1227:
and Norway, debt peaked at more than 200 percent of household income. A surge in household debt to historic highs also occurred in emerging economies such as
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, and Lithuania. The concurrent boom in both house prices and the stock market meant that household debt relative to assets held broadly stable, which masked households' growing exposure to a sharp fall in asset prices. When house prices declined, ushering in the global financial crisis, many households saw their wealth shrink relative to their debt, and, with less income and more unemployment, found it harder to meet mortgage payments. By the end of 2011, real house prices had fallen from their peak by about 41% in Ireland, 29% in Iceland, 23% in Spain and the United States, and 21% in Denmark. Household defaults, underwater mortgages (where the loan balance exceeds the house value), foreclosures, and fire sales are now endemic to a number of economies. Household
2338:, a RMBΒ₯ 4 trillion ($ 586 billion) stimulus package, was announced by the central government of the People's Republic of China in its biggest move to stop the global financial crisis from hitting the world's second largest economy. A statement on the government's website said the State Council had approved a plan to invest 4 trillion yuan ($ 586 billion) in infrastructure and social welfare by the end of 2010. The stimulus package was invested in key areas such as housing, rural infrastructure, transportation, health and education, environment, industry, disaster rebuilding, income-building, tax cuts, and finance. China's massive stimulus was also an important contributor to overall global recovery. In addition to helping stabilize the global economy, China's stimulus and also provided an opportunity for China to retool its domestic infrastructure.
5786:
2267:
1577:, federal deposit insurance, ample regulations β to provide a bulwark against the panics that had regularly plagued America's banking system in the 19th century. Yet, over the past 30-plus years, we permitted the growth of a shadow banking system β opaque and laden with short term debt β that rivaled the size of the traditional banking system. Key components of the market β for example, the multitrillion-dollar repo lending market, off-balance-sheet entities, and the use of over-the-counter derivatives β were hidden from view, without the protections we had constructed to prevent financial meltdowns. We had a 21st-century financial system with 19th-century safeguards.
1800:
1187:
1549:(AIG) had insured mortgage-backed and other securities but was not required to maintain sufficient reserves to pay its obligations when debtors defaulted on these securities. AIG was contractually required to post additional collateral with many creditors and counter-parties, touching off controversy when over $ 100 billion of U.S. taxpayer money was paid out to major global financial institutions on behalf of AIG. While this money was legally owed to the banks by AIG (under agreements made via credit default swaps purchased from AIG by the institutions), a number of Congressmen and media members expressed outrage that taxpayer money was used to bail out banks.
1302:
1713:
pre-recession (November or Q4 2007) levels until 2011β2016. For example, real GDP fell $ 650 billion (4.3%) and did not recover its $ 15 trillion pre-recession level until Q3 2011. Household net worth, which reflects the value of both stock markets and housing prices, fell $ 11.5 trillion (17.3%) and did not regain its pre-recession level of $ 66.4 trillion until Q3 2012. The number of persons with jobs (total non-farm payrolls) fell 8.6 million (6.2%) and did not regain the pre-recession level of 138.3 million until May 2014. The unemployment rate peaked at 10.0% in
October 2009 and did not return to its pre-recession level of 4.7% until May 2016.
1621:
housing regulations established in the 1990s for a sudden spike in subprime origination is problematic at best. A more proximate government action to the sudden rise in subprime lending was the SEC relaxing lending standards for the top investment banks during an April 2004 meeting with bank leaders. These banks increased their risk-taking shortly thereafter, significantly increasing their purchases and securitization of lower-quality mortgages, thus encouraging additional subprime and Alt-A lending by mortgage companies. This action by its investment bank competitors also resulted in Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac taking on more risk.
2158:
2177:. The crowd moved to the building of the parliament and attempted to force their way into it, but were repelled by the state's police. In late February many Greeks took part in a massive general strike because of the economic situation and they shut down schools, airports, and many other services in Greece. Police and protesters clashed in Lithuania where people protesting the economic conditions were shot with rubber bullets. Communists and others rallied in Moscow to protest the Russian government's economic plans. However the impact was mild in Russia, whose economy gained from high oil prices.
1705:
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2129:
1609:, which advocates for private enterprise and limited government, have asserted that private lenders were encouraged to relax lending standards by government affordable housing policies. They cite The Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, which initially required that 30 percent or more of Fannie's and Freddie's loan purchases be related to affordable housing. The legislation gave HUD the power to set future requirements. These rose to 42 percent in 1995 and 50 percent in 2000, and by 2008 a 56 percent minimum was established.
719:
1693:
1025:
1114:
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1195:
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1760:) with few consequences for banking leadership, were a factor in driving the country politically rightward starting in 2010. The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) was the largest of the bailouts. In 2008, TARP allocated $ 426.4 billion to various major financial institutions. However, the US collected $ 441.7 billion in return from these loans in 2010, recording a profit of $ 15.3 billion. Nonetheless, there was a political shift from the Democratic party. Examples include the rise of the
1765:
recovered by the government, when interest on loans is taken into consideration. A total of $ 626B was invested, loaned, or granted due to various bailout measures, while $ 390B had been returned to the
Treasury. The Treasury had earned another $ 323B in interest on bailout loans, resulting in an $ 87B profit. Economic and political commentators have argued the Great Recession was also an important factor in the rise of populist sentiment that resulted in the election of right-wing populist
2578:, IMF Chief Economist, stated that the percentage of workers laid off for long stints has been rising with each downturn for decades but the figures have surged this time. "Long-term unemployment is alarmingly high: in the United States, half the unemployed have been out of work for over six months, something we have not seen since the Great Depression." The IMF also stated that a link between rising inequality within Western economies and deflating demand may exist. The last time that the
1937:
69:
2342:
895:
1138:" that a vast inflow of savings from developing nations flowed into the mortgage market, driving the U.S. housing bubble. This pool of fixed income savings increased from around $ 35 trillion in 2000 to about $ 70 trillion by 2008. NPR explained this money came from various sources, "ut the main headline is that all sorts of poor countries became kind of rich, making things like TVs and selling us oil. China, India, Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia made a lot of money and banked it."
853:
1451:) bet they would not. An unlimited amount could be wagered on the same housing-related securities, provided buyers and sellers of the CDS could be found. When massive defaults occurred on underlying mortgage securities, companies like AIG that were selling CDS were unable to perform their side of the obligation and defaulted; U.S. taxpayers paid over $ 100 billion to global financial institutions to honor AIG obligations, generating considerable outrage.
1840:
2608:
982:
management practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system. Policy-makers, regulators and supervisors, in some advanced countries, did not adequately appreciate and address the risks building up in financial markets, keep pace with financial innovation, or take into account the systemic ramifications of domestic regulatory actions.
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2636:
1967:
Poland: Extremely low levels of bank lending and a relatively small mortgage market; the relatively recent dismantling of EU trade barriers and the resulting surge in demand for Polish goods since 2004; Poland being the recipient of direct EU funding since 2004; lack of over-dependence on a single export sector; a tradition of government fiscal responsibility; a relatively large internal market; the free-floating
1518:
possible β and they should have responded by extending regulations and the financial safety net to cover these new institutions. Influential figures should have proclaimed a simple rule: anything that does what a bank does, anything that has to be rescued in crises the way banks are, should be regulated like a bank." He referred to this lack of controls as "malign neglect".
1836:, from 2010 to 2011, the unemployment rates in Spain, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, and the UK increased. France had no significant changes, while in Germany and Iceland the unemployment rate declined. Eurostat reported that Eurozone unemployment reached record levels in September 2012 at 11.6%, up from 10.3% the prior year. Unemployment varied significantly by country.
756:, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world, as they offered higher yields than U.S. government bonds. Many of these securities were backed by subprime mortgages, which collapsed in value when the U.S. housing bubble burst during 2006 and homeowners began to default on their mortgage payments in large numbers starting in 2007.
1484:, put forth a policy paper asking for feedback from regulators, lobbyists, and legislators on the question of whether derivatives should be reported, sold through a central facility, or whether capital requirements should be required of their buyers. Greenspan, Rubin, and Levitt pressured her to withdraw the paper and Greenspan persuaded
2055:(including Greece). As of October 2014, only five out of the 71 countries with available quarterly data (Cyprus, Italy, Croatia, Belize and El Salvador), were still in ongoing recessions. The many follow-up recessions hitting the European countries, are commonly referred to as being direct repercussions of the
817:' economic ideas on how to combat recessionary conditions. Economists advise that the stimulus measures such as quantitative easing (pumping money into the system) and holding down central bank wholesale lending interest rate should be withdrawn as soon as economies recover enough to "chart a path to
2372:
In Taiwan, the central bank on
September 16, 2008, said it would cut its required reserve ratios for the first time in eight years. The central bank added $ 3.59 billion into the foreign-currency interbank market the same day. Bank of Japan pumped $ 29.3 billion into the financial system on September
2153:
Political scientists have argued that the economic stasis triggered social churning that got expressed through protests on a variety of issues across the developing world. In Brazil, disaffected youth rallied against a minor bus-fare hike and in Israel, they protested against high rents in Tel Aviv.
2104:
Ukraine went into technical depression in
January 2009 with a GDP growth of β20%, when comparing on a monthly basis with the GDP level in January 2008. Overall the Ukrainian real GDP fell 14.8% when comparing the entire part of 2009 with 2008. When measured quarter-on-quarter by changes of seasonally
1764:
and the loss of
Democratic majorities in subsequent elections. President Obama declared the bailout measures started under the Bush administration and continued during his administration as completed and mostly profitable as of December 2014. As of January 2018, bailout funds had been fully
1620:
One of the other challenges with blaming government regulations for essentially forcing banks to make risky loans is the timing. Subprime lending increased from around 10% of mortgage origination historically to about 20% only from 2004 to 2006, with housing prices peaking in 2006. Blaming affordable
1226:
The IMF reported in April 2012: "Household debt soared in the years leading up to the downturn. In advanced economies, during the five years preceding 2007, the ratio of household debt to income rose by an average of 39 percentage points, to 138 percent. In
Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands,
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They also committed to maintain the supply of credit by providing more liquidity and recapitalising the banking system, and to implement rapidly the stimulus plans. As for central bankers, they pledged to maintain low-rates policies as long as necessary. Finally, the leaders decided to help emerging
2310:
reported in
February 2013 that the Fed continued to support the economy with various monetary stimulus measures: "The Fed, which has amassed almost $ 3 trillion in Treasury and mortgage-backed securities to promote more borrowing and lending, is expanding those holdings by $ 85 billion a month until
1966:
to avoid a GDP recession during the Great
Recession. As of December 2009, the Polish economy had not entered recession nor even contracted, while its IMF 2010 GDP growth forecast of 1.9 percent was expected to be upgraded. Analysts identified several causes for the positive economic development in
1855:
analysed the relationship between cumulative GDP growth from 2008 to 2012 and total reduction in budget deficits due to austerity policies (see chart) in several European countries during April 2012. He concluded that: "In all, there is no evidence here that large fiscal contractions bring benefits
1051:
was being driven by a housing bubble. When it burst, private residential investment (i.e., housing construction) fell by over four percent of GDP. Consumption enabled by bubble-generated housing wealth also slowed. This created a gap in annual demand (GDP) of nearly $ 1 trillion. The U.S. government
981:
During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence. At the same time, weak underwriting standards, unsound risk
659:
has argued that 'The Great Recession' is a misnomer. According to Kuttner, "recessions are mild dips in the business cycle that are either self-correcting or soon cured by modest fiscal or monetary stimulus. Because of the continuing deflationary trap, it would be more accurate to call this decade's
2100:
Of the seven largest economies in the world by GDP, only China avoided a recession in 2008. In the year to the third quarter of 2008 China grew by 9%. Until recently Chinese officials considered 8% GDP growth to be required simply to create enough jobs for rural people moving to urban centres. This
2032:
One year before the maximum, in Q1 2008, only six countries were in recession (Iceland, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, Portugal and New Zealand). The number of countries in recession was 25 in Q2 2008, 39 in Q3 2008 and 53 in Q4 2008. At the steepest part of the Great Recession in Q1 2009, a total of 59
1807:
The crisis in Europe generally progressed from banking system crises to sovereign debt crises, as many countries elected to bail out their banking systems using taxpayer money. Greece was different in that it faced large public debts rather than problems within its banking system. Several countries
1104:
Narrative #5 challenges the popular claim (narrative #4) that subprime borrowers with shoddy credit caused the crisis by buying homes they couldn't afford. This narrative is supported by new research showing that the biggest growth of mortgage debt during the U.S. housing boom came from those with
2412:
of around Β£500 billion ($ 850 billion at the time). The plan comprises three parts. The first Β£200 billion would be made in regard to the banks in liquidity stack. The second part will consist of the state government increasing the capital market within the banks. Along with this, Β£50 billion
1712:
Though no one knew they were in it at the time, the Great Recession had a significant economic and political impact on the United States. While the recession technically lasted from December 2007 – June 2009 (the nominal GDP trough), many important economic variables did not regain
1560:
Unlike the historical banking panics of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the current banking panic is a wholesale panic, not a retail panic. In the earlier episodes, depositors ran to their banks and demanded cash in exchange for their checking accounts. Unable to meet those demands, the banking
990:
testified in September 2010 before the FCIC regarding the causes of the crisis. He wrote that there were shocks or triggers (i.e., particular events that touched off the crisis) and vulnerabilities (i.e., structural weaknesses in the financial system, regulation and supervision) that amplified the
585:
The combination of banks being unable to provide funds to businesses, and homeowners paying down debt rather than borrowing and spending, resulted in the Great Recession that began in the U.S. officially in December 2007 and lasted until June 2009, thus extending over 19 months. As with most other
2501:
The IMF stated in September 2010 that the financial crisis would not end without a major decrease in unemployment as hundreds of millions of people were unemployed worldwide. The IMF urged governments to expand social safety nets and to generate job creation even as they are under pressure to cut
2376:
In developing and emerging economies, responses to the global crisis mainly consisted in low-rates monetary policy (Asia and the Middle East mainly) coupled with the depreciation of the currency against the dollar. There were also stimulus plans in some Asian countries, in the Middle East and in
2172:
In January 2009, the government leaders of Iceland were forced to call elections two years early after the people of Iceland staged mass protests and clashed with the police because of the government's handling of the economy. Hundreds of thousands protested in France against President Sarkozy's
2013:
The financial crisis did not affect developing countries to a great extent. Experts see several reasons: Africa was not affected because it is not fully integrated in the world market. Latin America and Asia seemed better prepared, since they have experienced crises before. In Latin America, for
1824:
However, with the exception of Germany, each of these countries had public-debt-to-GDP ratios that increased (i.e., worsened) from 2010 to 2011, as indicated in the chart at right. Greece's public-debt-to-GDP ratio increased from 143% in 2010 to 165% in 2011 to 185% in 2014. This indicates that
1613:
Republican minority dissenting report also concluded that U.S. housing policies were not a robust explanation for a wider global housing bubble. The hypothesis that a primary cause of the crisis was U.S. government housing policy requiring banks to make risky loans has been widely disputed, with
1867:
analysed the relationship between GDP and reduction in budget deficits for several European countries in April 2012 and concluded that austerity was slowing growth, similar to Martin Wolf. He also wrote: "... this also implies that 1 euro of austerity yields only about 0.4 euros of reduced
1649:
argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances
2389:
Until September 2008, European policy measures were limited to a small number of countries (Spain and Italy). In both countries, the measures were dedicated to households (tax rebates) reform of the taxation system to support specific sectors such as housing. The European Commission proposed a
1612:
However, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) Democratic majority report concluded that Fannie & Freddie "were not a primary cause" of the crisis and that CRA was not a factor in the crisis. Further, since housing bubbles appeared in multiple countries in Europe as well, the FCIC
1126:
wrote in July 2012 that the inflow of investment dollars required to fund the U.S. trade deficit was a major cause of the housing bubble and financial crisis: "The trade deficit, less than 1% of GDP in the early 1990s, hit 6% in 2006. That deficit was financed by inflows of foreign savings, in
2353:
Later that month, China's export driven economy was starting to feel the impact of the economic slowdown in the United States and Europe despite the government already cutting key interest rates three times in less than two months in a bid to spur economic expansion. On November 28, 2008, the
2145:
stated in March 2009 that global political instability is rising fast because of the global financial crisis and is creating new challenges that need managing. The Associated Press reported in March 2009 that: United States "Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair has said the economic
1154:
Another narrative about the origin has been focused on the respective parts played by public monetary policy (notably in the US) and by the practices of private financial institutions. In the U.S., mortgage funding was unusually decentralised, opaque, and competitive, and it is believed that
2572:
crucially on the right policies being adopted today." The IMF pointed out that unlike the Great Depression, this recession was synchronised by global integration of markets. Such synchronized recessions were explained to last longer than typical economic downturns and have slower recoveries.
2571:
said that there was a chance that certain countries may not implement the proper policies to avoid feedback mechanisms that could eventually turn the recession into a depression. "The free-fall in the global economy may be starting to abate, with a recovery emerging in 2010, but this depends
2224:
led to emergency interventions in many national financial systems. As the crisis developed into genuine recession in many major economies, economic stimulus meant to revive economic growth became the most common policy tool. After having implemented rescue plans for the banking system, major
1517:
was the fundamental cause of the crisis. "As the shadow banking system expanded to rival or even surpass conventional banking in importance, politicians and government officials should have realised that they were re-creating the kind of financial vulnerability that made the Great Depression
1214:
was 127% at the end of 2007, versus 77% in 1990. Faced with increasing mortgage payments as their adjustable rate mortgage payments increased, households began to default in record numbers, rendering mortgage-backed securities worthless. High private debt levels also impact growth by making
2033:
out of 71 countries were simultaneously in recession. The number of countries in recession was 37 in Q2 2009, 13 in Q3 2009 and 11 in Q4 2009. One year after the maximum, in Q1 2010, only seven countries were in recession (Greece, Croatia, Romania, Iceland, Jamaica, Venezuela and Belize).
2180:
Asian countries saw various degrees of protest. Protests have also occurred in China as demands from the west for exports have been dramatically reduced and unemployment has increased. Beyond these initial protests, the protest movement has grown and continued in 2011. In late 2011, the
2105:
adjusted real GDP, Ukraine was more precisely in recession/depression throughout the four quarters from Q2-2008 until Q1-2009 (with respective qoq-changes of: -0.1%, -0.5%, -9.3%, -10.3%), and the two quarters from Q3-2012 until Q4-2012 (with respective qoq-changes of: -1.5% and β0.8%).
1446:
noted CDSs enabled speculators to stack bets on the same mortgage securities. This is analogous to allowing many persons to buy insurance on the same house. Speculators that bought CDS protection were betting significant mortgage security defaults would occur, while the sellers (such as
2108:
Japan was in recovery in the middle of the decade 2000s but slipped back into recession and deflation in 2008. The recession in Japan intensified in the fourth quarter of 2008 with a GDP growth of β12.7%, and deepened further in the first quarter of 2009 with a GDP growth of β15.2%.
1561:
system became insolvent. The current panic involved financial firms "running" on other financial firms by not renewing sale and repurchase agreements (repo) or increasing the repo margin ("haircut"), forcing massive deleveraging, and resulting in the banking system being insolvent.
7620:
4194:
Both theoretical and empirical evidence show that recessions are steeper in countries with high levels of private debt and/or credit booms." and "We find that a higher level of debt before a recession is correlated with smaller economic growth after the economic slowdown has
577:
in 2005β2012. When housing prices fell and homeowners began to abandon their mortgages, the value of mortgage-backed securities held by investment banks declined in 2007β2008, causing several to collapse or be bailed out in September 2008. This 2007β2008 phase was called the
2301:, an $ 787 billion stimulus package with a broad spectrum of spending and tax cuts. Over $ 75 billion of the package was specifically allocated to programs which help struggling homeowners. This program was referred to as the Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan.
1733:
The housing sector did not rebound, as was the case in prior recession recoveries, as the sector was severely damaged during the crisis. Millions of foreclosures had created a large surplus of properties and consumers were paying down their debts rather than purchasing
1044:, which includes investment banks and other non-depository financial entities. This system had grown to rival the depository system in scale yet was not subject to the same regulatory safeguards. Its failure disrupted the flow of credit to consumers and corporations.
2420:
indicated a lack of belief in a "Great Rescue Plan" and reluctance to spend more money addressing the crisis. In March 2009, The European Union Presidency confirmed that the EU was at the time strongly resisting the US pressure to increase European budget deficits.
1170:, injected huge amounts of "easy" credit-based money into the financial system and created an unsustainable economic boom. There is an argument that Greenspan's actions in the years 2002β2004 were actually motivated by the need to take the U.S. economy out of the
7776:
2150:, said: "Many, if not most, of the big countries out there have room to accommodate economic downturns without having large-scale political instability if we're in a recession of normal length. If you're in a much longer-run downturn, then all bets are off."
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2173:
economic policies. Prompted by the financial crisis in Latvia, the opposition and trade unions there organised a rally against the cabinet of premier Ivars Godmanis. The rally gathered some 10β20 thousand people. In the evening the rally turned into a
1239:
The onset of the economic crisis took most people by surprise. A 2009 paper identifies twelve economists and commentators who, between 2000 and 2006, predicted a recession based on the collapse of the then-booming housing market in the United States:
1856:
to confidence and growth that offset the direct effects of the contractions. They bring exactly what one would expect: small contractions bring recessions and big contractions bring depressions." Changes in budget balances (deficits or surpluses)
2449:
Most political responses to the economic and financial crisis has been taken, as seen above, by individual nations. Some coordination took place at the European level, but the need to cooperate at the global level has led leaders to activate the
2322:
On September 15, 2008, China cut its interest rate for the first time since 2002. Indonesia reduced its overnight rate, at which commercial banks can borrow overnight funds from the central bank, by two percentage points to 10.25 percent. The
2502:
spending. The IMF also encouraged governments to invest in skills training for the unemployed and even governments of countries, similar to that of Greece, with major debt risk to first focus on long-term economic recovery by creating jobs.
586:
recessions, it appears that no known formal theoretical or empirical model was able to accurately predict the advance of this recession, except for minor signals in the sudden rise of forecast probabilities, which were still well under 50%.
3740:
1927:
went from a mixed regime to an authoritarian one. While each country had democratic backsliding for different reasons, economic calamity has long been known to contribute to instability that can cause authoritarian forces to take hold.
953:
There were two Republican dissenting FCIC reports. One of them, signed by three Republican appointees, concluded that there were multiple causes. In his separate dissent to the majority and minority opinions of the FCIC, Commissioner
2424:
From 2010, the United Kingdom began a fiscal consolidation program to reduce debt and deficit levels while at the same time stimulating economic recovery. Other European countries also began fiscal consolidation with similar aims.
2480:, England, on March to prepare the summit, and pledged to restore global growth as soon as possible. They decided to coordinate their actions and to stimulate demand and employment. They also pledged to fight against all forms of
3714:
2146:
weakness could lead to political instability in many developing nations." Even some developed countries are seeing political instability. NPR reports that David Gordon, a former intelligence officer who now leads research at the
1405:, writing at the same time, went further, saying, "he worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history". Real estate bubbles are (by definition of the word "bubble") followed by a price decrease (also known as a
3417:"Olivier Blanchard, the chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, "is advising officials around the world to keep economic stimulus programs in place no longer than necessary to chart a path to sustainable growth.""
7084:
2028:
The few recessions appearing early in 2006β07 are commonly never associated to be part of the Great Recession, which is illustrated by the fact that only two countries (Iceland and Jamaica) were in recession in Q4 2007.
7773:
7411:
1537:). The investment banks were not subject to the more stringent regulations applied to depository banks. These failures exacerbated the instability in the global financial system. The remaining two investment banks,
1007:
or Repos; deficiencies in corporate risk management; excessive use of leverage (borrowing to invest); and inappropriate usage of derivatives as a tool for taking excessive risks. Examples of vulnerabilities in the
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to address the economic crisis. Apart from proposals on international financial regulation, they pledged to take measures to support their economy and to coordinate them, and refused any resort to protectionism.
1716:
A key dynamic slowing the recovery was that both individuals and businesses paid down debts for several years, as opposed to borrowing and spending or investing as had historically been the case. This shift to a
1145:
wrote in February 2012 that: "What we're basically looking at, then, is a balance of payments problem, in which capital flooded south after the creation of the euro, leading to overvaluation in southern Europe."
8883:
2083:
The following countries/territories had a recession starting in the second quarter of 2008: Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Italy, Turkey, Germany, United Kingdom, the Eurozone, the European Union, and OECD.
1488:
to pass a resolution preventing CFTC from regulating derivatives for another six months β when Born's term of office would expire. Ultimately, it was the collapse of a specific kind of derivative, the
572:
The causes of the Great Recession include a combination of vulnerabilities that developed in the financial system, along with a series of triggering events that began with the bursting of the United States
7287:
1658:
that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.
2014:
example, banking laws and regulations are very stringent. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG suggests that Western countries could learn from these countries when it comes to regulations of financial markets.
3393:"IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2009: "Exit strategies will be needed to transition fiscal and monetary policies from extraordinary short-term support to sustainable medium-term frameworks." (p.38)"
2074:). By mid-2012 Iceland is regarded as one of Europe's recovery success stories largely as a result of a currency devaluation that has effectively reduced wages by 50%--making exports more competitive.
2314:
The U.S. Federal reserve established some swap agreements to help banks' liquidity crisis, although this emergency liquidity only benefitted a dozen countries and excluded most developing economies.
1821:
Greece improved its budget deficit from 10.4% GDP in 2010 to 9.6% in 2011. Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, France, and Spain also improved their budget deficits from 2010 to 2011 relative to GDP.
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to maintain their desired living standard, fueling the bubble. Further, this greater share of income flowing to the top increased the political power of business interests, who used that power to
4280:
7257:
745:(i.e., non-depository financial institutions such as investment banks) had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the same regulatory oversight, making it vulnerable to a
2248:
of states around the world, as governments increased the use of market instruments to achieve public goals through approaches like bond issuance, securitization of state assets, and creating
1721:
drove a sizable government deficit. However, the federal government held spending at about $ 3.5 trillion from fiscal years 2009β2014 (thereby decreasing it as a percent of GDP), a form of
1067:) once housing prices began falling in 2006. Consumers began paying off debt, which reduces their consumption, slowing down the economy for an extended period while debt levels are reduced.
1545:, potentially facing failure, opted to become commercial banks, thereby subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation but receiving access to credit via the Federal Reserve. Further,
1223:, assuming that middle-class wages remained stagnant while wealth concentrated at the top, and households "pull equity from their homes and overload on debt to maintain living standards".
8876:
6330:
3718:
1231:
by paying off debts or defaulting on them has begun in some countries. It has been most pronounced in the United States, where about two-thirds of the debt reduction reflects defaults."
1070:
U.S. government policies encouraged home ownership even for those who could not afford it, contributing to lax lending standards, unsustainable housing price increases, and indebtedness.
54:
4506:
1971:; low labour costs attracting continued foreign direct investment; economic difficulties at the start of the decade, which prompted austerity measures in advance of the world crisis.
1012:
sector included: statutory gaps and conflicts between regulators; ineffective use of regulatory authority; and ineffective crisis management capabilities. Bernanke also discussed "
949:
Key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels."
7088:
2562:
970:, for the crisis. He wrote: "When the bubble began to deflate in mid-2007, the low quality and high risk loans engendered by government policies failed in unprecedented numbers."
593:, particularly in North America, South America and Europe, fell into a severe, sustained recession, many more recently developing economies suffered far less impact, particularly
8869:
8739:
8393:
2010:
avoided a technical recession after experiencing only one quarter of negative growth in the fourth quarter of 2008, with GDP returning to positive in the first quarter of 2009.
404:
2311:
it sees clear improvement in the labor market. It plans to hold short-term interest rates near zero even longer, at least until the unemployment rate falls below 6.5 percent."
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2365:
During the People's Bank of China helped address banks' liquidity crisis by signing swap agreements with numerous other countries to provide them with liquidity based on the
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8734:
8259:
6188:
5530:
206:
6991:
936:, composed of six Democratic and four Republican appointees, reported its majority findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by:
7039:
5074:
4181:
8764:
8210:
7951:
A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008β2009 Economic Crisis
6995:
355:
2394:
to be implemented at the European level by the countries. At the beginning of 2009, the UK and Spain completed their initial plans, while Germany announced a new plan.
696:, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has decidedβin the absence of a complete data setβnot to declare/measure global recessions according to quarterly GDP data. The
8701:
5320:
4602:
4050:
3903:
1825:
despite improving budget deficits, GDP growth was not sufficient to support a decline (improvement) in the debt-to-GDP ratio for these countries during this period.
832:
grew from 2005 to 2012 in more than two thirds of metropolitan areas. Median household wealth fell 35% in the US, from $ 106,591 to $ 68,839 between 2005 and 2011.
7295:
5738:
5483:
3488:
2355:
6793:
2413:
will be made available if the banks needed it, finally the government will write off any eligible lending between the British banks with a limit to Β£250 billion.
9777:
8784:
3135:
6269:
1127:
particular from East Asia and the Middle East. Much of that money went into dodgy mortgages to buy overvalued houses, and the financial crisis was the result."
10814:
8370:
2209:
629:
of the word "recession" exist: one sense referring broadly to "a period of reduced economic activity" and ongoing hardship; and the more precise sense used in
370:
3834:
2125:. This addition reflects the assessment of U.S. intelligence agencies that the global financial crisis presents a serious threat to international stability.
12601:
9767:
8668:
4942:
248:
5454:
3462:
1198:
U.S. Changes in Household Debt as a percentage of GDP for 1989β2016. Homeowners paying down debt for 2009β2012 was a headwind to the recovery. Economist
794:
and slumping commodity prices. Several economists predicted that recovery might not appear until 2011 and that the recession would be the worst since the
708:
decline during the three quarters from Q3‑2008 until Q1‑2009, which more accurately mark when the recession took place at the global level.
6611:
7909:
7265:
4284:
3674:
1815:
Many European countries embarked on austerity programs, reducing their budget deficits relative to GDP from 2010 to 2011. For example, according to the
13136:
9757:
8606:
6069:
5302:
1105:
good credit scores in the middle and top of the credit score distributionβand that these borrowers accounted for a disproportionate share of defaults.
5207:
1032:
There are several "narratives" attempting to place the causes of the recession into context, with overlapping elements. Five such narratives include:
741:
The years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand. Further, the U.S.
13121:
9762:
8249:
5649:
5622:
5592:
288:
7863:
7758:
13098:
9032:
8892:
8754:
5827:
3789:
2154:
In all these cases, the ostensible immediate cause of the protest was amplified by the underlying social suffering induced by the great recession.
540:
350:
238:
4756:
Peter J. Wallison, "Cause and Effect: Government Policies and the Financial Crisis", Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, November 2008.
2051:
Subsequent follow-up recessions in 2010β2013 were confined to Belize, El Salvador, Paraguay, Jamaica, Japan, Taiwan, New Zealand and 24 out of 50
5424:
2362:
jointly announced a rise in export tax rebate rates on some labour-intensive goods. These additional tax rebates took place on December 1, 2008.
8861:
5761:
1829:
reported that the debt to GDP ratio for the 17 Euro area countries together was 70.1% in 2008, 79.9% in 2009, 85.3% in 2010, and 87.2% in 2011.
8759:
8663:
8340:
8205:
2298:
2230:
1749:
1257:
946:
An explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis;
715:(the official arbiter of U.S. recessions) the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, and thus extended over eighteen months.
325:
243:
7886:
3542:
13201:
13083:
13022:
12985:
12819:
191:
6095:
5155:
4799:
13143:
12682:
9275:
8900:
8729:
8264:
8119:
6420:
2275:
1740:
Restrained government spending following initial stimulus efforts (i.e., austerity) was not sufficient to offset private sector weaknesses.
345:
6403:
4885:
1629:
The financial crisis and the recession have been described as a symptom of another, deeper crisis by a number of economists. For example,
8799:
8789:
8769:
8310:
8071:
6166:
4316:
3516:
1737:
Credit for borrowing and spending by individuals (or investing by corporations) was not readily available as banks paid down their debts.
375:
6874:
3161:
763:
losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With loan losses mounting and the fall of
13067:
12927:
12826:
11747:
10652:
10630:
9635:
9582:
8809:
8355:
8279:
6999:
2304:
The U.S. Federal Reserve (central bank) lowered interest rates and significantly expanded the money supply to help address the crisis.
385:
5693:
5379:
4706:
3630:
2807:
2225:
developed and emerging countries announced plans to relieve their economies. In particular, economic stimulus plans were announced in
12934:
12777:
12410:
11556:
8724:
8696:
8623:
8535:
8365:
7993:
7936:
7892:
1774:
1590:
380:
365:
74:
7132:
6498:
5222:
3599:
13091:
13008:
12978:
12861:
12854:
12798:
12791:
12659:
12348:
11400:
10962:
10082:
9493:
9100:
8195:
8048:
5858:
5540:
2088:
2070:
1638:
1318:
201:
7818:
Meltdown: A Free-Market Look at Why the Stock Market Collapsed, the Economy Tanked, and Government Bailouts Will Make Things Worse
6470:
6192:
1812:(European Commission, European Central Bank, International Monetary Fund), which also implemented a series of emergency measures.
13165:
12784:
12037:
11958:
11581:
9105:
8896:
8840:
8658:
8289:
8086:
6818:
5497:
2972:
2438:
2409:
2283:
2197:
2080:
The following countries had a recession already starting in the first quarter of 2008: Latvia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden.
1469:
4334:
2990:
12971:
12875:
12840:
12697:
12535:
12030:
11452:
10898:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10196:
9471:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9187:
8779:
8631:
8599:
8076:
7194:
5082:
1086:
1081:
in house prices, and then wrecked local housing markets and financial institutions after they defaulted on their debt en masse.
829:
6723:
5787:"GDP and main components - volumes: Percentage change on previous quarter (seasonally adjusted, and adjusted by working days)"
1397:
said in mid-2005 that "at a minimum, there's a little 'froth' ...it's hard not to see that there are a lot of local bubbles".
12652:
12565:
12314:
12306:
9476:
9005:
8545:
8274:
8244:
8165:
7830:
7672:
7638:
7397:
6949:
6917:
6858:
5969:
5947:
4681:
4612:
3817:
3773:
3325:
2327:
injected nearly $ 1.5 billion into the banking system, nearly three times as much as the market's estimated requirement. The
1090:
943:
Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk;
330:
6569:
5129:
1155:
competition between lenders for revenue and market share contributed to declining underwriting standards and risky lending.
1117:
U.S. households and financial businesses significantly increased borrowing (leverage) in the years leading up to the crisis.
767:
on September 15, 2008, a major panic broke out on the inter-bank loan market. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the
11457:
10350:
9832:
9724:
8305:
8160:
8026:
5562:
3347:
3297:
2690:
1679:
1586:
1481:
712:
533:
487:
6319:
White House Given First Daily Briefing" article by Joby Warrick, Washington Post Staff Writer, Thursday, February 26, 2009
5327:
4740:
4054:
3910:
3439:
783:
suffering huge losses and even facing bankruptcy, resulting in massive public financial assistance (government bailouts).
13000:
12269:
7647:
Ramey, Valerie A. "Ten years after the financial crisis: What have we learned from the renaissance in fiscal research?."
2004:
country to avoid recession for the whole of 2009. It was the only developed economy to expand in the first half of 2009.
1566:
940:
Widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages;
933:
6316:
6236:
5746:
4524:
3935:
2911:"Forecasting of recessions via dynamic probit for time series: replication and extension of Kauppi and Saikkonen (2008)"
557:
was a period of market decline in economies around the world that occurred in 2007 to 2009. The scale and timing of the
13233:
13228:
13029:
9620:
8450:
8335:
7752:
Too big to fail: The inside story of how Wall Street and Washington fought to save the financial system--and themselves
7606:
7518:
7482:
7452:
7337:
6681:
5484:"Britain's election offers little respite for its woes: Brexit is both a cause and a symptom of the country's troubles"
2787:
2700:
2215:
1687:
973:
In its "Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy," dated November 15, 2008, leaders of the
861:
704:
for the G20‑zone, however, is a good indicator for the world GDP, and it was measured to have suffered a direct
574:
320:
233:
186:
7848:
The greatest trade ever: The behind-the-scenes story of how John Paulson defied Wall Street and made financial history
6223:
Seasonal Adjustment of gross domestic product at constant prices of 2007 (Table 5.1 β Gross Domestic Product, page 99)
3229:
3009:
2266:
999:
that began in mid-2007, which adversely affected the functioning of money markets. Examples of vulnerabilities in the
13243:
13158:
12964:
12616:
12483:
12233:
11694:
10869:
10657:
10625:
8592:
8345:
8330:
8254:
7880:
7802:
7706:
6654:
6273:
4969:
4707:"Gary Gorton-NBER and Yale-Slapped in the Face by the Invisible Hand: Banking and the Panic of 2007-Updated May 2009"
4344:
3139:
2391:
2349:
experienced a sharp decline. It dropped from over 21,000 points in January 2008 to below 8,000 points in October 2008
2335:
2234:
2226:
1683:
870:
335:
315:
6542:
6073:
5720:
4814:
3616:
3094:
2192:
In 2012 the economic difficulties in Spain increased support for secession movements. In Catalonia, support for the
12403:
12015:
11679:
9466:
8573:
8200:
8031:
7944:
7900:
6800:
5401:
4231:
3253:
2359:
2133:
735:
482:
6973:
1868:
deficit, even in the short run. No wonder, then, that the whole austerity enterprise is spiraling into disaster."
1860:
approximately 53% of the change in GDP, according to the equation derived from the IMF data used in his analysis.
1585:(1999), which reduced the regulation of banks by allowing commercial and investment banks to merge, has also been
12805:
12579:
12066:
11689:
10769:
9684:
8891:
8636:
8528:
8021:
5237:
4550:
4128:
2838:
2221:
2023:
1159:
813:
initiatives to stimulate national economies and reduce financial system risks. The recession renewed interest in
526:
516:
477:
7584:
7496:
2101:
figure may more accurately be considered to be 5β7% now that the main growth in working population is receding.
12993:
12957:
12868:
12770:
11740:
11699:
11462:
10834:
10786:
10057:
10005:
9418:
8794:
8686:
8568:
8445:
8180:
8175:
7871:
7533:
5924:
4912:
2949:
2670:
2655:
2378:
2279:
2122:
1668:
1582:
847:
196:
20:
7961:
6619:
4379:
2553:
raised interest rates for the first time since March 2009 from 0.25% to 0.5% in an attempt to curb inflation.
13194:
13129:
12833:
12704:
12645:
12498:
11550:
11442:
10854:
10407:
9446:
9162:
8814:
8719:
8711:
8350:
8284:
8185:
7986:
7906:
6543:"Governments across Europe tremble as effects of global recession prompt angry people to take to the streets"
5353:
2725:
2442:
1745:
1606:
1430:
Several sources have noted the failure of the US government to supervise or even require transparency of the
959:
841:
390:
340:
225:
7860:
6215:
5626:
2867:
2097:
South Korea avoided recession with GDP returning positive at a 0.1% expansion in the first quarter of 2009.
1799:
1186:
12896:
12740:
12733:
12690:
12638:
12572:
12170:
11631:
10804:
9860:
9328:
8678:
8654:
8269:
8081:
6597:
5809:
5657:
5600:
5306:
4576:
4422:
4384:(A survey of recessions or expected recessions in 40 countries, 33 of which arguably had property bubbles.)
4208:
3416:
2710:
2520:
was the first to raise interest rates after the global recession began. It increased rates in August 2009.
1857:
1546:
1310:
1202:
explained that this behavior tends to slow recoveries from financial crises relative to typical recessions.
412:
127:
8646:
7931:
5439:
4281:"McKinsey-Debt and deleveraging: The global credit bubble and its economic consequences-Updated-July 2011"
4004:
2893:
1573:
In the early part of the 20th century, we erected a series of protections β the Federal Reserve as a
13052:
13044:
12718:
12711:
12631:
12558:
12550:
12542:
12520:
11919:
11616:
10829:
9642:
9424:
9356:
7755:
7598:
6144:
5469:
5104:
2466:
2455:
2454:
entity. A first summit dedicated to the crisis took place, at the Heads of state level in November 2008 (
2094:
The following countries/territories had a recession starting in the fourth quarter of 2008: Switzerland.
1997:
1322:
1301:
562:
442:
276:
7428:
6002:
5835:
3982:
13036:
12941:
12747:
12425:
12188:
11545:
11427:
10903:
10360:
10052:
9960:
9699:
9674:
9529:
9524:
9483:
9451:
9238:
9156:
8744:
8055:
3041:
2675:
2118:
1253:
1211:
991:
shocks. Examples of triggers included: losses on subprime mortgage securities that began in 2007 and a
614:
504:
13151:
13075:
12847:
12330:
11733:
11709:
11704:
11525:
11199:
11110:
10989:
9719:
9709:
9456:
8845:
8465:
8375:
8043:
8016:
7329:
5535:
4469:
4451:
3807:
3136:"Quarterly National Accounts : Quarterly Growth Rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter"
2685:
2528:
2324:
1794:
499:
472:
12322:
6906:
China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets
6424:
5902:
4679:
3631:"Gary Gorton-NBER and Yale-Slapped in the Face by the Invisible Hand: Banking and the Panic of 2007"
3282:
1003:
sector included: financial institution dependence on unstable sources of short-term funding such as
824:
The distribution of household incomes in the United States became more unequal during the post-2008
13223:
12812:
12475:
12447:
12284:
11714:
11684:
11375:
11177:
10936:
10893:
10859:
10365:
10355:
10037:
9825:
9609:
9397:
8749:
8615:
8460:
8215:
8091:
7979:
7389:
6941:
6646:
6529:
International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations
4744:
3207:
2287:
2261:
1697:
1490:
579:
176:
7238:
6390:
6025:
5252:
4408:
1268:
13187:
13105:
12609:
12512:
12113:
11641:
11520:
11422:
11360:
11172:
10799:
10686:
10620:
10538:
9714:
9704:
9694:
9689:
9679:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9070:
8170:
8038:
7617:
OECD Insights From Crisis to Recovery: The Causes, Course and Consequences of the Great Recession
7173:
6909:
6697:
6099:
4394:
2756:
2730:
2680:
2476:
was held in London in April 2009. Finance ministers and central banks leaders of the G-20 met in
2473:
2185:
protest took place in the United States, spawning several offshoots that came to be known as the
1314:
1135:
1060:
699:
494:
294:
1309:
By 2007, real estate bubbles were still under way in many parts of the world, especially in the
13238:
13180:
12882:
12277:
12128:
12121:
12073:
12059:
11775:
11495:
11447:
11417:
11254:
11222:
11212:
11029:
11014:
10994:
10876:
10647:
10642:
9922:
9461:
9391:
9223:
8190:
7406:
Gertler, Mark, and Simon Gilchrist. "What happened: Financial factors in the great recession."
6447:
4889:
3269:
3180:
3066:
2910:
2660:
2568:
2077:
The following countries had a recession starting in the fourth quarter of 2007: United States,
2067:
Iceland fell into an economic depression in 2008 following the collapse of its banking system (
1875:
in 2016 has been partly attributed to the after-effects of the Great Recession on the country.
1485:
1330:
1249:
634:
49:
4436:
4313:
3855:
2377:
Argentina. In Asia, plans generally amounted to 1 to 3% of GDP, with the notable exception of
2157:
1803:
Public Debt to GDP Ratio for Selected European Countries β 2008 to 2011. Source Data: Eurostat
652:
Under the academic definition, the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009.
13112:
12505:
12359:
12022:
12004:
11931:
11910:
11437:
11432:
11370:
11315:
11264:
10886:
10422:
10395:
10067:
9995:
9647:
9630:
9625:
9614:
9577:
9572:
9566:
9177:
9146:
9044:
8540:
8487:
8440:
7816:
7510:
7438:
6882:
6742:
6671:
6506:
4765:
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Statement of Edward Pinto, December 9, 2008, 4.
4256:
3392:
2543:
2511:
2331:
added almost $ 1.32 billion, through a refinance operation, its biggest in at least a month.
2328:
2249:
1574:
1514:
1431:
1326:
1171:
1041:
1004:
996:
768:
742:
7383:
7350:(2009). "What Went Wrong? An Initial Inquiry Into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis".
4859:
4629:
4151:
3374:
2397:
On September 29, 2008, the Belgian, Luxembourg and Dutch authorities partially nationalised
1704:
13059:
12889:
12433:
12045:
11950:
11942:
11854:
11505:
11281:
11234:
11054:
11049:
10824:
10819:
10794:
10734:
10578:
10515:
10385:
10300:
10138:
9213:
9058:
8563:
7965:
7021:
5697:
5277:
4713:
3637:
2815:
2462:
2451:
2238:
2087:
The following countries/territories had a recession starting in the third quarter of 2008:
2056:
1786:
1729:
explained during November 2012 several of the economic headwinds that slowed the recovery:
1655:
1634:
1435:
857:
602:
211:
134:
7652:
4949:
4934:
3879:
3856:"Jon Wisman-Wage Stagnation, Rising Inequality and the Crisis of 2008-Retrieved June 2015"
1646:
8:
13015:
12725:
12623:
12528:
12388:
12240:
12158:
11992:
11817:
11410:
11405:
11343:
11291:
11009:
10977:
10967:
10849:
10839:
10375:
10370:
10191:
10171:
10092:
10012:
9990:
9970:
9818:
9312:
9167:
9075:
9027:
8995:
8976:
8850:
8523:
8455:
7379:
4833:
4655:
3493:
2041:
1900:
1456:
1439:
1220:
814:
787:
693:
679:
590:
181:
3904:"Stockhammer-Rising Inequality as a Cause of the Present Crisis-Amherst PERI-April 2012"
2970:
Pattern of Macroeconomic Indicators Preceding the End of an American Economic Recession.
2278:(EESA or TARP) during October 2008. This law included $ 700 billion in funding for the "
1272:
11898:
11510:
11474:
11338:
11227:
11207:
11080:
11044:
10931:
10913:
10844:
10485:
10345:
10325:
10280:
10181:
10166:
9797:
9782:
9772:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9731:
9049:
9017:
8819:
8804:
8505:
8481:
8139:
8112:
7922:
7822:
7739:
7695:
7661:
7568:
7560:
7367:
6643:
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
6591:
6348:
4680:
Reported and Narrated by Stephen Labaton Produced by Amy O'Leary (September 28, 2008).
3783:
3696:
2735:
2720:
2306:
2193:
2182:
2052:
1948:
1844:
1817:
1761:
1651:
1296:
1163:
1078:
1028:
U.S. residential and non-residential investment fell relative to GDP during the crisis.
818:
705:
120:
24:
7861:
Assessing the Costs and Consequences of the 2007β09 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath
5880:
2969:
2927:
2417:
565:(IMF) concluded that it was the most severe economic and financial meltdown since the
11984:
11967:
11868:
11621:
11601:
11333:
11298:
11130:
11024:
11004:
10923:
10776:
10711:
10390:
10340:
10315:
10275:
10270:
10201:
10047:
9518:
9512:
9506:
9112:
9085:
9022:
9010:
8971:
8940:
8774:
8550:
7957:
The Second Wave of the Global Crisis? On mathematical analyses of some dynamic series
7826:
7798:
7702:
7668:
7634:
7602:
7572:
7514:
7478:
7466:
7448:
7393:
7371:
7333:
6955:
6945:
6913:
6854:
6677:
6650:
6475:
5505:
5010:
4965:
4608:
4340:
4336:
Columbia University Press, Rational Investing Book, Page 61-62 What Can Be Forecasted
3813:
3769:
3700:
3661:
2783:
2575:
2128:
1718:
1477:
1162:
has been widely discussed, the main point of controversy remains the lowering of the
955:
860:
in 2008 caused an elevated level of unemployment relative to job openings to get the
825:
35:
7743:
6578:. A pro-independence march pulled in a crowd estimated by city police at 1.5 million
6122:
4482:
4362:""No One Saw This Coming": Understanding Financial Crisis Through Accounting Models"
12949:
12464:
12459:
11875:
11847:
11824:
11756:
11591:
11380:
11348:
11308:
11303:
11100:
11090:
10908:
10739:
10696:
10669:
10664:
10523:
10490:
10480:
10330:
10258:
10062:
10000:
9980:
9965:
9599:
9594:
9440:
9429:
9090:
9080:
8990:
8950:
8945:
8920:
8915:
8911:
7729:
7590:
7550:
7542:
7363:
7359:
7195:"Israel rate cut suggests more emerging market cuts β Emerging Markets Report"
7133:"EU fiscal consolidation after the financial crisis: Lessons from past experiences"
6727:
4361:
4108:
3835:"House flippers triggered the US housing market crash, not poor subprime borrowers"
3686:
2695:
2599:
2433:
2402:
2398:
2245:
2045:
1692:
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1024:
795:
760:
673:
638:
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594:
566:
94:
31:
7839:
Worswick, G. David N. "Two great recessions: the 1980s and the 1930s in Britain."
7216:
7154:
6767:
6047:
5976:
5671:
3577:
3322:
3181:"Oil prices: George Soros warns that speculators could trigger stock market crash"
2241:
assume a new significance as a focus of economic and financial crisis management.
802:
once commented on this as seemingly the beginning of "a second Great Depression".
12909:
12594:
12440:
12396:
12295:
11796:
11651:
11586:
11365:
11353:
11217:
11115:
10982:
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9338:
8930:
8499:
7913:
7867:
7780:
7762:
7631:
On the Brink: Inside the Race to Stop the Collapse of the Global Financial System
7418:
6574:
5257:
4320:
4310:"No One Saw This Coming" Understanding Financial Crisis Through Accounting Models
3329:
3225:
2976:
2897:
2705:
2665:
2550:
2186:
1809:
1766:
1757:
1594:
1522:
1501:
1410:
1276:
1206:
Another narrative focuses on high levels of private debt in the US economy. USA
1199:
1167:
1013:
810:
776:
772:
764:
606:
589:
The recession was not felt equally around the world; whereas most of the world's
262:
8584:
6369:
5455:"Brexit 'just another chapter in the global financial crisis': UBS bond manager"
2621:
2484:
and to maintain trade and foreign investments. These actions will cost $ 1.1tn.
1194:
12674:
12586:
12491:
11861:
11840:
11636:
11385:
11286:
11239:
10941:
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9932:
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8935:
8414:
8360:
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7950:
7502:
7462:
7434:
7347:
7025:
6992:"Chinese pharmaceutical exporters to benefit from latest tax rebates increases"
4497:
2517:
2373:
17, 2008, and the Reserve Bank of Australia added $ 3.45 billion the same day.
2174:
1963:
1770:
1753:
1538:
1461:
1460:
found leading government officials at the time (Federal Reserve Board Chairman
1394:
1284:
1207:
1175:
1094:
1064:
1056:
656:
642:
437:
360:
282:
270:
6959:
5012:
1521:
During 2008, three of the largest U.S. investment banks either went bankrupt (
13217:
12337:
12262:
12255:
12248:
12226:
12210:
12202:
12195:
12181:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12095:
12088:
12081:
12052:
11891:
11884:
11810:
11782:
11611:
11530:
11515:
11500:
11271:
11249:
11155:
11039:
10972:
10946:
10881:
10724:
10681:
10676:
10528:
10412:
10310:
10032:
9885:
9870:
9385:
9379:
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9364:
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9297:
9288:
9270:
9259:
9247:
9217:
9039:
8835:
8129:
8124:
8107:
7626:
7474:
7444:
6243:
5509:
4961:
4777:"Dissent from the Majority Report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission"
3803:
3763:
2914:
2650:
2481:
2147:
2141:
1542:
1534:
1473:
1443:
1401:
1374:
1131:
1122:
806:
734:, England, on September 14, 2007, amid speculation of problems, prior to its
727:
447:
45:
7876:
6216:"Quarterly gross domestic product estimates of Ukraine for 2001 β 2012"
5049:
5036:
1936:
12666:
12417:
12218:
11789:
11646:
11626:
11606:
11596:
11571:
11325:
11160:
11140:
11125:
11095:
11085:
10864:
10719:
10701:
10637:
10615:
10573:
10563:
10465:
10455:
10427:
10158:
10148:
9975:
9915:
9129:
9122:
9117:
8986:
8981:
8925:
7956:
7926:
7812:
7321:
5567:
5180:
4986:
4598:
2945:
2641:
2627:
2613:
2294:
2165:
1968:
1864:
1726:
1708:
U.S. Real GDP β Contributions to Percent Change by Component 2007β2009
1637:
produces speculative bubbles that burst and result in depression and major
1614:
1530:
1465:
1334:
1280:
1245:
1228:
1216:
1178:: although by doing so he did not avert the crisis, but only postponed it.
1142:
1048:
987:
799:
791:
7110:
6296:"Japanese GDP falls at biggest rate since 1955 β World business- NBC News"
6295:
5425:"Globalisation as we know it is over β and Brexit is the biggest sign yet"
4737:
68:
12920:
12377:
11976:
11833:
11803:
11259:
11182:
11150:
10610:
10558:
10176:
10133:
10108:
10077:
10072:
10027:
9952:
9942:
9927:
9880:
9539:
9095:
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7686:
7546:
6977:
6933:
6393:
article "Economic Crisis Poses Threat To Global Stability" by Tom Gjelten
5694:"IEA:S Korea May Be Only Large OECD Country To Avoid Recession - WSJ.com"
5011:
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US) (October 1, 1945).
4953:
4938:
4232:"How American Income Inequality Hit Levels Not Seen Since The Depression"
3960:
3098:
2954:
2535:
2381:, which announced a plan accounting for 16% of GDP (6% of GDP per year).
2341:
2117:
On February 26, 2009, an Economic Intelligence Briefing was added to the
1993:
1852:
1642:
1553:
1358:
974:
967:
894:
432:
7734:
7717:
7564:
7555:
7531:(2012). "Reading About the Financial Crisis: A Twenty-One-Book Review".
3880:"IMF-Inequality, Leverage and Crises-Kumhoff and Ranciere-November 2010"
2290:
to lend funds to banks in exchange for dividend-paying preferred stock.
1996:
narrowly avoided technical recession in the first quarter of 2009. The
11469:
11276:
11189:
11167:
11135:
11034:
11019:
10999:
10764:
10729:
10691:
10605:
10568:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10460:
10417:
10402:
10380:
10305:
10143:
10123:
10042:
9910:
9905:
9875:
9841:
9323:
7940:
7896:
7786:
4501:
3691:
2579:
2527:
became the first G20 country to raise its main interest rate, with the
2346:
2112:
1979:
1944:
1908:
1884:
1839:
1696:
Several major U.S. economic variables had recovered from the 2007β2009
1630:
1264:
1241:
1098:
963:
852:
753:
626:
427:
6499:"The New York Times β Breaking News, World News & Multimedia"
6421:"The New York Times β Breaking News, World News & Multimedia"
4522:
3489:"Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas"
718:
676:
only in the single calendar year 2009. That IMF definition requires a
11656:
11576:
11390:
11075:
10434:
10335:
10295:
10265:
10186:
10022:
9985:
9134:
9065:
8966:
8962:
7770:
Freefall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy
7528:
2794:
The global economy continues to struggle with post-crisis adjustments
2524:
2162:
2062:
2007:
1907:
went from democracies to a mix of democracy and authoritarianism and
1904:
1896:
1790:
1722:
1526:
1370:
1354:
1261:
962:(AEI) primarily blamed U.S. housing policy, including the actions of
685:
630:
558:
422:
104:
7663:
Global Financial Meltdown: How We Can Avoid the Next Economic Crisis
7061:
3715:"CEPR-Dean Baker-The Economics of the Great Recession-June 29, 2014"
11768:
11725:
11490:
10553:
10543:
10475:
10470:
10439:
10285:
10240:
10118:
10113:
10017:
9895:
8409:
7917:
6846:
5208:"The Trump "unhappiness" effect nears the Great Recession for many"
5105:"Federal Reserve Board β The Economic Recovery and Economic Policy"
4507:
All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis
4113:
4100:
4077:
3517:"Middle class households' wealth fell 35 percent from 2005 to 2011"
3033:
2715:
2366:
2270:
Federal Reserve Holdings of Treasury and Mortgage-Backed Securities
1959:
1916:
1892:
1826:
1510:
1414:
1342:
1074:
1037:
992:
746:
731:
723:
417:
7971:
7507:
Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694β2013
4175:
3463:"Fed Says Growth Lifts the Affluent, Leaving Behind Everyone Else"
11120:
11070:
10809:
10759:
10548:
10253:
9937:
5593:"Central Europe Risks Downgrades on Worsening Finances (Update1)"
3323:
Congressional Budget Office compares downturn to Great Depression
2477:
2000:
stated in mid September that South Korea could be the only large
1888:
1386:
1382:
1366:
1346:
610:
19:
For background on financial market events beginning in 2007, see
6167:"National Bank estimate: Ukraine GDP down 20 percent in January"
5903:"HIGHLIGHTS: Crisis sends Japan into first recession in 7 years"
5037:
FRED-All Employees Total Nonfarm Payrolls-Retrieved July 7, 2018
4984:
4577:"Bloomberg β Senators Dodd & Shelby Demand Information"
4380:"From the subprime to the terrigenous: Recession begins at home"
2759:. Development Policy and Analysis Division of the UN secretariat
2563:
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression
1600:
660:
stagnant economy The Lesser Depression or The Great Deflation."
11244:
10592:
10236:
8394:
List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession
7794:
6938:
China's Good War: How World War II is Shaping a New Nationalism
5047:
4523:
Anthony Faiola; Ellen Nakashima; Jill Drew (October 15, 2008).
4027:
3067:"World Economic Outlook β April 2009: Crisis and Recovery"
2890:
2782:(trade paperback) (1st ed.). United Nations. p. 200.
2593:
2539:
1955:
1940:
1920:
1912:
1872:
1362:
1350:
1338:
913:
Traditional (fractional reserve) banking assets: $ 39 trillion
786:
The global recession that followed resulted in a sharp drop in
780:
7595:
A History of the Federal Reserve β Volume 2, Book 2: 1970β1986
5810:"In European Crisis, Iceland Emerges as an Island of Recovery"
5623:"Zloty to Gain, Says LBBW, Most Accurate Forecaster (Update1)"
4958:
Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics
2488:
and developing countries, through a strengthening of the IMF.
1476:) vehemently opposed any regulation of derivatives. In 1998,
1059:
accumulated in the decades preceding the crisis resulted in a
11105:
9810:
8740:
Acquired or bankrupt banks in the late 2000s financial crisis
6673:
Liquidity Lost: The Governance of the Global Financial Crisis
5650:"Poland's Economic Outlook May Be Raised by IMF, PAP Reports"
5205:
4551:"Vanity Fair-Michael Lewis-Betting the Blind Side-April 2010"
3028:
Debtorsβ Prison: The Politics of Austerity Versus Possibility
2979:
Journal of Pattern Recognition Research, JPRR Vol.3 (1) 2008.
2237:. In the final quarter of 2008, the financial crisis saw the
1983:
1975:
1390:
1378:
1219:
claims the amount of debt in the US economy can be traced to
8229:
6123:"South Korea Economy Avoids Recession, Grows 0.1% - WSJ.com"
6003:"TOPWRAP 10-Germany, China, US feel pain of global downturn"
4943:"Advances in Feminist Economics in Times of Economic Crisis"
4099:
Reinhart, Carmen M.; Reinhart, Vincent R. (September 2010).
3162:"NBER Makes It Official: Recession Started in December 2007"
11145:
10588:
7791:
Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World
7581:
Ages of American Capitalism: A History of the United States
6570:"Barcelona Warns Madrid: Pay Up, or Catalonia Leaves Spain"
5156:"U.S. Declares Bank and Auto Bailouts Over, and Profitable"
4860:"Pressured to Take More Risk, Fannie Reached Tipping Point"
3662:
FRED-Private Residential Investment-Retrieved March 3, 2019
2001:
1990:
experienced slowing growth, they did not enter recessions.
1987:
1924:
1883:
During the Great Recession and in the immediate aftermath,
1305:
Housing price appreciation in selected countries, 2002β2008
1052:
was unwilling to make up for this private sector shortfall.
561:
varied from country to country (see map). At the time, the
356:
Government intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis
7683:
This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly
7326:
The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath
6070:"Taiwan in recession as economy contracts record 8.36 pct"
5303:"Eurostat-Selected Principal European Economic Indicators"
5238:"Why did Trump win β 'Whitelash' or economic frustration?"
5013:"Households and Nonprofit Organizations; Net Worth, Level"
4005:"NYT-Paul Krugman-European Crisis Realities-February 2012"
3578:"Financial Crisis Inquiry Report-Conclusions-January 2011"
10128:
8735:
DoddβFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
8260:
DoddβFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
7697:
The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007β2012
7493:
The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008
6743:"Administration Is Seeking $ 700 Billion for Wall Street"
4604:
The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008
3983:"NPR-This American Life-The Giant Pool of Money-May 2008"
2037:
1448:
689:
684:. Despite the fact that quarterly data are being used as
669:
646:
452:
207:
DoddβFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
7937:
Financial Transmission of the Crisis: What's the Lesson?
7718:"The Neoliberal Policy Paradigm and the Great Recession"
5779:
4656:"Agency's '04 Rule Let Banks Pile Up New Debt, and Risk"
2919:
2556:
2200:
drew a crowd that police estimated at 1.5 million.
1321:, the Netherlands, Australia, the United Arab Emirates,
1085:
Underlying narratives #1β3 is a hypothesis that growing
6851:
The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
6225:. State Statistics Service Of Ukraine. August 30, 2013.
4028:"Manipulating the Interest Rate: a Recipe for Disaster"
2408:
On October 8, 2008, the British Government announced a
1505:
Securitization markets were impaired during the crisis.
1190:
US household debt relative to disposable income and GDP
10815:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
8371:
National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
7962:
Recession 'link' with over 10,000 suicides in the West
6527:
E. Shadrina et al. "Russia and the "Great Recession",
6270:"Japan headed for longest, deepest post-war recession"
5970:"OECD area GDP down 0.1% in the third quarter of 2008"
5834:. Findarticles.com. September 26, 2008. Archived from
5591:
Brogger, Tasneem; Lovasz, Agnes (September 21, 2009).
4409:"Real estate prices in Adriatic Coast up, Zagreb down"
2210:
National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
1843:
Relationship between fiscal tightening (austerity) in
371:
National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
12074:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
7288:"IMF fears 'social explosion' from world jobs crisis"
6875:"Asian central banks spend billions to prevent crash"
5321:"Eurostat News Release-Euro indicators-23 April 2012"
5181:"Bailout Scorecard β Eye on the Bailout β ProPublica"
4776:
4121:
4051:"America's financial meltdown: lessons and prospects"
3543:"Global recession β where did all the money go?"
2356:
Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China
1417:
debt higher than the current value of the property).
1215:
recessions deeper and the following recovery weaker.
1016:" institutions, monetary policy, and trade deficits.
7111:"Cutting the deficit: three years down, five to go?"
6026:"Euro zone in recession, December rate cut expected"
5739:"Australia's economy shrank in last quarter of 2008"
4985:
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (January 1, 1947).
4333:
Langlois, Hugues; Lussier, Jacques (March 7, 2017).
2868:"Causes of the Recent Financial and Economic Crisis"
2589:
2113:
Political instability related to the economic crisis
1108:
249:
Government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis
8785:
PublicβPrivate Investment Program for Legacy Assets
7461:
7189:
7187:
6448:"Greeks shut airports, services to protest economy"
6404:"Bus-fare protests hit Brazil's two biggest cities"
5048:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1948).
3440:"U.S deficit poses potential systemic risk: Taylor"
3247:
3245:
3243:
1931:
8490:(Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia; 2009)
7694:
7660:
6794:"Obama-Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan"
6098:. Seco.admin.ch. November 25, 2009. Archived from
5206:Carol Graham and Sergio Pinto (February 2, 2017).
2063:Country specific details about recession timelines
1101:or limit regulation of the shadow banking system.
8614:
7425:The complete idiot's guide to the great recession
6940:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of
6349:"Experts: Financial crisis threatens US security"
6072:. TAIPEI (AFP). February 18, 2009. Archived from
5470:"Brexit: The end of globalization as we know it?"
5097:
5075:"United States sector balances over five decades"
4774:
3755:
3348:"Twenty-five People at the Heart of the Meltdown"
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
2950:"It's Dippy to Fret About a Double-Dip Recession"
2805:
2255:
1700:and Great Recession by the 2013β2014 time period.
617:, in part due to its proximity to Asian markets.
77:for 2009; countries in brown were in a recession.
13215:
8298:
7440:The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World
7184:
6471:"Protests spread in Europe amid economic crisis"
5625:. Bloomberg.com. October 9, 2009. Archived from
5380:"The Impact of Fiscal Austerity in the Eurozone"
4257:"IMF-Report Extract Chapter 3 β April 2012"
4098:
3240:
2909:Park, B.U., Simar, L. & Zelenyuk, V. (2020)
2416:In early December 2008, German Finance Minister
2317:
2044:), depict that the Great Recession existed as a
1166:to 1% for more than a year, which, according to
351:Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis
239:Causes of the 2000s United States housing bubble
7113:. The Institute for Fiscal Studies. May 8, 2013
6370:"Europe | Iceland protest ends in clashes"
6096:"SECO β Gross Domestic Product in Q2 2009"
5857:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (September 25, 2008).
5856:
5807:
5467:
4570:
4568:
4332:
4223:
4178:"THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE DEBT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH"
3224:
2925:
2861:
2859:
2582:reached such skewed extremes was in 1928β1929.
1673:
903:Central banks' gold reserves: $ 0.845 trillion
771:, resulting in many large and well established
86:December 2007 β June 2009 (c. 1 year; 7 months)
8760:Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
8341:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
8206:Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
7258:"IMF warns over parallels to Great Depression"
6468:
6423:. International Herald Tribune. Archived from
5531:"Aussie jumps on surprising economic strength"
4933:
4834:"Agency's '04 Rule Let Banks Pile Up New Debt"
4797:
4738:Who's Whining Now? Gramm Slammed By Economists
4283:. Mckinsey.com. March 13, 2013. Archived from
4007:. Krugman.blogs.nytimes.com. February 25, 2012
3761:
3623:
3113:
3010:"Street Rallies Around Official Recession End"
3007:
2777:
2299:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
1947:at night. Throughout the Great Recession, the
1493:, that triggered the economic crisis of 2008.
326:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
244:Credit rating agencies and the subprime crisis
13202:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
11741:
9826:
8877:
8600:
7987:
7174:"I.M.F. Calls for Countries to Focus on Jobs"
6331:"Economic Woes Raising Global Political Risk"
5590:
5422:
5297:
5295:
5250:
5220:
4548:
3961:"The Economist-Points of Light-July 14, 2012"
3230:"A Global Breakdown of the Recession in 2009"
2891:US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions
2757:"World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013"
2345:During the 2008 global financial crisis, the
2282:" (TARP). Following a model initiated by the
1601:Regulations encouraging lax lending standards
1442:(CDSs) were unregulated or barely regulated.
805:Governments and central banks responded with
609:substantially during this period. Similarly,
534:
192:2000s United States housing market correction
8730:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
8265:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
7681:Reinhart, Carmen M., and Kenneth S. Rogoff.
7294:. London. September 13, 2010. Archived from
7239:"India's Central Bank Raises Interest Rates"
7231:
7014:
6741:Herszenhorn, David M. (September 21, 2008).
6663:
6023:
5452:
5437:
5253:"Free Lunch: It's still the economy, stupid"
5229:
4812:
4591:
4565:
4449:
4176:Martti Randveer; Lenno UuskΓΌla; Liina Kulu.
3936:"Rethinking how the housing crisis happened"
3788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3675:"Private Investment and the Great Recession"
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3059:
3008:Evans-Schaefer, Steve (September 20, 2010).
2932:Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary online
2856:
2567:On April 17, 2009, the then head of the IMF
2384:
2276:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
1744:On the political front, widespread anger at
346:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
8800:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
8770:Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan
7378:
7135:. VOX CEPR's Policy Portal. October 2, 2010
6740:
6676:. Oxford University Press. pp. 83β86.
6540:
6147:. Beijing: The Economist. November 13, 2008
6000:
5563:"Economy puts aside post-mining boom blues"
5440:"What Brexit Reveals About Rising Populism"
5272:
5270:
5268:
4439:. Global Property Guide. September 1, 2008.
4425:. Global Property Guide. February 28, 2008.
4382:. Land Values Research Group. June 2, 2009.
3796:
2780:World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013
1181:
928:Bail-out money (early 2009): $ 1.9 trillion
645:, with two or more consecutive quarters of
376:Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis
11748:
11734:
9833:
9819:
8884:
8870:
8810:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
8607:
8593:
8402:
8356:Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009
8280:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
7994:
7980:
7082:
6908:. New York, NY, United States of America:
6396:
6328:
6120:
6001:Fitzgibbons, Patrick (November 14, 2008).
5373:
5371:
5292:
4768:
4304:
4302:
4152:"Opinion β Block Those Economic Metaphors"
3514:
3508:
2915:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01708-2
2886:
2884:
2839:"The 2007β2008 Financial Crisis in Review"
541:
527:
386:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
13023:2015β2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
11557:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
8725:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
8536:Effects of the Great Recession on museums
8366:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
8250:ChinaβJapanβSouth Korea trilateral summit
7879:accurate and useful information from the
7733:
7692:
7554:
7433:
7087:. London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from
6817:Appelbaum, Binyamin (February 26, 2013).
6816:
5975:. OECD. November 20, 2008. Archived from
4518:
4516:
4493:
4491:
4411:. Global Property Guide. August 19, 2008.
4397:. Global Property Guide. August 25, 2008.
4209:"Chart titled "Anyone See Deleveraging?""
4112:
3717:. Cepr.net. June 29, 2014. Archived from
3690:
3561:
3480:
3461:Binyamin, Appelbaum (September 4, 2014).
3454:
2988:
2749:
2505:
2491:
1420:
1409:) that can result in many owners holding
1234:
1077:with mid-to-good credit scores created a
381:Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate
366:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
289:ChinaβJapanβSouth Korea trilateral summit
16:Global economic decline from 2007 to 2009
11401:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
10083:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
8230:Government policy and spending responses
8196:Government National Mortgage Association
7501:
7320:
7171:
6841:
6839:
6612:"EU Proposes β¬200 Billion Stimulus Plan"
6445:
6364:
6362:
6189:"Ukraine | Global Finance Magazine"
5925:"HK shares may fall; exporters may drop"
5354:"Eurozone unemployment hits record high"
5265:
4229:
4075:
4048:
3832:
3515:Kurtzleben, Danielle (August 23, 2014).
3460:
3298:"It's official: Recession since Dec '07"
3208:"Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation"
2991:"The End Of The Great Recession? Hardly"
2865:
2432:
2340:
2265:
2156:
2127:
1935:
1838:
1798:
1703:
1691:
1617:referring to it as "imaginary history".
1500:
1496:
1300:
1193:
1185:
1112:
1023:
893:
851:
717:
649:contraction (negative GDP growth rate).
309:Government response and policy proposals
11582:Credentialism and educational inflation
8841:Financial position of the United States
8290:2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
7625:
7589:
6974:"The Sensex journey: From 2008 to 2013"
6819:"Fed Chairman Defends Stimulus Efforts"
6669:
6024:Strupczewski, Jan (November 14, 2008).
5945:
5927:. HONG KONG: Reuters. November 16, 2008
5859:"Ireland leads eurozone into recession"
5718:
5647:
5402:"Austerity And Growth, Again (Wonkish)"
5368:
5235:
5154:Weisman, Jonathan (December 19, 2014).
5153:
5054:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5017:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4991:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4831:
4653:
4627:
4597:
4359:
4299:
4249:
4149:
4026:Polleit, Thorsten (December 13, 2007).
4025:
3600:"FCIC-Final Report Dissent of Wallison"
3580:. Fcic.law.stanford.edu. March 10, 2011
3486:
3372:
3295:
3251:
3206:Andrews, Edmund L. (October 24, 2008).
3205:
3178:
2989:Wingfield, Brian (September 20, 2010).
2944:
2881:
2771:
1878:
1605:Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto of the
13216:
12928:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009β2010
12698:South American economic crisis of 2002
12595:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
11453:List of countries by unemployment rate
7346:
7042:. London: The Telegraph. March 9, 2009
6932:
6903:
6634:
6267:
4857:
4574:
4513:
4488:
4395:"The end of Poland's house price boom"
4206:
3802:
3672:
2017:
1093:encouraged families to increase their
830:Income inequality in the United States
12979:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
12935:2010β2014 Portuguese financial crisis
12411:Secondary banking crisis of 1973β1975
11729:
9814:
8865:
8588:
8275:Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program
8245:Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008
8228:
8166:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
7975:
7841:Scottish Journal of Political Economy
7811:
7785:
7715:
7255:
6836:
6567:
6446:Maltezou, Renee (February 25, 2009).
6359:
5351:
4915:. Thom Hartman's radio show (at 1:15)
4910:
4883:
4682:"The Day the S.E.C. Changed the Game"
4076:Karlsson, Stefan (November 8, 2004).
3540:
3437:
3345:
3076:, IMF, pp. 11β14, April 24, 2009
3039:
2557:Comparisons with the Great Depression
2546:raised interest rates in March 2010.
2531:moving rates up from 3.00% to 3.25%.
2496:
2293:On February 17, 2009, U.S. President
1847:with their GDP growth rate, 2008β2012
918:Shadow banking assets: $ 62 trillion
331:Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008
13009:Russian financial crisis (2014β2016)
12862:2008β2011 Icelandic financial crisis
12855:2008β2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
12820:2000s U.S. housing market correction
12660:1998β2002 Argentine great depression
11755:
10351:Practice-based professional learning
8161:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
7658:
7172:Alderman, Liz (September 13, 2010).
7083:Waterfield, Bruno (March 25, 2009).
6926:
6881:. September 16, 2008. Archived from
6640:
5759:
5648:Andrusz, Katya (December 15, 2009).
5377:
4832:Labaton, Stephen (October 2, 2008).
4798:Barry Ritholtz (November 26, 2011).
4654:Labaton, Stephen (October 3, 2008).
4049:Pettifor, Ann (September 16, 2008).
3741:"Learned Macroeconomic Helplessness"
3030:. New York: Vintage Books, 2013, 40.
2691:Great Recession in the United States
2071:2008β2011 Icelandic financial crisis
1873:decision to leave the European Union
1780:
1680:Great Recession in the United States
1509:Paul Krugman wrote in 2009 that the
1482:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1130:In May 2008, NPR explained in their
713:National Bureau of Economic Research
202:2008β2010 automotive industry crisis
13166:2023β2024 Egyptian financial crisis
13001:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
12994:2014β2016 Brazilian economic crisis
12367:1963β1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
12270:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
11959:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
10899:Workers' right to access the toilet
8451:Collateralized mortgage obligations
8001:
7885:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis,
6897:
6845:
6618:. November 26, 2008. Archived from
6469:Megan K. Stack (January 17, 2009).
6355:. Associated Press. March 11, 2009.
6317:"CIA Adds Economy To Threat Updates
6268:Alford, Peter (February 16, 2009).
5946:Dunkley, Jamie (October 10, 2008).
5905:. TOKYO: Reuters. November 17, 2008
5672:"S Korea avoids entering recession"
5278:"CIA World Factbook-Greece Example"
5251:Martin Sandbu (November 12, 2016).
5067:
4858:Duhigg, Charles (October 4, 2008).
4230:McCarthy, Ryan (October 22, 2010).
4150:Krugman, Paul (December 12, 2010).
3985:. Thisamericanlife.org. May 9, 2008
3833:Guilford, Gwynn (August 29, 2017).
3762:Mian, Atif and, Sufi, Amir (2014).
3296:Isidore, Chris (December 1, 2008).
2913:. Empirical Economics 58, 379β392.
2866:Bernanke, Ben (September 2, 2010).
2778:United Nations (January 15, 2013).
2428:
2401:. The German government bailed out
2203:
2036:The recession data for the overall
1808:received bailout packages from the
1567:Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
934:Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
13:
12972:2012β2013 Cypriot financial crisis
12876:2008β2014 Spanish financial crisis
12848:2008β2009 Russian financial crisis
12841:2008β2009 Belgian financial crisis
12536:1988β1992 Norwegian banking crisis
12031:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
9188:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
7527:
7314:
7022:"Germany Rescues Hypo Real Estate"
6998:. December 1, 2008. Archived from
6568:Abend, Lisa (September 11, 2012).
6048:"Spain's economy enters recession"
5881:"New Zealand falls into recession"
5696:. December 1, 2009. Archived from
5223:"Politics Are Not Recession-Proof"
4775:Peter J. Wallison (January 2011).
4450:Monica Davey (December 25, 2005).
4360:Bezemer, Dirk J. (June 16, 2009).
3487:Chokshi, Niraj (August 11, 2014).
3438:Cooke, Kristin (August 21, 2009).
3254:"Geithner: Does He Pass The Test?"
2701:International relations since 1989
2284:United Kingdom bank rescue package
2168:protest due to the great recession
2048:throughout Q3 2008 until Q1 2009.
1688:National debt of the United States
1633:argues that growing inequality of
1624:
1290:
1149:
234:Causes of the European debt crisis
187:2000s United States housing bubble
14:
13255:
13159:2023 United States banking crisis
12965:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
12653:1998β1999 Ecuador economic crisis
12617:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
12543:Japanese asset price bubble crash
12484:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
12234:Australian banking crisis of 1893
12038:Dutch Republic financial collapse
8901:Commonwealth of Nations countries
8546:2007β2008 world food price crisis
8346:Chinese economic stimulus program
8331:2008 European Union stimulus plan
8255:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
7881:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7854:
7772:(WW Norton & Company, 2010).
7701:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press.
7256:Evans, Ambrose (April 16, 2009).
7217:"Australia raises interest rates"
7155:"G20 leaders seal tn global deal"
7040:"Gordon Brown should say 'sorry'"
6724:"Treasury β Paulson News Release"
6496:
6418:
5948:"Singapore slides into recession"
5832:Oxford Economic Country Briefings
5762:"Exceedingly high interest rates"
5498:"Where democracy is most at risk"
5468:Robert E. Scott (June 28, 2016).
5352:Smith, Aaron (October 31, 2012).
4813:Paul Krugman (November 6, 2014).
4510:Portfolio, Penguin, 2010, p.104-7
3541:Allen, Paddy (January 29, 2009).
3373:Krugman, Paul (January 4, 2009).
3346:Finch, Julia (January 26, 2009).
2836:
2336:Chinese economic stimulus program
1962:were the only two members of the
1684:Unemployment in the United States
1393:. U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman
1141:Describing the crisis in Europe,
1109:Trade imbalances and debt bubbles
908:M0 (paper money): $ 3.9 trillion
336:Chinese economic stimulus program
316:2008 European Union stimulus plan
12016:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
11670:
11669:
10963:Corporate collapses and scandals
8574:List of countries by public debt
8201:National Asset Management Agency
7945:International Economics Bulletin
7901:International Economics Bulletin
7667:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
7649:Journal of Economic Perspectives
7471:Capitalism in America: A History
7408:Journal of Economic Perspectives
7352:Journal of Corporate Law Studies
7280:
7249:
7209:
7165:
7147:
7125:
7103:
7076:
7064:. Newsweek.com. December 6, 2008
7054:
7032:
6984:
6966:
6867:
6810:
6786:
6760:
6734:
6716:
6690:
6604:
6561:
6541:Ian Traynor (January 31, 2009).
6534:
6521:
6490:
6462:
6439:
6412:
6384:
6341:
6322:
6310:
6288:
6272:. The Australian. Archived from
6261:
6229:
6207:
6181:
6159:
6137:
6114:
6088:
6062:
6040:
6017:
5994:
5962:
5939:
5917:
5895:
5873:
5850:
5820:
5808:Charles Forelle (May 19, 2012).
5801:
5760:Wenn, Bruno (January 25, 2013).
5753:
5731:
5712:
5686:
5664:
5641:
5615:
5584:
5555:
5523:
5490:
5476:
5461:
5446:
5431:
5416:
5394:
5345:
5313:
5244:
5214:
5199:
5173:
5147:
5122:
4630:"Opinion - Financial Reform 101"
4437:"Looming housing slump in China"
3619:. Whitehouse.gov. November 2008.
3179:Wearden, Graeme (June 3, 2008).
3138:. Stats.oecd.org. Archived from
2926:Merriam-Webster (May 31, 2023),
2900:, NBER, accessed August 9, 2012.
2808:"The Great Recession Definition"
2634:
2620:
2606:
2592:
2360:State Administration of Taxation
2286:, $ 205 billion was used in the
2134:anti-austerity movement in Spain
1932:Countries that avoided recession
1769:in 2016, and left-wing populist
1454:A 2008 investigative article in
889:
637:, referring specifically to the
67:
12741:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
12067:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
8897:recessions in the United States
8529:2008 Central Asia energy crisis
8446:Collateralized debt obligations
7716:Stein, Howard (July 25, 2012).
5719:Zappone, Chris (June 3, 2009).
5539:. March 2, 2016. Archived from
5442:. Council on Foreign Relations.
5423:Ruchir Sharma (June 28, 2016).
5378:Wolf, Martin (April 27, 2012).
5041:
5030:
5004:
4978:
4927:
4904:
4886:"Weapons of Mass Exploitation?"
4877:
4851:
4825:
4806:
4791:
4779:. American Enterprise Institute
4759:
4750:
4731:
4699:
4673:
4647:
4628:Krugman, Paul (April 1, 2010).
4621:
4607:. W.W. Norton Company Limited.
4575:Lanman, Scott (March 5, 2009).
4542:
4476:
4472:. The Economist. June 16, 2005.
4462:
4443:
4429:
4423:"The good times are here again"
4415:
4401:
4387:
4372:
4353:
4326:
4273:
4207:Bianco, James (June 13, 2012).
4200:
4169:
4143:
4092:
4069:
4053:. openDemocracy. Archived from
4042:
4019:
3997:
3975:
3953:
3928:
3896:
3872:
3848:
3826:
3812:. Basic Books. pp. 57β58.
3733:
3707:
3666:
3655:
3609:
3592:
3534:
3431:
3409:
3385:
3366:
3339:
3315:
3289:
3252:Krugman, Paul (July 10, 2014).
3218:
3199:
3172:
3154:
3087:
3020:
3001:
2982:
2962:
2274:The U.S. government passed the
2024:Timeline of the Great Recession
1777:for the Democratic nomination.
1160:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
1158:While Alan Greenspan's role as
13122:Chinese property sector crisis
13030:2015β2016 stock market selloff
12958:August 2011 stock markets fall
12869:2008β2011 Irish banking crisis
12566:1990s Swedish financial crisis
12315:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
11463:Employment-to-population ratio
10835:Occupational health psychology
9840:
8795:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
8664:Role of credit rating agencies
8624:Background / timeline
8336:2008β2009 Keynesian resurgence
8181:Federal Housing Finance Agency
8176:Federal Housing Administration
7872:Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
7534:Journal of Economic Literature
7364:10.1080/14735970.2009.11421533
6169:. Kyiv Post. February 17, 2009
5883:. BBC News. September 26, 2008
5486:. The Economist. June 3, 2017.
5457:. Australian Financial Review.
5453:Vesna Poljak (June 29, 2016).
5438:Edward Alden (June 29, 2016).
5221:Eric Schnurer (June 2, 2016).
4911:Batra, Ravi (April 29, 2011).
4888:. Truthout.org. Archived from
4180:. Eestipank.ee. Archived from
4078:"America's Unsustainable Boom"
3963:. Economist.com. July 14, 2012
2938:
2903:
2830:
2799:
2656:Collateralized debt obligation
2280:Troubled Assets Relief Program
2256:United States policy responses
2216:2008β2009 Keynesian resurgence
2123:President of the United States
2040:zone (representing 85% of all
1951:remained resilient and stable.
1669:Effects of the Great Recession
1425:
1174:caused by the bursting of the
1036:There was the equivalent of a
620:
321:2008β2009 Keynesian resurgence
147:Impact differed geographically
23:. For the 2020 recession, see
1:
13195:List of sovereign debt crises
13137:2022 Russian financial crisis
12834:2008 Latvian financial crisis
12827:U.S. bear market of 2007β2009
12705:Stock market downturn of 2002
12646:1998 Russian financial crisis
12499:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
11551:Works Progress Administration
11443:Unemployment Convention, 1919
10855:Personal protective equipment
10408:Occupational Outlook Handbook
8815:Troubled Asset Relief Program
8720:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
8616:U.S. subprime mortgage crisis
8351:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
8285:Troubled Asset Relief Program
8211:Office of Financial Stability
8186:Federal Housing Finance Board
8120:SociΓ©tΓ© GΓ©nΓ©rale trading loss
7877:Tracking the Global Recession
6768:"BBC β Stimulus Package 2009"
6372:. BBC News. November 23, 2008
6329:Jack Ewing (March 10, 2009).
6237:"Why Did Japan Stop Growing?"
6121:In-Soo Nam (April 24, 2009).
5236:Ben Chu (November 13, 2016).
4987:"Real Gross Domestic Product"
4339:. Columbia University Press.
4131:. Economist. October 30, 2008
3419:. Bloomberg.com. May 30, 2005
3040:Davis, Bob (April 22, 2009).
2742:
2726:Stock market crashes in India
2318:Asia-Pacific policy responses
2239:G-20 group of major economies
2222:financial phase of the crisis
2196:exceeded. On September 11, a
1756:and continued or expanded by
1752:measures (begun by President
1607:American Enterprise Institute
1019:
960:American Enterprise Institute
923:Other assets: $ 290 trillion
842:Causes of the Great Recession
391:Troubled Asset Relief Program
341:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
12897:Greek government-debt crisis
12734:2004 Argentine energy crisis
12691:2001 Turkish economic crisis
12580:1990s Armenian energy crisis
12573:1990s Finnish banking crisis
12434:1976 British currency crisis
12404:1973β1974 stock market crash
11632:Psychopathy in the workplace
10805:Human factors and ergonomics
8655:United States housing bubble
8270:Irish emergency budget, 2009
7693:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (2012).
6879:International Herald Tribune
6503:International Herald Tribune
6050:. BBC News. January 28, 2009
5789:. Eurostat. January 10, 2014
5745:. March 2009. Archived from
5721:"Australia dodges recession"
5472:. Economic Policy Institute.
5050:"Civilian Unemployment Rate"
4743:August 5, 2011, at Wikiwix.
4549:Michael Lewis (March 2010).
4368:– via ideas.repec.org.
4105:NBER Working Paper No. 16334
3673:Martin, Fernando M. (2016).
3334:McClatchy Washington Bureau.
3042:"What's a Global Recession?"
2119:daily intelligence briefings
1674:Effects on the United States
1547:American International Group
977:cited the following causes:
668:The Great Recession met the
448:Royal Bank of Scotland Group
413:American International Group
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
13053:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
12719:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
12712:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
12632:1997 Asian financial crisis
12559:1991 Indian economic crisis
12551:Rhode Island banking crisis
12521:Cameroonian economic crisis
12307:Early Soviet hyperinflation
11920:Crisis of the Third Century
11617:Narcissism in the workplace
10830:Occupational exposure limit
9643:1997 Asian financial crisis
9276:Civil War-era United States
7599:University of Chicago Press
7385:The Crisis of Neoliberalism
7219:. BBC News. October 6, 2009
6191:. Gfmag.com. Archived from
4884:Batra, Ravi (May 8, 2011).
2896:September 25, 2008, at the
2585:
2467:November 2008 in Washington
2456:2008 G-20 Washington summit
2445:in proportion to their GDPs
2244:The crisis accelerated the
1998:International Energy Agency
688:definition criteria by all
663:
563:International Monetary Fund
10:
13260:
13084:Sri Lankan economic crisis
12942:Energy crisis in Venezuela
12921:2009 Dubai debt standstill
12771:2007β2008 financial crisis
12426:Latin American debt crisis
12189:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
11546:Civil Works Administration
11428:Technological unemployment
10904:Workplace health promotion
10361:Professional certification
10058:Personalityβjob fit theory
9419:PostβWorld War I recession
9239:Post-Napoleonic Depression
8745:Capital Assistance Program
8687:2007β2008 financial crisis
8569:2007β2008 financial crisis
8461:Mortgage-backed securities
8072:Automotive industry crisis
7932:ILO Job Crisis Observatory
7866:December 11, 2016, at the
7382:; LΓ©vy, Dominique (2013).
7330:W. W. Norton & Company
6213:"Ukrainian recession data"
3636:. May 2009. Archived from
2968:V.I. Keilis-Borok et al.,
2676:Fractional-reserve banking
2671:2007β2008 financial crisis
2560:
2509:
2392:β¬200 billion stimulus plan
2259:
2213:
2207:
2021:
1784:
1677:
1666:
1662:
1569:reported in January 2011:
1294:
1212:disposable personal income
1210:as a percentage of annual
848:2007β2008 financial crisis
845:
839:
692:, representing 85% of the
197:2007β2008 financial crisis
29:
21:2007β2008 financial crisis
18:
13234:2010s in economic history
13229:2000s in economic history
13175:
13152:2022 stock market decline
13144:Pakistani economic crisis
13130:2021β2023 inflation surge
13076:Lebanese liquidity crisis
13045:Venezuelan hyperinflation
13037:Brexit stock market crash
12986:Venezuela economic crisis
12908:
12758:
12748:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
12458:
12376:
12347:
12331:Wall Street Crash of 1929
12294:
12171:2nd Industrial Revolution
12169:
12105:
12005:1st Industrial Revolution
12003:
11930:
11908:
11763:
11665:
11564:
11526:Guaranteed minimum income
11483:
11324:
11198:
11111:Organizational commitment
11063:
10955:
10922:
10785:
10710:
10587:
10514:
10448:
10235:
10157:
10101:
9951:
9848:
9657:
9593:
9538:
9492:
9407:
9329:2nd Industrial Revolution
9322:
9269:
9262:(1836β1838 and 1839β1843)
9178:1st Industrial Revolution
9176:
9145:
8946:Price-and-wage stickiness
8907:
8846:Foreclosure rescue scheme
8828:
8755:Federal Reserve responses
8710:
8702:Indirect economic effects
8677:
8659:housing market correction
8645:
8622:
8559:
8516:
8474:
8466:Secondary mortgage market
8431:
8387:rescues, and acquisitions
8385:Government interventions,
8384:
8376:Zero interest-rate policy
8323:
8235:
8224:
8153:
8100:
8087:Housing market correction
8064:
8009:
6996:Asia Manufacturing Pharma
6531:(2010), 56#2, pp 113-129.
5725:The Sydney Morning Herald
5536:The Sydney Morning Herald
4470:"The global housing boom"
4323:, esp. p. 9 and appendix.
3809:The Housing Boom and Bust
3768:. University of Chicago.
3375:"Fighting Off Depression"
2686:Great Recession in Europe
2549:On November 2, 2017, the
2529:Reserve Bank of Australia
2385:European policy responses
2334:On November 9, 2008, the
2325:Reserve Bank of Australia
1795:Great Recession in Europe
1073:Wealthy and middle-class
835:
779:in the United States and
702:‑weighted real GDP
143:
110:
100:
90:
82:
66:
13244:2007 in economic history
12813:Subprime mortgage crisis
12476:Brazilian hyperinflation
12448:Brazilian hyperinflation
12285:Financial crisis of 1914
11993:Mississippi bubble crash
11695:Aspects of organizations
11376:Involuntary unemployment
10937:Equal pay for equal work
10860:Repetitive strain injury
10366:Professional development
10356:Professional association
10038:Letter of recommendation
9610:1990s United States boom
9398:Financial crisis of 1914
8750:Capital Purchase Program
8484:(United States; c. 2009)
8216:UK Financial Investments
8101:Banking losses and fraud
8092:Subprime mortgage crisis
8077:California budget crisis
7887:"What Caused the Crisis"
7619:(OECD Publishing, 2010)
7390:Harvard University Press
7264:. London. Archived from
6942:Harvard University Press
6904:Massot, Pascale (2024).
6647:Cornell University Press
6596:: CS1 maint: location (
6298:. NBC News. May 19, 2009
5210:. Brookings Institution.
2465:met in a summit held on
2288:Capital Purchase Program
2262:Subprime mortgage crisis
1698:Subprime mortgage crisis
1491:mortgage-backed security
1182:High private debt levels
898:The great asset bubble:
878: Total job openings
798:of the 1930s. Economist
580:subprime mortgage crisis
177:Subprime mortgage crisis
34:during the 1930s or the
13188:List of economic crises
13106:2020 stock market crash
13099:Financial market impact
13068:Turkish economic crisis
12683:9/11 stock market crash
12639:October 1997 mini-crash
12610:1994 bond market crisis
12602:Yugoslav hyperinflation
12513:Savings and loan crisis
12114:European potato failure
11680:Aspects of corporations
11642:Slow movement (culture)
11521:Employer of last resort
11423:Structural unemployment
11361:Frictional unemployment
10800:Epilepsy and employment
10687:Performance-related pay
10621:National average salary
10539:996 working hour system
9425:Depression of 1920β1921
9357:Depression of 1882β1885
9271:Early Victorian Britain
9006:Real and nominal values
8765:Government intervention
8502:(worldwide; 2011β2012)
8441:Auction rate securities
8171:Federal Home Loan Banks
7779:April 20, 2021, at the
7761:April 20, 2021, at the
6910:Oxford University Press
6028:. BRUSSELS: Reuters.com
5185:projects.propublica.org
4800:"Examining the Big Lie"
4319:April 15, 2015, at the
4129:"The End of the Affair"
3277:Cite magazine requires
3166:The Wall Street Journal
3046:The Wall Street Journal
2806:The Investopedia Team.
2731:Savings and loan crisis
2681:Great Recession in Asia
1529:prices to other banks (
1271:, Jens Kjaer SΓΈrensen,
1136:The Giant Pool of Money
1061:balance sheet recession
871:Total unemployed people
678:decline in annual real
156:Part of a series on the
42:
13181:List of banking crises
12950:Syrian economic crisis
12883:Blue Monday Crash 2009
12492:Chilean crisis of 1982
12323:ShΕwa financial crisis
12129:Highland Potato Famine
11985:South Sea bubble crash
11776:Commodity price shocks
11690:Aspects of occupations
11496:Unemployment insurance
11448:Unemployment extension
11418:Reserve army of labour
11223:Constructive dismissal
11030:Sleeping while on duty
10995:Exploitation of labour
10877:Sick building syndrome
10053:Personβenvironment fit
9923:Independent contractor
9530:Recession of 1969β1970
9525:Recession of 1960β1961
9484:Recession of 1937β1938
8632:Background information
8191:Federal Reserve System
8065:United States-specific
7925:ongoing coverage from
7916:ongoing coverage from
7889:, collection of papers
7601:. pp. 1243β1256.
7417:March 5, 2022, at the
6730:on September 24, 2008.
6670:Langley, Paul (2015).
6145:"Reflating the dragon"
4913:"Ravi Batra interview"
4815:"Triumph of the Wrong"
3328:March 3, 2009, at the
2975:July 16, 2011, at the
2928:"headword "recession""
2661:2000s commodities boom
2569:Dominique Strauss-Kahn
2506:Raising interest rates
2492:Policy recommendations
2446:
2350:
2271:
2198:pro-independence march
2169:
2137:
1952:
1848:
1804:
1719:private sector surplus
1709:
1701:
1641:. Feminist economists
1583:GrammβLeachβBliley Act
1579:
1563:
1506:
1438:. Derivatives such as
1421:Ineffective regulation
1306:
1235:Pre-recession warnings
1203:
1191:
1118:
1029:
986:Federal Reserve Chair
984:
929:
886:
738:
711:According to the U.S.
277:G-20 Washington summit
55:considered for merging
12506:Black Saturday (1983)
12360:Kennedy Slide of 1962
11932:Commercial revolution
11700:Aspects of workplaces
11438:Unemployment benefits
11433:Types of unemployment
11371:Graduate unemployment
11265:Letter of resignation
10894:Workers' compensation
10887:Occupational fatality
10396:Vocational university
9996:Employment counsellor
9648:Early 2000s recession
9615:Early 1990s recession
9567:Early 1980s recession
9147:Commercial revolution
9045:Nominal interest rate
8541:Decline of newspapers
8488:2009 May Day protests
8434:and financial markets
8324:Stimulus and recovery
7912:June 7, 2009, at the
7843:31.3 (1984): 209β228.
7750:Sorkin, Andrew Ross.
7685:(Princeton UP, 2009)
7298:on September 15, 2010
7085:"EU resists deficits"
6885:on September 19, 2008
6806:on February 19, 2009.
6645:. Ithaca and London:
6641:Chen, Muyang (2024).
5674:. BBC. April 24, 2009
5333:on September 19, 2013
4747:. September 19, 2008.
3097:. G20. Archived from
2544:Reserve Bank of India
2512:Corporate debt bubble
2510:Further information:
2439:in the United Kingdom
2436:
2344:
2329:Reserve Bank of India
2269:
2160:
2131:
1939:
1842:
1802:
1785:Further information:
1707:
1695:
1678:Further information:
1575:lender of last resort
1571:
1558:
1515:shadow banking system
1504:
1497:Shadow banking system
1464:, Treasury Secretary
1432:financial instruments
1304:
1295:Further information:
1269:Jakob BrΓΈchner Madsen
1197:
1189:
1172:early 2000s recession
1116:
1042:shadow banking system
1027:
1005:repurchase agreements
997:shadow banking system
979:
897:
855:
846:Further information:
769:shadow banking system
743:shadow banking system
721:
672:criteria for being a
635:defined operationally
75:real GDP growth rates
13060:Ghana banking crisis
12890:European debt crisis
12675:Dot-com bubble crash
12587:Cuban Special Period
12046:Copper Panic of 1789
11951:The Great Debasement
11943:Great Bullion Famine
11506:Job creation program
11282:Mandatory retirement
11235:Employee offboarding
11055:Workplace incivility
11050:Workplace harassment
10825:Occupational disease
10820:Occupational burnout
10735:Disability insurance
10579:Workweek and weekend
10386:Vocational education
10301:Continuing education
10139:Permanent employment
9214:Copper Panic of 1789
8851:Property derivatives
8790:Regulatory responses
8564:European debt crisis
8456:Credit default swaps
8432:Securities involved
8238:stability and reform
7966:University of Oxford
7846:Zuckerman, Gregory.
7768:Stiglitz, Joseph E.
7659:Read, Colin (2009).
7651:33.2 (2019): 89-114
7633:. London: Headline.
7547:10.1257/jel.50.1.151
7513:. pp. 747β776.
7477:. pp. 368β388.
7447:. pp. 507β532.
7388:(Reprint ed.).
7002:on December 11, 2008
6853:. New York: Viking.
6427:on February 28, 2009
6276:on February 19, 2009
5838:on December 16, 2008
5309:on January 19, 2013.
5085:on February 23, 2020
5079:New Policy Institute
4057:on December 16, 2008
3916:on February 28, 2020
3617:"Declaration of G20"
3228:(January 15, 2009).
3101:on February 10, 2015
2523:On October 6, 2009,
2452:G-20 major economies
2443:in the United States
2057:European debt crisis
1879:Effects on Democracy
1787:European debt crisis
1656:ecological economics
1635:financial capitalism
1440:credit default swaps
858:inverted yield curve
736:2008 nationalisation
698:seasonally adjusted
212:European debt crisis
135:financial regulation
13016:2015 Nepal blockade
12726:2000s energy crisis
12624:Mexican peso crisis
12529:Black Monday (1987)
12389:1970s energy crisis
12349:PostβWWII expansion
12023:Bengal bubble crash
11818:Financial contagion
11411:Recession-proof job
11406:Lists of recessions
11344:Economic depression
11292:Retirement planning
11173:Workβlife interface
11010:Employee monitoring
10978:Corporate behaviour
10968:Accounting scandals
10850:Occupational stress
10840:Occupational injury
10376:Reflective practice
10371:Professional school
10093:Work-at-home scheme
10013:Induction programme
9991:Employment contract
9971:Business networking
9550:1973β1975 recession
9494:PostβWWII expansion
9168:Great Frost of 1709
8996:Neutrality of money
8977:Classical dichotomy
8893:Economic expansions
8669:Government policies
8524:2000s energy crisis
8236:Banking and finance
8154:Government entities
7735:10.2298/PAN1204421S
7410:32.3 (2018): 3-30.
7292:The Daily Telegraph
7262:The Daily Telegraph
7062:"It Doesn't Exist!"
6980:. November 1, 2013.
6774:. February 14, 2009
6622:on December 8, 2008
6509:on February 4, 2009
6076:on January 24, 2013
6005:. NEW YORK: Reuters
5950:. London: Telegraph
5861:. London: Telegraph
5814:Wall Street Journal
5749:on October 6, 2011.
5700:on December 1, 2009
5629:on December 2, 2010
5603:on December 2, 2010
4529:The Washington Post
3494:The Washington Post
3168:. December 1, 2008.
2474:Another G-20 summit
2410:bank rescue package
2018:Timeline of effects
1593:-winning economist
1589:for the crisis, by
1556:wrote in May 2009:
1457:The Washington Post
1407:housing price crash
1221:economic inequality
788:international trade
752:US mortgage-backed
726:at a branch of the
591:developed economies
182:2000s energy crisis
121:Real-estate bubbles
63:
12278:Panic of 1910β1911
12122:Great Irish Famine
12060:Panic of 1796β1797
11899:Stock market crash
11674:See also templates
11511:Job creation index
11475:Youth unemployment
11339:Discouraged worker
11228:Wrongful dismissal
11208:At-will employment
11081:Civil conscription
11045:Workplace bullying
10932:Affirmative action
10914:Workplace wellness
10845:Occupational noise
10486:Long service leave
10346:Overspecialization
10326:Induction training
10281:Career development
9732:COVID-19 recession
9392:Panic of 1910β1911
9224:Panic of 1796β1797
9050:Real interest rate
9018:Economic expansion
8820:Wall Street reform
8805:Tea Party protests
8506:Occupy Wall Street
8482:Tea Party protests
8140:Scott W. Rothstein
7943:, Lauren Falcao, "
7870:, September 2013,
7823:Regnery Publishing
7821:. Washington, DC:
7467:Wooldridge, Adrian
7243:The New York Times
7178:The New York Times
7028:. October 6, 2008.
6823:The New York Times
6747:The New York Times
6704:. October 12, 2008
6702:The New York Times
6698:"Gordon Does Good"
6407:The New York Times
6195:on August 16, 2010
5660:on April 29, 2011.
5160:The New York Times
5109:federalreserve.gov
4950:BjΓΈrnholt, Margunn
4935:BjΓΈrnholt, Margunn
4864:The New York Times
4838:The New York Times
4819:The New York Times
4802:. The Big Picture.
4686:The New York Times
4660:The New York Times
4634:The New York Times
4456:The New York Times
4236:huffingtonpost.com
4156:The New York Times
3692:10.20955/es.2016.1
3467:The New York Times
3379:The New York Times
3212:The New York Times
2736:COVID-19 recession
2721:Stock market crash
2497:IMF recommendation
2447:
2351:
2307:The New York Times
2272:
2194:secession movement
2183:Occupy Wall Street
2170:
2138:
2053:European countries
1953:
1949:Australian economy
1945:financial district
1849:
1845:Eurozone countries
1834:CIA World Factbook
1818:CIA World Factbook
1805:
1710:
1702:
1652:feminist economics
1525:) or were sold at
1507:
1307:
1297:Real-estate bubble
1204:
1192:
1168:Austrian theorists
1164:Federal funds rate
1119:
1079:speculative bubble
1030:
930:
887:
819:sustainable growth
739:
706:quarter on quarter
295:G-20 London Summit
73:World map showing
61:
25:COVID-19 recession
13211:
13210:
13092:COVID-19 pandemic
11977:Tulip mania crash
11968:Kipper und Wipper
11945:(c. 1400βc. 1500)
11723:
11722:
11622:Post-work society
11602:Kiss up kick down
11334:Barriers to entry
11299:Severance package
11131:Human trafficking
11025:Sexual harassment
11005:Employee handbook
10924:Equal opportunity
10787:Safety and health
10777:Take-home vehicle
10391:Vocational school
10341:Lifelong learning
10316:Further education
10276:Career counseling
10271:Career assessment
10048:Overqualification
9808:
9807:
9519:Recession of 1958
9513:Recession of 1953
9507:Recession of 1949
9204:Thirteen Colonies
9011:Velocity of money
8941:Paradox of thrift
8859:
8858:
8780:Loan modification
8775:Hope Now Alliance
8582:
8581:
8551:Retail apocalypse
8496:(MENA; 2010β2012)
8427:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8319:
8318:
8299:Bank stress tests
7832:978-1-59698-587-2
7674:978-0-230-22218-2
7640:978-0-7553-6054-3
7591:Meltzer, Allan H.
7399:978-0-674-07224-4
7268:on April 17, 2009
7245:. March 19, 2010.
7091:on March 28, 2009
6951:978-0-674-98426-4
6919:978-0-19-777140-2
6860:978-1-9848-7828-1
6476:Los Angeles Times
5982:on March 26, 2009
5187:. August 18, 0202
4964:. pp. 7β20.
4614:978-0-393-07101-6
4525:"What Went Wrong"
4452:"2005: In a Word"
4312:, available via:
4184:on March 27, 2016
4080:. Mises Institute
4030:. Mises Institute
3819:978-0-465-01880-2
3775:978-0-226-08194-6
3679:Economic Synopses
3336:January 27, 2009.
3026:Kuttner, Robert.
2948:(July 15, 2010).
2576:Olivier Blanchard
2121:prepared for the
1832:According to the
1781:Effects on Europe
1725:. Then-Fed Chair
1647:Margunn BjΓΈrnholt
1639:political changes
1478:Brooksley E. Born
1134:winning program "
1087:income inequality
1055:Record levels of
956:Peter J. Wallison
884: Total quits
826:economic recovery
759:The emergence of
682:per‑capita
639:contraction phase
551:
550:
405:Business failures
151:
150:
36:Great Resignation
13251:
13204:
13197:
13190:
13183:
13168:
13161:
13154:
13147:
13139:
13132:
13125:
13115:
13108:
13101:
13094:
13087:
13079:
13071:
13063:
13055:
13048:
13040:
13032:
13025:
13018:
13011:
13004:
12996:
12989:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12960:
12953:
12945:
12937:
12930:
12923:
12899:
12892:
12885:
12878:
12871:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12843:
12836:
12829:
12822:
12815:
12808:
12801:
12794:
12787:
12780:
12773:
12751:
12743:
12736:
12729:
12721:
12714:
12707:
12700:
12693:
12686:
12678:
12670:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
12634:
12627:
12619:
12612:
12605:
12597:
12590:
12582:
12575:
12568:
12561:
12554:
12546:
12538:
12531:
12524:
12516:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12487:
12479:
12465:Great Regression
12460:Great Moderation
12451:
12443:
12436:
12429:
12421:
12413:
12406:
12399:
12392:
12369:
12362:
12340:
12333:
12326:
12318:
12310:
12287:
12280:
12273:
12265:
12258:
12251:
12244:
12236:
12229:
12222:
12214:
12206:
12198:
12191:
12184:
12162:
12154:
12147:
12140:
12131:
12124:
12117:
12098:
12091:
12084:
12077:
12069:
12062:
12055:
12048:
12041:
12033:
12026:
12018:
11996:
11988:
11980:
11972:
11962:
11954:
11946:
11923:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11878:
11871:
11864:
11857:
11850:
11848:Liquidity crisis
11843:
11836:
11827:
11825:Social contagion
11820:
11813:
11806:
11799:
11792:
11785:
11778:
11771:
11757:Financial crises
11750:
11743:
11736:
11727:
11726:
11710:Critique of work
11705:Corporate titles
11673:
11672:
11592:Evil corporation
11458:Employment rates
11381:Jobless recovery
11349:Great Depression
11309:Golden parachute
11304:Golden handshake
11101:Job satisfaction
11091:Critique of work
10909:Workplace phobia
10740:Health insurance
10697:Wage compression
10665:Progressive wage
10524:35-hour workweek
10491:No call, no show
10481:Leave of absence
10331:Knowledge worker
10259:Master craftsman
10063:Personality hire
10001:Executive search
9981:Curriculum vitae
9966:Background check
9835:
9828:
9821:
9812:
9811:
9600:Great Regression
9595:Great Moderation
9441:Great Depression
9430:Roaring Twenties
8951:Underconsumption
8921:Effective demand
8912:Aggregate demand
8886:
8879:
8872:
8863:
8862:
8609:
8602:
8595:
8586:
8585:
8475:Social responses
8400:
8399:
8296:
8295:
8226:
8225:
7996:
7989:
7982:
7973:
7972:
7923:Global Recession
7907:Global Recession
7836:
7813:Woods, Thomas E.
7808:
7754:(Penguin, 2010)
7747:
7737:
7712:
7700:
7678:
7666:
7644:
7612:
7579:Levy, Jonathan.
7576:
7558:
7524:
7488:
7458:
7403:
7375:
7343:
7322:Bernanke, Ben S.
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7191:
7182:
7181:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7161:. April 2, 2009.
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6843:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6799:. Archived from
6798:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6726:. Archived from
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6595:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6538:
6532:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6505:. Archived from
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6416:
6410:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6242:. Archived from
6241:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6220:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6125:. Online.wsj.com
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6102:on March 3, 2010
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5656:. Archived from
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5599:. Archived from
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5543:on March 2, 2016
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5404:. April 24, 2012
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5375:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5326:. Archived from
5325:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5305:. Archived from
5299:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5274:
5263:
5262:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5081:. Archived from
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4947:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4719:on June 20, 2014
4718:
4712:. Archived from
4711:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4553:. Vanityfair.com
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4520:
4511:
4495:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4330:
4324:
4308:Dirk J Bezemer:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4287:on March 7, 2013
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4101:"After the Fall"
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3940:mitsloan.mit.edu
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3909:. Archived from
3908:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3721:on April 2, 2015
3711:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3643:on June 20, 2014
3642:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3574:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3343:
3337:
3321:David Lightman.
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3249:
3238:
3237:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2980:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2818:on June 26, 2021
2814:. Archived from
2803:
2797:
2796:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2753:
2696:Great Regression
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2600:Economics portal
2597:
2596:
2429:Global responses
2403:Hypo Real Estate
2246:financialization
2204:Policy responses
2046:global recession
1746:banking bailouts
1273:Kurt RichebΓ€cher
883:
877:
868:
796:Great Depression
777:commercial banks
773:investment banks
674:global recession
567:Great Depression
543:
536:
529:
153:
152:
71:
64:
60:
58:
32:Great Depression
13259:
13258:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13250:
13249:
13248:
13224:Great Recession
13214:
13213:
13212:
13207:
13200:
13193:
13186:
13179:
13171:
13164:
13157:
13150:
13142:
13135:
13128:
13120:
13111:
13104:
13097:
13090:
13082:
13074:
13066:
13058:
13051:
13043:
13035:
13028:
13021:
13014:
13007:
12999:
12992:
12984:
12977:
12970:
12963:
12956:
12948:
12940:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12912:
12910:Information Age
12904:
12895:
12888:
12881:
12874:
12867:
12860:
12853:
12846:
12839:
12832:
12825:
12818:
12811:
12804:
12797:
12790:
12783:
12776:
12769:
12762:
12760:Great Recession
12754:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12724:
12717:
12710:
12703:
12696:
12689:
12681:
12673:
12665:
12658:
12651:
12644:
12637:
12630:
12622:
12615:
12608:
12600:
12593:
12585:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12549:
12541:
12534:
12527:
12519:
12511:
12504:
12497:
12490:
12482:
12474:
12467:
12463:
12454:
12446:
12441:1979 oil crisis
12439:
12432:
12424:
12416:
12409:
12402:
12397:1973 oil crisis
12395:
12387:
12380:
12378:Great Inflation
12372:
12365:
12358:
12351:
12343:
12336:
12329:
12321:
12313:
12305:
12298:
12296:Interwar period
12290:
12283:
12276:
12268:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12239:
12232:
12225:
12217:
12209:
12201:
12194:
12187:
12180:
12173:
12165:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12127:
12120:
12112:
12101:
12094:
12087:
12080:
12072:
12065:
12058:
12051:
12044:
12036:
12029:
12021:
12014:
12007:
11999:
11991:
11983:
11975:
11965:
11957:
11949:
11941:
11934:
11926:
11918:
11904:
11897:
11890:
11883:
11874:
11867:
11860:
11853:
11846:
11839:
11832:
11823:
11816:
11809:
11802:
11797:Currency crisis
11795:
11788:
11781:
11774:
11767:
11759:
11754:
11724:
11719:
11715:Organized labor
11685:Aspects of jobs
11661:
11652:Toxic workplace
11587:Emotional labor
11560:
11484:Public programs
11479:
11396:Great Recession
11366:Full employment
11354:Long Depression
11320:
11218:Banishment room
11194:
11116:Refusal of work
11059:
10983:Corporate crime
10951:
10918:
10781:
10706:
10583:
10510:
10444:
10321:Graduate school
10231:
10153:
10097:
10088:Underemployment
9947:
9891:Self-employment
9866:Contingent work
9856:Academic tenure
9849:Classifications
9844:
9839:
9809:
9804:
9669:Great Recession
9661:
9659:Information Age
9653:
9602:
9598:
9589:
9542:
9540:Great Inflation
9534:
9496:
9488:
9411:
9409:Interwar period
9403:
9339:Long Depression
9331:
9327:
9318:
9278:
9274:
9265:
9180:
9172:
9149:
9141:
9106:U.S. recessions
9101:U.K. recessions
9033:U.S. expansions
8903:
8890:
8860:
8855:
8824:
8706:
8692:Great Recession
8673:
8641:
8637:Impact timeline
8618:
8613:
8583:
8578:
8555:
8512:
8500:Occupy movement
8470:
8433:
8419:
8398:
8386:
8380:
8315:
8294:
8237:
8231:
8220:
8149:
8096:
8060:
8005:
8003:Great Recession
8000:
7914:Wayback Machine
7868:Wayback Machine
7857:
7833:
7805:
7781:Wayback Machine
7763:Wayback Machine
7709:
7675:
7641:
7609:
7521:
7503:Kynaston, David
7491:Krugman, Paul.
7485:
7463:Greenspan, Alan
7455:
7435:Greenspan, Alan
7419:Wayback Machine
7400:
7380:DumΓ©nil, GΓ©rard
7348:Coffee, John C.
7340:
7317:
7315:Further reading
7312:
7311:
7301:
7299:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7271:
7269:
7254:
7250:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7170:
7166:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7138:
7136:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7081:
7077:
7067:
7065:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7005:
7003:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6952:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6886:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6844:
6837:
6827:
6825:
6815:
6811:
6803:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6739:
6735:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6589:
6588:
6581:
6579:
6566:
6562:
6552:
6550:
6539:
6535:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6451:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6417:
6413:
6402:Romero, Simon.
6401:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6279:
6277:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6249:on May 14, 2012
6246:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6126:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6022:
6018:
6008:
6006:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5953:
5951:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5758:
5754:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5572:. March 2, 2016
5561:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5466:
5462:
5451:
5447:
5436:
5432:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5356:. Money.cnn.com
5350:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5266:
5258:Financial Times
5249:
5245:
5234:
5230:
5219:
5215:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5130:"TARP Programs"
5128:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4945:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4892:on June 4, 2011
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4830:
4826:
4811:
4807:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4521:
4514:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4321:Wayback Machine
4307:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4187:
4185:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3801:
3797:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3605:. January 2011.
3602:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3330:Wayback Machine
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3294:
3290:
3279:|magazine=
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3226:Nouriel Roubini
3223:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3177:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3142:on May 22, 2023
3134:
3133:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3006:
3002:
2987:
2983:
2977:Wayback Machine
2967:
2963:
2943:
2939:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2904:
2898:Wayback Machine
2889:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2706:Kondratiev wave
2666:Economic bubble
2640:
2635:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2565:
2559:
2551:Bank of England
2514:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2431:
2418:Peer SteinbrΓΌck
2387:
2320:
2264:
2258:
2250:sovereign funds
2218:
2212:
2206:
2187:Occupy movement
2115:
2065:
2026:
2020:
1934:
1881:
1797:
1783:
1767:President Trump
1758:President Obama
1690:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1627:
1625:Systemic crisis
1603:
1595:Joseph Stiglitz
1523:Lehman Brothers
1499:
1428:
1423:
1411:negative equity
1299:
1293:
1291:Housing bubbles
1277:Nouriel Roubini
1237:
1200:Carmen Reinhart
1184:
1152:
1150:Monetary policy
1111:
1091:wage stagnation
1022:
1014:Too big to fail
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
892:
885:
881:
879:
875:
873:
866:
850:
844:
838:
811:monetary policy
765:Lehman Brothers
666:
623:
555:Great Recession
547:
511:
510:
509:
467:
459:
458:
457:
443:Lehman Brothers
407:
397:
396:
395:
310:
302:
301:
300:
291:(December 2008)
285:(November 2008)
279:(November 2008)
265:
263:Summit meetings
255:
254:
253:
228:
218:
217:
216:
171:
162:Great Recession
139:
78:
62:Great Recession
59:
43:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13257:
13247:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13209:
13208:
13206:
13205:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13170:
13169:
13162:
13155:
13148:
13146:(2022βpresent)
13140:
13133:
13126:
13124:(2020βpresent)
13118:
13117:
13116:
13109:
13102:
13088:
13086:(2019βpresent)
13080:
13078:(2019βpresent)
13072:
13070:(2018βpresent)
13064:
13056:
13049:
13041:
13033:
13026:
13019:
13012:
13005:
12997:
12990:
12988:(2013βpresent)
12982:
12975:
12968:
12961:
12954:
12952:(2011βpresent)
12946:
12944:(2010βpresent)
12938:
12931:
12924:
12916:
12914:
12913:(2009βpresent)
12906:
12905:
12903:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12893:
12886:
12879:
12872:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12837:
12830:
12823:
12816:
12809:
12802:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12778:September 2008
12766:
12764:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12752:
12750:(2007βpresent)
12744:
12737:
12730:
12722:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12687:
12679:
12671:
12663:
12656:
12649:
12642:
12635:
12628:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12598:
12591:
12583:
12576:
12569:
12562:
12555:
12547:
12539:
12532:
12525:
12517:
12509:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12480:
12471:
12469:
12456:
12455:
12453:
12452:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12422:
12414:
12407:
12400:
12393:
12384:
12382:
12374:
12373:
12371:
12370:
12363:
12355:
12353:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12334:
12327:
12319:
12311:
12302:
12300:
12292:
12291:
12289:
12288:
12281:
12274:
12266:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12237:
12230:
12223:
12215:
12207:
12199:
12192:
12185:
12177:
12175:
12167:
12166:
12164:
12163:
12155:
12148:
12141:
12134:
12133:
12132:
12125:
12109:
12107:
12103:
12102:
12100:
12099:
12092:
12085:
12078:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12040:(c. 1780β1795)
12034:
12027:
12019:
12011:
12009:
12001:
12000:
11998:
11997:
11989:
11981:
11973:
11963:
11961:(c. 1600β1760)
11955:
11947:
11938:
11936:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11924:
11915:
11913:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11872:
11865:
11858:
11844:
11841:Hyperinflation
11837:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11814:
11807:
11800:
11793:
11786:
11779:
11772:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11753:
11752:
11745:
11738:
11730:
11721:
11720:
11718:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11676:
11675:
11666:
11663:
11662:
11660:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11637:Sunday scaries
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11561:
11554:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11487:
11485:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11466:
11465:
11460:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11388:
11386:Phillips curve
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11351:
11341:
11336:
11330:
11328:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11318:
11313:
11312:
11311:
11306:
11296:
11295:
11294:
11289:
11287:Retirement age
11284:
11274:
11269:
11268:
11267:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11240:Exit interview
11237:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11210:
11204:
11202:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11186:
11185:
11180:
11170:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10990:Discrimination
10987:
10986:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10959:
10957:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10942:Gender pay gap
10939:
10934:
10928:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10879:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10791:
10789:
10783:
10782:
10780:
10779:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10762:
10757:
10755:Parental leave
10752:
10750:Marriage leave
10747:
10745:Life insurance
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10716:
10714:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10635:
10634:
10633:
10628:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10601:Income bracket
10597:
10595:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10534:Eight-hour day
10531:
10526:
10520:
10518:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10425:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10293:
10291:Creative class
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10251:
10249:Apprenticeship
10245:
10243:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10217:Scarlet-collar
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10163:
10161:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10105:
10103:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10009:
10008:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9957:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9933:Temporary work
9930:
9925:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9901:Skilled worker
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9852:
9850:
9846:
9845:
9838:
9837:
9830:
9823:
9815:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9788:United Kingdom
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9729:
9728:
9727:
9722:
9720:United Kingdom
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9665:
9663:
9662:(2007βpresent)
9655:
9654:
9652:
9651:
9645:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9633:
9631:United Kingdom
9628:
9623:
9612:
9606:
9604:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9580:
9578:United Kingdom
9575:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9555:United Kingdom
9546:
9544:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9516:
9510:
9504:
9500:
9498:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9474:
9472:United Kingdom
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9438:
9435:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9415:
9413:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9377:
9374:
9368:
9362:
9359:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9345:United Kingdom
9335:
9333:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9310:
9304:
9301:
9295:
9292:
9286:
9282:
9280:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9257:
9254:
9251:
9245:
9242:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9221:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9184:
9182:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9153:
9151:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9120:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9052:
9047:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8960:
8958:Business cycle
8955:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8936:Overproduction
8933:
8928:
8923:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8889:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8866:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8836:Error accounts
8832:
8830:
8829:Related topics
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8716:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8651:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8612:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8589:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8520:
8518:
8517:Related topics
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8415:General Motors
8412:
8406:
8404:
8397:
8396:
8390:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8361:Green New Deal
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8302:
8300:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8241:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8145:Allen Stanford
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8082:Housing bubble
8079:
8074:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8041:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8029:
8019:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8006:
7999:
7998:
7991:
7984:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7959:
7954:
7948:
7939:Shimelse Ali,
7934:
7929:
7920:
7904:
7893:Global Outlook
7890:
7883:
7874:
7856:
7855:External links
7853:
7852:
7851:
7850:(Crown, 2010).
7844:
7837:
7831:
7809:
7803:
7783:
7766:
7748:
7728:(4): 421β440.
7722:Panoeconomicus
7713:
7707:
7690:
7679:
7673:
7656:
7645:
7639:
7623:
7613:
7608:978-0226213514
7607:
7587:
7577:
7541:(1): 151β178.
7525:
7520:978-1408868560
7519:
7499:
7489:
7484:978-0735222441
7483:
7459:
7454:978-0143114161
7453:
7431:
7421:
7404:
7398:
7376:
7344:
7339:978-0393247213
7338:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7279:
7248:
7230:
7208:
7183:
7164:
7146:
7124:
7102:
7075:
7053:
7031:
7026:Deutsche Welle
7013:
6983:
6965:
6950:
6925:
6918:
6896:
6866:
6859:
6835:
6809:
6785:
6759:
6733:
6715:
6689:
6683:978-0199683789
6682:
6662:
6655:
6633:
6603:
6560:
6533:
6520:
6497:Dobbs, David.
6489:
6461:
6438:
6419:Dobbs, David.
6411:
6395:
6383:
6358:
6340:
6321:
6309:
6287:
6260:
6228:
6206:
6180:
6158:
6136:
6113:
6087:
6061:
6039:
6016:
5993:
5961:
5938:
5916:
5894:
5872:
5849:
5819:
5800:
5778:
5752:
5730:
5711:
5685:
5663:
5640:
5614:
5583:
5554:
5522:
5489:
5475:
5460:
5445:
5430:
5427:. Independent.
5415:
5393:
5382:. Blogs.ft.com
5367:
5344:
5312:
5291:
5264:
5243:
5240:. Independent.
5228:
5213:
5198:
5172:
5146:
5121:
5096:
5066:
5040:
5029:
5003:
4977:
4970:
4926:
4903:
4876:
4850:
4824:
4805:
4790:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4730:
4698:
4672:
4646:
4620:
4613:
4590:
4564:
4541:
4512:
4498:Bethany McLean
4487:
4475:
4461:
4442:
4428:
4414:
4400:
4386:
4371:
4352:
4345:
4325:
4298:
4272:
4248:
4222:
4211:. Ritholtz.com
4199:
4168:
4142:
4120:
4114:10.3386/w16334
4091:
4068:
4041:
4018:
3996:
3974:
3952:
3927:
3895:
3871:
3847:
3825:
3818:
3804:Sowell, Thomas
3795:
3774:
3754:
3732:
3706:
3665:
3654:
3622:
3608:
3591:
3560:
3533:
3507:
3479:
3453:
3430:
3408:
3384:
3365:
3338:
3314:
3288:
3239:
3217:
3198:
3171:
3153:
3112:
3086:
3058:
3032:
3019:
3000:
2981:
2961:
2937:
2918:
2902:
2880:
2855:
2837:Singh, Manoj.
2829:
2798:
2789:978-9211091663
2788:
2770:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
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2688:
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2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2617:
2603:
2587:
2584:
2561:Main article:
2558:
2555:
2518:Bank of Israel
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2463:G-20 countries
2437:Bank bailouts
2430:
2427:
2386:
2383:
2319:
2316:
2260:Main article:
2257:
2254:
2235:European Union
2208:Main article:
2205:
2202:
2114:
2111:
2091:, and Taiwan.
2064:
2061:
2022:Main article:
2019:
2016:
1964:European Union
1933:
1930:
1880:
1877:
1782:
1779:
1771:Bernie Sanders
1754:George W. Bush
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1675:
1672:
1667:Main article:
1664:
1661:
1626:
1623:
1602:
1599:
1597:among others.
1539:Morgan Stanley
1498:
1495:
1480:, head of the
1462:Alan Greenspan
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1395:Alan Greenspan
1315:United Kingdom
1313:, France, the
1292:
1289:
1285:Robert Shiller
1254:Michael Hudson
1236:
1233:
1208:household debt
1183:
1180:
1176:dot-com bubble
1151:
1148:
1110:
1107:
1095:household debt
1083:
1082:
1075:house flippers
1071:
1068:
1065:debt deflation
1057:household debt
1053:
1045:
1021:
1018:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
891:
888:
880:
874:
865:
862:housing bubble
840:Main article:
837:
834:
761:sub-prime loan
665:
662:
657:Robert Kuttner
643:business cycle
622:
619:
615:minimal impact
607:economies grew
575:housing bubble
549:
548:
546:
545:
538:
531:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
491:
490:
485:
475:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
438:General Motors
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
409:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
361:Green New Deal
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
271:34th G8 summit
267:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
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241:
236:
230:
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224:
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220:
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214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
158:
157:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
138:
137:
131:
124:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
72:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13256:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13239:World economy
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13203:
13199:
13196:
13192:
13189:
13185:
13182:
13178:
13177:
13174:
13167:
13163:
13160:
13156:
13153:
13149:
13145:
13141:
13138:
13134:
13131:
13127:
13123:
13119:
13114:
13110:
13107:
13103:
13100:
13096:
13095:
13093:
13089:
13085:
13081:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13054:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13034:
13031:
13027:
13024:
13020:
13017:
13013:
13010:
13006:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12991:
12987:
12983:
12980:
12976:
12973:
12969:
12966:
12962:
12959:
12955:
12951:
12947:
12943:
12939:
12936:
12932:
12929:
12925:
12922:
12918:
12917:
12915:
12911:
12907:
12898:
12894:
12891:
12887:
12884:
12880:
12877:
12873:
12870:
12866:
12863:
12859:
12856:
12852:
12849:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12831:
12828:
12824:
12821:
12817:
12814:
12810:
12807:
12803:
12800:
12799:December 2008
12796:
12793:
12792:November 2008
12789:
12786:
12782:
12779:
12775:
12774:
12772:
12768:
12767:
12765:
12761:
12757:
12749:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12720:
12716:
12713:
12709:
12706:
12702:
12699:
12695:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12664:
12661:
12657:
12654:
12650:
12647:
12643:
12640:
12636:
12633:
12629:
12625:
12621:
12618:
12614:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12581:
12577:
12574:
12570:
12567:
12563:
12560:
12556:
12552:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12537:
12533:
12530:
12526:
12522:
12518:
12514:
12510:
12507:
12503:
12500:
12496:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12477:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12466:
12461:
12457:
12449:
12445:
12442:
12438:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12412:
12408:
12405:
12401:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12385:
12383:
12379:
12375:
12368:
12364:
12361:
12357:
12356:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12339:
12338:Panic of 1930
12335:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12303:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12286:
12282:
12279:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12264:
12263:Panic of 1907
12260:
12257:
12256:Panic of 1901
12253:
12250:
12249:Panic of 1896
12246:
12242:
12238:
12235:
12231:
12228:
12227:Panic of 1893
12224:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12211:Baring crisis
12208:
12204:
12203:Arendal crash
12200:
12197:
12196:Panic of 1884
12193:
12190:
12186:
12183:
12182:Panic of 1873
12179:
12178:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12160:
12156:
12153:
12152:Panic of 1866
12149:
12146:
12145:Panic of 1857
12142:
12139:
12138:Panic of 1847
12135:
12130:
12126:
12123:
12119:
12118:
12115:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12104:
12097:
12096:Panic of 1837
12093:
12090:
12089:Panic of 1825
12086:
12083:
12082:Panic of 1819
12079:
12075:
12071:
12068:
12064:
12061:
12057:
12054:
12053:Panic of 1792
12050:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12032:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12017:
12013:
12012:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11994:
11990:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11974:
11970:
11969:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11921:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11907:
11900:
11896:
11893:
11892:Social crisis
11889:
11886:
11885:Minsky moment
11882:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11866:
11863:
11859:
11856:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11845:
11842:
11838:
11835:
11831:
11826:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11815:
11812:
11811:Energy crisis
11808:
11805:
11801:
11798:
11794:
11791:
11787:
11784:
11783:Credit crunch
11780:
11777:
11773:
11770:
11766:
11765:
11762:
11758:
11751:
11746:
11744:
11739:
11737:
11732:
11731:
11728:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11677:
11668:
11667:
11664:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11612:Make-work job
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11563:
11559:
11558:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11531:Right to work
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11516:Job guarantee
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11501:Make-work job
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11482:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11323:
11317:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11300:
11297:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11272:Restructuring
11270:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11250:Notice period
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11191:
11188:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11156:Unfree labour
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11126:Bonded labour
11124:
11123:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11040:Whistleblower
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10973:Control fraud
10971:
10969:
10966:
10965:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10954:
10948:
10947:Glass ceiling
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10888:
10885:
10884:
10883:
10882:Work accident
10880:
10878:
10875:
10871:
10870:United States
10868:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10784:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10770:United States
10768:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10725:Casual Friday
10723:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10713:
10709:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10682:Paid time off
10680:
10678:
10677:Overtime rate
10675:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10659:
10658:United States
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10639:
10636:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10596:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10529:Four-day week
10527:
10525:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10517:
10513:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10413:Practice firm
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10311:Employability
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10212:Orange-collar
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10159:Working class
10156:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10100:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10033:Job interview
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9886:Part-time job
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9871:Full-time job
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9836:
9831:
9829:
9824:
9822:
9817:
9816:
9813:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9793:United States
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9735:
9734:
9733:
9730:
9726:
9725:United States
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9636:United States
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9617:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9596:
9592:
9584:
9583:United States
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9561:
9560:United States
9558:
9556:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9520:
9517:
9514:
9511:
9508:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9485:
9482:
9478:
9477:United States
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9439:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9399:
9396:
9393:
9390:
9387:
9386:Panic of 1907
9384:
9381:
9380:Panic of 1901
9378:
9375:
9372:
9371:Panic of 1893
9369:
9366:
9365:Baring crisis
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9351:
9350:United States
9348:
9346:
9342:
9341:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9325:
9321:
9314:
9311:
9308:
9307:Panic of 1866
9305:
9302:
9299:
9298:Panic of 1857
9296:
9293:
9290:
9289:Panic of 1847
9287:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9277:
9272:
9268:
9261:
9260:Panic of 1837
9258:
9255:
9252:
9249:
9248:Panic of 1825
9246:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9218:Panic of 1792
9215:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9163:Slump of 1706
9161:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9111:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9071:Balance sheet
9069:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9040:Interest rate
9038:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8887:
8882:
8880:
8875:
8873:
8868:
8867:
8864:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8605:
8603:
8598:
8596:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8558:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8515:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8473:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8430:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8383:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8322:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8234:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8130:Bernie Madoff
8128:
8126:
8125:Forex scandal
8123:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8108:Libor scandal
8106:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
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8067:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8033:
8032:South America
8030:
8028:
8027:United States
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7997:
7992:
7990:
7985:
7983:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7967:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7949:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7903:", June 2009.
7902:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7804:9780670024933
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
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7771:
7767:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7753:
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7741:
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7727:
7723:
7719:
7714:
7710:
7708:9780810883406
7704:
7699:
7698:
7691:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7670:
7665:
7664:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7627:Paulson, Hank
7624:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7529:Lo, Andrew W.
7526:
7522:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7475:Penguin Press
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7450:
7446:
7445:Penguin Books
7442:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7423:Gorman, Tom.
7422:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7395:
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7381:
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7319:
7318:
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7293:
7289:
7283:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7218:
7212:
7197:. MarketWatch
7196:
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7017:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6979:
6975:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6944:. p. 8.
6943:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6921:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6900:
6889:September 21,
6884:
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6856:
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6674:
6666:
6658:
6656:9781501775857
6652:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6599:
6593:
6582:September 16,
6577:
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6500:
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6344:
6336:
6335:Business Week
6332:
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6264:
6245:
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5898:
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5804:
5788:
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5763:
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5695:
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5602:
5598:
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5587:
5571:
5569:
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5558:
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5538:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5502:The Economist
5499:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5419:
5403:
5397:
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5374:
5372:
5355:
5348:
5329:
5322:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5239:
5232:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5202:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5038:
5033:
5018:
5014:
5007:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4971:9781927335277
4967:
4963:
4962:Demeter Press
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4914:
4907:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4865:
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4854:
4839:
4835:
4828:
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4778:
4771:
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4753:
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4739:
4734:
4715:
4708:
4702:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4599:Krugman, Paul
4594:
4578:
4571:
4569:
4552:
4545:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4517:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4499:
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4484:
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4404:
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4363:
4356:
4348:
4346:9780231543781
4342:
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4318:
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4311:
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3815:
3811:
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3805:
3799:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3765:House of Debt
3758:
3742:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
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3595:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3526:September 13,
3522:
3518:
3511:
3500:September 13,
3496:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3472:September 13,
3468:
3464:
3457:
3442:. Reuters.com
3441:
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3394:
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3284:
3271:
3270:cite magazine
3255:
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3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3080:September 17,
3075:
3068:
3062:
3051:September 17,
3047:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2946:Hulbert, Mark
2941:
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2929:
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2906:
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2659:
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2654:
2652:
2651:Basel Accords
2649:
2648:
2643:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2604:
2601:
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2521:
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2513:
2503:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:protectionism
2479:
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2468:
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2247:
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2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:United States
2228:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:Eurasia Group
2144:
2143:
2142:Business Week
2135:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2085:
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2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
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2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
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1902:
1898:
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1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:Goldman Sachs
1540:
1536:
1535:Merrill Lynch
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:Arthur Levitt
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:Michael Lewis
1441:
1437:
1433:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:The Economist
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Baltic states
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:United States
1303:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Fred Harrison
1247:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:Peabody Award
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:The Economist
1115:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
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1026:
1017:
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1006:
1002:
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994:
989:
983:
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976:
971:
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965:
961:
957:
948:
945:
942:
939:
938:
937:
935:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
890:Panel reports
872:
864:prices down.
863:
859:
854:
849:
843:
833:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:fiscal policy
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
737:
733:
729:
728:Northern Rock
725:
720:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
701:
695:
691:
687:
683:
681:
675:
671:
661:
658:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
618:
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612:
608:
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587:
583:
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560:
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532:
530:
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522:
521:
518:
515:
514:
506:
503:
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498:
496:
493:
489:
488:United States
486:
484:
483:South America
481:
480:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
463:
462:
454:
451:
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296:
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284:
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264:
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208:
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185:
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178:
175:
174:
170:Major aspects
167:
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154:
146:
142:
136:
132:
129:
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122:
119:
118:
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96:
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85:
81:
76:
70:
65:
56:
52:
51:
50:Infobox event
47:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
12785:October 2008
12759:
12667:Samba effect
12523:(1987β2000s)
12418:Steel crisis
12241:Black Monday
12219:Encilhamento
12159:Black Friday
11966:
11922:(235β284 CE)
11790:Credit cycle
11647:Toxic leader
11627:Presenteeism
11607:Labor rights
11597:Going postal
11572:Bullshit job
11555:
11540:
11535:
11395:
11326:Unemployment
11178:Downshifting
11161:Wage slavery
11141:Penal labour
11096:Dead-end job
11086:Conscription
10865:Right to sit
10720:Annual leave
10702:Working poor
10638:Minimum wage
10616:Maximum wage
10574:Working time
10564:Six-hour day
10466:Career break
10428:Professional
10222:Black-collar
10192:White-collar
10172:Green-collar
10149:Volunteering
9986:Drug testing
9976:Cover letter
9916:Tradesperson
9710:South Africa
9668:
9467:South Africa
9313:Black Friday
9130:Unemployment
8987:Money supply
8982:Disinflation
8926:General glut
8691:
8657: /
8002:
7968:, June 2014.
7947:, June 2009.
7927:The Guardian
7847:
7840:
7817:
7793:. New York:
7790:
7769:
7751:
7725:
7721:
7696:
7682:
7662:
7648:
7630:
7616:
7594:
7580:
7556:1721.1/75360
7538:
7532:
7509:. New York:
7506:
7492:
7473:. New York:
7470:
7443:. New York:
7439:
7424:
7407:
7384:
7355:
7351:
7328:. New York:
7325:
7300:. Retrieved
7296:the original
7291:
7282:
7270:. Retrieved
7266:the original
7261:
7251:
7242:
7233:
7221:. Retrieved
7211:
7199:. Retrieved
7177:
7167:
7158:
7149:
7137:. Retrieved
7127:
7115:. Retrieved
7105:
7093:. Retrieved
7089:the original
7078:
7068:December 15,
7066:. Retrieved
7056:
7044:. Retrieved
7034:
7016:
7004:. Retrieved
7000:the original
6986:
6968:
6937:
6934:Mitter, Rana
6928:
6905:
6899:
6887:. Retrieved
6883:the original
6878:
6869:
6850:
6826:. Retrieved
6822:
6812:
6801:the original
6788:
6778:February 27,
6776:. Retrieved
6771:
6762:
6750:. Retrieved
6746:
6736:
6728:the original
6718:
6706:. Retrieved
6701:
6692:
6672:
6665:
6642:
6636:
6624:. Retrieved
6620:the original
6616:Businessweek
6615:
6606:
6580:. Retrieved
6573:
6563:
6551:. Retrieved
6547:The Guardian
6546:
6536:
6528:
6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6507:the original
6502:
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6474:
6464:
6452:. Retrieved
6441:
6429:. Retrieved
6425:the original
6414:
6409:, June 2013.
6406:
6398:
6386:
6374:. Retrieved
6352:
6343:
6334:
6324:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6290:
6278:. Retrieved
6274:the original
6263:
6251:. Retrieved
6244:the original
6231:
6222:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6193:the original
6183:
6171:. Retrieved
6161:
6149:. Retrieved
6139:
6127:. Retrieved
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6100:the original
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6074:the original
6064:
6052:. Retrieved
6042:
6030:. Retrieved
6019:
6007:. Retrieved
5996:
5984:. Retrieved
5977:the original
5964:
5952:. Retrieved
5941:
5929:. Retrieved
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5897:
5885:. Retrieved
5875:
5863:. Retrieved
5852:
5840:. Retrieved
5836:the original
5831:
5822:
5813:
5803:
5791:. Retrieved
5781:
5771:February 20,
5769:. Retrieved
5765:
5755:
5747:the original
5742:
5733:
5724:
5714:
5702:. Retrieved
5698:the original
5688:
5676:. Retrieved
5666:
5658:the original
5653:
5643:
5631:. Retrieved
5627:the original
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5601:the original
5596:
5586:
5574:. Retrieved
5568:Nine Network
5566:
5557:
5545:. Retrieved
5541:the original
5534:
5525:
5513:. Retrieved
5501:
5492:
5478:
5463:
5448:
5433:
5418:
5406:. Retrieved
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5358:. Retrieved
5347:
5335:. Retrieved
5328:the original
5315:
5307:the original
5282:. Retrieved
5256:
5246:
5231:
5216:
5201:
5189:. Retrieved
5184:
5175:
5163:. Retrieved
5159:
5149:
5139:November 14,
5137:. Retrieved
5134:treasury.gov
5133:
5124:
5112:. Retrieved
5108:
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5083:the original
5078:
5069:
5057:. Retrieved
5053:
5043:
5032:
5020:. Retrieved
5016:
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:
4980:
4957:
4954:McKay, Ailsa
4939:McKay, Ailsa
4929:
4917:. Retrieved
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4890:the original
4879:
4867:. Retrieved
4863:
4853:
4841:. Retrieved
4837:
4827:
4818:
4808:
4793:
4783:November 20,
4781:. Retrieved
4770:
4761:
4752:
4733:
4721:. Retrieved
4714:the original
4701:
4691:November 20,
4689:. Retrieved
4685:
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4659:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4633:
4623:
4603:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4555:. Retrieved
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4528:
4505:
4478:
4464:
4455:
4445:
4431:
4417:
4403:
4389:
4374:
4365:
4355:
4335:
4328:
4309:
4289:. Retrieved
4285:the original
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4202:
4193:
4186:. Retrieved
4182:the original
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4155:
4145:
4135:February 27,
4133:. Retrieved
4123:
4104:
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4055:the original
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4021:
4009:. Retrieved
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3977:
3965:. Retrieved
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3911:the original
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3828:
3808:
3798:
3764:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3709:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3638:the original
3625:
3611:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3551:. Retrieved
3547:The Guardian
3546:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3492:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3387:
3378:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:The Guardian
3351:
3341:
3333:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3291:
3258:. Retrieved
3233:
3220:
3211:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3185:The Guardian
3184:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3144:. Retrieved
3140:the original
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3089:
3078:, retrieved
3073:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3045:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3013:
3003:
2994:
2984:
2964:
2953:
2940:
2931:
2921:
2905:
2873:February 15,
2871:. Retrieved
2846:. Retrieved
2843:Investopedia
2842:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:the original
2812:Investopedia
2811:
2801:
2793:
2779:
2773:
2763:December 19,
2761:. Retrieved
2751:
2642:2000s portal
2628:World portal
2614:Money portal
2574:
2566:
2548:
2533:
2522:
2515:
2500:
2486:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2396:
2388:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2352:
2333:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2295:Barack Obama
2292:
2273:
2243:
2219:
2191:
2179:
2171:
2166:anti-fascist
2152:
2140:
2139:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2012:
2006:
1992:
1973:
1969:Polish zloty
1954:
1882:
1870:
1865:Paul Krugman
1862:
1850:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1743:
1727:Ben Bernanke
1715:
1711:
1628:
1619:
1615:Paul Krugman
1611:
1604:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1531:Bear Stearns
1520:
1508:
1466:Robert Rubin
1455:
1453:
1429:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1335:South Africa
1308:
1281:Peter Schiff
1258:Eric Janszen
1246:Wynne Godley
1238:
1229:deleveraging
1225:
1217:Robert Reich
1205:
1157:
1153:
1143:Paul Krugman
1140:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1103:
1084:
1063:(similar to
1049:U.S. economy
1031:
1009:
1000:
988:Ben Bernanke
985:
980:
972:
952:
931:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
823:
804:
800:Paul Krugman
792:unemployment
785:
758:
751:
740:
710:
697:
677:
667:
654:
651:
624:
588:
584:
571:
554:
552:
297:(April 2009)
161:
114:
48:
40:
13062:(2017β2018)
13047:(2016β2022)
13003:(2014β2022)
12763:(2007β2009)
12728:(2003β2008)
12677:(2000β2004)
12626:(1994β1996)
12604:(1992β1994)
12589:(1991β2000)
12553:(1990β1992)
12545:(1990β1992)
12515:(1986β1995)
12478:(1982β1994)
12468:(1982β2007)
12450:(1980β1982)
12428:(1975β1982)
12420:(1973β1982)
12391:(1973β1980)
12381:(1973β1982)
12352:(1945β1973)
12317:(1921β1923)
12309:(1917β1924)
12299:(1918β1939)
12221:(1890β1893)
12174:(1870β1914)
12116:(1845β1856)
12076:(1815β1816)
12025:(1769β1784)
12008:(1760β1840)
11971:(1621β1623)
11953:(1544β1551)
11935:(1000β1760)
11834:Flash crash
11804:Debt crisis
11536:Historical:
11260:Resignation
11200:Termination
11183:Slow living
11151:Truck wages
11136:Labour camp
11064:Willingness
10956:Infractions
10611:Living wage
10559:Remote work
10227:Gold-collar
10182:Pink-collar
10177:Grey-collar
10167:Blue-collar
10134:Labour hire
10109:Cooperative
10073:Recruitment
10028:Job hunting
9961:Application
9943:Wage labour
9928:Labour hire
9881:Job sharing
9778:New Zealand
9736:2020β2022;
9700:New Zealand
9673:2007β2009;
9619:1990β1991;
9603:(1982β2007)
9571:1980β1982;
9543:(1973β1982)
9521:(1957β1958)
9515:(1953β1954)
9509:(1948β1949)
9497:(1945β1973)
9462:New Zealand
9445:1929β1939;
9421:(1918β1919)
9412:(1918β1939)
9394:(1910β1912)
9388:(1907β1908)
9382:(1902β1904)
9373:(1893β1897)
9367:(1890β1891)
9343:1873β1879;
9332:(1870β1914)
9315:(1869β1870)
9309:(1865β1867)
9300:(1857β1858)
9291:(1847β1848)
9279:(1840β1870)
9250:(1825β1826)
9241:(1815β1821)
9226:(1796β1799)
9220:(1789β1793)
9192:1772β1774;
9181:(1760β1840)
9159:(1430β1490)
9157:Great Slump
9150:(1000β1760)
9096:Stagflation
9055:Yield curve
9001:Price level
8494:Arab Spring
8403:Non-banking
8135:Tom Petters
7787:Tooze, Adam
7597:. Chicago:
7358:(1): 1β22.
7272:January 21,
7223:January 21,
7139:February 2,
7117:February 2,
7095:January 21,
7006:December 1,
6978:NDTV Profit
6708:February 5,
6626:January 21,
6302:January 21,
6129:January 21,
6106:January 21,
5793:January 10,
5678:January 21,
5633:January 21,
5607:January 21,
5191:January 16,
5165:January 16,
5114:January 16,
5089:January 16,
5059:January 16,
5022:January 16,
4996:January 16,
4869:January 16,
4843:January 16,
4579:. Bloomberg
4485:| Frontline
4483:The Warning
4241:October 24,
3743:. July 2014
3446:January 21,
3423:January 21,
3401:January 21,
3105:January 15,
2711:Lost Decade
2536:Norges Bank
2297:signed the
1994:South Korea
1853:Martin Wolf
1643:Ailsa McKay
1591:Nobel Prize
1554:Gary Gorton
1436:derivatives
1426:Derivatives
1359:South Korea
1323:New Zealand
975:Group of 20
690:G20 members
655:Journalist
633:, which is
621:Terminology
433:Freddie Mac
273:(July 2008)
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13218:Categories
11855:Accounting
11470:Wage curve
11277:Retirement
11190:Workaholic
11168:Work ethic
11035:Wage theft
11020:Labour law
11015:Evaluation
11000:Dress code
10765:Sick leave
10730:Child care
10692:Salary cap
10606:Income tax
10569:Shift work
10506:Time clock
10501:Sick leave
10496:Sabbatical
10461:Break room
10449:Attendance
10418:Profession
10403:Mentorship
10381:Retraining
10306:E-learning
10202:New-collar
10197:Red-collar
10144:Supervisor
10124:Internship
10043:Onboarding
9911:Technician
9906:Journeyman
9876:Gig worker
9842:Employment
9743:Bangladesh
9680:Bangladesh
9324:Gilded Age
9076:Depression
9028:Stagnation
8697:Writedowns
7941:Uri Dadush
7897:Uri Dadush
7511:Bloomsbury
7302:August 17,
6960:1141442704
6828:October 5,
6199:August 23,
6151:January 4,
6032:January 4,
6009:January 4,
5954:January 4,
5931:January 4,
5909:January 4,
5887:January 4,
5865:January 4,
5842:January 4,
5386:August 17,
5360:August 17,
5337:August 17,
5284:August 17,
5225:. US News.
4557:August 17,
4502:Joe Nocera
4366:MPRA Paper
4291:August 17,
4265:August 17,
4215:August 23,
4084:January 4,
4061:January 4,
4034:January 4,
3725:August 23,
3260:August 23,
3256:. NY books
3146:August 17,
2743:References
2580:wealth gap
2347:BSE Sensex
2233:, and the
2214:See also:
2161:Slovenian
2136:, May 2011
1980:Uzbekistan
1909:Madagascar
1885:Bangladesh
1871:Britain's
1863:Economist
1851:Economist
1631:Ravi Batra
1552:Economist
1265:Steve Keen
1242:Dean Baker
1099:deregulate
1020:Narratives
754:securities
428:Fannie Mae
115:(disputed)
13113:Recession
12106:1840β1870
11657:Workhouse
11577:Busy work
11391:Recession
11255:Pink slip
11213:Dismissal
11076:Careerism
10670:Singapore
10648:Hong Kong
10516:Schedules
10435:Tradesman
10336:Licensure
10296:Education
10266:Avocation
10207:No-collar
10187:Precariat
10068:Probation
10023:Job fraud
9783:Singapore
9738:Australia
9715:Sri Lanka
9675:Australia
9621:Australia
9447:Australia
9437:1926β1927
9434:1923β1924
9400:(1913β14)
9376:1899β1900
9232:1807β1810
9229:1802β1804
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9066:Recession
8967:Inflation
8963:Deflation
8712:Responses
8113:Tom Hayes
8010:By region
7583:(2021)
7573:145081442
7437:(2008) .
7372:153278046
6847:Jin, Keyu
6592:cite news
6513:April 22,
6450:. Reuters
6431:April 22,
6280:April 10,
6173:April 10,
6080:April 10,
6054:April 10,
5986:April 10,
5704:March 14,
5654:Bloomberg
5597:Bloomberg
5510:0013-0613
5408:March 14,
5280:. Cia.gov
4723:April 22,
4639:March 14,
4534:April 10,
4195:finished.
4188:April 22,
4161:March 14,
4011:April 22,
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3358:April 10,
3307:April 10,
3302:CNN Money
3191:April 10,
3095:"Members"
2525:Australia
2163:anarchist
2008:Australia
1905:Hong Kong
1901:Palestine
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1858:explained
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1775:candidacy
1762:Tea Party
1723:austerity
1527:fire sale
1472:Chairman
1434:known as
1371:Argentina
1355:Singapore
1262:Med Jones
815:Keynesian
790:, rising
694:world GDP
686:recession
680:world GDP
631:economics
613:suffered
603:Indonesia
559:recession
423:Citigroup
283:APEC Peru
105:Recession
95:Worldwide
53:is being
11769:Bank run
11565:See also
11491:Workfare
11316:Turnover
10712:Benefits
10593:salaries
10554:Overtime
10544:Flextime
10476:Gap year
10471:Furlough
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10423:Operator
10286:Coaching
10241:training
10119:Employer
10114:Employee
10018:Job fair
9896:Side job
9768:Malaysia
9753:Botswana
9705:Pakistan
9695:Malaysia
9199:Scotland
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9023:Recovery
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8022:Americas
7918:BBC News
7910:Archived
7864:Archived
7815:(2009).
7789:(2018).
7777:Archived
7759:Archived
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7629:(2010).
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7565:23269975
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7469:(2018).
7415:Archived
7324:(2015).
7159:BBC News
7046:March 9,
6936:(2020).
6849:(2023).
6772:BBC News
6549:. London
6353:Politico
5828:"Latvia"
5576:March 4,
5547:March 4,
4956:(eds.).
4941:(2014).
4745:ABC News
4741:Archived
4601:(2009).
4583:July 11,
4317:Archived
3806:(2009).
3549:. London
3354:. London
3326:Archived
3187:. London
2973:Archived
2955:Barron's
2894:Archived
2848:July 12,
2822:July 12,
2716:Peak oil
2586:See also
2542:and the
2367:renminbi
2358:and the
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730:bank in
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7687:summary
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6752:May 24,
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5743:Wotnews
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4665:May 24,
3074:Box 1.1
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1663:Effects
1650:within
1513:on the
1387:Ukraine
1383:Romania
1367:Finland
1347:Croatia
1327:Ireland
1040:on the
1001:private
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968:Freddie
958:of the
932:The US
611:Oceania
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466:Regions
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128:housing
13039:(2016)
12685:(2001)
12669:(1999)
12486:(1982)
12325:(1927)
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12243:(1894)
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