Carl von Clausewitz

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dialectically comparing) a number of definitions. The first is his dialectical thesis: "War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will." The second, often treated as Clausewitz's 'bottom line,' is in fact merely his dialectical antithesis: "War is merely the continuation of policy with other means." The synthesis of his dialectical examination of the nature of war is his famous "trinity," saying that war is "a fascinating trinity—composed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force; the play of chance and probability, within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason." Christopher Bassford says the best shorthand for Clausewitz's trinity should be something like "violent emotion/chance/rational calculation." However, it is frequently presented as "people/army/government," a misunderstanding based on a later paragraph in the same section. This misrepresentation was popularised by U.S. Army Colonel

689:, a major work on the philosophy of war. It was unfinished when Clausewitz died and contains material written at different stages in his intellectual evolution, producing some significant contradictions between different sections. The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate as to the exact meaning behind some seemingly contradictory observations in discussions pertinent to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war, for example (though many of these apparent contradictions are simply the result of his dialectical method). Clausewitz constantly sought to revise the text, particularly between 1827 and his departure on his last field assignments, to include more material on "people's war" and forms of war other than high-intensity warfare between states, but relatively little of this material was included in the book. Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and 1593:"As the centre of gravity is always situated where the greatest mass of matter is collected, and as a shock against the center of gravity of a body always produces the greatest effect, and further, as the most effective blow is struck with the center of gravity of the power used, so it is also in war. The armed forces of every belligerent, whether of a single state or of an alliance of states, have a certain unity, and in that way, connection; but where connection is there come in analogies of the center of gravity. There are, therefore, in these armed forces certain centers of gravity, the movement and direction of which decide upon other points, and these centers of gravity are situated where the greatest bodies of troops are assembled. But just as, in the world of inert matter, the action against the center of gravity has its measure and limits in the connection of the parts, so it is in war, and here as well as there the force exerted may easily be greater than the resistance requires, and then there is a blow in the air, a waste of force." 1292:...Philanthropists may easily imagine there is a skillful method of disarming and overcoming an enemy without causing great bloodshed, and that this is the proper tendency of the art of War. However plausible this may appear, still it is an error which must be extirpated; for in such dangerous things as war, the errors which proceed from a spirit of benevolence are just the worst. As the use of physical power to the utmost extent by no means excludes the co-operation of the intelligence, it follows that he who uses force unsparingly, without reference to the quantity of bloodshed, must obtain a superiority if his adversary does not act likewise. By such means the former dictates the law to the latter, and both proceed to extremities, to which the only limitations are those imposed by the amount of counteracting force on each side. 1374:, Creveld argued that Clausewitz's famous "Trinity" of people, army, and government was an obsolete socio-political construct based on the state, which was rapidly passing from the scene as the key player in war, and that he (Creveld) had constructed a new "non-trinitarian" model for modern warfare. Creveld's work has had great influence. Daniel Moran replied, 'The most egregious misrepresentation of Clausewitz's famous metaphor must be that of Martin van Creveld, who has declared Clausewitz to be an apostle of Trinitarian War, by which he means, incomprehensibly, a war of 'state against state and army against army,' from which the influence of the people is entirely excluded." Christopher Bassford went further, noting that one need only 768:" had only recently come into usage in modern Europe, and Clausewitz's definition is quite narrow: "the use of engagements for the object of war" (which many today would call "the operational level" of war). Clausewitz conceived of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which might—depending on circumstances—involve the entire population of a political entity at war. In any case, Clausewitz saw military force as an instrument that states and other political actors use to pursue the ends of their policy, in a dialectic between opposing wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy. 721:, however, goes beyond his widely quoted antithesis: "War is simply the continuation of political intercourse with the addition of other means. We deliberately use the phrase 'with the addition of other means' because we also want to make it clear that war in itself does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different. In essentials that intercourse continues, irrespective of the means it employs. The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continue throughout the war into the subsequent peace." 784:. Such skeptical comments apply only to intelligence at the tactical and operational levels; at the strategic and political levels he constantly stressed the requirement for the best possible understanding of what today would be called strategic and political intelligence. His conclusions were influenced by his experiences in the Prussian Army, which was often in an intelligence fog due partly to the superior abilities of Napoleon's system but even more simply to the nature of war. Clausewitz acknowledges that friction creates enormous difficulties for the realization of any plan, and the 977:") while accurate as far as it goes, was not intended as a statement of fact. It is the antithesis in a dialectical argument whose thesis is the point—made earlier in the analysis—that "war is nothing but a duel on a larger scale." His synthesis, which resolves the deficiencies of these two bold statements, says that war is neither "nothing but" an act of brute force nor "merely" a rational act of politics or policy. This synthesis lies in his "fascinating trinity" : a dynamic, inherently unstable interaction of the forces of violent emotion, chance, and rational calculation. 772:

interested in co-operation between the regular army and militia or partisan forces, or citizen soldiers, as one possible—sometimes the only—method of defense. In the circumstances of the Wars of the French Revolution and those with Napoleon, which were energised by a rising spirit of nationalism, he emphasised the need for states to involve their entire populations in the conduct of war. This point is especially important, as these wars demonstrated that such energies could be of decisive importance and for a time led to a democratisation of the armed forces much as

310: 1382:"that the words 'people,' 'army,' and 'government' appear nowhere at all in the list of the Trinity's components.... Creveld's and Keegan's assault on Clausewitz's Trinity is not only a classic 'blow into the air,' i.e., an assault on a position Clausewitz doesn't occupy. It is also a pointless attack on a concept that is quite useful in its own right. In any case, their failure to read the actual wording of the theory they so vociferously attack, and to grasp its deep relevance to the phenomena they describe, is hard to credit." 1280:

the best deterrent to war was to show the world just how appalling and horrific a nuclear "absolute war" would be if it should ever occur, hence a series of much-publicized nuclear tests in the Pacific, giving first priority in the defense budget to nuclear weapons and to their delivery-systems over conventional weapons, and making repeated statements in public that the United States was able and willing at all times to use nuclear weapons. In this way, through the

761:, Clausewitz sees all wars as the sum of decisions, actions, and reactions in an uncertain and dangerous context, and also as a socio-political phenomenon. He also stressed the complex nature of war, which encompasses both the socio-political and the operational and stresses the primacy of state policy. (One should be careful not to limit his observations on war to war between states, however, as he certainly discusses other kinds of protagonists). 526: 814: 3902: 55: 1118:(1854–1922), whose work reflected a deep if idiosyncratic adherence to Clausewitz's concepts and frequently an emphasis on Clausewitz's ideas about 'limited objectives' and the inherent strengths of the defensive form of war. Corbett's practical strategic views were often in prominent public conflict with Wilkinson's—see, for example, Wilkinson's article "Strategy at Sea", 1237:

history of philosophy appears in Lenin's writings as a vast struggle between "idealism" and "materialism." The fate of the socialist movement was to be decided by a struggle between the revolutionists and the reformers. Clausewitz's acceptance of the struggle for power as the essence of international politics must have impressed Lenin as starkly realistic.

1249:. Thus the "Clausewitzian" content in many of Mao's writings is not merely a regurgitation of Lenin but reflects Mao's own study. The idea that war involves inherent "friction" that distorts, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements, has become common currency in fields such as business strategy and sport. The phrase 1355:. Clausewitz did not focus solely on wars between countries with well-defined armies. The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by "non-state actors" - witness the wars in the French Vendée and in Spain. Clausewitz wrote a series of "Lectures on Small War" and studied the 548:. The couple moved in the highest circles, socialising with Berlin's political, literary, and intellectual élite. Marie was well-educated and politically well-connected—she played an important role in her husband's career progress and intellectual evolution. She also edited, published, and introduced his collected works. 805:), evidenced above all in the execution of operations. 'Military genius' is not simply a matter of intellect, but a combination of qualities of intellect, experience, personality, and temperament (and there are many possible such combinations) that create a very highly developed mental aptitude for the waging of war. 1095:, were clearly influenced by Clausewitz: Moltke's widely quoted statement that "No operational plan extends with high certainty beyond the first encounter with the main enemy force" is a classic reflection of Clausewitz's insistence on the roles of chance, friction, "fog," uncertainty, and interactivity in war. 618:(18 June 1815), when the Prussian forces arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch-Belgian forces pressing his front. Napoleon had convinced his troops that the field grey uniforms were those of Marshal Grouchy's grenadiers. Clausewitz's unit fought heavily outnumbered at 1202:

was an admirer of Clausewitz and called him "one of the great military writers," his influence on the Red Army was immense. The Russian historian A.N. Mertsalov commented that "It was an irony of fate that the view in the USSR was that it was Lenin who shaped the attitude towards Clausewitz, and that

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Clausewitz's influence spread to British thinking as well, though at first more as a historian and analyst than as a theorist. See for example Wellington's extended essay discussing Clausewitz's study of the Campaign of 1815—Wellington's only serious written discussion of the battle, which was widely

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Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning. He relied on his own experiences, contemporary writings

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As for Lenin's approval of Clausewitz, it probably stems from his obsession with the struggle for power. The whole Marxist conception of history is that of successive struggles for power, primarily between social classes. This was constantly applied by Lenin in a variety of contexts. Thus the entire

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in the 1920s erroneously attributed to him the doctrine of "total war" that during the First World War had been embraced by many European general staffs and emulated by the British. More recent scholars typically see that war as so confused in terms of political rationale that it in fact contradicts

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Kondylis claims that this is inconsistent with Clausewitzian thought. He claims that Clausewitz was morally indifferent to war (though this probably reflects a lack of familiarity with personal letters from Clausewitz, which demonstrate an acute awareness of war's tragic aspects) and that his advice

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While Clausewitz was intensely aware of the value of intelligence at all levels, he was also very skeptical of the accuracy of much military intelligence: "Many intelligence reports in war are contradictory; even more are false, and most are uncertain.... In short, most intelligence is false." This

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as a way of demonstrating how absurd it would be to attempt such a strategy in practice. For Eisenhower, the age of nuclear weapons had made what was for Clausewitz in the early-19th century only a theoretical vision an all too real possibility in the mid-20th century. From Eisenhower's viewpoint,

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As so often happens, Clausewitz's disciples carried his teaching to an extreme which their master had not intended.... theory of war was expounded in a way too abstract and involved for ordinary soldier-minds, essentially concrete, to follow the course of his argument—which often turned back from

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Clausewitz's Christian names are sometimes given in non-German sources as "Karl", "Carl Philipp Gottlieb", or "Carl Maria". He spelled his own given name with a "C" in order to identify with the classical Western tradition; writers who use "Karl" are often seeking to emphasize their German (rather

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made Clausewitzian concepts obsolete after the 20th-century period in which they dominated the world. John E. Sheppard Jr., argues that by developing nuclear weapons, state-based conventional armies simultaneously both perfected their original purpose, to destroy a mirror image of themselves, and

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A prince or general who knows exactly how to organise his war according to his object and means, who does neither too little nor too much, gives by that the greatest proof of his genius. But the effects of this talent are exhibited not so much by the invention of new modes of action, which might

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said that this outcome "may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy. The one has been outdated by new weapons, the other still influences the strategy behind those weapons." Jomini did not attempt to define war but Clausewitz did, providing (and

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Clausewitz's emphasis on the inherent superiority of the defense suggests that habitual aggressors are likely to end up as failures. The inherent superiority of the defense obviously does not mean that the defender will always win, however: there are other asymmetries to be considered. He was

2917:." Trans. Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019. Originally "Die Entwicklung von Clausewitz' Vom Kriege: Eine Rekonstruktion auf der Grundlage der früheren Fassungen seines Meisterwerks," in the Clausewitz-Gesellschaft's Jahrbuch2017, pp. 14–39. 1054:

in the 1976 Princeton translation, expressed his interpretations of the Prussian's theories and provided students with an influential synopsis of this vital work. The 1873 translation by Colonel James John Graham was heavily—and controversially—edited by the philosopher, musician, and

1584:"he great uncertainty of all data in war is a peculiar difficulty, because all action must, to a certain extent, be planned in a mere twilight, which in addition not unfrequently—like the effect of a fog or moonshine—gives to things exaggerated dimensions and an unnatural appearance." 2715:

Had lived in the twenty-first century he could have expected to have seen his book go into several editions. Perhaps his work would be raided by editors in search of an endless series of quotes. Perhaps while browsing airport bookshops we would find books with titles such as

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war that support political objectives generally fall into two broad types: limited aims or the effective "disarming" of the enemy "to render politically helpless or militarily impotent. Thus, the complete defeat of the enemy may not be necessary, desirable, or even possible.

1198:, and thus the Communist Soviet and Chinese traditions, as Lenin emphasized the inevitability of wars among capitalist states in the age of imperialism and presented the armed struggle of the working class as the only path toward the eventual elimination of war. Because 996:

result of the forces underlying a "pure," Platonic "ideal" of war. In what he called a "logical fantasy," war cannot be waged in a limited way: the rules of competition will force participants to use all means at their disposal to achieve victory. But in the

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and other liberal writers. According to Aron, Clausewitz was one of the first writers to condemn the militarism of the Prussian general staff and its war-proneness, based on Clausewitz's argument that "war is a continuation of policy by other means." In

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Some have gone further and suggested that Clausewitz's best-known aphorism, that war is a continuation of policy with other means, is not only irrelevant today but also inapplicable historically. For an opposing view see the sixteen essays presented in

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as used in the Third Reich's propaganda in the 1940s. In fact, Clausewitz never used the term "total war": rather, he discussed "absolute war," a concept which evolved into the much more abstract notion of "ideal war" discussed at the very beginning of

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strike the eye immediately, as in the successful final result of the whole. It is the exact fulfilment of silent suppositions, it is the noiseless harmony of the whole action which we should admire, and which only makes itself known in the total result.

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argued in 1968 that a Clausewitzian view of war was not only obsolete in the age of nuclear weapons, but also highly dangerous as it promoted a "zero-sum paradigm" to international relations and a "dissolution of rationality" amongst decision-makers.

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Clausewitz's work is still studied today, demonstrating its continued relevance. More than sixteen major English-language books that focused specifically on his work were published between 2005 and 2014, whereas his 19th-century rival

1288:, Eisenhower hoped to hold out a credible vision of Clausewitzian nuclear "absolute war" in order to deter the Soviet Union and/or China from ever risking a war or even conditions that might lead to a war with the United States. 674:

Clausewitz was a professional combat soldier and a staff officer who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, utilising the campaigns of

3669:. Translated by Hans Gatske. The Military Service Publishing Company, 1942. Originally "Die wichtigsten Grundsätze des Kriegführens zur Ergänzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen" (written 1812). 311: 1099:

discussed in 19th-century Britain. Clausewitz's broader thinking came to the fore following Britain's military embarrassments in the Boer War (1899–1902). One example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era is

1359:(1793–1796) and the Tyrolean uprising of 1809. In his famous "Bekenntnisdenkschrift" of 1812 he called for a "Spanish war in Germany" and laid out a comprehensive guerrilla strategy to be waged against Napoleon. In 451:(also cited as "The German War School", the "Military Academy in Berlin", and the "Prussian Military Academy," later the "War College") in Berlin in 1801 (aged 21), probably studied the writings of the philosophers 970:

One of the main sources of confusion about Clausewitz's approach lies in his dialectical method of presentation. For example, Clausewitz's famous line that "War is the continuation of policy with other means,"

1263:. In U.S. military doctrine, "center of gravity" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at the operational, strategic, or political level, though this is only one aspect of Clausewitz's use of the term. 630:

appeared to presage another major European war. Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilise in this emergency, which was sent to the Polish border. Its commander,

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Trans. O.J. Matthijs Jolles. New York: Random House, 1943. Though not currently the standard translation, this is increasingly viewed by many Clausewitz scholars as the most precise and accurate English

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the direction in which it was apparently leading. Impressed yet befogged, they grasped at his vivid leading phrases, seeing only their surface meaning, and missing the deeper current of his thought.

359:, doubt, and excitement) call for rapid decisions by alert commanders. He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience. In contrast to the early work of 941:, a former student of Clausewitz —of what they believed to be Clausewitz's ideas, and the subsequent widespread adoption of the Prussian military system worldwide, had a deleterious effect on 1218:

In describing the essence of war, Marxism-Leninism takes as its point of departure the premise that war is not an aim in itself, but rather a tool of politics. In his remarks on Clausewitz's

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Lenin stressed that "Politics is the reason, and war is only the tool, not the other way around. Consequently, it remains only to subordinate the military point of view to the political."

649:(the first time cholera had appeared in modern heartland Europe, causing a continent-wide panic). Clausewitz himself died of the same disease shortly afterwards, on 16 November 1831. 1886:

Beyerchen, Alan (11 November 2019). "Kluge and Clausewitz. Chance and Imagination in the Real World". In Langston, Richard; Adelson, Leslie A.; Jones, N.D.; Wilms, Leonie (eds.).

1429:– Prussian officer from whom Clausewitz allegedly took, without acknowledgement, several important ideas (including that about war as pursuing political aims) made famous in 3778: 586:

In 1815 the Russian-German Legion became integrated into the Prussian Army and Clausewitz re-entered Prussian service as a colonel. He was soon appointed chief-of-staff of

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as the fourth and youngest son of a family that made claims to a noble status which Carl accepted. Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in

4015: 899:"friction" – the disparity between the ideal performance of units, organisations or systems and their actual performance in real-world scenarios (Book I, Chapter VII) 3985: 1275:'s reading of Clausewitz as a young officer in the 1920s. Eisenhower was greatly impressed by Clausewitz's example of a theoretical, idealized "absolute war" in 3907: 683:

as frames of reference for his work. He wrote a careful, systematic, philosophical examination of war in all its aspects. The result was his principal book,

2879:. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp. 183–232 1911:

Clausewitz was a staff officer for nearly his entire field career, due to his excellent analytical abilities, and he was very often at the commander's side.

498:—he was captured, one of the 25,000 prisoners taken that day as the Prussian army disintegrated. He was 26. Clausewitz was held prisoner with his prince in 626:, where he served until 1830. In that year he returned to active duty with the army. Soon afterward, the outbreak of several revolutions around Europe and 2335:

Cormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016)

1985:

Bassford, Christopher (2007). "The Primacy of Policy and the "Trinity" in Clausewitz's Mature Thought.". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.).

3975: 1553:(always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by his last name, use 1229:, however, described Lenin's approach as being that politics is a continuation of war by other means, thus turning Clausewitz's argument "on its head." 717:

The degree to which Clausewitz managed to revise his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate. His final reference to war and

1962:(3 vols., Berlin: 1832–34). The edition cited here was edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1984, pp. 75, 87, 89, 605. 1824: 741:

about Napoleon, and on deep historical research. His historiographical approach is evident in his first extended study, written when he was 25, of the

3920: 874:"strategy" belongs primarily to the realm of art, but is constrained by quantitative analyses of political benefits versus military costs & losses 1203:

Lenin's dictum that war is a continuation of politics is taken from the work of this anti-humanist anti-revolutionary." The American mathematician

2842: 1437:, who was Clausewitz's "second father" and professional mentor. This provokes skepticism of the claim the ideas were plagiarized from Lilienstern. 1131:

That view assumes, however, a set of values as to what constitutes "rational" political objectives—in this case, values not shaped by the fervid

622:(18–19 June 1815), preventing large reinforcements from reaching Napoleon at Waterloo. After the war, Clausewitz served as the director of the 614:) on 16 June 1815, but they withdrew in good order. Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the 4035: 1162:, Hoffman Nickerson), Clausewitz had little influence on American military thought before 1945 other than via British writers, though Generals 3797:

Clausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur (First Duke of Wellington), ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran,

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wrote in 1968 that Clausewitz as interpreted by Lenin formed the basis of all Soviet military thinking since 1917, and quoted the remarks by

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the "military virtues" of professional armies (which do not necessarily trump the rather different virtues of other kinds of fighting forces)

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The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars.

2206: 1075:. Keegan argued that Clausewitz assumed the existence of states, yet 'war antedates the state, diplomacy and strategy by many millennia.' 3955: 2808: 580: 418:, held a minor post in the Prussian internal-revenue service. Clausewitz entered the Prussian military service at the age of twelve as a 2830: 1923:

Paret, Peter (2012). "Clausewitz and Schlieffen as Interpreters of Frederick the Great: Three Phases in the History of Grand Strategy".

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than European) identity. "Carl Philipp Gottfried" appears on Clausewitz's tombstone. Nonetheless, sources such as military historian

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hinders commanders from knowing what is happening. It is precisely in the context of this challenge that he develops the concept of

4020: 3803:. (Clausewitz.com, 2010). This collection of documents includes, in a modern English translation, the whole of Clausewitz's study, 868:

in "real war," the distinctive poles of a) limited objectives (political and/or military) and b) war to "render the enemy helpless"

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The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century have seen many instances of state armies attempting to suppress

1046:(Princeton University Press, 1976/1984) and have produced comparative studies of Clausewitz and other theorists, such as Tolstoy. 3950: 502:

from 1807 to 1808. Returning to Prussia, he assisted in the reform of the Prussian army and state. Johann Gottlieb Fichte wrote

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Clausewitz stressed the multiplex interaction of diverse factors in war, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the "

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the economic profit-seeking logic of commercial enterprise is equally applicable to the waging of war and negotiating for peace

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Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (2001). "The Relationship of History and Theory in on War: The Clausewitzian Ideal and Its Implications".

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Daniel Moran, "Clausewitz on Waterloo: Napoleon at Bay", in Carl von Clausewitz and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington,

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Heuser, Beatrice (2007). "Clausewitz' Ideas of Strategy and Victory". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.).

2011: 1749: 1009:

In modern times the reconstruction of Clausewitzian theory has been a matter of much dispute. One analysis was that of

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the idea that war and its conduct belong fundamentally to the social realm rather than to the realms of art or science

475:(1777–1843) were among Scharnhorst's primary allies in his efforts to reform the Prussian army between 1807 and 1814. 3970: 3814: 3255: 3136: 3053:

Heuser, Beatrice (2010). "Small Wars in the Age of Clausewitz: The Watershed Between Partisan War and People's War".

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and have had a strong influence on German military thought specifically. Later Prussian and German generals, such as

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https://web.archive.org/web/20140729225332/http://jmss.synergiesprairies.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/519

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method to construct his argument, leading to frequent misinterpretation of his ideas. British military theorist

3026: 2998: 2977: 2929: 2785: 2758: 2176:

Moltke: His Life and His Character: Sketched in Journals, Letters, Memoirs, a Novel, and Autobiographical Notes

632: 363:, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs. Clausewitz had many 2841:. "Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics" Journal of Military and Security Studies, Vol 15, No 1 (2013) 3917:, addressed to the Prussian general-staff officer, Major von Roeder, respectively of 22 and 24 December 1827. 2593:, ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Daniel Moran, and Gregory W. Pedlow (Clausewitz.com, 2010), p. 242, n. 11. 1155: 1255:

derives from Clausewitz's stress on how confused warfare can seem while one is immersed within it. The term

4025: 3960: 3935: 3444: 1328: 1256: 1092: 1035: 938: 903: 219: 1030:

Other notable writers who have studied Clausewitz's texts and translated them into English are historians

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he said, such rigid logic is unrealistic and dangerous. As a practical matter, the military objectives in

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in 1832. (He had started working on the text in 1816 but had not completed it.) She wrote the preface for

3995: 3990: 3653:, edited with an introduction by Beatrice Heuser Oxford World's Classics (Oxford University Press, 2007) 3307:

Paret, Peter (2004). "From Ideal to Ambiguity: Johannes von Muller, Clausewitz, and the People in Arms".

1208: 1122:, 12 February 1912. Following the First World War, however, the influential British military commentator 880:

the importance of "moral forces" (more than simply "morale") as opposed to quantifiable physical elements

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Paul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz. Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013.

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Bassford, Christopher (1994). "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic".

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Erfourth M. & Bazin, A. (2014). Clausewitz's Military Genius and the #Human Dimension. The Bridge.

877:"tactics" belongs primarily to the realm of science (most obvious in the development of siege warfare) 757:

of the age, the social characteristics of the troops, and the commanders' politics and psychology. In

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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.

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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.

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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.

568: 560: 491: 202: 188: 176: 3100: 2824: 467:, the future first chief-of-staff of the newly reformed Prussian Army (appointed 1809). Clausewitz, 3537: 1159: 607: 490:

on 14 October 1806—when Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the Prussian-Saxon army commanded by

487: 460: 304: 3459: 2951: 851:

the nature of "military genius" (involving matters of personality and character, beyond intellect)

510:" ). Carl Clausewitz wrote an interesting and anonymous Letter to Fichte (1809) about his book on 2174: 1443: 1434: 576: 464: 3860: 3262: 2377: 410:

pastor, had been a professor of theology. Clausewitz's father, once a lieutenant in the army of

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The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.

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The Transformation of War: The Most Radical Reinterpretation of Armed Conflict Since Clausewitz

2336: 1775: 456: 447: 3867:, September 2006. This is an article hostile to "Clausewitz and the Clausewitzians." See also 3690:

text of the 1873 English translation can be seen in parallel with the original German text at

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Clausewitz in His Time: Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War

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regarding politics' dominance over the conduct of war has nothing to do with pacifist ideas.

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Cormier, Youri (2014). "Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics".

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The deterrence strategy of the United States in the 1950s was closely inspired by President

749:'s view of the war as a chaotic muddle and instead explains its drawn-out operations by the 714:

Vietnam-era interpretation, facilitated by weaknesses in the 1976 Howard/Paret translation.

367:, of which one of the most famous is, "War is the continuation of policy with other means." 3945: 3940: 3786:. Trans. anonymous , London: John Murray Publishers, 1843. Originally Carl von Clausewitz, 3738:

Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.

3607: 2770: 2270: 1506: 1486: 1459: 1352: 1320: 1071: 963: 959: 746: 742: 711: 702: 587: 360: 31: 2775: 2141: 2003:

Basic Texts in International Relations: The Evolution of Ideas about International Society

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that was rife in 1914 Europe. One of the most influential British Clausewitzians today is

8: 2622:

Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford

2179:. Translated by Herms, Mary. New York: Harper & Brothers Franklin Square. p. 35. 1987:

Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford

1281: 1260: 1010: 676: 639:(August 1831), and Clausewitz took command of the Prussian army's efforts to construct a 411: 325: 113: 2160: 30:"Clausewitz" redirects here. For the part of defence of Berlin during World War II, see 3834:. Ed./trans. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. Carlisle: Army War College Foundation, 1984. 3665: 3578: 3504: 3417: 3353: 3324: 3288: 3235: 3166: 3124: 3113: 3070: 2865: 2441: 2189: 1555: 1367: 1226: 1123: 930: 773: 615: 564: 495: 399: 395: 355:" (i.e., in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often erroneous information and great 317: 224: 127: 89: 85: 59:

Carl von Clausewitz, while in Prussian service, painted by Wilhelm Wach in early 1830s.

3825:

to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.

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to settle disputes. If such a conflict did occur, presumably both combatants would be

1107:

at Oxford University, and perhaps the most prominent military analyst in Britain from

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Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945

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Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945

1433:. However, substantial basis for assuming common influences exist, most prominently 3887: 3562: 3496: 3455: 3409: 3345: 3316: 3280: 3227: 3196: 3158: 3105: 3062: 2947: 2896: 2857: 2433: 2396:

edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 p. 16.

1876:," trans. Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019. 1331:. Heavily influenced by the war in Vietnam and by antipathy to American strategist 1175: 1132: 472: 345: 261: 3818: 2901: 2884: 3788:

Hinterlassene Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz über Krieg und Krieg führung

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Sheppard, John E. Jr. (September 1990). "On War: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant?".

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Clausewitz in the 21st Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford

2040: 1887: 1739: 1546: 1532: 1474: 1336: 1332: 1259:, used in a military context derives from Clausewitz's usage, which he took from 1204: 1088: 1059: 981:

Another example of this confusion is the idea that Clausewitz was a proponent of

942: 798: 666:

and had published most of his collected works by 1835. She died in January 1836.

619: 595: 591: 442: 321: 234: 229: 214: 2798: 1151:

of Clausewitz, but his own views on Clausewitz's ideas are somewhat ambivalent.

541: 3845: 3162: 1312: 1199: 1191: 1179: 1115: 694: 572: 419: 132: 3874: 3250:

edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004,

3109: 3066: 2437: 1655:] (Indexed ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 87. 3929: 3574: 3389: 3377: 2819: 2652:

Clausewitz Talks Business: An Executive's Guide to Thinking Like a Strategist

1136: 706: 579:(1812), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the 452: 434: 403: 166: 148: 3231: 2737: 845:

the relationship between political objectives and military objectives in war

3798: 2823: 2746: 2736:

See massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, etc., on

2161:

Tip-Toe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare

1481: 1392: 1285: 1183: 1140: 1014: 862: 479: 3531: 3320: 3200: 3033: 2915:: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece 2799:

Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare

1874:: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece 1848:

See Timothy McCranor, "On the Pedagogical Intent of Clausewitz's On War",

1545:

which approximately means 'of' or 'from' and usually denotes some sort of

1245:

in 1938 and organised a seminar on Clausewitz for the Party leadership in

3650: 3620: 3005: 2984: 2936: 2792: 2765: 1695: 1644: 1542: 1398:

In military academies, schools, and universities worldwide, Clausewitz's

1147:

at Oxford University, since 2001) has been an energetic proponent of the

1066: 1056: 1031: 926: 690: 654: 407: 406:, though scholars question the connection. His grandfather, the son of a 377: 3678: 3481: 3143: 2834:. Vol. 06 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 467. 886:

conversely, the very real effects of a superiority in numbers and "mass"

340:"), though unfinished at his death, is considered a seminal treatise on 3908:

The Influence of Clausewitz on Jomini's Le Précis de l'Art de la Guerre

3508: 3357: 3284: 2366: 2207:"Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'" 1453: 1414: 1406: 1344: 1324: 1251: 1195: 1163: 893: 781: 754: 352: 3853: 3271:

Peter Paret (2010). "Two Historians on Defeat in War and Its Causes".

602:

in 1815. An army led personally by Napoleon defeated the Prussians at

540:, whom he had first met in 1803. She was a member of the noble German 3179:

John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic

2806:

Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'

1366:

One prominent critic of Clausewitz is the Israeli military historian

1348: 1316: 1246: 1171: 1013:, a Greek writer and philosopher, who opposed the interpretations of 982: 830: 567:(1812). Like many Prussian officers serving in Russia, he joined the 545: 525: 508:Über Machiavell, als Schriftsteller, und Stellen aus seinen Schriften 3500: 3349: 2970:

The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz

2815:" (Clausewitz.com). This is a 'working paper' first posted in 2016." 974:

Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln

813: 3896: 3892: 1892:. Alexander Kluge-Jahrbuch 6 (2019). V&R Unipress. p. 48. 765: 680: 552: 534: 364: 3082:

Holmes, Terence M. (2007). "Planning versus Chaos in Clausewitz's

3336:

Rogers, Clifford J. (2002). "Clausewitz, Genius, and the Rules".

2367:"Lenin and Clausewitz: the Militarization of Marxism, 1914–1921." 1469: 1410: 946: 934: 750: 636: 109: 2922:

After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War.

2424:

Zhang, Yuanlin (1999). "Mao Zedongs Bezugnahme auf Clausewitz".

1114:

until well into the interwar period. Another is naval historian

3246:

Mertsalov, A.N. "Jomini versus Clausewitz" pp. 11–19 from

2636:

Social sciences and the military: an interdisciplinary overview

2553:

Clausewitz Goes Global: Carl von Clausewitz in the 21st century

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His widow edited, published, and wrote the introduction to his

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Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times

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T. Derbent: Giap et Clausewitz, éditions ADEN, Bruxelles 2006.

2061:

Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times

2049:]. Translated by Graham, J.J. London: N. Trübner & Co. 328:) and political aspects of waging war. His most notable work, 3800:

On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815

3218:

Mieszkowski, Jan (2009). "How to do Things with Clausewitz".

3177:

See critique of Keegan's arguments by Christopher Bassford, "

2591:

On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815

2117:

The Fog Of War: Effects Of Uncertainty On Airpower Employment

1378:

the paragraph in which Clausewitz defined his Trinity to see

603: 273: 54: 2337:

http://www.mqup.ca/war-as-paradox-products-9780773547698.php

2317:

Strachan, Hew (2011). "Clausewitz and the First World War".

1315:

have used nuclear weapons against each other, instead using

1170:

were avid readers of English translations. He did influence

504:

On Machiavelli, as an Author, and Passages from His Writings

3591: 3553:

Waldman, Thomas (2012). "Clausewitz and the Study of War".

3373:

http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf

2885:"Clausewitz and the politics of war: A contemporary theory" 2383: 1801:

Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman Behind the Making of On War

1284:

doctrine and the closely related foreign-policy concept of

1087:

but despite this his ideas have been widely influential in

356: 279: 3627:(trans. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2693:

Rebooting Clausewitz: 'On War' in the Twenty-First Century

2392:

Mertsalov, A.N. "Jomini versus Clausewitz" pp. 11–19 from

1042:. Howard and Paret edited the most widely used edition of 3398:"A social theory of war: Clausewitz and war reconsidered" 1537: 949:, due to their egregious misinterpretation of his ideas: 285: 848:

the asymmetrical relationship between attack and defense

3821:

to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as

3703:

Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation)

3692:

Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation)

3430:

On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas.

1825:"Five Things You Didn't Know About Carl von Clausewitz" 920: 533:

On 10 December 1810, he married the socially prominent

3014:(2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's 2518:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 , pp. 233–234. 2285: 2283: 2281: 1363:

he included a famous chapter on "The People in Arms".

1335:, the American biologist, musician, and game-theorist 555:, Clausewitz left the Prussian army and served in the 518:

157–166. For an English translation of the letter see

34:. For the Paradox computer strategy games engine, see 3672:

Clausewitz, Carl von. Col. J. J. Graham, translator.

3449: 2619: 2527: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1402:

is often (usually in translation) mandatory reading.

520:

Carl von Clausewitz Historical and Political Writings

291: 276: 267: 3519:

Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2008.

3450:

Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007).

3392:, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943. 2620:

Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007).

1607: 1241:

Clausewitz directly influenced Mao Zedong, who read

288: 282: 270: 2278: 1973:

On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War

1266: 780:circumstance is generally described as part of the 264: 2491:What the U. S. Military Can Do to Defeat Terrorism 2460: 1803:. New York/London: Oxford University Press, 2015. 1758: 693:, both of whom were inspired by the events of the 583:that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies. 422:, eventually attaining the rank of major general. 324:who stressed the "moral" (in modern terms meaning 27:Prussian general and military theorist (1780–1831) 4016:Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 2696:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. xx. 933:contends that the enthusiastic acceptance by the 3927: 3536:Villacres, Edward J. and Bassford, Christopher. 590:'s III Corps. In that capacity he served at the 3986:Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by France 3476:Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds. 2674:Strategy Guideline 7: Develop Leadership Skills 2546: 2487: 2410:Rapoport, Anatol "Introduction" pp. 11–82 from 1678:"Everything You Know About Clausewitz Is Wrong" 386:continue to use Gottlieb instead of Gottfried. 3303:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976. 2035: 529:Marie von Clausewitz (née, Countess von Brühl) 478:Clausewitz served during the Jena Campaign as 3517:Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War 2941: 2245:The Power of the Past: History and Statecraft 1823:Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova (January 6, 2016). 3267:. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015. 3012:Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought. 2248:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 147. 2113: 2076:. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–163. 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1868:, Penguin Books, 2006, p. 57; Paul Donker, " 987: 972: 842:the nature of the balance-of-power mechanism 640: 551:Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with 522:Edited by: Peter Paret and D. Moran (1992). 329: 3270: 3217: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2142:Frequently Asked Questions about Clausewitz 1818: 1816: 1409:look to Clausewitz - just as some look to 389: 3976:Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars 3614: 2241: 2205:Bassford, Christopher (15 February 2022). 1999: 1989:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–90. 1860: 1858: 1639: 3871:, "Clausewitz's self-appointed PR Flack." 3460:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.001.0001 3402:Cambridge Review of International Affairs 3099: 2952:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231911.001.0001 2900: 2780:New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 2156: 2154: 2020: 1885: 1822: 1069:attacked Clausewitz's theory in his book 3806:The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview 3602:ed. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (1992). 3592:Primary sources (including translations) 3540:. Parameters, Autumn 95, pp. 9–19, 3148: 2882: 2818: 2399: 2316: 2289: 2204: 1984: 1813: 1773: 1744:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 12–14. 1613: 1306:After 1970, some theorists claimed that 1154:With some interesting exceptions (e.g., 812: 705:has faded from influence. The historian 524: 316:; 1 July 1780 – 16 November 1831) was a 3552: 3190: 2847: 2329: 1855: 1852:vol. 9, no. 1, Spring 2018, pp.133-154. 1774:Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016). 1614:Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016). 14: 3928: 3538:"Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity" 3486: 3478:Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century 3452:Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century 3395: 3335: 3081: 3052: 2655:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 224. 2556:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 293. 2458: 2172: 2151: 2086: 2071: 1389:Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century 1145:Chichele Professor of Military History 1105:Chichele Professor of Military History 394:Clausewitz was born on 1 July 1780 in 4036:Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt 3884:Works by or about Carl von Clausewitz 3306: 2686: 2648: 2423: 2053: 1922: 1413:- to bolster ideas on the concept of 889:the essential unpredictability of war 514:The letter was published in Fichte's 303: 68:Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz 1737: 962:, then-professor of strategy at the 921:Interpretation and misinterpretation 861:philosophical distinctions between " 2718:Clausewitz's Six Leadership Lessons 2195:London:Faber, 1967. Second rev. ed. 2114:Shepherd III, Frederick L. (2014). 1975:(Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982). 1083:Clausewitz died without completing 1052:A Guide to the Reading of "On War," 24: 3956:People from the Duchy of Magdeburg 3600:Historical and Political Writings, 3380:"Clausewitz" pp. 93–113 from 3185:, November 1994, pp. 319–336. 2942:Echevarria II, Antulio J. (2007). 2729: 2242:Brands, Hal; Suri, Jeremi (2015). 1675: 937:military establishment—especially 916:the "culminating point of victory" 836:the methods of "critical analysis" 808: 575:, Clausewitz helped negotiate the 445:from 1806 to 1815. He entered the 25: 4047: 3839: 3724:Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign. 3645:, abridged version translated by 2580:(New York: The Free Press, 1991). 1633: 1427:August Otto Rühle von Lilienstern 1351:, and engaging in other forms of 1311:made themselves obsolete. No two 4011:19th-century German male writers 3900: 3792:Der Feldzug von 1812 in Russland 3611:. Berlin: Dümmlers Verlag, 1832. 2850:The International History Review 2275:1993. Second edition 2004, p. 3. 2093:. Psychology Press. p. 71. 1267:Late 20th and early 21st century 669: 260: 53: 4021:German male non-fiction writers 3856:, large amounts of information. 3489:The Journal of Military History 3338:The Journal of Military History 3309:Journal of the History of Ideas 3248:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy 2991:Clausewitz and Modern Strategy. 2944:Clausewitz and Contemporary War 2751:Clausewitz: Philosopher of War. 2679: 2641: 2628: 2613: 2596: 2583: 2570: 2540: 2521: 2508: 2481: 2452: 2417: 2394:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy 2359: 2350: 2341: 2310: 2262: 2235: 2198: 2183: 2166: 2148:edited by Christopher Bassford. 2134: 2107: 2080: 2065: 1993: 1978: 1965: 1948: 1935: 1916: 1879: 1842: 1587: 1578: 1065:The British military historian 571:in 1813. In the service of the 3951:People from Burg bei Magdeburg 3790:, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832–37, " 3773:The Campaign of 1812 in Russia 3615:Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) . 3396:Sharma, Vivek Swaroop (2015). 2911:The Evolution of Clausewitz's 2602:See for instance John Keegan, 2290:Bassford, Christopher (1994). 2120:. Pickle Partners. p. 9. 2090:Clausewitz and Modern Strategy 1870:The Evolution of Clausewitz's 1793: 1741:Clausewitz: Philosopher of War 1731: 1713: 1688: 1669: 1525: 865:," "ideal war," and "real war" 463:and won the regard of General 13: 1: 3753:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). 3736:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). 3722:Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). 3437:Clausewitz: His Life and Work 3384:edited by Edward Mead Earle, 3382:The Makers of Modern Strategy 2920:Echevarria, Antulio J., II. 2902:10.1080/01402390.2018.1529567 2463:The Art of Project Management 2296:. Oxford UP. pp. 20–21. 1513: 1108: 1019:Penser la Guerre, Clausewitz, 833:approach to military analysis 559:from 1812 to 1813 during the 305:[ˈkaʁlfɔnˈklaʊzəvɪts] 3893:Works by Carl von Clausewitz 3875:Works by Carl von Clausewitz 3869:reply by Clausewitz Homepage 3567:10.1080/14702436.2012.703843 3414:10.1080/09557571.2013.872600 3088:Journal of Strategic Studies 3055:Journal of Strategic Studies 2889:Journal of Strategic Studies 2862:10.1080/07075332.2013.859166 2825:"Clausewitz, Karl von" 2649:Paley, Norton (8 May 2014). 1078: 1036:Institute for Advanced Study 7: 4006:19th-century German writers 3899:(public domain audiobooks) 3439:(Oxford UP, 2014) 376 pp. 2426:Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 2319:Journal of Military History 2087:Handel, Michael I. (1986). 1925:Journal of Military History 1799:Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova. 1420: 1395:and Andreas Herberg-Rothe. 902:strategic and operational " 854:the "fascinating trinity" ( 516:Verstreute kleine Schriften 10: 4052: 3861:"Clausewitz in Wonderland" 3794:" in Vol. 7, Berlin, 1835. 3163:10.1177/096834459400100305 2624:. Oxford University Press. 1889:The Poetic Power of Theory 1776:"Clausewitz and His Works" 1616:"Clausewitz and His Works" 856:wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit 437:invaded France during the 429:(1793–1794) including the 29: 3981:Major generals of Prussia 3823:two letters by Clausewitz 3110:10.1080/01402390701210855 3067:10.1080/01402391003603623 2989:Handel, Michael I., ed. 2883:Dimitriu, George (2018). 2606:(New York: Knopf, 1993), 2438:10.7788/akg.1999.81.2.443 2006:. Springer. p. 244. 1372:The Transformation of War 1143:(like Wilkinson also the 817:Clausewitz as a young man 425:Clausewitz served in the 203:French Revolutionary Wars 195: 183: 172: 162: 154: 142: 120: 99: 72: 64: 52: 45: 3971:German untitled nobility 3191:Kinross, Stuart (2009). 2494:. iUniverse. p. 7. 2488:Joseph W Graham (2002). 2173:Moltke, Helmuth (1892). 2000:Evan Luard, ed. (2016). 1696:"Clausewitz's tombstone" 1103:, journalist, the first 488:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 461:Friedrich Schleiermacher 390:Life and military career 220:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 4001:German prisoners of war 3966:German military writers 3914:Two Letters On Strategy 3831:Two Letters on Strategy 3482:excerpt and text search 3232:10.2979/GSO.2009.3.1.18 2831:Encyclopædia Britannica 2804:Christopher Bassford, " 2797:Christopher Bassford, " 2739:The Clausewitz Homepage 2163:by Christopher Bassford 1971:Summers, Harry G., Jr. 1725:Encyclopædia Britannica 1647:; Paret, Peter (eds.). 1444:Famous military writers 1357:rebellion in the Vendée 1093:Helmuth Graf von Moltke 821:Key ideas discussed in 803:der kriegerische Genius 776:democratised politics. 577:Convention of Tauroggen 465:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 383:Encyclopædia Britannica 370: 4031:Theoretical historians 3828:Clausewitz, Carl von. 3767:Clausewitz, Carl von. 3714:Clausewitz, Karl von. 3663:Clausewitz, Carl von. 3641:Clausewitz, Carl von. 3605:Clausewitz, Carl von. 3598:Clausewitz, Carl von. 3193:Clausewitz and America 2459:Berkun, Scott (2005). 2414:London: Penguin, 1968. 2146:ClausewitzStudies.org, 1945:(2nd ed. 1946) p. 583. 1738:Aron, Raymond (1983). 1384: 1304: 1239: 1232:Rapoport argued that: 1224: 988: 979: 973: 966:of the United States: 956: 818: 802: 738: 641: 530: 492:Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand 457:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 330: 248:Carl Philipp Gottfried 3515:Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. 3321:10.1353/jhi.2004.0021 3273:Historically Speaking 3201:10.4324/9780203089125 2771:Bassford, Christopher 2372:1985 49(4): 184–191. 1954:Carl von Clausewitz, 1721:"Carl von Clausewitz" 1380: 1308:nuclear proliferation 1290: 1234: 1216: 968: 951: 816: 735:, Book III, Chapter 1 723: 645:to contain the great 569:Russian–German Legion 563:, taking part in the 557:Imperial Russian Army 528: 177:Russian–German Legion 155:Years of service 2741:bibliography section 2604:A History of Warfare 2576:Martin van Creveld, 2467:. Beijing: OŔeilly. 2271:A History of Warfare 2037:von Clausewitz, Carl 1943:War Through the Ages 1866:The Utility of Force 1641:Clausewitz, Carl von 1507:U.S. Army Strategist 1487:Operation Clausewitz 1460:Antoine-Henri Jomini 1353:asymmetrical warfare 1072:A History of Warfare 964:National War College 960:Christopher Bassford 588:Johann von Thielmann 441:, and fought in the 361:Antoine-Henri Jomini 116:, Kingdom of Prussia 32:Operation Clausewitz 4026:Philosophers of war 3961:Deaths from cholera 3936:Carl von Clausewitz 3854:Clausewitz homepage 3817:. It also includes 3042:(2002). 238 pages, 3040:Reading Clausewitz. 3038:Heuser, Beatrice. 3010:Handel, Michael I. 2514:Gaddis, John Lewis 2223:on 11 December 2022 2190:Liddell Hart, B. H. 2140:This list is from " 1727:. 22 February 2024. 1519:Informational notes 1449:Niccolò Machiavelli 1370:. In his 1991 book 1301:, Book I, Chapter 1 1282:massive retaliation 1261:Newtonian mechanics 1156:John McAuley Palmer 1011:Panagiotis Kondylis 677:Frederick the Great 610:and the village of 412:Frederick the Great 114:Province of Silesia 47:Carl von Clausewitz 3996:Political realists 3991:Military theorists 3819:Wellington's reply 3781:2020-01-13 at the 3708:2018-11-11 at the 3697:2018-11-11 at the 3544:Wallach, Jehuda L. 3435:Stoker, Donald J. 3285:10.1353/hsp.0.0118 3125:Sir Michael Howard 2811:2018-04-17 at the 2688:Coker, Christopher 2634:Giuseppe Caforio, 1829:Real Clear Defense 1405:Some theorists of 1368:Martin van Creveld 1321:conventional means 1227:Henry A. Kissinger 1160:Robert M. Johnston 1124:B. H. Liddell Hart 1040:Sir Michael Howard 931:B. H. Liddell Hart 925:Clausewitz used a 904:centers of gravity 819: 774:universal suffrage 628:a crisis in Poland 616:Battle of Waterloo 565:Battle of Borodino 531: 400:Duchy of Magdeburg 396:Burg bei Magdeburg 225:Battle of Borodino 90:Kingdom of Prussia 86:Burg bei Magdeburg 3879:Project Gutenberg 3763:978-0-7006-3034-9 3746:978-0-7006-3025-7 3732:978-0-7006-2676-2 3684:Project Gutenberg 3679:On War – Volume 1 3666:Principles of War 3659:978-0-19-954002-0 3634:978-0-691-05657-9 3370:979-10-91815-01-7 2801:." Working paper. 2474:978-0-596-00786-7 1809:978-0-19-022543-8 1676:Holmes, James R. 1662:978-0-691-01854-6 1502:Strategic studies 1497:Principles of War 1492:Philosophy of war 1465:B.H. Liddell Hart 1273:Dwight Eisenhower 1257:center of gravity 1101:Spenser Wilkinson 913:of the offensive" 911:culminating point 745:. He rejects the 743:Thirty Years' War 660:philosophy of war 600:Waterloo campaign 496:Duke of Brunswick 469:Hermann von Boyen 439:French Revolution 342:military strategy 322:military theorist 245: 244: 94:Holy Roman Empire 36:Clausewitz Engine 16:(Redirected from 4043: 3904: 3903: 3888:Internet Archive 3809:(Berlin: 1835). 3638: 3586: 3512: 3473: 3425: 3361: 3344:(4): 1167–1176. 3332: 3296: 3243: 3220:The Global South 3214: 3174: 3121: 3103: 3078: 2965: 2924:(2001). 346 pp. 2906: 2904: 2873: 2835: 2827: 2753:(1985). 418 pp. 2723: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2611: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2466: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2397: 2390: 2381: 2370:Military Affairs 2365:Kipp, Joseph W. 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2287: 2276: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2222: 2216:. 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Sokolovsky 1205:Anatol Rapoport 1111: 1089:military theory 1081: 1060:Anatol Rapoport 943:military theory 923: 811: 809:Principal ideas 793: 790:military genius 737: 730: 672: 608:Mont-Saint-Jean 596:Battle of Wavre 592:Battle of Ligny 544:originating in 538:Marie von Brühl 443:Napoleonic Wars 427:Rhine campaigns 416:King of Prussia 392: 373: 309: 308: 300: 263: 259: 241: 235:Battle of Wavre 230:Battle of Ligny 215:Napoleonic Wars 138: 108: 104: 84: 78: 76: 60: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4049: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3910: 3905: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3857: 3851: 3841: 3840:External links 3838: 3836: 3835: 3826: 3795: 3765: 3751: 3734: 3720: 3712: 3670: 3661: 3647:Michael Howard 3639: 3633: 3612: 3603: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3561:(3): 345–374. 3550: 3541: 3534: 3525:978-0700616169 3513: 3495:(2): 333–354. 3484: 3474: 3469:978-0199232024 3468: 3447: 3433: 3428:Smith, Hugh. 3426: 3408:(3): 327–347. 3393: 3378:Rothfels, Hans 3375: 3362: 3333: 3304: 3299:Paret, Peter. 3297: 3268: 3261:Paret, Peter. 3259: 3244: 3215: 3210:978-0203089125 3209: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3183:War in History 3157:(3): 319–336. 3151:War in History 3146: 3122: 3079: 3050: 3036: 3020:The Art of War 3008: 2993:1986. 324 pp. 2987: 2966: 2961:978-0199231911 2960: 2939: 2918: 2907: 2880: 2877:Cormier, Youri 2874: 2856:(3): 419–442. 2845: 2839:Cormier, Youri 2836: 2822:, ed. 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