1410:
740:, the Greek provision was intended as a nod to the armed forces and was designed to assure them that the power was resting with the president of the republic. Indeed, the presidential authority in those domains extended far beyond simple determination of policy guidelines: The President could appoint and dismiss the ministers of public order, foreign affairs and national defence independently of the prime minister and unilaterally determined the state budget in those matters (only amendable by a two-thirds parliamentary supermajority), while Parliament's ability to regulate these matters in legislation was severely curtailed in favor of
138:
580:
756:
Council. However, as the first
President was Georgios Papadopoulos himself, any hypothetical civilian control of the armed forces this change could grant never manifested. Even so, this hypothetical civilian control would have created an internal contradiction, since the provisions of the 1968 Constitution tasking the military with the "maintenance of the social and political order" were left unatlered.
706:
fundamental provisions of the
Constitution as well as those that designate the form of government as a Crowned Democracy can never be revised". Due to this contravention of article 137 of its predecessor, the 1973 constitution has been characterised as "revolutionary". The 1973 constitution was replaced by the current
802:
Consequently, the system was amended to what could be described as a "quasi-parliamentary" republic, as it resembled the ministerial council-centered separation of powers under the 1952 constitution, but for the presence of a
Sovereign and an active Parliament. The amendment had little effect on the
747:
The 1973 constitution also gave legislative powers to the president as well as the parliament of Greece. While
Parliament was expanded from 150 members to 200, only 180 MPs were elected; the remaining 20 were appointed by the President, giving practical effect to the presidential legislative power.
685:
against them in
December 1967, was also behind the second navy coup attempt. The dictator used the navy coup attempt as a pretext to strengthen his position by removing the king, whom he considered his last major, non-junta related, antagonist for power. A month later, in June 1973, Papadopoulos
755:
Article 49, paragraph 2, of the 1973 constitution enabled the president to directly command the armed forces and to also choose the commander-in-chief and commanders of the branches of the armed forces. This marks a change from the 1968 constitution, where they were chosen by a
National Defense
705:
The 1973 constitution is the second constitution in modern Greek history, after its predecessor constitution of 1968, to have resulted from a failed coup attempt by the Greek Navy. The 1973 constitution contravenes article 137 paragraph 1 of its predecessor 1968 constitution which states "The
669:
In early 1973, the
Papadopoulos regime experienced for the first time organised protests against its dictatorial government. In February 1973, the Law School student uprising started when law students occupied the Athens Law School protesting against the dictators and was a precursor to the
810:
The
Constitution would remain in place until 1 August, 1974 when the Karamanlis administration reverted in effect the 1952 but for the monarchy-related provisions, and abolished the 1973 revision of the 1968 constitution. General Gizikis remained as President pro tempore until the
798:
The relevant articles were stricken from the constitution, including the transitory articles 137 & 140 which stipulated that municipal and parliamentary elections should be called for by the end of 1973. A second constituent act (31/12/1973) abolished the
Constitutional Court.
783:
the
President would no longer directly conduct defence, security, public order and foreign policy, determine state budget and appoint ministers in said domains independently of the prime minister, and regulation by decree without ministerial approbation on said issues was
764:
Papadopoulos' regime would not survive to implement the envisaged presidential system; on November 25th, just over a month since the Constitution was published on the Government Gazette, Ioannides toppled Papadopoulos and the Markezinis Cabinet. General
731:
Under the 1973 constitution, the president had direct and exclusive executive power in matters of public order, foreign affairs and national defence. While a similar practice would arise 13 years later as the presidential prerogative in a state of
657:. Papadopoulos's rewrite of the 1968 constitution replaced the terms "parliamentary monarchy" and "king" with "republican democracy" and "president of Greece". The constitution was enacted as part of Papadopoulos's failed attempt at
1116:
1256:
1111:
748:
The president had the authority to veto laws subject to an override by an absolute majority in Parliament, but the parliamentary override could itself be overridden by the President, who could then call a
1054:
On the restoration of democratic legitimacy and the regulation of matters of public life until the final determination of the political regime and the drafting of a new Constitution of the country.
1240:
723:
of all royal property to which the usual requirement of a fair compensation would not apply, and on the other hand, it prohibited members of the former royal family from holding elective office.
1106:
682:
1126:
110:
On the restoration of democratic legitimacy and the regulation of public life until the final determination of the political regime and the drafting of a new Constitution of the country
1121:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1159:
1010:
1261:
686:
proceeded to abolish the monarchy and declare Greece a presidential republic, simultaneously appointing himself to the new position as Greece's head of state.
719:
The timing of the constitution's passage after a royalist coup attempt is especially evident by the fact that, on the one hand, it explicitly called for the
1389:
1394:
537:
866:
1083:
291:
620:
867:
Michel Forsé; International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial Societies (29 April 1993).
456:
451:
446:
442:
1409:
364:
296:
1235:
1230:
1225:
593:
1306:
935:
905:
878:
851:
529:
524:
515:
506:
243:
1500:
1434:
1076:
674:. The public unrest against the regime was followed by an attempted coup against Papadopoulos organised by the Greek Navy.
558:
409:
276:
693:
which ratified the new constitution with 21.56% supporting the monarchy and 78.44% against it. Papadopoulos's attempt at
404:
384:
352:
264:
56:
1629:
286:
281:
228:
204:
1028:
On the Exercise of the Constitutional and Legislative Power and the repeal or amendment of constitutional provisions
1619:
1136:
613:
193:
154:
1609:
1069:
399:
1578:
1449:
1266:
690:
563:
475:
470:
1467:
480:
339:
1557:
1459:
671:
606:
498:
329:
121:
1472:
1439:
1374:
1199:
1184:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1144:
815:, having the same limited duties: countersignature of laws, presidential decrees and constituent acts.
770:
646:
431:
426:
421:
101:
1573:
1424:
1299:
334:
1527:
791:
678:
223:
197:
1624:
1604:
1429:
1399:
1220:
1092:
812:
697:
a new political system in Greece ultimately failed and the new constitution was never enacted.
172:
159:
147:
995:
925:
895:
868:
1364:
1329:
841:
737:
694:
650:
324:
269:
44:
965:
1614:
1599:
1354:
1292:
519:
213:
8:
1552:
1344:
395:
377:
309:
256:
232:
188:
68:
63:
1484:
1384:
1339:
1334:
707:
129:
658:
1505:
1359:
931:
901:
874:
847:
359:
239:
1349:
977:
981:
776:
The constitution was amended by a constituent act on 17 December 1973 as follows:
1369:
766:
1517:
741:
720:
654:
638:
553:
689:
Not wasting any time, the regime proceeded in July of the same year to hold a
1593:
1479:
1379:
712:
584:
51:
1542:
927:
Behind a Veil of Ignorance?: Power and Uncertainty in Constitutional Design
733:
839:
1547:
1532:
1315:
1061:
804:
137:
1522:
1444:
749:
39:
1008:
897:
Tying Greece to the West: US-West German-Greek Relations 1949–1974
1537:
1510:
787:
no MPs were to be appointed, whenever elections were to be held
80:
32:
1284:
794:
and Governmental Commissioners in universities were abolished.
996:"Nuclear Weapons and NATO: Analytical Survey of Literature"
773:
as Prime Minister, while Ioannides ruled from the shadows.
661:, but, like its 1968 predecessor, never fully implemented.
923:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
1011:"The two Plebiscites and Constitutions of 1968 and 1973"
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
824:
752:
to finally decide whether the bill should become law.
840:
Philippos K. Spyropoulos; Théodore Fortsakis (2009).
944:
780:the tenure of the President was limited to 5 years
649:(which was never fully enacted) by Greek dictator
924:Louis M. Imbeau; Steve Jacob (19 February 2015).
919:
917:
860:
759:
1591:
769:was installed as President of the Republic and
1002:
914:
1300:
1077:
614:
1041:On the abolition of the Constitutional Court
873:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 410.
846:. Kluwer Law International. pp. 54–55.
893:
677:The dictators strongly suspected that King
1307:
1293:
1091:
1084:
1070:
963:
726:
621:
607:
102:1968 Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece
870:Recent Social Trends in France, 1960–1990
1009:Thomas Kyriakis, University of Hamburg.
900:. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 348.
966:"Reflections on the Greek Constitution"
887:
1592:
1288:
1065:
681:, who was already in exile due to an
1501:Glossary of the Greek military junta
13:
1250:Interpretation of the Constitution
803:political life of a country under
57:President of the Hellenic Republic
14:
1641:
742:regulation by presidential decree
653:, with the aim of abolishing the
1408:
645:) was an amended version of the
578:
136:
1314:
1046:
1579:Hellenic Railways Organisation
1435:1968 constitutional referendum
1117:Vertical power of human rights
1033:
1020:
988:
760:Later amendments and abolition
736:under the constitution of the
564:Politics of the European Union
1:
1277:Never implemented in practice
964:Markesinis, Basil S. (1973).
818:
664:
530:Diplomatic missions in Greece
525:Diplomatic missions of Greece
843:Constitutional Law in Greece
659:liberalisation of his regime
507:Ministry for Foreign Affairs
108:Repealed by Constituent Act
7:
1558:Anthem of the 21st of April
1460:Athens Polytechnic uprising
1137:History of the Constitution
982:10.1093/parlij/27.1973sep.8
700:
672:Athens Polytechnic uprising
10:
1646:
1375:Adamantios Androutsopoulos
1039:Constitutional Act No. 2,
771:Adamantios Androutsopoulos
647:Greek Constitution of 1968
635:Greek Constitution of 1973
1574:Hellenic Vehicle Industry
1566:
1493:
1430:1967 counter-coup attempt
1417:
1406:
1322:
1275:
1257:Interpretative principles
1249:
1213:
1135:
1099:
930:. Springer. p. 179.
642:
189:President of the Republic
107:
97:
89:
79:
62:
50:
38:
28:
23:
18:
1630:Constantine II of Greece
1450:1973 republic referendum
1056:" (1/8/1974, ΦΕΚ Α΄ 213)
792:Vice President of Greece
790:the institutions of the
287:Parliamentary committees
282:Conference of Presidents
205:Presidential Departments
198:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
120:This article is part of
1620:1970s in Greek politics
1112:Independent authorities
1026:Constituent Act No. 1,
976:(1973September): 8–27.
727:Powers of the president
546:International Relations
1610:Constitution of Greece
1400:Alexandros Hatzipetros
1093:Constitution of Greece
155:Constitutional history
1365:Grigorios Spandidakis
1330:Georgios Papadopoulos
1267:Supreme Special Court
1100:Constitutional rights
970:Parliamentary Affairs
738:Fifth French Republic
651:Georgios Papadopoulos
325:Special Highest Court
270:Konstantinos Tasoulas
45:Presidential republic
1494:Ideology and symbols
1455:Constitution of 1973
1440:Constitution of 1968
1355:Konstantinos Kollias
1221:Constitution of 1974
1214:Present constitution
1205:Constitution of 1973
1200:Constitution of 1968
1195:Constitution of 1952
1190:Constitution of 1948
1185:Constitution of 1927
1180:Constitution of 1925
1175:Constitution of 1911
1170:Constitution of 1864
1165:Constitution of 1844
1160:Constitution of 1832
1155:Constitution of 1827
1150:Constitution of 1823
1145:Constitution of 1822
894:Mogens Pelt (2006).
710:in 1975, during the
683:earlier coup attempt
520:Giorgos Gerapetritis
19:Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδος
1345:Dimitrios Ioannides
1030:. (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 326/1973)
721:confiscation by law
340:Chamber of Accounts
233:Kyriakos Mitsotakis
69:Hellenic Parliament
1485:Greek Junta Trials
1390:Georgios Georgalas
1385:Michael Roufogalis
1340:Nikolaos Makarezos
1335:Stylianos Pattakos
708:Greek constitution
389:Recent elections:
330:Court of Cassation
244:Kyr. Mitsotakis II
130:Politics of Greece
1587:
1586:
1506:Greek nationalism
1395:Nikolaos Dertilis
1360:Georgios Zoitakis
1282:
1281:
1052:Constituent Act "
937:978-3-319-14953-0
907:978-87-7289-583-3
880:978-0-7735-0887-3
853:978-90-411-2878-2
691:rigged referendum
643:Σύνταγμα του 1973
631:
630:
585:Greece portal
559:Visa requirements
499:Foreign relations
385:Political parties
115:
114:
93:31 December, 1973
1637:
1473:Turkish invasion
1425:1967 coup d'état
1412:
1350:Odysseas Angelis
1309:
1302:
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1024:
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885:
884:
864:
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857:
837:
644:
623:
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609:
587:
583:
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581:
335:Council of State
140:
117:
116:
16:
15:
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1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1562:
1538:Torture methods
1489:
1413:
1404:
1370:Phaedon Gizikis
1318:
1313:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1245:
1209:
1131:
1107:Proportionality
1095:
1090:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
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1007:
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994:
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989:
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945:
938:
922:
915:
908:
892:
888:
881:
865:
861:
854:
838:
825:
821:
813:referendum 1974
767:Phaedon Gizikis
762:
729:
703:
667:
627:
598:
594:Other countries
579:
577:
576:
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568:
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12:
11:
5:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:1973 documents
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:1973 in Greece
1602:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1567:Establishments
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Internal exile
1525:
1520:
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1503:
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1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1241:2019 amendment
1238:
1236:2008 amendment
1233:
1231:2001 amendment
1228:
1226:1986 amendment
1223:
1217:
1215:
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1210:
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1202:
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1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1043:. (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 366)
1032:
1019:
1001:
987:
943:
936:
913:
906:
886:
879:
859:
852:
822:
820:
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796:
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788:
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761:
758:
728:
725:
702:
699:
679:Constantine II
666:
663:
655:Greek monarchy
629:
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365:Municipalities
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317:Supreme courts
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224:Prime Minister
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85:1 August, 1974
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1518:Anticommunism
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1480:Metapolitefsi
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1380:Ioannis Ladas
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768:
757:
753:
751:
745:
743:
739:
735:
724:
722:
717:
715:
714:
713:metapolitefsi
709:
698:
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692:
687:
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673:
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652:
648:
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624:
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160:Human rights
148:Constitution
109:
90:Last amended
72:
29:Jurisdiction
1615:Greek junta
1600:1973 in law
1548:Atlanticism
1533:Stratocracy
1468:Coup d'état
1316:Greek junta
1262:Paramountcy
1122:Rule of law
805:martial law
695:engineering
410:2023 (June)
257:Legislature
1594:Categories
1523:Censorship
1445:Greek case
819:References
750:referendum
665:Background
405:2023 (May)
214:Government
98:Supersedes
784:abolished
378:Elections
310:Judiciary
277:Presidium
173:Executive
73:nominally
716:period.
701:Analysis
554:Passport
516:Minister
443:European
122:a series
81:Repealed
64:Chambers
24:Overview
1553:Phoenix
1464:Cyprus
998:. 1975.
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360:Regions
265:Speaker
240:Cabinet
1511:Enosis
1418:Events
1323:People
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40:System
33:Greece
1014:(PDF)
639:Greek
538:KYSEA
932:ISBN
902:ISBN
875:ISBN
848:ISBN
633:The
481:2015
476:1974
471:1973
458:2024
452:2019
447:2014
432:2023
427:2019
422:2014
400:2019
229:list
194:list
978:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
