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113:). It was marked by a vicious quality of neighbors fighting each other as other grudges got settled. It was frequent for residents of one part of a single county to take up arms against their counterparts in the rest of the vicinity. Bushwhacking, murder, assault, and terrorism were characteristics of this kind of fighting. Few participants wore uniforms or were formally mustered into the actual armies. In many cases, civilians fought against civilians or civilians fought against opposing enemy troops.
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225:, who kept on with raids in Kentucky. The Confederacy conducted few deep cavalry raids in the latter years of the war, mostly because of the losses in experienced horsemen and the offensive operations of the Union Army. Federal cavalry conducted several successful raids during the war but in general used their cavalry forces in a more conventional role. A notable exception was the 1863
245:
Counterinsurgency operations were successful in reducing the impact of
Confederate guerrilla warfare. In Arkansas, Union forces used a wide variety of strategies to defeat irregulars. They included the use of Arkansas Unionist forces as anti-guerrilla troops, the use of riverine forces such as
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as well since he wanted to bring the war to the North. The long raid diverted thousands of Union troops. Morgan captured and paroled nearly 6,000 troops, destroyed bridges and fortifications, and ran off livestock. By mid-1863, Morgan's
Raiders had been mostly destroyed in the late days of the
286:
In the late 20th century, several historians focused on the
Confederate government's decision to not use guerrilla warfare to prolong the war. Near the end of the war, some in the Confederate administration advocated continuing the fight as a guerrilla conflict. Such efforts were opposed by
254:'s military law enforcement system to spy on suspected guerrillas and to imprison those who were captured. Against Confederate raiders, the Union army developed an effective cavalry itself and reinforced that system by numerous blockhouses and fortification to defend strategic targets.
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in 1862 and 1863. They were given specific missions to destroy logistical hubs, railroad bridges, and other strategic targets to support the greater mission of the Army of
Tennessee. Morgan led raids into Kentucky as well. In his last raid, he violated orders by going across the
257:
However, Union attempts to defeat Mosby's
Partisan Rangers fell short of success because of Mosby's use of very small units (10–15 men) that operated in areas that were considered to be friendly to the Confederates. Another regiment, known as
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121:
Partisan warfare, in contrast, more closely resembled commando operations of the 20th century. Partisans were small units of conventional forces, controlled and organized by a military force for operations behind enemy lines. The 1862
66:. Structurally, they can be divided into three different types of operations: the so-called 'people's war', 'partisan warfare', and 'raiding warfare'. Each had distinct characteristics that were common practice during the war.
89:, was the closest example of a mass guerrilla movement in the 19th century. In general during the American Civil War, this type of irregular warfare was conducted in the hinterland of the
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130:, authorized the formation of such units and gave them legitimacy, which placed them in a different category from the common 'bushwhacker' or 'guerrilla'.
262:, had white and anti-Union Cherokee Indians, morphed into a guerrilla force and continued fighting in the remote mountain back-country of western
271:
888:
154:, and other similar forces at times served in the formal armies, but they often were loosely organized and operated more as partisans than as
138:) that was very effective in tying down Union forces behind their lines in northern Virginia in the last two years of the war. Groups such as
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Confederate generals such as Lee, who ultimately believed that surrender and reconciliation were the best options for the war-ravaged South.
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54:(1861–1865) by both sides of the conflict, but most notoriously by the Confederacy. It gathered in intensity as the war dragged.
274:. That unit was never completely suppressed by Union forces, but it voluntarily ceased hostilities after capturing the town of
62:
Guerrilla warfare in the
American Civil War followed the same general patterns of irregular warfare conducted in 19th century
679:
782:
Hulbert, Matthew
Christopher. "How to Remember'This Damnable Guerrilla Warfare': Four Vignettes from Civil War Missouri,"
188:
Lastly, deep raids by conventional cavalry forces were often considered 'irregular' in nature. The "Partisan
Brigades" of
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Hulbert, Matthew
Christopher. "Constructing Guerrilla Memory: John Newman Edwards and Missouri's Irregular Lost Cause,"
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From left to right: Arch
Clements, Dave Pool, and Bill Hendricks brandishing revolvers in Sherman, Texas, 1863
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745:"Disaffection, Persistence, and Nation: Some Directions in Recent Scholarship on the Confederacy."
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The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
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The Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory: How Civil War Bushwhackers Became Gunslingers in the American West
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222:
34:
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Grant, Meredith Anne. "Internal Dissent: East Tennessee's Civil War, 1849-1865." (thesis 2008).
645:, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
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Hulbert, Matthew Christopher. "The Rise and Fall of Edwin Terrell, Guerrilla Hunter, U.S.A.,"
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The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth
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Baker, T. Lindsay, ed. (2007). "Chapter 5: Life as a Guerrilla in Arkansas".
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A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War
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Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War
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Some of his followers continued under their own direction, such as
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Shifting Loyalties: The Union Occupation of Eastern North Carolina
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The Uncivil War: Irregular Warfare in the Upper South, 1861-1865
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Confederate Guerrilla: The Civil War Memoir of Joseph M. Bailey
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operated as part of the cavalry forces of the Confederate
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Beilein, Joseph M. and Matthew Christopher Hulbert, eds.
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Punitive War: Confederate Guerrillas and Union Reprisals
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Military history of the Confederate States of America
932:— Article by Civil War historian/author Bryan S. Bush
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The concept of a 'people's war,' first described by
654:, Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1997
834:Tennessee County Historical Series: Weakley County
717:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015.
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880:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
229:, which did much to set the stage for General
961:Military operations of the American Civil War
841:Bitterly Divided: The South's Inner Civil War
771:. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016.
800:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2014 reprint)
946:Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War
16:Irregular warfare in the American Civil War
911:Learn how and when to remove this message
649:Lowell Hayes Harrison, James c. Klotter,
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812:Guerrilla Warfare in Civil War Missouri
670:. Civil War in the West. Fayetteville:
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836:(Memphis State University Press, 1983)
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829:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2009)
732:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2011)
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814:, McFarland & Co. Inc., 2006.
807:(University Press of Kansas, 2009)
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250:to control the waterways, and the
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786:. 59, No. 2 (June 2013), 142–167.
706:Encyclopedia of guerrilla warfare
355:"Tinker Dave" Beatty and Dr. Hale
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704:Beckett, Ian Frederick William.
672:The University of Arkansas Press
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762:. 2, No. 1 (March 2012), 58–81.
739:(Oxford University Press, 1989)
158:, especially early in the war.
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930:"Guerilla Warfare in Kentucky"
765:Hulbert, Matthew Christopher.
37:guerrillas,” illustration for
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760:Journal of the Civil War Era
323:Colonel James Montgomery USA
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134:formed a partisan unit (the
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276:Waynesville, North Carolina
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33:of its inhabitants by the
651:A New History of Kentucky
609:American Civil War portal
866:This article includes a
749:55#3 (2009) pp: 329–353.
111:Virginia / West Virginia
83:in his classic treatise
895:more precise citations.
223:Marcellus Jerome Clarke
825:Sutherland, Daniel E.
272:Appomattox Court House
233:'s victory during the
190:Nathan Bedford Forrest
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843:(The New Press, 2010)
832:Vaughan, Virginia C.
641:U.S. War Department,
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70:History of operations
50:was waged during the
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178:,” illustration for
132:John Singleton Mosby
128:Confederate Congress
803:Mountcastle, Clay.
791:Ohio Valley History
503:William T. Anderson
426:"Stovepipe" Johnson
338:Charles R. Jennison
278:, on May 10, 1865.
124:Partisan Ranger Act
109:, and northwestern
868:list of references
796:Mackey, Robert R.
743:Gallagher, Gary W.
735:Fellman, Michael.
728:Browning, Judkin.
291:Notable guerrillas
266:for a month after
235:Vicksburg Campaign
216:Great Raid of 1863
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52:American Civil War
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951:Guerrilla warfare
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920:
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839:Williams, David.
784:Civil War History
747:Civil War History
681:978-1-55728-838-7
485:William Quantrill
241:Counterinsurgency
198:Army of Tennessee
152:McNeill's Rangers
144:White's Comanches
48:Guerrilla warfare
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891:this article by
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545:Jesse James
940:Categories
901:April 2009
849:References
623:Jayhawkers
203:Ohio River
81:Clausewitz
58:Background
29:, and the
625:- (Union)
448:Sue Mundy
282:Aftermath
103:Tennessee
698:8598848M
690:85018566
595:See also
248:gunboats
172:Morgan's
107:Kentucky
99:Arkansas
95:Missouri
31:massacre
889:improve
636:Sources
446:, aka "
211:Indiana
184:, 1863.
156:cavalry
43:, 1863.
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146:, the
86:On War
64:Europe
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686:OCLC
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547:and
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588:CSA
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