendarmes would provide honour guards for high-ranking visitors, interrogate prisoners, and protect the emperor's personal baggage. The Gendarmes wore dark blue coats with red lapels and tall boots, along with a bearskin cap slightly smaller than that of the Horse Grenadiers. After 1807, the Gendarmes began to see more combat, distinguishing themselves in guarding the Danube bridges at Aspern-Essling in 1809. 1471: 789: 2000: 1546:, consisting of elements from all the forces and support services discussed below. While capable of fully independent operations and of defending themselves until reinforced, the corps usually worked in close concert together and kept within a day's marching distance of one another. The corps would often follow separate routes on a wide front and were small enough to live by foraging, allowing fewer supplies to be carried. Through dispersion and the use of forced marches the 2478:(the Red Lancers) due to their distinctive uniforms. They too suffered heavily in Russia at the hands of the Cossacks and the hardships of the winter, with most of its men and all but a handful of the horses lost. The regiment was rebuilt in 1813 and it became a powerful unit with its first four squadrons of veterans in the Old Guard and the new recruits of 6 junior squadrons in the Young Guard. They would distinguish themselves in numerous engagements, including Waterloo. 1370: 1038: 1267: 4531:): Foot and/or horse would spread out by unit and/or individually. This formation was best for light troops and skirmishers. It allowed for rapid movement, especially over broken or rough terrain such as hills or forests, and offered the best protection from enemy fire since the troops were spread out. Its disadvantages were it did not allow for massed or volley fire and was terrible for melee or close quarters fighting and thus, especially vulnerable to cavalry. 1108: 2512:

of the 30 regular dragoon regiments were allowed to apply at any one call, this quota would later be reduced to 10. Volunteers from other guard regiments were also allowed to transfer. Since this was as much a ceremonial as a combat unit and was rarely committed in battle, billets in the Empress Dragoons were highly sought after positions. As with the Red Lancers, it had squadrons in both the Old and Young Guards and served with the emperor until the end.

3394: 1964: 3412: 4519:): Was Napoleon's preferred infantry formation. Some units (usually regiments or battalions in size) would be placed in line formation, with other units in attack column behind and in between them. This combined the firepower of the line with the speed, melee, and skirmishing advantages of the attack column. It also had some of the disadvantages of both, so support from artillery and cavalry were especially vital for this tactic to succeed. 930: 1516: 1763:). They were the most experienced and bravest infantrymen in the Guard, some veterans having served in over 20 campaigns. To join the Grenadiers, a recruit had to have served for at least 10 years, have received a citation for bravery, be literate, and be over 178 cm tall. The Old Guard were usually held in reserve for crucial moments on the battlefield, and unleashed to act as a hammer blow to a shaken enemy. For example, the 5059: 3428: 1401:

their tasks consisted of making detailed inspection tours and long-distance reconnaissances. When they had to carry orders from the emperor to an army commander, these would be verbal rather than written. The appointment of ADC to the emperor was so influential that they were considered to be "Napoleon's eyes and ears" and even marshals were wise to follow their advice and render them the respect due to their function.

4041:. By the end of the conflict, tens-of-thousands had served. In 1805, 35,000 troops from France's allies were used to protect lines of communications and flanks of the main army. In 1806, 27,000 more troops were called up for similar purposes, plus 20,000 Saxon troops who were used for mopping up operations against the Prussians. In the winter of 1806–07, Germans, Poles, and Spaniards helped seize the Baltic ports of 3852:, or case, were the anti-personnel weapons of choice of the gunner. Grape was a cluster of large metal spheres tied together around a central spindle and base and normally sewn into a bag, whereas canister was a metal case filled with smaller iron or lead spheres. The whole purpose of these types of shot was to break up when fired from the gun forming a wide cone of flying metal that acted in the same way as a 4096: 2449:: In 1807 Napoleon authorized the raising of a guard regiment of Polish light cavalry. They were to be given French instructors and training. But during their first review before the emperor, their ranks became so entangled that Napoleon quipped, "These people only know how to fight!" and dismissed their instructors on the spot. But he kept his Polish cavalrymen by his side and the following year at 3180: 1109: 1409:(two or three personal ADCs to the general ADCs, who might also be commanded directly by the emperor) and half the number of pages. Their number differed from time to time, but only 37 officers were ever commissioned ADC to the emperor and at normal times their number was restricted to 12. Each of these officers wore the normal general's uniform of his rank, but with gold 4133:. His training, along with their specialized tools and equipment, enabled them to quickly build the various parts of the bridges, which could then be rapidly assembled and reused later. All the needed materials, tools, and parts were carried on their wagon trains. If they did not have a part or item, it could be quickly made using the mobile wagon-mounted forges of the 840:, as it came to be known, resulted in 60,000 Austrian prisoners at the cost of just 2,000 French soldiers. By November, Vienna was taken but Austria refused to capitulate, maintaining an army in the field. In addition, its ally Russia had yet to commit to action. The war would continue for a while longer. Affairs were decisively settled on 2 December 1805 at the 909: 2525:: During the retreat from Moscow, Napoleon was highly impressed by the skills of many regiments of Cossacks. He used them as a model to create a new cavalry brigade, the Scouts, which were formed during the reorganisation of the Imperial Guard in December 1813. 3 regiments of a thousand men each were created and their squadrons attached to existing regiments: 3577:, skirmishing, and screening for the army to keep their commanders informed of enemy movements while denying the enemy the same information and to pursue fleeing enemy troops. Armed only with curved sabres and pistols, they had reputations for reckless bravery to the point of being almost suicidal. It was said by their most famous commander General 3383:

coat was similar to that of the line troops, but their lapels and cuffs were also dark blue, and it featured dark green and red epaulettes. They also wore dark blue trousers and high imitation hussar boots. After 1807, the cylindrical shako was replaced with the standard shako, but was still embellished by white cords. As with the line fusiliers,

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carabiniers into a cavalry reserve, to be used at the decisive moment of the battle. In this manner, they proved to be an extremely potent force on the battlefield. The British, in particular, who mistakenly believed the cuirassiers were Napoleon's bodyguard, and would later come to adapt their distinctive helmets and breastplates for their own

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short sabre. The carabinier uniform consisted of a tall bearskin cap (superseded in 1807 by a red trimmed shako with a red plume). They wore the same uniform as the chasseurs, but with red epaulettes. Carabinier companies could be detached to form larger all carabinier formations for assaults or other operations requiring assault troops.

3538:. There were originally 25 cuirassier regiments, reduced to 12 by Napoleon initially who later added three more. At the beginning of his rule, most of the cuirassier regiments were severely understrength, so Napoleon ordered the best men and horses to be allocated to the first 12 regiments, while the rest were reorganised into dragoons. 3594:

busby worn by some French hussars), green coats, green breeches, and short boots. They were, however, the most numerous of the light cavalry, with 31 regiments in 1811, 6 of which comprised Flemish, Swiss, Italians and Germans. was a cavalry composed of chasseurs but on the horse, they could ride into melee or shoot as light infantry

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rigid formations and firing massed volleys. Many of the early Napoleonic victories were due to the ability of the French armies to cover long distances with speed, and this ability was thanks to the training given to the infantry. From 1803, each battalion comprised eight fusilier companies. Each company numbered around 120 men.

1506:"The General-in-Chief Berthier gave his orders with the precision of a consummate warrior, and at Marengo maintained the reputation that he so rightly acquired in Italy and in Egypt under the orders of Bonaparte. He himself was hit by a bullet in the arm. Two of his aides-de-camp, Dutaillis and La Borde, had their horses killed." 1164:. But due to the poor quality of French troops and cavalry following the Russian campaign, along with miscalculations by certain subordinate marshals, these triumphs were not decisive enough to win the war and only secured an armistice. Napoleon hoped to use this respite to increase the quantity and improve the quality of the 2484:: Formed in 1812 as part of the Young Guard, its officers and NCOs were veterans, but its ranks were filled by enthusiastic yet inexperienced students and sons of Polish and Lithuanian landholders. With little training, they were thrown into the Russian campaign where they were surrounded and the entire regiment wiped out at 3507:

to copy the less elite cuirassiers resulted in them being given special armor, with their helmets and cuirasses being sheathed in bronze for added visual effect. But this did not prevent them from being defeated by Russian cuirassiers at Borodino in 1812, and panicking before Hungarian hussars at Leipzig the following year.

1933:: The shorter recruits of the Young Guard were inducted into the Tirailleurs-Chasseurs (renamed to Voltigeurs in 1810). The formation was identical to that of the Tirailleurs-Grenadiers, with all officers being drawn from the Old Guard, and NCOs coming from the Middle Guard. Tirailleurs-Grenadiers wore a dark blue 4295:, "The Emperor had only the highest praise for Dr Larrey, declaring that he left him with the image of a truly good man who combined all the virtues of effective philanthropy and science to the highest degree. Every wounded soldier was a member of his family. Larrey is the most virtuous man I have ever met." 4398:(regulator), were operated by trained crews using a series of pulleys and levers. The four basic positions of the rods could be combined to form 196 different "signs". Provided with good crews of operators and decent visibility conditions, a sign could be sent through the 15 station towers between Paris and 4278:

Another French military surgeon, Baron L.P. Percy, implemented another system. He was the first to introduce "a regularly trained corps of field litter bearers, soldiers regularly formed and equipped for the duty of picking up the wounded... and carrying them on stretchers to the place where means of

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Round shots were undeniably inaccurate. This was because, despite their name, round shots were never perfectly spherical, nor did they fit their gun barrels exactly. Air acted on the irregular surface of the projectile. These irregularities invariably threw them off target to some degree. It is often

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Battery personnel included not only gun crews, NCOs, and officers, but drummers, trumpeters, metal workers, woodworkers, ouvriers, furriers, and artificers. They would be responsible for fashioning spare parts, maintaining and repairing the guns, carriages, caissons and wagons, as well as tending the

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In 1805, one of the fusilier companies was dissolved and reformed as a voltigeur company. In 1808, Napoleon reorganised the infantry battalion from nine to six companies. The new companies were to be larger, comprising 140 men, and four of these were to be made up of fusiliers, one of grenadiers, and

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and those higher than it were positions of the same rank but with separate insignia for appointment holders. The position of Colonel General of a branch (such as dragoons or grenadiers of the Guard) was akin to Chief Inspector-General of that branch, whose office holder used his current officer rank

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Chappe's telegraph soon became one of Napoleon's favourite and most important secret weapons. A special portable version semaphore telegraph travelled with his headquarters. Using it, he was able to coordinate his logistics and forces over longer distances in far less time than his enemies. Work was

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did benefit from improvements in organisation and mobility. The established practice was for the wounded to be collected and treated after the battle had ended, by which time many wounded soldiers would have died. The systems adopted by the French Army in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period were

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each carried four days' provisions. The supply wagon trains following them carried eight days', but these were to be consumed only in emergency. One man was allotted to 750 grams of bread, 550 grams of biscuits, 250 grams of meat, 30 grams of rice, and 60 grams of grain; one litre of wine was shared

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The cavalry were supported by the fast moving, fast firing light guns of the horse artillery. This arm was a hybrid of cavalry and artillery with their crews riding either on the horses or on the carriages into battle. Because they operated much closer to the front lines, the officers and crews were

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with the lighter calibres being phased out and replaced by 6-pounders later in the Napoleonic Wars. French cannons had brass barrels and their carriages, wheels, and limbers were painted olive-green. Superb organisation fully integrated the artillery into the infantry and cavalry units it supported,

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combat. Unarmored heavy cavalry was the norm in Europe during most of the Napoleonic Wars, with the French being the first to reintroduce the back-and-breastplate. In 1809, appalled by their mauling at the hands of Austrian uhlans, Napoleon ordered that they be given armour. The carabinier's refusal

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had far more ornate uniforms than their contemporaries the fusiliers. Until 1806, they were equipped with a cylindrical shako with a large dark green plume and decorated with white cords. Their uniform was a darker blue than that of the line regiments, to aid with camouflage while skirmishing. Their

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battalions. After two campaigns, the tallest and bravest chasseurs were chosen to join a carabinier company. They performed as elite shock troops for the battalion. As with the grenadiers, carabiniers were required to wear moustaches. They were armed with the Charleville model 1777, a bayonet, and a

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the following year. Originally, candidates had to have at least 6 (later 10) years of service, participated in no fewer than 2 campaigns with citations for bravery, be literate, and at least 173 cm tall (slightly shorter than for the Horse Grenadier Guards). No more than 12 candidates from each

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The battalions of marine artillery were conscripted for the 1813 German Campaign, and included four regiments with the 1st regiment intended to have 8 battalions, 2nd regiment with 10 battalions, and the 3rd and 4th regiments with four battalions each, totalling 9,640 men in all serving with Marshal

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finally entered Moscow only to find the city largely empty and ablaze. Its soldiers were now forced to deal with the fires while hunting down arsonists and guarding the city's historic districts. Napoleon and his army spent over a month in Moscow, vainly hoping that the Russian emperor would respond

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from enemy artillery and needed protection from cavalry attack. Although this has become the most well known French artillery tactic, Napoleon preferred the flying batteries and used it only when he had to or thought it posed a better chance of success. Often at the start of a battle, he would mass

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During the Napoleonic Wars, every French regiment, division, and corps had its own medical staff, consisting of ambulance units, orderlies to perform nursing duties, apothecaries, surgeons, and doctors. Larrey was instrumental in reorganising military hospitals and making them more mobile. This was

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would replenish the corps and divisional depots, which in turn would replenish the brigade and regimental supply trains, which would distribute rations and ammunition to the troops as needed to supplement their foraging. The reliance on foraging was sometimes determined by political pressures. When

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wood. The fuse was designed to be ignited by the discharge of the gun and had a central channel drilled through it and filled with a burning compound. Before firing, the fuse was cut to a certain length corresponding to the desired time of burning and hammered into the top of the shell by a mallet.

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Originally, voltigeurs were to be equipped with the short dragoon musket, however in practice, they were equipped with the Charleville model 1777 and bayonet. Like grenadiers, voltigeurs were equipped with a short sabre for close combat, and like grenadiers this was rarely used. Voltigeur companies

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they would have another opportunity to prove themselves, on the battlefield instead of the parade ground. Napoleon ordered them to charge against a heavily fortified Spanish artillery position. Armed with only sabres and pistols, they overran four batteries, capturing over 20 cannons and decisively

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of the Guard. They usually provided the personal escort of the Emperor. Their close affiliation with the emperor was shown by the fact that he habitually wore the old-style uniform of a colonel of their regiment. The Chasseurs themselves wore flamboyant green, red, and gold hussar style uniforms.

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with infantry, cavalry and artillery units like other corps, but with unique identities and uniforms. Napoleon also wanted it to be an example for the entire army to follow, and a force that, since it had fought with him over several campaigns, was completely loyal. Although the infantry was rarely

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became almost synonymous with Berthier, who occupied this position in almost all the major campaigns of Napoleon. The General Headquarters was Berthier's unique domain and the emperor respected this demarcation. Its personnel received orders only from Berthier and even Napoleon did not interfere in

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campaigns. All were famous for their bravery and were experts in their own branches of service. Working directly under the supervision of the emperor, these officers were sometimes assigned to temporary command of units or formations or entrusted with diplomatic missions. Most of the time, however,

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parts. However, during the early 19th century, another form of carcass became common and this took the form of a common shell with two or three apertures in its exterior into which a similar composition was put. Carcass rounds were normally issued only to howitzers or mortars, the suggestion being

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The elite among all French heavy cavalry line formations, the two regiments of mounted carabiniers had a very similar appearance with the mounted grenadiers of the Imperial Guard; bearskins, long blue coats, etc. and were mounted exclusively on black horses prior to 1813. They were largely used in

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On 29 April 1809, a decree organised their service. Every morning at 0700, the duty ADC and his staff were relieved and the new ADC for the next 24 hours had to present the emperor with a list of names of the staff under his command. This would consist of two supplementary daytime general ADCs and

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were conveyed as they had been for centuries, via messengers on horseback. Hussars, due to their bravery and riding skills, were often favoured for this task. Shorter range tactical signals could be sent visually by flags or audibly by drums, bugles, trumpets, and other musical instruments. Thus,

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The medium-weight mainstays of the French cavalry, although considered heavy cavalry, who were used for battle, skirmishing, and scouting. They were highly versatile being armed not only with distinctive straight swords, but also muskets with bayonets enabling them to fight as infantry as well as

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Charleville model 1777 musket and a bayonet. Fusilier training placed emphasis on speed of march and endurance, along with individually aimed fire at close range and close quarters combat. This differed greatly from the training given to the majority of European armies, which emphasised moving in

4216:

was by far the more common term among French troops). These women were married to soldiers in their regiments, and acted as sutlers, selling food and drink (especially alcohol) to the troops. They were considered "absolutely necessary" to the functioning of the army, and the Consular Decree of 7

3593:

These were light cavalry identical to hussars in arms and role. But, unlike the chasseurs of the Imperial Guard and their infantry counterparts, they were considered less prestigious or elite. Their uniforms were less colourful as well, consisting of infantry-style shakos (in contrast to the fur

4049:

on the army's left flank. At the Battle of Friedland in 1807, Marshal Jean Lannes' corps was formed considerably from Poles, Saxons, and Dutch. For the first time, foreign troops had played a role in a major battle, and done so with distinction. During the War of the Fifth Coalition, as many as

3229:

on his hat. The colour of this pom-pom changed depending on the company the man belonged to, as military uniforms reached their pinnacle at around this period in time. After the 1808 reorganisation, the first company was issued with a dark green pom-pom, the second with sky blue, the third with

2052:

of which some 32,000 served with the French Navy at its height of expansion by Napoleon. Units of the latter were created for service on land by conscripting naval personnel surplus to requirement of the navy. There was also the marine artillery, which were mostly naval gunners used for coastal

1121:'s famous graph showing the decreasing size of the Grande Armée as it marches to Moscow (brown line, from left to right) and back (black line, from right to left) with the size of the army equal to the width of the line. Temperature is plotted on the lower graph for the return journey (Multiply 3978:

battalion was originally composed of 5 companies. The first company was considered elite and assigned to a horse artillery battery; the three "centre" companies were assigned to the foot artillery batteries and "parks" (spare caissons, field forges, supply wagons, etc.); and one became a depot

1566:

into four corps. These were only temporary groupings, however, and it was not until 1804 that Napoleon made them permanent units. He would sometimes form the cavalry into separate corps, so they would be able to move and mass more quickly without being slowed by the infantry or foot artillery.

3533:

could not protect against direct musket fire, it could deflect ricochets and shots from long range, and offered some protection from pistol shots. More importantly, the breastplates protected against the swords and lances of opposing cavalry. Napoleon often combined all of his cuirassiers and

2162:

with a total of 1,136 men, but this was severely reduced during the Russian campaign, and only 350 officers and men remained in its ranks by 1813. With Napoleon's first abdication, an ensign and 21 marines accompanied him to Elba, and returned with him for the Hundred Days campaign when their

1557:

Napoleon placed great trust in his corps commanders and usually allowed them a wide freedom of action, provided they acted within the outlines of his strategic objectives and worked together to accomplish them. When they failed to do this to his satisfaction, however, he would not hesitate to

992:

With the exception of Spain, a three-year lull ensued. Diplomatic tensions with Russia, however, became so acute that they eventually led to war in 1812. Napoleon assembled the largest field army he had ever commanded to deal with this menace. On 24 June 1812, shortly before the invasion, the

4493:): An arrow or spearhead shaped cavalry formation, designed to close rapidly and break the enemy's line. Classic and effective mounted formation used throughout history, and still used by tanks today. But if the wedge was halted, or its attack lost momentum, then it was vulnerable to counter- 3455:

and dragoon regiments, the first company of every regiment's first escadron, was always designated as 'elite', with presumably, the best men and horses. In the revolution's wake, the cavalry suffered the greatest from the loss of experienced aristocratic officers and NCOs still loyal to the

3462:. Consequently, the quality of French cavalry drastically declined. Napoleon rebuilt the branch, turning it into arguably the finest in the world. Until 1812, it was undefeated in any large engagements above the regimental level. There were two primary types of cavalry for different roles, 3625:

in 1811) and also in hunting down a routed enemy. Their ability to scour and finish off the wounded without ever stepping off their saddle created perfect scenes of horror for the enemy. They could be deadly against other types of cavalry as well, most famously demonstrated by the fate of

4279:

surgical aid were provided". Percy's system essentially served as a method of moving surgeons and their instruments closer to the engaged forces from where stretcher bearers would retrieve the wounded, rather than placing an emphasis on evacuating the wounded to the rear in a vehicle.

3782:

plus two more in the Imperial Guard, but unlike cavalry and infantry regiments, these were administrative organisations. The main operational and tactical units were the batteries (or companies) of 120 men each, which were formed into brigades and assigned to the divisions and corps.

1865:

with red epaulettes, red turnbacks, and white lapels. Under this they wore a white waistcoat and white trousers. The Fusiliers-Grenadiers wore a shako with white cords and a tall red plume. The Fusiliers-Grenadiers were armed with a Charleville model 1777 musket, bayonet, and a short

3745:) to soften up enemy formations before being subjected to the closer attention of the infantry or cavalry. Superb gun-crew training allowed Napoleon to move the weapons at great speed to either bolster a weakening defensive position, or else hammer a potential break in enemy lines. 1155:

The catastrophe in Russia now emboldened anti-French sentiments throughout Europe. The Sixth Coalition was formed and Germany became the centrepiece of the upcoming campaign. With customary genius, Napoleon raised new armies and opened up the campaign with a series of victories at

3370:

From 1803, each battalion comprising eight chasseur companies. Each company numbered around 120 men. In 1808, Napoleon reorganised the infantry battalion from nine to six companies. The new companies were to be larger, comprising 140 men, and four of these were to be made up of

3989:

artillery park was increased, albeit organised as regiments rather than battalions. At their zenith, in 1813–14, the Old Guard artillery was supported by a 12-company regiment while the Young Guard had a 16-company regiment, one for each of their component artillery batteries.

1413:

as the symbol of his function. The appointment of ADC to the emperor did not always last as long as the emperor's reign; an ADC might be given another position such as a field command, a governorship, etc. and would be removed from his ADC status until recalled to that post.

1348:

in 1795. Berthier was able to establish a well-organised staff support team. Napoleon took over the army the following year and quickly came to appreciate Berthier's system, adopting it for his own headquarters, although Napoleon's usage was limited to his own command group.

2287:, ordered the troops, "Up with your heads gentlemen, those are only bullets, not turds". Soon after they joined Marshal Murat's charge into the Russian lines. The Horse Grenadiers, together with the Polish lancers, were the only Guard Cavalry units never beaten in battle. 4588:): Another hybrid formation, somewhat like the mixed order, but combining all three arms into a wedge-like square, which could be used for assault or defence. Infantry would form a short, but thick, line many ranks deep on the front, which would be the boar's "snout" ( 3658: 3171:

could be detached and formed into regiments or brigades to create a light infantry formation. After 1808, the voltigeur company was situated on the left of the line when in combat. This was traditionally the second highest position of honour in the line of battle.

1223:"The Grand Empire is no more. It is France herself we must now defend", were Napoleon's words to the Senate at the end of 1813. The emperor managed to raise new armies, but strategically he was in a virtually hopeless position. Allied armies were invading from the 6282:

Royal, Republican, Imperial, a History of the French Army from 1792–1815: Vol 1 – Infantry – History of Line Infantry (1792–1815), Internal & Tactical Organization; Revolutionary National Guard, Volunteers Federes, & Compagnies Franches; and 1805 National

3777:

As the name indicates, these gunners marched alongside their guns, which were, of course, pulled by horses when limbered (undeployed). Hence, they travelled at the infantry's pace or slower. In 1805, there were eight, later ten, regiments of foot artillery in the

1896:

jackets, laced gold, and navy blue Hungarian style trousers decorated with gold lace. They wore a shako trimmed in gold with a tall red plume. Seamen were armed as infantry, with a Charleville model 1777 musket and bayonet, and many seamen were also equipped with

1455:(Army General Headquarters). Since the earliest collaboration of Napoleon and Berthier, its organisation was more or less fixed and it would see only slight changes during the later campaigns of the empire. The Army General Headquarters included the office of the 1385:(ADCs), orderly officers (until 1809), the Emperor's Cabinet with the Secretariat, a department that collected intelligence about the enemy using spies and the topographical department. Attached was also the Emperor's Civil Cabinet that included the office of the 1817:

with red turnbacks, red epaulettes fringed green, and white lapels. On campaign, the Chasseurs often wore dark blue trousers. As with the Grenadiers, the Chasseurs most distinguishing feature was the tall bearskin, decorated with a red over green plume and white

745:

utter destruction as a fighting force. Only 120,000 men survived to leave Russia (excluding early deserters); of these, 50,000 were Austrians, Prussians, and other Germans, 20,000 were Poles, and just 35,000 were French. As many as 380,000 died in the campaign.

4333:

Accounts of the ordeals of the wounded are horrific reading. Napoleon himself once noted, "It requires more courage to suffer than to die", so he made sure those who did survive were given the best treatment available at hospitals in France, in particular

1065:. However, the campaign was characterized by many frustrations, as the Russians succeeded no less than three times in evading Napoleon's pincers. A final stand for the defence of Moscow led to the massive Battle of Borodino on 7 September 1812. There the 3166:

Voltigeurs were equipped with large yellow and green or yellow and red plumes for their bicornes. After 1807, their shakos were lined with yellow and carried similar plumes. They also had yellow epaulettes lined green and a yellow collar on their coats.

1775:, but two days later were defeated by the British as they advanced to in an attempt to smash the weakened British line at Waterloo. The two battalions of the 1st Grenadiers formed squares and fended off allied attacks to protect the general retreat. The 1192:. Growing Allied numbers eventually hemmed the French in at Leipzig, where the famous three-day Battle of the Nations witnessed a heavy loss for Napoleon when a bridge was prematurely destroyed, abandoning 30,000 French soldiers on the other side of the 1078:

to the French peace offers. After these efforts failed, the French set out on October 19, now only a shadow of their former selves. The epic retreat over the famous Russian winter dominates popular conceptions of the war, even though over half of the

765:

would never regain its height of June 1812, and France would find itself invaded on multiple fronts from the Spanish border to the German border. In total, from 1805 to 1813, over 2.1 million Frenchmen were conscripted into the French Imperial Army.

4430:

While Napoleon is best known as a master strategist and charismatic presence on the battlefield, he was also a tactical innovator. He combined classic formations and tactics that had been used for thousands of years with more recent ones, such as

2577:

was perhaps not the most glamorous arm of service in the Grande Armée, they bore the brunt of most of the fighting, and their performance resulted in victory or defeat. The infantry was divided up into two major types, the Infantry of the Line

4122:. The skills of his pontonniers allowed Napoleon to outflank enemy positions by crossing rivers where the enemy least expected and, in the case of the great retreat from Moscow, saved the army from complete annihilation at the Berezina River. 3705: 4258:

The medical services had the least glory or prestige, but were required to deal with the full horrors of the war's aftermath. The technology and practice of military medicine did not advance significantly during the Napoleonic Wars, but the

4226:

marching over friendly territory armies were told to "live off what the country can supply", but when marching over neutral territory they were issued with supplies. It was this system of planned and improvised logistics which enabled the

3832:

was the staple of the gunner. Even at long range when the shot was travelling relatively slowly it could be deadly, though it might appear to be bouncing or rolling along the ground relatively gently. At short range, carnage could result.

6293:

Royal, Republican, Imperial, a History of the French Army from 1792–1815: Vol 2 – Infantry – National Guard after 1809; Garde de Paris, Gendarmerie, Police, & Colonial Regiments; Departmental Reserve Companies; and Infantry

4557:. Its flexibility allowed him to quickly mass well-aimed fire anywhere it was needed. But it required superbly trained and conditioned artillerymen and horses as well as close command, coordination, and control in order to work. 4220:

Additional supplies would be stockpiled and stored at forward bases and depots which Napoleon would establish before the start of his campaigns. These would then be moved forward as the army advanced. The supply bases of the

1356:

was known as the Imperial Headquarters and was divided into two major sections: Napoleon's Military Household and the Army General Headquarters. A third department dependent on the Imperial Headquarters was the office of the

4283:

more than any other army would be able to offer until the 1850s and 1860s, half a century later. Knowing that they would be promptly attended to, then honored and well looked after once back home, helped boost morale in the

4393:

Chappe's system consisted of an intricate network of small towers, within visual range of one another. On top of each was a 9-metre mast, with three large, movable wooden rods mounted on them. These rods, called the

1937:

with red turnbacks and dark blue lapels piped white. This was further decorated by green epaulettes with red fringing. Their shako was decorated with a large plume which could be coloured either green or red over

3581:

that a hussar who lived to be 30 was truly an old guard and very fortunate. Lasalle was killed at the Battle of Wagram at age 34. There were 10 regiments in 1804, with an 11th added in 1810 and two more in 1813.

4481:): The best formation for rapid or sustained movement of troops and a good melee attacking formation, but it offered little firepower and was also vulnerable to flank attack, ambush, artillery, and "funneling". 4287:, and thus further contributed to its fighting abilities. The most revolutionary aspect of the system was Larrey's attention to the wounded on both sides of the battlefield, a practice now enshrined in various 5110: 948:

Napoleon now turned his attentions to Poland, where the remaining Prussian armies were linking up with their Russian allies. A difficult winter campaign produced nothing but a stalemate, made worse by the

4469:): The basic three rank line formation, best used for delivering volley fire and was also a decent melee formation for infantry or cavalry, but it was relatively slow moving and vulnerable on the flanks. 6304:

Royal, Republican, Imperial, a History of the French Army from 1792–1815: Vol 3 – Cavalry – Line, National Guard, Irregular, & Coastal Artillery, Artillery & Supply Train, and Balloon Companies.

3346:) replaced the shako. The colpack had a large yellow over red plume and green cords. After 1807, a shako replaced the colpack, with a large yellow plume and yellow lining. As with the line voltigeurs, 3038:

In total, there were supposed to be 3,970 men in a regiment (840 in each four main battalions, and 560 in the rear battalion), among them 108 officers and 3,862 noncommissioned officers and privates.

3883:

When it arrived over the target, the fuse, if correctly prepared, exploded the main charge, breaking open the metal outer casing and forcing flying fragments in all directions. Although favoured for

885:, which had remained neutral the previous year. After much diplomatic wrangling, Prussia secured promises of Russian military aid and the Fourth Coalition against France came into being in 1806. The 734:, heat, exhaustion, and long communication lines. The army spent a month in Moscow but was ultimately forced to march back westward. Cold, starvation, and disease, as well as constant harassment by 1463:

also had his own private Military Staff which included duty Generals and Staff aides-de-camp. Finally there was the Army General Staff with the offices of the three Assistant Major-Generals to the

905:, the victors at Auerstedt, received the honours of marching into Berlin first. Once more, the French had defeated an enemy before its allies could arrive, and once more, this did not bring peace. 893:(battalion square) system, whereby corps marched in close supporting distances and became vanguards, rearguards, or flank forces as the situation demanded, and decisively defeated the Prussians at 1771:. By 1815, the Old Guard grenadiers numbered four regiments, the 3rd and 4th Grenadiers having been added in 1810 and 1815 respectively. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Grenadiers were fully engaged at the 1053:

was somewhat different from before; over one-third of its ranks were now filled by non-French conscripts coming from satellite states or countries allied to France. The behemoth force crossed the

4419: 4641:

According to Alain Pigeard, between 1792 and 1814 no fewer than 190 foreign-born soldiers, that is, around 6 per cent of the French Army's senior officers, were promoted to general, including

3739:, possessing the greatest firepower of the three arms and hence the ability to inflict the most casualties in the least amount of time. The French guns were often used in massed batteries (or 3163:

and providing scouts for each battalion, as well as providing an organic light infantry component for each line regiment. In training, emphasis was placed on marksmanship and quick movement.

3837:

also a matter of confusion as to why a 12-pdr shot was so much more effective than a 6-pdr shot. This is because the impact of a shot was not only related to its weight but also to its

977: 1435:. They, too, were used for special missions such as reconnaissance and inspections, but also to carry written orders. In 1806, when these posts were created, they were members of the 1294:

and Blücher in Belgium before the Russians and Austrians could arrive. The campaign, beginning on 15 June 1815, was initially successful, leading to victory over the Prussians at the

582:

to exercise unprecedented control over most of Europe. Widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever assembled, it suffered enormous losses during the disastrous

3101:

lined red with a red plume; however, many chose to retain their bearskins. In addition to the standard Charleville model 1777 and bayonet, grenadiers were also equipped with a short

1102:. Napoleon left his men in order to reach Paris and address new military and political matters. Of the 685,000 men that constituted the initial invasion force, only 93,000 survived. 2445: 5576: 2470: 3894:(a name for an incendiary projectile). Initially, this device was composed of a metal frame, which was covered with a canvas cover and filled with a special recipe, typically 50 2606:" (due to the fact there were two per brigade and it lacked the royal connotations) was now only used for provisional troops and depot units. At the time of the formation of the 2461: 4574:

batteries into a large battery, then after a few salvoes, break it up into flying batteries. In the early campaigns it was rarely used, but as the quantity of the horses of the

4386:

for reconnaissance and communications. But the real advance for conveying long-range dispatches came in the form of an ingenious optical telegraph Semaphore system invented by

3303:

troops were required to be shorter than line troops, which helped them to move quickly through forests as well as to hide behind obstacles when skirmishing. The formation of a

1844:(or coat) with green epaulettes fringed red, red turnbacks and white lapels. Under this they wore a white waistcoat and either blue or brown trousers. The Fusiliers-Chasseurs 6523: 699:. The French Army grew as Napoleon seized power across Europe, recruiting troops from occupied and allied nations; it reached its peak of one million men at the start of the 6518: 3217:

The fusiliers wore a bicorne, until this was superseded by the shako in 1807. The uniform of a fusilier consisted of white trousers, white surcoat and a dark blue coat (the

3367:

battalions. They made up the majority of the formation. They were armed with the Charleville model 1777 musket and a bayonet, and also with a short sabre for close combat.

1913:: Initially, the Young Guard was made up of veterans with at least one campaign under their belts, together with bright young officers and the best of the annual intake of 1491:

its immense tasks; he would never walk in on Berthier's private staff while they were writing and copying the orders that he had just given. Since the emperor was his own "

3529:. Because of the weight of their armour and weapons, both the trooper and the horse had to be big and strong, and could put a lot of force behind their charge. Though the 4217:

Thermidor, Year VIII set their number at four per battalion and two per cavalry squadron. These women fed the troops when all other logistical arrangements broke down.

3752:

which made them lighter, faster, and much easier to sight, as well as strengthened the carriages and introduced standard sized calibres. In general, French guns were 4-

6513: 5652: 1550:

was often able to surprise opposing armies by its speed of manoeuver. A corps, depending on its size and the importance of its mission, was commanded by a marshal or

664:

was known in history for its innovative formations, tactics, logistics, and communications. While most contingents were commanded by French generals, except for the

6444: 5792: 2065:

survives today, and lists Lützen 1813 as one of its battle honours. Some 63 artillery batteries were manned (some numbers remaining vacant). Some examples include:

5538: 4160:) that it was better to bypass and isolate fixed fortifications, if possible, than to directly assault them, the sapper companies were usually put to other tasks. 4118:, were an indispensable part of Napoleon's military machine. Their main contribution was helping the emperor to get his forces across water obstacles by erecting 3672: 5595: 4254:

The Flying Ambulances were developed by French battlefield surgeon Dominque-Jean Larrey to rapidly transport the wounded from the battlefield to field hospitals.

4058:'s peak in 1812, more than one-third of the troops that marched into Russia were non-French and represented 20 countries, including Austria and Prussia. General 1947: 5773: 4264:

the forerunners of almost all modern military ambulance and triage systems, being adopted by the armies of most other Western nations in the following decades.

1880:, the Marines of the Guard were formed in 1803, with their initial purpose being to man the vessel transporting the emperor during the expected crossing of the 973: 4230:

to sustain rapid marches of up to 15 miles per day for up to five weeks. The logistical system was also aided by a technological innovation in the form of the

4141:

could construct a bridge of up to 80 pontoons (a span of some 120 to 150 metres long) in just under seven hours, an impressive feat even by today's standards.

3915:

they were intended to attack towns. This does not preclude them from being used on the field, but quite what their purpose would have been there is not clear.

6473: 3790:

Corps artillery reserve: Each corps would also have its own artillery reserve, of one of more brigades, armed mostly with the larger, heavier calibre pieces.

4330:

were occasionally available for pain control. Typically, only about two-thirds survived such an operation, but this number increased with swift attention.

1168:, but when Austria joined the Allies, his strategic situation grew bleak. The campaign reopened in August with a significant French victory at the two-day 803: 606: 5557: 3657: 2346:

In 1796, during the Italian campaign, Napoleon ordered the formation of a bodyguard unit after he narrowly escaped an attack by Austrian light cavalry at

1176:

by the Allies, which called for avoiding direct conflict with Napoleon and focusing on his subordinates, paid dividends as the French suffered defeats at

726:, the French reached Moscow on 14 September 1812. However, the army was already drastically reduced by skirmishes with the Russians, disease (principally 668:

and Austrian corps, soldiers could climb the ranks regardless of class, wealth, or national origin, unlike many of the other European armies at the time.

6454: 3690: 5754: 4033:

Many European armies recruited foreign troops, and France was no exception. Foreign troops played an important role and fought with distinction in the

3307:

battalion exactly mirrored that of a line infantry battalion, but different troop types were substituted for the grenadiers, fusiliers and voltigeurs.

1196:. The campaign, however, did end on a victorious note when the French destroyed an isolated Bavarian corps which was trying to block their retreat at 4621:, but a personal title granted to distinguished divisional generals, along with higher pay and privileges. The same applied to the corps commanders ( 4198:

between four men. Insofar as possible, Napoleon encouraged his men to live off the land through foraging and requisition of food (which was known as

1999: 1443:

in the Emperor's Civil Household. The decrees regulating their service were signed on 15, 19 and 24 September 1806 and finally on 19 September 1809.

1227:, across the plains of Northern Italy, and via France's eastern borders as well. The campaign began ominously when Napoleon suffered a defeat at the 1645:

committed en masse, the Guard's cavalry was often thrown into battle as the killing blow and its artillery used to pound enemies prior to assaults.

5087: 3075: 1538:(usually from five to seven), each numbering anywhere between 10,000 and 50,000, with the average size being around 20,000 to 30,000 troops. These 4189:

One of Napoleon's most quoted lines is his dictum that "An army is a creature which marches on its stomach", illustrating the vital importance of

3565:

These fast, light cavalrymen were the eyes, ears, and egos of the Napoleonic armies. They regarded themselves as the best horsemen and swordsmen (

5200: 5092: 5495: 1888:(or crews), companies in all but name. After the cancellation of the invasion, the Marines remained a part of the Guard, manning whatever boat, 1290:

he would be commanding for the upcoming campaign was professional and competent. Napoleon hoped to catch and defeat the Allied armies under the

3074:

ordered that after two campaigns, several of the strongest, bravest, and tallest fusiliers were to be promoted to a grenadier company, so each

5964: 5614: 1979: 1333:

handled such functions for their units, with informal help from subordinates who were usually not trained for or assigned to a specific task.

897:, both fought on 14 October 1806. After a legendary pursuit, the French took 140,000 prisoners and killed and wounded roughly 25,000. Marshal 3121: 4355:

standard bearers and musicians, in addition to their symbolic, ceremonial, and morale functions, also played important communication roles.

4378:

did benefit from innovations made in long-range communications during the French Revolution. The French Army was among the first to employ

3748:

Besides superior training, Napoleon's artillery was also greatly aided by the numerous technical improvements to French cannons by General

953:

on 7–8 February 1807, where Russian and French casualties soared for little gain. The campaign resumed in the spring and this time General

5345: 2206:

at the battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Dresden, and won high praise at the Battle of Leipzig. The Marine Guard units were disbanded in 1815.

610: 390: 1927:

with red epaulettes, dark blue turnbacks, and lapels piped white. The Tirailleurs-Grenadiers' shako had red cords with a long red plume.

1783:(coat with long tails) with red turnbacks, epaulettes, and white lapels. The most distinguishing feature of the Grenadiers was the tall 1558:

reprimand or relieve them and in many cases took personal command of their corps himself. Corps were first formed in 1800, when General

1498:

Lest one think this was as safe a job as modern staff officers, a contemporary subordinate staff officer, Brossier, reports that at the

6350: 5995: 1057:

on 24 June 1812, and Napoleon hoped that quick marching could place his men between the two main Russian armies, commanded by Generals

2254:

was added. The final addition was made in 1810, with another regiment of lancers, this time drawn from French and Dutch recruits, the

1459:

s (Chief of Staff's) Cabinet with their four departments: Movements, Secretariat, Accounting and Intelligence (orders of battle). The

6493: 1396:

The ADCs to the emperor were mainly loyal, experienced generals or, at times, other senior officers whom he knew from his Italian or

4302:, as in all armies of the time, were primitive at best. Far more soldiers died of their wounds or from sickness than in battle (see 2258:

or Red Lancers. The Cavalry of the Guard was involved in combat numerous times, and with few exceptions proved its worth in action.

6364: 5573: 5138: 3813: 2263: 1291: 3573:. This opinion was not entirely unjustified and their flamboyant uniforms reflected their panache. Tactically, they were used for 3387:

companies were distinguished by coloured pom-poms, but the colours for the different companies changed from regiment to regiment.

5072: 3934: 3627: 3451:. Cavalry regiments of 800–1,200 men were made up of three or four escadrons of two companies each, plus supporting elements. In 2315: 1303: 267: 6436: 4402:, a distance of 193 km (120 mi), in only 9 minutes, a complete message of 36 signs in about 32 minutes. From Paris to 3735:

officer, and reportedly said "God fights on the side with the best artillery." As such, French cannons were the backbone of the

3287:

regiments tended to see more action and were often used to screen large manoeuvres. Naturally, because commanders turned to the

1892:

or other water vessel Napoleon traveled in, as well as acting as a combat unit. Seamen of the Guard wore navy blue hussar-style

500: 6488: 1306:'s delayed advance against the Prussians allowed Blücher to rally his men after Ligny and march on to Wellington's aid at the 6259: 6240: 5841: 5473: 3817: 3787:

Divisional artillery: Every division had a brigade of three or four batteries of 8 guns (six cannons and two howitzers) each.

2379: 1244: 303: 1286:

in February 1815, Napoleon busied himself in making a renewed push to secure his empire. For the first time since 1812, the

5633: 4338:, while they recuperated. The wounded survivours were often treated as heroes, awarded medals, pensions, and provided with 3950: 3816:

remarked, "They move their cannon as if it were a pistol!" There were six administrative regiments of horse artillery plus

3749: 3622: 754: 567: 153: 128: 4578:

and the quality of its artillerymen declined, Napoleon would be forced to employ it much more frequently in later battles.

1574:, usually consisting of 4,000 to 10,000 infantry or 2,000 to 4,000 cavalrymen. These in turn were made up of two or three 863: 299: 5789: 1025: 828:

turned its sights eastwards in 1805. The army left Boulogne in late August and through rapid marches, surrounded General

590:

in 1812, after which it never recovered its strategic superiority and ended in total defeat for Napoleonic France by the

6441: 3640: 3262:

could perform all the same manoeuvres, including skirmishes. The difference laid in the training and the resulting high

2151:, with a total strength of 737 men, the unit having been created ostensibly for preparation of the invasion of Britain. 1390: 515: 6498: 6072: 5295: 5227: 2557:

The scouts had only the time to distinguish themselves during the defence of France in 1814 and were dissolved by King

2335:

of the Guard were the light cavalry of the Guard, Napoleon's favourites, and one of the most recognisable units in the

1405:

one night ADC, one equerry and (through a rotation system) half the number of orderly officers, half the number of the

1397: 5649: 5592: 3193:

The fusiliers made up the majority of a line infantry battalion, and may be considered the typical infantryman of the

1598:, making 24 to 32 guns in all. The divisions were also permanent administrative and operational units, commanded by a 530: 520: 510: 331: 319: 6424: 6411: 6387: 6331: 6226: 6212: 6191: 6177: 6163: 6146: 6122: 6105: 5770: 4177:) and a reference to their seemingly magical abilities to grant wishes and make things appear much like the mythical 2431:, a brace of pistols, and a dagger. Their hats and weapons were inscribed with a crescent and star insignia of brass. 1563: 1378: 358: 6474:

Illustrations (uniforms) by Hippolyte Bellangé from the book P.-M. Laurent de L`Ardèche «Histoire de Napoléon», 1843

6468: 1474:

Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier acted as Napoleon's chief of staff from 1796 until 1814, being replaced by Marshal

525: 505: 3578: 1058: 775:

For a history of the French Army in the period of 1792–1804 during the wars of the First and Second Coalitions see

5535: 4446: 1240: 4204:). An integral part of the French logistics system was the inclusion in every regiment of several women known as 3874:

charge. The top of the shell had thinner walls than the bottom and had an orifice into which was forced a wooden

2404: 383: 6313: 6297: 6286: 3502:

identical manner to the Cuirassiers, but being (initially) unarmored, they were less suited for close-quarters,

2631:

varied in size throughout the Napoleonic Wars, but the basic building block of the Infantry of the Line was the

1373:

Napoleon snatching a moment's rest on the battlefield of Wagram, with his staff and household working around him

1090:

was reached Napoleon only had about 49,000 troops and 40,000 stragglers of little military value. The resulting

683:

and senior generals. When the Austrian and Russian armies began preparations to invade France in late 1805, the

5520: 3933:, which combined the killing effect of grapeshot with the ranges achieved by round shot, were used only by the 3427: 3411: 2494: 1082:

had been lost during the summer. The French were harassed repeatedly by the converging Russian armies, Marshal

98: 6367: 5097: 4037:

during the Napoleonic Wars. Almost every continental European country was, at different stages, a part of the

3918:

It is important to know that not all nations shared the same types of artillery projectiles. For example, the

1737:): Composed of the longest serving veterans, the Old Guard was the elite of the elite guards regiments of the 5115: 3097:

on their coat. After 1807, regulations stipulated that line grenadiers were to replace their bearskin with a

2562: 1243:'s scattered corps at a cost of just 2,000 for themselves. They then headed south and defeated Field Marshal 707:

reaching its height of 413,000 French soldiers and over 600,000 men overall when including foreign recruits.

5275:

Forging Napoleon's Grande Armée: Motivation, Military Culture, and Masculinity in the French Army, 1800–1808

3803: 6372: 3678: 3648: 3299:

troopers enjoyed a higher esprit de corps and were known for their flamboyant uniforms and attitude. Also,

2516: 2084: 917: 894: 327: 295: 4605: 1318:

Prior to the late 18th century, there was generally no organisational support for staff functions such as

996:• 410,000 from the French Empire (present-day France, Italy, the Low Countries, and several German states) 479: 454: 5554: 4063: 3393: 1963: 1625: 1619: 1492: 1451:

Alongside the Emperor's Military Household but functioning as a totally independent organisation was the

1436: 1386: 913: 641:, where the French army slowly lost its veteran soldiers, strength and prestige, and in the conflicts of 630: 206: 6508: 4129:

and had 14 companies commissioned into his armies, under the command of the brilliant engineer, General

2508: 902: 484: 474: 449: 429: 323: 279: 6459: 4303: 3343: 3048: 1524: 1287: 1263:. Napoleon wanted to keep fighting, but his marshals refused, forcing him to abdicate on 6 April 1814. 1086:

even conducting a famous rearguard separation between his troops and the Russians, and by the time the

954: 821: 646: 638: 622: 376: 247: 214: 202: 94: 82: 6152: 5751: 5491:

The Grand Quartier-General Imperial and the Corps d'Armée, Developments in the Military Art, 1795–1815

5204: 2199: 1157: 469: 459: 444: 434: 424: 255: 6503: 5489: 4767: 4054:, were from the Confederation of the Rhine, and one-quarter of the Army in Italy was Italian. At the 3719: 2392:

because they rarely saw combat, the Gendarmes nonetheless performed a vital role. Gendarmes were the

1337: 853: 776: 719: 700: 642: 587: 210: 149: 90: 4028: 3844:

There were two forms of close-range weapons, which were extremely useful at up to 270m (300 yards).

3521:(breastplate) and helmets of brass and iron and armed with straight long sabers, pistols, and later 2174:

units in that naval rather than army ranks were used, the uniform was based on that of those of the

464: 439: 419: 5971: 5611: 4152:, to deal with enemy fortifications. They were used far less often in their intended role than the 2291: 1559: 1341: 1256: 1161: 657:

is used in English to refer to all the multinational forces gathered by Napoleon in his campaigns.

251: 5307: 4456:

Some of the more famous, widely used, effective, and interesting formations and tactics included:

4410:

even begun on a wagon-mounted version in 1812, but was not completed in time for use in the wars.

3334:

battalion as they did in the line battalions, only they were more nimble and better marksmen. The

1228: 1203: 6154:

Napoleon's mercenaries: foreign units in the French Army under Consulate and Empire, 1799 to 1814

2307: 829: 750: 6310:

Royal, Republican, Imperial, a History of the French Army from 1792–1815: Vol 4 – Imperial Guard

2367:

in 1808 and were defeated. They regained their reputation by showing extreme bravery during the

2279:, these troopers were the elite of Napoleon's Guard Cavalry and the mounted counterparts of the 1177: 965:

between France, Russia, and Prussia in July, leaving Napoleon with no enemies on the continent.

605:(The Army of the Ocean Coasts), a force of over 100,000 men that Napoleon had assembled for the 6359:

The Encyclopedia Of Military History: From 3500 B.C. To The Present. (2nd Revised Edition 1986)

5682: 4841: 4103:

While the glory of battle went to the cavalry, infantry, and artillery, the army also included

3478: 3469: 3124:

of its formation. During a campaign, grenadier companies could be detached to form a grenadier

2664: 1914: 1428: 1345: 1260: 1181: 981: 591: 31: 5812: 5340: 3890:

The final type of projectile for the field artillery used by the French was the incendiary or

3631: 3338:

voltigeurs were dressed as chasseurs, but with yellow and green epaulettes and before 1806, a

5077: 4890: 4614: 4449:. Napoleonic tactics and formations were highly fluid and flexible. In contrast, many of the 4272: 4017: 2909: 2616: 2535:'s command (wounded and titled Baron of the Empire by Napoleon himself on the battlefield of 2227: 1534:'s success was its superior and highly flexible organisation. It was subdivided into several 1327: 1319: 1232: 1118: 1020: 1011: 849: 680: 271: 5831: 5325: 4170: 4164: 4130: 4001: 3761:

yet also allowed it to operate independently if the need arose. There were two basic types,

3447:

By decree of the emperor himself, cavalry typically were between a fifth and a sixth of the

3060: 2427:(baggy trousers), with yellow, red, or tan boots. Their weapons consisted of a long, curved 2061:– marines of the High Shore) created by decree of Napoleon on 1 April 1808. The flag of the 1095: 4570: 4351: 4163:

The different types of engineer companies were formed into battalions and regiments called

4157: 4104: 3954: 3891: 3856: 3082: 2450: 2356: 1848:

had white cords and a tall red over green plume. The Fusiliers-Chasseurs were armed with a

1283: 1251:. These victories, however, could not remedy such the situation, and French defeats at the 898: 875: 869: 841: 696: 343: 339: 263: 190: 4642: 4005: 283: 8: 6081: 6042:

The second rank was used by mounted organizations of the Army: cavalry, horse artillery,

5465: 5459: 4432: 3959: 3682: 3275:

units placed strong emphasis on marksmanship and fast movement. As a result, the general

2532: 2364: 2347: 1571: 1248: 1189: 958: 938: 613:. Napoleon later deployed the army in Central Europe to eliminate the combined threat of 579: 108: 20: 5135: 4715: 2246:, the Empress Dragoons). Following the campaign in Poland in 1807, a regiment of Polish 2155: 1216: 718:

marched slowly east, and the Russians fell back with its approach. After the capture of

4781: 4473: 4358: 4288: 4190: 4088: 4059: 3863: 3482: 3113: 2368: 2195: 1917:. Later its ranks would be filled almost entirely by select conscripts and volunteers. 1849: 1475: 1439:; in 1809, while retaining their military status, they were taken under control of the 1423: 1330: 1323: 1307: 1271: 1147:

involved over half a million soldiers, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to

1091: 1042: 962: 882: 723: 335: 291: 287: 226: 86: 4173:

term for engineer. This name, which is still used today, was both a play on the word (

3828:

Of all the types of ammunition used in the Napoleonic Wars, the cast iron, spherical,

1298:

on 16 June; however, poor staff work, and bad commanders led to many problems for the

6420: 6407: 6383: 6327: 6255: 6248: 6236: 6222: 6208: 6187: 6173: 6159: 6142: 6127: 6118: 6110: 6101: 6068: 5989: 5837: 5516: 5469: 5291: 5223: 5105: 4869: 4727: 4646: 4436: 4363: 4231: 4021: 3895: 3875: 3535: 2694: 2536: 2097: 1837: 1587: 1583: 1499: 1212: 1169: 1144: 942: 857: 758: 4441: 2018: 6347:, Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt, Duc de Vicence, Grosset & Dunlap, 1959 5082: 4855: 4461: 3926: 3841:, which, with a heavier projectile, was much greater at the end of the trajectory. 3066:

Grenadiers were the elite of the line infantry and the veteran shock troops of the

1173: 817: 793: 3458: 2028: 1122: 6448: 5796: 5777: 5758: 5752:"Heads Up, By God!" French Cavalry At Eylau, 1807 And Napoleon's Cavalry Doctrine 5656: 5637: 5618: 5599: 5580: 5561: 5542: 5499: 5349: 5142: 4904: 4535: 4494: 4383: 4326:

drink, or even, in some cases, knocking the patient unconscious. Opiates such as

4009: 3919: 3867: 3085:

were to be the tallest, most fearsome men in the regiments, and all were to have

2393: 2231: 1881: 1772: 1768: 1295: 1197: 1115: 1070: 1062: 950: 665: 614: 575: 558: 550: 315: 259: 243: 58: 5630: 3616: 2602:. In 1803, Napoleon had reinstated the term "regiment", the revolutionary term " 1755:. During the 1807 campaign in Poland, Napoleon gave the Grenadiers the nickname 816:(Army of the Ocean Coasts) intended for the invasion of Britain, at the port of 5308:"INS Scholarship 1998: Henri Clarke, Minister of War, and the Malet Conspiracy" 5028: 4938: 4918: 4827: 4418: 4323: 4250: 4235: 4119: 3930: 3574: 3247: 2709: 2360: 1633: 1252: 1208: 1185: 820:

in 1804. Following Napoleon's coronation as Emperor of the French in 1804, the

711: 634: 618: 583: 174: 68: 2359:, where they played a role in defeating the Russian Guard cavalry. During the 1139: 6482: 6323: 6060: 5064: 4699: 4561: 4387: 4335: 4156:. However, since the emperor had learned in his early campaigns (such as the 3945: 3911: 3849: 3740: 3463: 3452: 2740: 2595: 1632:) was one of the most elite military forces of its time, and grew out of the 1543: 692: 307: 152:) out of 2,175,335 men conscripted in total from 1805 to 1813 in the broader 2075: 578:. From 1804 to 1808, it won a series of military victories that allowed the 368: 5928:

Elting, John R.:"Swords Around A Throne", pp. 186, 194, Da Capo Press, 1997

5111:

Social background of officers and other ranks in the French Army, 1750–1815

4813: 4485: 4382:

as messengers in any large and organised manner, and also the first to use

4079: 3753: 3526: 3350:

voltigeurs could be detached and used to form larger formations as needed.

3106: 2603: 1479: 1470: 1382: 1193: 1032: 837: 788: 650: 3634:

at Waterloo. Excluding those of the Guard, there were 9 lancer regiments.

2154:

The unit was almost entirely destroyed in the Spanish campaign of 1808 at

1369: 1266: 1037: 5919:

Elting, John R.:"Swords Around A Throne", pp. 254–55, Da Capo Press, 1997

5327:

Campagne de Russie 1812: d'après le journal illustré d'un témoin oculaire

4511: 3225:) with white lapels, red collar and cuffs. Each fusilier wore a coloured 2558: 2284: 2005:

Fusilier-Grenadiers and Fusilier-Chasseurs of the Middle Guard, 1806–1814

1801:: The Chasseurs of the Guard were the second most senior regiment in the 1410: 1361:(Quartermaster General), providing the administrative staff of the army. 1148: 275: 6336: 5201:"Insects, Disease, and Military History: Destruction of the Grand Armée" 1381:) was Napoleon's personal military staff and included the department of 4523: 4379: 4339: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4200: 3829: 3202: 3198: 3160: 3109:, but most often ended up serving as a tool to cut wood for campfires. 2679: 1432: 1083: 993:

assembled troops with a total strength of 685,000 men were made up of:

934: 563: 311: 138: 6406:, Edward Ryan with illustrations by Lucien Rousselot, 1999, 208 pages 6392: 5907:

Elting, John R.: "Swords Around A Throne", p. 250, Da Capo Press, 1997

3078:

which had seen more than two campaigns had one company of grenadiers.

2350:

while at lunch. This 200-man unit of Guides was the forerunner of the

1421:(orderly officers) may be considered as junior ADCs, with the rank of 5771:

By Order of the Commander-in-Chief: the Origin of the Guides-à-cheval

4267:

The most significant innovation was the establishment of a system of

4042: 3871: 3845: 3732: 3712: 3206: 3144: 3125: 3112:

A grenadier company would usually be situated on the right side of a

3094: 3086: 3042: 2632: 1884:

prior to the invasion of Britain. The battalion was formed with five

731: 4046: 3254:

regiments never numbered more than 36 (compared with the 133 of the

3070:. Newly formed battalions did not have a grenadier company; rather, 5513:

The Anatomy Of Glory; Napoleon And His Guard, A Study In Leadership

5001: 4958: 4327: 4062:

initially led the Prussian detachment, but was replaced by General

3907: 3838: 3757: 3279:

soldier was able to shoot more accurately and move faster than his

3179: 3137: 3129: 3120:

warfare in which a corps' right flank had less protection from the

3071: 2755: 2724: 2574: 2428: 2158:, but was rebuilt, and in 1810 the battalion was expanded to eight 1784: 1595: 1579: 1224: 1087: 972:

was dissolved in October 1808 and its constituents formed into the

735: 571: 231: 118: 27: 6404:

Napoleon's Elite Cavalry: Cavalry of the Imperial Guard, 1804–1815

3887:

work, the common shell was not always effective against infantry.

3614:(The Polish Devils) by the Spanish, these medium and light horse ( 2363:, the Chasseurs were ambushed by a large British cavalry force at 1751:: The Grenadiers of the Guard was the most senior regiment in the 1515: 929: 881:

The alarming increase of French power in Central Europe disturbed

710:

In summer of 1812, as many as 300,000 French troops fought in the

4753: 4367: 4307: 4239: 4125:

They may not have had the glory, but Napoleon clearly valued his

3853: 3522: 3517: 3226: 3133: 3117: 2474:: Formed in 1810 from a French and Dutch cadre. They were called 2215: 2187: 1575: 1126: 4271:(flying ambulances) in the closing years of the 18th century by 26:"Grand Army" redirects here. For the Grand Army of Myanmar, see 5952:

Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,

4403: 4149: 4095: 3923: 3899: 3264: 3116:, traditionally the place of greatest honour since the days of 2485: 2460: 2423: 2247: 2235: 2202:. Combined with sailor battalions, these fought as part of the 2175: 1898: 1893: 1852: 1788: 1591: 727: 6338:

The Bridges That Éblé Built: The 1812 Crossing Of The Berezina

5612:

Fusiliers de la Garde 1806–1814 Armee Francaise Planche N" 101

3136:. These formations would then be used as a shock force or the 3052:

A French line infantry grenadier (left) and voltigeur (right)

4399: 3903: 3884: 3879: 3715: 3503: 3102: 3098: 1889: 1845: 1535: 1310:, which resulted in the final, decisive defeat for Napoleon. 1054: 848:

routed a combined Russo-Austrian army led by Russian Emperor

688: 676: 399: 5819:. Vol. 16. Imprimerie Impériale. 1864. pp. 338–41. 3089:. To add to this, grenadiers were initially equipped with a 6455:

French Heavy and Light Cavalry (Lourde et Légère Cavalerie)

6088:. Greenhill Books. (Originally published in three volumes: 5217: 4178: 3238:

While the infantry of the line made up the majority of the

2256:

2e Regiment de Chevau-Légers Lanciers de la Garde Impériale

2183: 1045:

was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars.

660:

In addition to its size and multinational composition, the

3493: 691:

into southern Germany, leading to Napoleon's victories at

6442:

Soldiers of Fortitude: The Grande Armee of 1812 in Russia

5220:

Fighting for Napoleon: French Soldiers' Letters 1799–1815

5160: 3606:

were the Polish lancers of the Vistula Uhlans. Nicknamed

2614:, a number which roughly corresponded with the number of 2503:: Formed in 1806 as the Imperial Guard Dragoon Regiment ( 1830:: Consisted of veteran soldiers of at least 3 campaigns. 1207:

Napoleon and his staff returning from Soissons after the

833: 6352:

The Revolutionary Flying Ambulance of Napoleon's Surgeon

5342:

Relation circonstanciée de la Campagne de Russie en 1812

3982:

The Imperial Guard had its own train, which expanded as

2458:, thus greatly multiplying their fearsome effectiveness. 2252:

Regiment de Chevau-Légers de la Garde Impériale Polonais

4724:

rank reintroduced in 1814, equivalent of major general)

3807:

A gunner from the horse artillery of the Imperial Guard

3585: 908: 6065:

Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary; France

3756:, 8-pounders, or 12-pounders and 6-inch (150 mm) 2421:(hat), white turban, a loose shirt and a vest and red 1344:(later Marshal) was assigned as Chief of Staff to the 6270:

By command of the Emperor: A life of Marshal Berthier

4645:, who was appointed Marshal of the Empire during the 3993: 3330:

Voltigeurs performed exactly the same mission in the

2170:

The marines were distinct in several ways from other

1805:. The 1st Chasseurs were the sister formation to the 6519:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1815

5172: 5054: 1231:, but he quickly regained his former spirit. In the 6437:

French website displaying flags of the Grande Armée

6380:

Supplying War: Logistics From Wallenstein to Patton

6374:

The Journal of the International Napoleonic Society

6184:

The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire

6182:Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2004). 5954:

Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010, 60–61.

5670:

A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War

5244:

The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire

3866:was also used. This was normally only fired from a 2545:: scouts-dragoons under Colonel Hoffmayer's command 1336:The first modern use of a General Staff was in the 6247: 6139:Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns 2551:: scouts-lanciers under Jean Kozietulski's command 1787:hat, decorated with an engraved gold plate, a red 6524:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom 6514:Military units and formations established in 1804 6419:(2004), Adam Zamoyski, HarperCollins Publishing, 3862:For longer-range anti-personnel work, the common 1901:, less cumbersome during their engineering tasks. 856:on 26 December 1805, with the dissolution of the 804:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom 629:was the principal military force deployed in the 148:600,000 men at peak strength in 1812 (before the 6480: 6276:La Grande Armée: Introduction to Napoleon's Army 5352:, éditions Panckoucke-Magimel, 1815, pp. 453–54. 5088:List of French general officers (Peninsular War) 3870:or howitzer and was a hollow sphere filled with 3525:. Like medieval knights, they served as mounted 2126:ième Équipage de Haut-Bord de vasseux La Licorne 1364: 961:on 14 June 1807. This victory brought about the 889:advanced into Prussian territory with the famed 6170:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée 5330:, éditions Flammarion, 1812, 319 pages, p. 313. 5093:Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars 2116:ième Équipage de Haut-Bord de vasseux Friedland 1957:, 1812 (Napoleon can be seen in the background) 6203:Haythornthwaite, Philip; Bryan Fosten (1983). 4649:(1813), only to die less than 48 hours later. 2050:Matelots des Bataillons de la Marine Impériale 1570:The main tactical units of the corps were the 792:Napoleon distributing the first medals of the 5807: 5805: 5668:Corvisier, André; John Childs, Chris Turner. 4406:, a message could be sent in only six hours. 4298:Despite these innovations, conditions in the 2218:of the Guard consisted of two regiments, the 1605: 1602:and likewise capable of independent actions. 1239:inflicted 20,000 casualties on Field Marshal 832:'s isolated Austrian Army at the fortress of 398: 384: 6020: 6018: 5650:Tirailleurs de la Garde Imperiale: 1809–1815 5574:Uniforms of the Chasseurs-à-Pied de la Garde 5536:Uniform of the Grenadiers-á-Pied de la Garde 4596: 4435:'s "Oblique Order" (best illustrated at the 2437:Chevau-Légers-Lanciers de la Garde Impériale 1446: 1278:, as well as the end of the Napoleonic Wars. 1274:marked the final defeat of Napoleon and the 957:'s Russian army was soundly defeated at the 714:. Napoleon opened a second war front as the 542: 50: 6394:Napoleonic Artillery:Firepower Comes Of Age 6245: 5885: 5883: 5864: 5862: 5242:Fisher, Todd & Gregory Fremont-Barnes, 5166: 4099:A French pioneer during the Napoleonic Wars 3317:The carabiniers were the grenadiers of the 1840:. The Fusiliers-Chasseurs wore a dark blue 5915: 5913: 5823: 5802: 5435: 5433: 5396: 5394: 2238:. A third regiment was added in 1806, the 2042:Bataillon des Marins de la Garde Impériale 391: 377: 6382:, 2nd Edition, Martin van Crevald. 2004. 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6015: 5931: 5850: 5593:Napoleon's Guard Infantry – Moyenne Garde 5510: 5258: 4413: 3143: 2620:in France. There would eventually be 156 2505:Regiment de Dragons de la Garde Impériale 2266:Grenadiers à Cheval de la Garde Impériale 2240:Regiment de Dragons de la Garde Impériale 1530:One of the most important factors in the 1069:won a bloody but indecisive and arguably 980:, which in 1809 was reorganized into the 5880: 5859: 5388:Fisher & Fremont-Barnes, pp. 306–12. 5379:Fisher & Fremont-Barnes, pp. 287–97. 5373: 5370:Fisher & Fremont-Barnes, pp. 271–87. 5361:Fisher & Fremont-Barnes, pp. 145–71. 5355: 4417: 4357: 4249: 4094: 4078: 4016:from 1807 to 1813, and was later made a 4000: 3944: 3802: 3468: 3178: 3047: 2531:: scouts-grenadiers under Colonel-Major 2488:later that year by Cossacks and hussars. 2459: 2318:Chasseurs à cheval de la Garde Impériale 2290: 2017: 1719: 1514: 1469: 1368: 1302:throughout the entire campaign. Marshal 1265: 1202: 1138: 1036: 928: 907: 862: 787: 6361:, R. Ernest Dupuy, and Trevor N. Dupuy. 5910: 5430: 5391: 5333: 5318: 5264:Fisher & Fremont-Barnes, pp. 76–92. 5255:Fisher & Fremont-Barnes, pp. 54–74. 5073:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars 4426:, showing the regiment's battle honours 3602:Some of the most feared cavalry in the 2471:2nd Light Horse Regiment (French-Dutch) 2209: 2013: 1747:Grenadiers à Pied de la Garde Impériale 1542:were self-contained, smaller armies of 1098:'s engineers saved the remnants of the 738:and Russian partisans, resulted in the 625:formed against France. Thereafter, the 6481: 6417:1812: Napoleon's Fatal March on Moscow 6320:1812: Napoleon's Fatal March on Moscow 6059: 6027: 5994:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5829: 5218:Wilkin, Bernard; Wilkin, René (2016). 5178: 2109:Regiment de Rochefort 16ième bataillon 1797:Chasseurs à Pied de la Garde Impériale 16:Field Army of the French Imperial Army 6460:French article on Chappe telegraphs, 5729:, p. 10. Almark Publications, London. 5672:, p. 488. Blackwell Publishing, 1994. 5555:Foot Grenadiers in the Imperial Guard 5457: 5364: 5324:Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur, 5222:. Pen and Sword Military. p. 8. 4629:). The highest permanent rank in the 4439:) and the "mob tactics" of the early 4008:, a Polish general and prince of the 3310: 3250:) also played an important role. The 2182:in which the musicians used both the 2055:bataillons de la Matelot du Haut-Bord 2026:The four regiments of marines of the 1649:Size of the Imperial Guard over time 1259:dampened moods. At the end of March, 557: 372: 5727:Foot Regiments of the Imperial Guard 5716:, p. 9. Almark Publications, London. 5714:Foot Regiments of the Imperial Guard 5683:"Costumes des Marins & Matelots" 5382: 5249: 3363:(Hunters) were the fusiliers of the 3081:Regulations required that grenadier 2032:disappeared on 28 January 1794. The 1377:The Maison Militaire de l'Empereur ( 6341:, James Burbeck, War Times Journal. 6312:, Nafziger, George. 141 pages. < 6296:, Nafziger, George. 104 pages. < 6278:, Mas, M.A. M., Andrea Press, 2005. 6250:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics 6086:1812: Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 5687:xavier.mannino.pagesperso-orange.fr 5277:. New York University Press, p. 24. 5236: 4069: 3515:The heavy cavalry, wearing a heavy 3325: 3230:orange and the fourth with violet. 2226:, along with a small unit of elite 2063:1er Régiment d'Artillerie de Marine 2048:, formed on 17 September 1803, and 1129:, e.g. −30 °R = −37.5 °C) 1094:and the monumental work of General 749:Napoleon led a new army during the 13: 6285:, Nafziger, George. 98 pages. < 6235:. Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford. 6198:Who Was Who in the Napoleonic Wars 5464:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 5290:(Paperback ed.), New York: Wiley, 4314:. The main surgical procedure was 4245: 3940: 3798: 2178:, and it was the only unit of the 1486:The role of Chief of Staff in the 852:. The stunning victory led to the 824:was formed against France and the 14: 6535: 6430: 6186:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. 6132:Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars 5631:Grand Tenue – Marines de la Garde 5288:1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign 5157:, pp. 60–65. Da Capo Press, 1997. 4675:Modern U.S./U.K./NATO equivalent 4345: 4306:). There was little knowledge of 3772: 3541: 3233: 3221:model until 1812, thereafter the 2482:3rd Light Horse Regiment (Polish) 2446:1st Light Horse Regiment (Polish) 2355:They first saw combat during the 2264:Imperial Guard Horse Grenadiers ( 2147:(ship's company), each with five 1765:1er Régiment de Grenadiers à Pied 1613: 1379:Military Household of the Emperor 1235:of February 1814, the 30,000-man 844:, where the numerically inferior 653:. In practice, however, the term 359:Ranks of the French Imperial Army 300:François Christophe de Kellermann 6494:1815 disestablishments in France 6196:Haythornthwaite, Philip (1998). 6067:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 5057: 4638:and its corresponding insignia. 3704: 3689: 3671: 3656: 3639: 3555: 3488: 3426: 3410: 3392: 2589: 2521:Eclaireurs de la Garde Impériale 2316:Imperial Guard Horse Chasseurs ( 2053:batteries and fortresses called 1998: 1978: 1962: 1946: 1745:Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers ( 1107: 679:under the command of Napoleon's 67: 6012:, p. 124. Da Capo Press, 1997. 6002: 5957: 5944: 5922: 5901: 5892: 5871: 5836:. Pen and Sword. pp. 6ff. 5783: 5764: 5745: 5732: 5719: 5706: 5693: 5675: 5662: 5643: 5624: 5605: 5586: 5567: 5548: 5529: 5504: 5493:, "Part II: The Corps d'Armée". 5482: 5451: 5442: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5300: 5280: 5267: 5136:regimental flags issued in 1804 4322:readily available was a strong 2044:, also known eventually as the 1795:Imperial Guard Foot Chasseurs ( 1510: 1313: 1172:. However, the adoption of the 1073:. A week after the battle, the 687:was quickly ordered across the 332:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 320:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 6306:, Nafziger, George. 127 pages. 5941:. Da Capo Press, 1997. p. 387. 5817:Correspondance de Napoléon Ier 5211: 5193: 5184: 5147: 5128: 4994:(cavalry, horse artillery and 4978:Company clerk/supply sergeant 4422:Banner of the 1st Regiment of 3795:horses and storing munitions. 3510: 3197:. Fusiliers were armed with a 2507:), it was renamed in honor of 2415:Chasseurs a Cheval de la Garde 2105:equipage de vasseux L'Hannibal 1282:After returning from exile on 553:for 'The Grand Army'; 1: 6489:1804 establishments in France 6246:Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). 6233:Armies of the Napoleonic Wars 6053: 5116:Spanish Army (Peninsular War) 3823: 3711:Hat of a soldier of the 17th 3698:Régiment de la Vistule Uhlans 3473:Sample of the cavalry of the 3400: 3184: 3053: 3041: 2163:strength was increased to an 1705:85,000 (mostly Young Guards) 1365:Napoleon's Military Household 1241:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1017:• 10,000 Danes and Norwegians 6469:Uniforms of Napoleon's Guard 6168:Elting, John Robert (1997). 5833:Napoleon's Infantry Handbook 5121: 4617:, was not a rank within the 4184: 4074: 3726: 3353: 3174: 3093:or bearskin, as well as red 2598:made up the majority of the 2517:Scouts of the Imperial Guard 1855:, bayonet and a short sabre. 1134: 987: 924: 814:L'Armée des côtes de l'Océan 783: 635:the French invasion of Spain 603:L'Armée des côtes de l'Océan 328:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 296:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 7: 5742:, p. 14. Osprey Publishing. 5703:, p. 21. Osprey Publishing. 5273:Hughes, Michael J. (2012). 5050: 4110:The bridge builders of the 3750:Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval 3546: 3291:for more missions than the 2568: 1724:There were three sections: 1620:Imperial Guard (Napoleon I) 1582:apiece and supported by an 1387:Grand Marshal of the Palace 207:War of the Fourth Coalition 10: 6540: 6464:, l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon 6272:. The Bodley Head, London. 6219:Napoleon on the Art of War 5799:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5780:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5761:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5659:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5640:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5621:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5602:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5583:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5564:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5545:, Accessed March 16, 2006. 5286:Riehn, Richard K. (1991). 4696:rank reintroduced in 1814) 4603: 4304:Napoleonic Wars casualties 4148:, there were companies of 4026: 3597: 3560: 3442: 3105:. This was to be used for 2610:, the French Army had 133 2582:) and the Light Infantry ( 2071:ième Équipage de Haut-Bord 2059:Les Equipages de Haut-Bord 1876:: Sometimes translated as 1617: 1525:War of the Third Coalition 1125:temperatures by 1¼ to get 955:Levin August von Bennigsen 801: 769: 639:War of the Fifth Coalition 215:War of the Sixth Coalition 203:War of the Third Coalition 25: 18: 6499:Armies of Napoleonic Wars 5813:"Décret, 18 février 1808" 5790:Napoleon's Polish Lancers 5725:Head, Michael G. (1973), 5712:Head, Michael G. (1973). 5511:Lachouque, Henri (2015). 4877:Non-commissioned officers 4875: 4768:Senior lieutenant colonel 4606:Ranks of the Grande Armée 4318:. The only crude form of 4293:Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène 4169:, which was originally a 3731:The emperor was a former 3665:21ème Régiment de Dragons 3663:A dragoon officer of the 3399:A grenadier of the line, 3028: 2887:Quartier-maître trésorier 2817: 2814: 2795: 2650: 2647: 2565:of the Bourbon monarchy. 2302:, often mistranslated as 2167:of 150 officers and men. 2143:were organised into five 2036:(French spelling) of the 1447:Army General Headquarters 1338:French Revolutionary Wars 1326:, planning or personnel. 812:was originally formed as 777:French Revolutionary Army 621:, which were part of the 601:was formed in 1804 from 493: 412: 354: 349: 237: 225: 220: 198: 181: 169: 159: 144: 134: 124: 114: 104: 78: 66: 49: 44: 30:. For the TV series, see 6451:by Major James T. McGhee 6205:Napoleon's Line Infantry 6151:Dempsey, Guy C. (2016). 5134:It was inscribed on the 4822:Capitaine adjutant-major 4623:General de Corps d'armee 3140:for a larger formation. 2090:ième bataillon de marins 1767:saw heavy action at the 1453:Grand État-Major Général 1342:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 1261:Paris fell to the Allies 1257:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 798:at Boulogne, August 1804 671:Upon its formation, the 324:Józef Antoni Poniatowski 280:François Joseph Lefebvre 252:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 248:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 6345:With Napoleon in Russia 6314:THE NAFZIGER COLLECTION 6298:THE NAFZIGER COLLECTION 6287:THE NAFZIGER COLLECTION 6137:Connelly, Owen (1999). 5740:Napoleon's Sea Soldiers 5701:Napoleon's Sea Soldiers 5312:www.napoleon-series.org 4933:Maréchal des logis Chef 4625:) and army commanders ( 3183:Fusiliers of the line, 3151:Voltigeurs (literally, 2883:Quartermaster treasurer 2499:Dragons de l'Impératice 2296:Le Chasseur de la Garde 2244:Dragons de l'Imperatice 1991:1e Regiment Tirailleurs 912:Napoleon reviewing the 564:main military component 256:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 188:(from the ballet-opera 186:La Victoire est à nous 19:For the racehorse, see 6462:Les Télégraphes Chappe 6355:, Capt. Jose M. Ortiz. 6268:Watson, S. J. (1957). 6010:Swords Around A Throne 5939:Swords Around A Throne 5830:Crowdy, Terry (2015). 5458:Smith, Rupert (2005). 5155:Swords Around a Throne 4885:Adjudant sous-officier 4427: 4414:Formations and tactics 4371: 4255: 4238:, which led to modern 4234:technique invented by 4137:. A single company of 4100: 4092: 4029:V Corps (Grande Armée) 4024: 3994:Foreign troops in the 3964: 3808: 3485: 3190: 3063: 2968:Adjudant sous-officier 2465: 2435:Lancers of the Guard ( 2310: 2139:, but more accurately 2040:were divided into the 2023: 1973:of the Old Guard, 1813 1921:Tirailleurs-Grenadiers 1870:Marines of the Guard ( 1850:Charleville model 1777 1640:). It formed a single 1590:, each with six field 1527: 1508: 1483: 1419:officiers d'ordonnance 1374: 1279: 1245:Karl von Schwarzenberg 1220: 1152: 1046: 945: 921: 878: 799: 543: 51: 6231:McNab, Chris (2009). 6115:Campaigns of Napoleon 5856:Mas, M. A. M., p. 81. 5078:French Imperial Eagle 4891:Chief warrant officer 4615:Marshal of the Empire 4421: 4361: 4273:Dominique Jean Larrey 4253: 4098: 4083:Dutch sappers of the 4082: 4018:Marshal of the Empire 4004: 3948: 3806: 3765:(foot artillery) and 3472: 3182: 3051: 2463: 2409:Escadron de Mamelouks 2405:Squadron of Mamelukes 2304:The Charging Chasseur 2300:Chasseur of the Guard 2294: 2141:Marines of the Guard) 2022:A Marine of the Guard 2021: 1931:Tirailleurs-Chasseurs 1807:1er Grenadiers à Pied 1720:Infantry of the Guard 1518: 1504: 1473: 1372: 1320:military intelligence 1269: 1229:Battle of La Rothière 1206: 1142: 1119:Charles Joseph Minard 1040: 933:Charge of the French 932: 911: 866: 791: 570:commanded by Emperor 555:French pronunciation: 272:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 6217:Luvaas, Jay (1999). 6082:Britten Austin, Paul 5461:The Utility of Force 4571:counter-battery fire 4384:observation balloons 4193:. The troops of the 4012:who served with the 3922:, inspired from the 3649:Carabiniers-à-Cheval 3628:Sir William Ponsonby 3495:Carabiniers-à-Cheval 3258:regiments), and the 2964:Adjudant sub-officer 2357:Battle of Austerlitz 2242:(Later known as the 2210:Cavalry of the Guard 2137:Sailors of the Guard 2096:equipage de vasseux 2046:Matelots de la Garde 2014:Marines of the Guard 1859:Fusiliers-Grenadiers 1519:Organisation of the 1407:petits aides de camp 899:Louis-Nicolas Davout 870:Battle of Austerlitz 860:the following year. 842:Battle of Austerlitz 568:French Imperial Army 344:Claude-Victor Perrin 340:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 264:Louis-Nicolas Davout 191:La caravane du Caire 164:Valeur et Discipline 154:French Imperial Army 129:French Imperial Army 6090:The March on Moscow 6024:Dempsey, pp. 19–20. 5207:on August 20, 2008. 4736:Adjudant-commandant 4682:Général de division 4635:Général de division 4433:Frederick the Great 4291:. As stated in the 4269:ambulances volantes 4144:In addition to the 3769:(horse artillery). 3767:Artillerie à cheval 3683:Battle of Friedland 3612:Los Diablos Polacos 3214:one of voltigeurs. 2938:Surgeon's assistant 2857:Battalion commander 2811: 2644: 2580:Infanterie de Ligne 2533:Claude Testot-Ferry 2476:Les Lanciers Rouges 2384:Gendarmerie d'Elite 2224:Grenadiers à Cheval 2135:(transliterated as 1993:, Young Guard, 1811 1878:Seamen of the Guard 1834:Fusiliers-Chasseurs 1657:Number of soldiers 1650: 1600:Général de Division 1552:Général de Division 1304:Emmanuel de Grouchy 1249:Battle of Montereau 959:Battle of Friedland 872:, 2nd December 1805 854:Treaty of Pressburg 751:campaign in Germany 631:campaigns of 1806/7 559:[ɡʀɑ̃daʀme] 268:Emmanuel de Grouchy 109:First French Empire 21:Grand Armee (horse) 6447:2019-04-28 at the 6368:of the Duke Rovigo 6128:Chandler, David G. 6111:Chandler, David G. 6094:Napoleon in Moscow 5877:McNab, pp. 145–46. 5795:2006-02-15 at the 5776:2006-06-29 at the 5757:2023-01-07 at the 5655:2023-01-07 at the 5636:2008-02-07 at the 5617:2023-01-07 at the 5598:2008-02-14 at the 5579:2023-01-07 at the 5560:2023-01-07 at the 5541:2023-01-07 at the 5498:2016-03-03 at the 5348:2023-01-07 at the 5141:2019-10-30 at the 4973:Brigadier-Fourrier 4953:Maréchal des Logis 4782:Lieutenant colonel 4708:Général de brigade 4689:Lieutenant général 4428: 4372: 4289:Geneva Conventions 4256: 4191:military logistics 4131:Jean Baptiste Eblé 4107:of various types. 4105:military engineers 4101: 4093: 4089:Battle of Berezina 4060:Julius von Grawert 4025: 3976:train d'artillerie 3969:train d'artillerie 3965: 3957:on display at the 3814:Duke of Wellington 3809: 3679:French 4th Hussars 3587:Chasseurs à Cheval 3497:(Horse Carabiners) 3486: 3483:Battle of Waterloo 3312:Carabiniers-à-Pied 3191: 3128:or occasionally a 3064: 3061:Hippolyte Bellangé 2805: 2638: 2629:Régiments de Ligne 2612:Régiments de Ligne 2466: 2369:Battle of Waterloo 2352:Chasseurs à Cheval 2333:Chasseurs à Cheval 2311: 2308:Théodore Géricault 2220:Chasseurs à Cheval 2204:Division de Marine 2196:Auguste de Marmont 2133:Marins de la Garde 2107:(serving with the 2024: 1872:Marins de la Garde 1791:, and white cords. 1648: 1528: 1493:operations officer 1484: 1476:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 1375: 1308:Battle of Waterloo 1292:Duke of Wellington 1280: 1272:Battle of Waterloo 1233:Six Days' Campaign 1221: 1153: 1096:Jean Baptiste Eblé 1047: 1043:Battle of Borodino 1008:• 20,000 Prussians 1004:• 24,000 Bavarians 1000:• 35,000 Austrians 963:Treaties of Tilsit 946: 922: 895:Jena and Auerstedt 879: 800: 703:in 1812, with the 588:invasion of Russia 572:Napoleon Bonaparte 336:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 288:Auguste de Marmont 150:invasion of Russia 73:Emblem of Napoleon 6398:War Times Journal 6396:, James Burbeck. 6261:978-0-393-32396-2 6241:978-1-84603-470-1 6172:. Da Capo Press. 6098:The Great Retreat 5950:Cardoza, Thomas. 5843:978-1-4738-5244-0 5738:Chartrand, René. 5699:Chartrand, René. 5475:978-0-14-102044-0 5427:McNab, pp. 42–44. 5409:McNab, pp. 40–42. 5190:Zamoyski, p. 536. 5153:Elting, John R.: 5106:Weapons of Honour 5034: 5033: 4870:Second lieutenant 4802:Chef de bataillon 4762:Colonel en second 4728:Brigadier general 4647:Battle of Leipzig 4643:Józef Poniatowski 4611:Maréchal d'Empire 4505:Colonne d'Attaque 4491:Colonne de Charge 4479:Colonne de Marche 4437:Battle of Leuthen 4232:food preservation 4050:one-third of the 4022:Battle of Leipzig 4006:Józef Poniatowski 3878:normally made of 3763:Artillerie à pied 3742:grandes batteries 3589:(Mounted Hunters) 3536:Household Cavalry 3435:Infanterie Légère 3419:Infanterie Légère 3244:Infanterie Légère 3242:'s infantry, the 3036: 3035: 2896:Paymaster officer 2861:Chef de bataillon 2803: 2802: 2695:Second lieutenant 2641:compagnie/peloton 2584:Infanterie Légère 2509:Empress Joséphine 2327:(connotations of 2325:Favoured Children 2098:Admiral de Ruyter 1838:Waterloo campaign 1813:wore a dark blue 1779:wore a dark blue 1777:Grenadiers à Pied 1717: 1716: 1586:of three or four 1584:artillery brigade 1564:Army of the Rhine 1554:(major general). 1500:Battle of Marengo 1359:Intendant Général 1352:The Staff of the 1288:Army of the North 1213:Ernest Meissonier 1170:Battle of Dresden 1145:Battle of Leipzig 1002:• 30,000 Italians 978:Army of the Rhine 943:Ernest Meissonier 920:, 14 October 1806 858:Holy Roman Empire 761:in 1815, but the 759:Waterloo campaign 757:in 1814, and the 755:defense of France 675:consisted of six 607:proposed invasion 539: 538: 364: 363: 284:Étienne MacDonald 227:Supreme commander 6531: 6504:Disbanded armies 6265: 6253: 6158:Pen and Sword. 6078: 6047: 6040: 6025: 6022: 6013: 6008:Elting, John R. 6006: 6000: 5999: 5993: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5976: 5970:. Archived from 5969: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5937:Elting, John R. 5935: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5908: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5809: 5800: 5787: 5781: 5768: 5762: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5679: 5673: 5666: 5660: 5647: 5641: 5628: 5622: 5609: 5603: 5590: 5584: 5571: 5565: 5552: 5546: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5508: 5502: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5389: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5353: 5339:Eugène Labaume, 5337: 5331: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5304: 5298: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5203:. Archived from 5197: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5167:Mearsheimer 2001 5164: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5132: 5083:Legion of Honour 5067: 5062: 5061: 5060: 4967:Caporal-Fourrier 4856:First lieutenant 4716:Maréchal de camp 4666: 4665: 4586:Tête du Sanglier 4551:Batterie Volante 4495:pincer movements 4424:Grenadier a Pied 4340:prosthetic limbs 4070:Support services 3988: 3960:Musée de l'Armée 3927:rocket artillery 3818:one in the Guard 3708: 3696:A lancer of the 3693: 3675: 3660: 3643: 3569:) in the entire 3430: 3414: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3326:Light Voltigeurs 3189: 3186: 3058: 3055: 3016:Master craftsman 2929:Chirurgien-major 2812: 2804: 2746:Caporal-fourrier 2645: 2637: 2539:on 7 March 1814) 2495:Empress Dragoons 2388:: Nicknamed the 2002: 1982: 1966: 1955:Grenadier à Pied 1950: 1811:Chasseurs à Pied 1651: 1647: 1638:Garde consulaire 1247:'s corps at the 1174:Trachenberg Plan 1111: 1059:Barclay de Tolly 795:Légion d'honneur 744: 701:Russian campaign 586:followed by the 561: 556: 548: 393: 386: 379: 370: 369: 211:Russian campaign 71: 62: 54: 42: 41: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6509:La Grande Armée 6479: 6478: 6449:Wayback Machine 6433: 6262: 6254:. W.W. Norton. 6141:(2nd edition). 6075: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6041: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5987: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5965:"Archived copy" 5963: 5962: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5828: 5824: 5811: 5810: 5803: 5797:Wayback Machine 5788: 5784: 5778:Wayback Machine 5769: 5765: 5759:Wayback Machine 5750: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5694: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5657:Wayback Machine 5648: 5644: 5638:Wayback Machine 5629: 5625: 5619:Wayback Machine 5610: 5606: 5600:Wayback Machine 5591: 5587: 5581:Wayback Machine 5572: 5568: 5562:Wayback Machine 5553: 5549: 5543:Wayback Machine 5534: 5530: 5523: 5509: 5505: 5500:Wayback Machine 5487: 5483: 5476: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5350:Wayback Machine 5338: 5334: 5323: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5148: 5143:Wayback Machine 5133: 5129: 5124: 5100:La Grande Armée 5063: 5058: 5056: 5053: 4905:Warrant officer 4864:Sous-lieutenant 4808:Chef d'escadron 4790:Major en second 4712: 4686: 4627:General en chef 4608: 4602: 4567:Grande Batterie 4416: 4348: 4310:and nothing of 4248: 4246:Medical Service 4208:(also known as 4187: 4120:pontoon bridges 4077: 4072: 4031: 4010:Duchy of Warsaw 3999: 3986: 3943: 3941:Artillery train 3920:Congreve rocket 3826: 3801: 3799:Horse artillery 3775: 3729: 3722: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3644: 3608:Hell's Picadors 3600: 3591: 3579:Antoine Lasalle 3563: 3558: 3549: 3544: 3513: 3499: 3491: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3415: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3358: 3328: 3315: 3265:esprit de corps 3236: 3187: 3177: 3149: 3056: 3046: 3020:Maîtres ouvrier 2994:Caporal tambour 2942:Aide chirurgien 2900:Officier payeur 2700:Sous-lieutenant 2592: 2571: 2394:military police 2380:Elite Gendarmes 2323:: Known as the 2271:: Known as the 2212: 2088:included the 16 2016: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1994: 1983: 1974: 1967: 1958: 1951: 1882:English Channel 1773:Battle of Ligny 1769:Battle of Eylau 1722: 1630:Garde impériale 1622: 1616: 1611: 1513: 1449: 1424:chef d'escadron 1367: 1340:, when General 1316: 1296:Battle of Ligny 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1117: 1112: 1071:pyrrhic victory 1063:Pyotr Bagration 1030: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1006:• 20,000 Saxons 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 990: 982:Army of Germany 951:Battle of Eylau 927: 891:bataillon-carré 876:François Gérard 822:Third Coalition 806: 786: 772: 742: 722:and victory at 623:Third Coalition 576:Napoleonic Wars 554: 545:La Grande Armée 540: 535: 489: 408: 397: 367: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 316:Nicolas Oudinot 314: 310: 306: 304:Édouard Mortier 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 260:Guillaume Brune 258: 254: 250: 246: 244:Pierre Augereau 239: 213: 209: 205: 93: 89: 74: 56: 52:La Grande Armée 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6537: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6457: 6452: 6439: 6432: 6431:External links 6429: 6428: 6427: 6414: 6401: 6390: 6377: 6370: 6362: 6356: 6348: 6342: 6334: 6317: 6307: 6301: 6290: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6243: 6229: 6215: 6201: 6194: 6180: 6166: 6149: 6135: 6125: 6108: 6079: 6074:978-1371465520 6073: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6026: 6014: 6001: 5956: 5943: 5930: 5921: 5909: 5900: 5898:McNab, p. 147. 5891: 5889:McNab, p. 146. 5879: 5870: 5868:McNab, p. 145. 5858: 5849: 5842: 5822: 5801: 5782: 5763: 5744: 5731: 5718: 5705: 5692: 5674: 5661: 5642: 5623: 5604: 5585: 5566: 5547: 5528: 5521: 5503: 5488:Kiley, Kevin. 5481: 5474: 5450: 5448:Watson, p. 92. 5441: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5402: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5332: 5317: 5299: 5296:978-0471543022 5279: 5266: 5257: 5248: 5235: 5229:978-1473833739 5228: 5210: 5192: 5183: 5181:, p. 126. 5171: 5169:, p. 285. 5159: 5146: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4942: 4941: 4939:First sergeant 4936: 4922: 4921: 4919:Sergeant-major 4916: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4742: 4741:Staff colonel 4739: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4604:Main article: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4579: 4558: 4547:Flying Battery 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4498: 4497:on its flanks. 4482: 4470: 4445:armies of the 4442:Levée en masse 4415: 4412: 4380:homing pigeons 4347: 4346:Communications 4344: 4247: 4244: 4236:Nicolas Appert 4186: 4183: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 3998: 3992: 3942: 3939: 3931:shrapnel shell 3825: 3822: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3774: 3773:Foot artillery 3771: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3718:Regiment with 3710: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3575:reconnaissance 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3542:Medium cavalry 3540: 3512: 3509: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3391: 3357: 3352: 3327: 3324: 3314: 3309: 3248:Light Infantry 3235: 3234:Light Infantry 3232: 3176: 3173: 3148: 3142: 3076:line battalion 3045: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2874:Adjudant-major 2871: 2870:Adjutant major 2867: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2710:Sergeant major 2706: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2591: 2588: 2570: 2567: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2513: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2479: 2467: 2432: 2401: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2361:Peninsular War 2341: 2340: 2289: 2288: 2211: 2208: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2092: 2079: 2073:from the ship 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1867: 1856: 1824:Middle Guard ( 1821: 1820: 1819: 1792: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1634:Consular Guard 1626:Imperial Guard 1618:Main article: 1615: 1614:Imperial Guard 1612: 1610: 1606:Forces of the 1604: 1512: 1509: 1457:Major-Général' 1448: 1445: 1437:Imperial Guard 1366: 1363: 1315: 1312: 1253:Battle of Laon 1209:Battle of Laon 1136: 1133: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1029:• 3,500 Croats 1015:• 15,000 Swiss 998:• 95,000 Poles 989: 986: 926: 923: 918:Battle of Jena 914:Imperial Guard 785: 782: 771: 768: 712:Peninsular War 592:Peace of Paris 584:Peninsular War 537: 536: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 497: 495: 491: 490: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 416: 414: 410: 409: 396: 395: 388: 381: 373: 365: 362: 361: 356: 352: 351: 347: 346: 241: 235: 234: 229: 223: 222: 218: 217: 200: 196: 195: 183: 179: 178: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 80: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 47: 46: 45:The Grand Army 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6536: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6426: 6425:0-00-712374-4 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6412:1-85367-371-4 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6388:0-521-54657-5 6385: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6333: 6332:0-00-712375-2 6329: 6325: 6324:Adam Zamoyski 6321: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6228: 6227:0-684-85185-7 6224: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6213:0-85045-512-X 6210: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6192:1-84176-831-6 6189: 6185: 6181: 6179: 6178:0-306-80757-2 6175: 6171: 6167: 6165: 6164:1-85367-488-5 6161: 6157: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6147:0-8420-2780-7 6144: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:0-02-523660-1 6120: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:1-85367-415-X 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6063:, G. (1916). 6062: 6058: 6057: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5991: 5977:on 2019-08-02 5973: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5916: 5914: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5884: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5853: 5845: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5728: 5722: 5715: 5709: 5702: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5454: 5445: 5439:McNab, p. 44. 5436: 5434: 5424: 5418:McNab, p. 42. 5415: 5406: 5400:McNab, p. 40. 5397: 5395: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5065:France portal 5055: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5019:(cavalry) or 5018: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927:Sergent-Major 4924: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4899:Adjudant-Chef 4896: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4828:Staff captain 4826: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4795:Senior major 4794: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4722:Ancien Régime 4719: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4700:Major general 4698: 4695: 4694:Ancien Régime 4691: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4636: 4633:was actually 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4597:Ranks of the 4591: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4562:Grand Battery 4559: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4501:Attack Column 4499: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4388:Claude Chappe 4385: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336:Les Invalides 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4158:Siege of Acre 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3910:parts, and 5 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3617:Chevau-Légers 3613: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567:beau sabreurs 3556:Light cavalry 3553: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3508: 3505: 3496: 3489:Heavy cavalry 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3459:Ancien Régime 3454: 3453:light cavalry 3450: 3436: 3433:Chasseurs of 3429: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3283:counterpart. 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271:Training for 3269: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091:bonnet à poil 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3050: 3044: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990:Drum corporal 2989: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2981:Tambour major 2979: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951:Sub-assistant 2950: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925:Surgeon major 2924: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2815:Rank/position 2813: 2809: 2806:Regiment HQ ( 2798: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2741:quartermaster 2738: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2715:Sergent-major 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2648:Rank/position 2646: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:line infantry 2590:Line Infantry 2587: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Spoiled Brats 2326: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:In 1804, the 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2029:Ancien Régime 2020: 2011: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1907:Young Guard ( 1905: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1826:Moyenne Garde 1822: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:The Grumblers 1758: 1757:Les Grognards 1754: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1734:Vieille Garde 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1642:Corps d'Armée 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544:combined arms 1541: 1540:Corps d'Armée 1537: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465:Major-Général 1462: 1461:Major-Général 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:aides-de-camp 1380: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1346:Army of Italy 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1217:Musée d'Orsay 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1013: 994: 985: 983: 979: 975: 974:Army of Spain 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 944: 940: 936: 931: 919: 915: 910: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 877: 873: 871: 865: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:Karl von Mack 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 805: 797: 796: 790: 781: 780: 778: 767: 764: 760: 756: 753:in 1813, the 752: 747: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 637:, and in the 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 580:French Empire 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 552: 547: 546: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 496: 492: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 415: 411: 407: 406: 401: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 374: 371: 366:Military unit 360: 357: 353: 348: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:Joachim Murat 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:André Masséna 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 242: 236: 233: 230: 228: 224: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 197: 193: 192: 187: 184: 180: 177: 176: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 120: 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Retrieved 5972:the original 5959: 5951: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5924: 5903: 5894: 5873: 5852: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5785: 5766: 5747: 5739: 5734: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5700: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5645: 5626: 5607: 5588: 5569: 5550: 5531: 5512: 5506: 5490: 5484: 5460: 5453: 5444: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5384: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5341: 5335: 5326: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5287: 5282: 5274: 5269: 5260: 5251: 5246:, pp. 36–54. 5243: 5238: 5219: 5213: 5205:the original 5195: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5154: 5149: 5130: 5099: 5098:Uniforms of 5021: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5008: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4912: 4911: 4898: 4897: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4863: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4835: 4834: 4821: 4820: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4789: 4788: 4775: 4774: 4761: 4760: 4747: 4746: 4735: 4734: 4721: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4670:Grande Armée 4669: 4640: 4634: 4631:Grande Armée 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619:Grande Armée 4618: 4610: 4609: 4599:Grande Armée 4598: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576:Grande Armée 4575: 4566: 4560: 4555:Grande Armée 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4529:Ordre Ouvert 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4474:March Column 4472: 4466: 4460: 4455: 4451:Grande Armée 4450: 4440: 4429: 4423: 4408: 4395: 4392: 4376:Grande Armée 4375: 4373: 4349: 4332: 4300:Grande Armée 4299: 4297: 4292: 4285:Grande Armée 4284: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4261:Grande Armée 4260: 4257: 4228:Grande Armée 4227: 4223:Grande Armée 4222: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4195:Grande Armée 4194: 4188: 4174: 4165: 4162: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4112:Grande Armée 4111: 4109: 4102: 4085:Grande Armée 4084: 4064:Ludwig Yorck 4056:Grande Armée 4055: 4052:Grande Armée 4051: 4039:Grande Armée 4038: 4035:Grande Armée 4034: 4032: 4014:Grande Armée 4013: 3996:Grande Armée 3995: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3935:British Army 3917: 3889: 3861: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3810: 3793: 3780:Grande Armée 3779: 3776: 3766: 3762: 3747: 3741: 3737:Grande Armée 3736: 3730: 3697: 3664: 3647: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3604:Grande Armée 3603: 3601: 3592: 3586: 3571:Grande Armée 3570: 3566: 3564: 3550: 3530: 3527:shock troops 3516: 3514: 3500: 3494: 3475:Grande Armée 3474: 3457: 3449:Grande Armée 3448: 3446: 3434: 3418: 3417:Officers of 3384: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3240:Grande Armée 3239: 3237: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3195:Grande Armée 3194: 3192: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3111: 3107:close combat 3090: 3080: 3068:Grande Armée 3067: 3065: 3037: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2967: 2954: 2941: 2928: 2915: 2899: 2886: 2873: 2860: 2847: 2834: 2807: 2786: 2773: 2760: 2745: 2729: 2714: 2699: 2684: 2669: 2640: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2617:départements 2615: 2611: 2608:Grande Armée 2607: 2604:demi-brigade 2600:Grande Armée 2599: 2593: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2556: 2549:3rd Regiment 2548: 2543:2nd Regiment 2542: 2529:1st Regiment 2528: 2520: 2515: 2504: 2498: 2493: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2464:A Red Lancer 2456:Grande Armée 2455: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2398:Grande Armée 2397: 2389: 2383: 2378: 2351: 2337:Grande Armée 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2306:), 1812, by 2303: 2299: 2295: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2203: 2192: 2180:Grande Armée 2179: 2172:Grande Armée 2171: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2089: 2083:Regiment de 2082: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2038:Grande Armée 2037: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2009: 1990: 1986: 1970: 1954: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1906: 1885: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1862: 1858: 1841: 1833: 1825: 1823: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803:Grande Armée 1802: 1796: 1794: 1780: 1776: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753:Grande Armée 1752: 1746: 1744: 1739:Grande Armée 1738: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1623: 1608:Grande Armée 1607: 1599: 1569: 1562:divided the 1556: 1551: 1548:Grande Armée 1547: 1539: 1532:Grande Armée 1531: 1529: 1521:Grande Armée 1520: 1511:Organisation 1505: 1497: 1488:Grande Armée 1487: 1485: 1480:Hundred Days 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1441:Grand Écuyer 1440: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1411:aiguillettes 1406: 1403: 1395: 1391:Grand Écuyer 1376: 1358: 1354:Grande Armée 1353: 1351: 1335: 1317: 1314:Staff system 1300:Grande Armée 1299: 1281: 1276:Grande Armée 1275: 1237:Grande Armée 1236: 1222: 1194:Elster River 1182:the Katzbach 1166:Grande Armée 1165: 1154: 1100:Grande Armée 1099: 1080:Grande Armée 1079: 1075:Grande Armée 1074: 1067:Grande Armée 1066: 1055:Niemen River 1051:Grande Armée 1050: 1048: 1012:Westphalians 995: 991: 970:Grande Armée 969: 967: 947: 890: 887:Grande Armée 886: 880: 867: 846:Grande Armée 845: 838:Ulm campaign 826:Grande Armée 825: 813: 810:Grande Armée 809: 807: 794: 774: 773: 763:Grande Armée 762: 748: 740:Grande Armée 739: 716:Grande Armée 715: 709: 705:Grande Armée 704: 685:Grande Armée 684: 673:Grande Armée 672: 670: 662:Grande Armée 661: 659: 655:Grande Armée 654: 627:Grande Armée 626: 602: 599:Grande Armée 598: 596: 544: 541: 405:Grande Armée 404: 403: 189: 185: 175:Le Tricolore 173: 163: 39: 32: 6044:gendarmerie 5179:Bodart 1916 5025:(artillery) 4996:Gendarmerie 4582:Boar's Head 4517:Ordre Mixte 4512:Mixed Order 4366:tower near 4342:if needed. 4320:anaesthetic 4312:antibiotics 4210:vivandières 4206:cantinières 4154:pontonniers 4146:pontonniers 4139:pontonniers 4135:pontonniers 4127:pontonniers 4116:pontonniers 4087:during the 3632:Scots Greys 3511:Cuirassiers 3479:reenactment 3466:and light. 3421:, 1803–1815 3404: 1812 3223:habit veste 3188: 1812 3161:skirmishing 3147:of the Line 3122:shield line 3057: 1808 2916:Porte-aigle 2624:regiments. 2563:restoration 2559:Louis XVIII 2285:Louis Lepic 1909:Jeune Garde 1560:Jean Moreau 1523:during the 1478:during the 1149:World War I 941:(1807), by 935:cuirassiers 850:Alexander I 574:during the 276:Jean Lannes 199:Engagements 35:(TV series) 6483:Categories 6054:References 6046:and trains 5981:2016-12-19 5522:1786255820 4850:Lieutenant 4524:Open Order 4447:Revolution 4396:régulateur 4352:dispatches 4316:amputation 4214:cantinière 4201:La Maraude 4175:jeu de mot 4027:See also: 3953:artillery 3951:Gribeauval 3898:parts, 25 3830:round shot 3824:Ammunition 3713:Lithuanian 3219:habit long 3199:smoothbore 3145:Voltigeurs 3095:epaulettes 3087:moustaches 3043:Grenadiers 2977:Drum major 2808:État-Major 2685:Lieutenant 2680:Lieutenant 2573:While the 2451:Somosierra 2076:Donauwörth 1987:Tirailleur 1915:conscripts 1815:habit long 1781:habit long 1433:lieutenant 1331:commanders 1178:Großbeeren 1084:Michel Ney 1026:Portuguese 802:See also: 697:Austerlitz 562:) was the 312:Michel Ney 240:commanders 232:Napoleon I 221:Commanders 139:Field army 119:Napoleon I 115:Allegiance 33:Grand Army 6294:Uniforms. 6200:. London. 6134:, London. 5122:Footnotes 5022:Canonnier 4991:Brigadier 4836:Capitaine 4364:semaphore 4362:A Chappe 4324:alcoholic 4242:methods. 4185:Logistics 4075:Engineers 4043:Stralsund 3929:, or the 3906:parts, 5 3902:parts, 8 3896:saltpetre 3872:gunpowder 3857:cartridge 3846:Grapeshot 3758:howitzers 3733:artillery 3727:Artillery 3477:during a 3380:chasseurs 3373:chasseurs 3361:Chasseurs 3355:Chasseurs 3207:flintlock 3175:Fusiliers 3126:battalion 3114:formation 2955:Sous aide 2739:Corporal- 2670:Capitaine 2639:Company ( 2633:battalion 2561:upon the 2390:Immortals 2365:Benavente 2348:Borghetto 2281:Grognards 2236:Mamelukes 2228:Gendarmes 2160:equipages 2149:escouades 2145:equipages 2085:Rochefort 1886:équipages 1729:Old Guard 1596:howitzers 1588:batteries 1580:regiments 1572:divisions 1324:logistics 1190:Dennewitz 1135:1813–1815 1021:Spaniards 1010:• 17,000 988:1810–1812 939:Friedland 925:1807–1808 903:III Corps 784:1804–1806 732:desertion 594:in 1815. 6445:Archived 6130:(1979). 6113:(1973). 6084:(2000). 5990:cite web 5793:Archived 5774:Archived 5755:Archived 5653:Archived 5634:Archived 5615:Archived 5596:Archived 5577:Archived 5558:Archived 5539:Archived 5496:Archived 5346:Archived 5139:Archived 5051:See also 5016:Cavalier 5002:Corporal 4959:Sergeant 4913:Adjudant 4370:, France 4328:laudanum 3984:La Garde 3924:Mysorean 3908:antimony 3850:canister 3839:velocity 3754:pounders 3630:and his 3619:Lanciers 3547:Dragoons 3523:carbines 3385:chasseur 3205:-loaded 3153:Vaulters 3138:vanguard 3130:regiment 3083:recruits 3072:Napoleon 3007:Musicien 3003:Musician 2756:Corporal 2725:Sergeant 2575:infantry 2569:Infantry 2429:Scimitar 2232:squadron 2222:and the 2200:VI Corps 2188:trumpets 2186:and the 2165:equipage 1971:Grognard 1785:bearskin 1697:112,000 1594:and two 1576:brigades 1398:Egyptian 1389:and the 1255:and the 1225:Pyrenees 1215:, 1864 ( 1088:Berezina 1049:The new 1031:• 2,000 1024:• 4,000 1019:• 4,000 976:and the 818:Boulogne 736:Cossacks 724:Borodino 720:Smolensk 681:marshals 350:Insignia 160:Motto(s) 28:Tatmadaw 6365:Memoirs 5029:Private 4985:Caporal 4947:Sergent 4842:Captain 4754:Colonel 4748:Colonel 4590:boutoir 4368:Saverne 4308:hygiene 4240:canning 4150:sappers 4091:in 1812 4020:at the 3963:, Paris 3955:caisson 3892:carcass 3854:shotgun 3681:at the 3623:Albuera 3598:Lancers 3561:Hussars 3531:cuirass 3518:cuirass 3481:of the 3443:Cavalry 3340:colpack 3227:pom-pom 3157:Leapers 3134:brigade 3118:hoplite 2835:Colonel 2831:Colonel 2826:French 2823:English 2818:Number 2787:Tambour 2783:Drummer 2770:Private 2761:Caporal 2730:Sergent 2665:Captain 2659:French 2656:English 2651:Number 2537:Craonne 2424:saroual 2396:of the 2331:), the 2275:or the 2248:lancers 2216:Cavalry 2176:hussars 2103:Marine 2094:Marine 2081:Marine 1989:of the 1899:pistols 1713:28,000 1689:56,000 1681:12,000 1592:cannons 1578:of two 1429:captain 1162:Bautzen 1127:Celsius 1123:Réaumur 916:at the 883:Prussia 770:History 647:1813–14 615:Austria 611:Britain 566:of the 501:Reserve 494:Cavalry 413:Regular 402:of the 238:Notable 105:Country 6423: 6410: 6386: 6330: 6283:Guard. 6258: 6239: 6225: 6211: 6190: 6176: 6162: 6145: 6121: 6104: 6071: 6061:Bodart 5840: 5519: 5472: 5294: 5226: 5010:Soldat 4536:Square 4404:Venice 4212:, but 4114:, the 4047:Danzig 3987:'s 3900:sulfur 3868:mortar 3437:, 1806 3365:Légère 3348:légère 3336:Légère 3332:Légère 3319:Légère 3305:Légère 3301:Légère 3297:Légère 3295:, the 3289:Légère 3285:Légère 3277:Légère 3273:Légère 3252:Légère 3203:muzzle 2912:bearer 2774:Soldat 2486:Slonim 2419:cahouk 2277:Giants 2250:, the 2230:and a 2156:Bailén 2124:and 48 2034:Marins 1938:green. 1894:dolman 1866:sabre. 1853:musket 1818:cords. 1673:8,000 1665:3,000 1188:, and 1158:Lützen 1092:battle 836:. The 743:'s 728:typhus 666:Polish 649:, and 619:Russia 551:French 170:Colors 125:Branch 79:Active 59:French 55: 5975:(PDF) 5968:(PDF) 5466:35–38 4814:Major 4776:Major 4672:ranks 4613:, or 4541:Carré 4486:Wedge 4467:Ligne 4400:Lille 4350:Most 4179:Genie 4171:slang 4166:Génie 3974:Each 3912:pitch 3904:rosin 3885:siege 3880:beech 3864:shell 3720:Vytis 3716:Uhlan 3504:melee 3464:heavy 3344:busby 3293:Ligne 3281:Ligne 3260:Ligne 3256:Ligne 3103:sabre 3099:shako 3059:, by 3029:Total 2910:Eagle 2848:Major 2844:Major 2796:Total 2622:Ligne 2184:drums 1935:habit 1925:habit 1890:barge 1863:habit 1846:shako 1842:habit 1789:plume 1710:1815 1702:1813 1694:1812 1686:1810 1678:1805 1670:1804 1662:1800 1654:Year 1536:corps 1198:Hanau 1033:Irish 874:, by 689:Rhine 677:corps 400:Corps 355:Ranks 182:March 6421:ISBN 6408:ISBN 6384:ISBN 6328:ISBN 6316:> 6300:> 6289:> 6256:ISBN 6237:ISBN 6223:ISBN 6209:ISBN 6188:ISBN 6174:ISBN 6160:ISBN 6143:ISBN 6119:ISBN 6102:ISBN 6100:.). 6069:ISBN 5996:link 5838:ISBN 5517:ISBN 5470:ISBN 5292:ISBN 5224:ISBN 4462:Line 4374:The 4045:and 3967:The 3876:fuse 3848:and 3378:The 3342:(or 2799:140 2778:121 2627:The 2594:The 2273:Gods 2131:The 2122:ième 2057:(or 1624:The 1417:The 1328:Unit 1284:Elba 1270:The 1186:Kulm 1160:and 1143:The 1061:and 1041:The 968:The 868:The 808:The 695:and 651:1815 643:1812 617:and 597:The 480:XIII 455:VIII 145:Size 135:Type 99:1814 95:1813 91:1812 87:1808 83:1804 5013:or 4988:or 4970:or 4950:or 4930:or 4805:or 3610:or 3155:or 3132:or 3032:50 2972:10 2586:). 2234:of 2198:'s 1431:or 1211:by 937:at 901:'s 834:Ulm 730:), 693:Ulm 609:of 516:III 485:XIV 475:XII 450:VII 430:III 6485:: 6326:, 6322:, 6221:. 6207:. 6117:. 6096:, 6092:, 6029:^ 6017:^ 5992:}} 5988:{{ 5912:^ 5882:^ 5861:^ 5815:. 5804:^ 5685:. 5515:. 5468:. 5432:^ 5393:^ 5310:. 4390:. 4181:. 4066:. 3949:A 3937:. 3859:. 3646:A 3401:c. 3375:. 3268:. 3201:, 3185:c. 3054:c. 3024:4 3011:8 2998:1 2985:1 2959:5 2946:4 2933:1 2920:3 2904:1 2891:1 2878:5 2865:4 2852:1 2839:1 2810:) 2791:2 2765:8 2750:1 2734:4 2719:1 2704:1 2689:1 2674:1 2643:) 2441:: 2190:. 2069:22 1985:A 1969:A 1953:A 1741:. 1467:. 1427:, 1393:. 1322:, 1200:. 1184:, 1180:, 984:. 645:, 633:, 531:VI 521:IV 511:II 470:XI 460:IX 445:VI 435:IV 425:II 6264:. 6156:. 6077:. 5998:) 5984:. 5846:. 5689:. 5525:. 5478:. 5314:. 5232:. 4998:) 4720:( 4711:, 4692:( 4685:, 4584:( 4565:( 4549:( 4539:( 4527:( 4515:( 4503:( 4489:( 4477:( 4465:( 3246:( 2578:( 2523:) 2519:( 2501:) 2497:( 2439:) 2411:) 2407:( 2386:) 2382:( 2371:. 2339:. 2320:) 2298:( 2268:) 2120:5 2114:4 2111:) 1911:) 1874:) 1828:) 1799:) 1759:( 1749:) 1731:( 1636:( 1628:( 1502:: 1482:. 1219:) 1151:. 779:. 549:( 526:V 506:I 465:X 440:V 420:I 392:e 385:t 378:v 194:) 97:– 85:– 61:) 57:( 37:. 23:.

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Index