Gutian rule in Mesopotamia

600:"The god Enlil — (as for) Gu, the fanged serpent of the mountain, who acted with violence against the gods, who carried off the kingship of the land of Sumer to the mountain land, who fied the land of Sumer with wickedness, who took away the wife from the one who had a wife, who took away the child from the one who had a child, who put wickedness and evil in the land (of Sumer) — the god Enlil, lord of the foreign lands, commissioned Utu-hegal, the mighty man, king of Uruk, king of the four quarters, the king whose utterance cannot be countermanded, to destroy their name. (Thereupon) he (Utu-hegal) went to the goddess Inanna, his lady (and) prayed to her,(saying) 'My lady, lioness of battle, who butts the foreign lands, the god Enlil has comto bring back the kingship of the land of Sumer. a The enemy hordes had trampled(everything). Tiri, the king of Gutium, had ..., (but) no one set out against him. He had seized both banks of the Tigris River. In the south, in Sumer, he had blocked (water from) the fields. In the north, he had closed off the roads (and) caused tall grass to grow up along the highway(s) of the land. (But), the king granted power by the god Enlil, the one chosen in the heart of the goddess Inanna — Utu-hegal — the mighty man, went forth from Uruk (and) set up ... in the temple of the god Iškur. He called out to the citizens of his city,(saying): 'The god Enlil has given Gutium to me. My lady, the goddess Inanna, is my ally. The god Dumuzi-ama-ušumgal-ana has declared 'It is a matter for me'. The god Gilgameš, son of the goddess Ninsun, has assigned him (Dumuzi) to me as bailiff. He made the citizens of Uruk (and) Kullab happy. His city followed him as if they were (just) one person. He (Utu-hegal) arranged in correct array his select elite troops. After he (Utu-hegal) departed (from) the temple of the god Iškur, on the fourth day he set up... in the city of Nagsu on the Iturungal canal. On the fifth day he set up ... in the shrine Ili-tappe. He captured Ur-Ninazu (and) Nabi-Enlil, generals whom he (Tirigan) had sent as envoys to the land of Sumer, (and) put handcuffs on them. After he departed (from) the shrine Ili-tappe, on the sixth day he set up ... at Karkar. He proceeded to the god Iskur (and) prayed to him, (saying) 'O god Iškur! The god Enlil has given me (his) weapon. May you be my ally'. In the middle of that night he , and at day break (to a point) upstream from Adab. He to him (Utu), (saying) 'O god Utu! The god Enlil has given Gutium to me. May you be my ally' In that place, against the Gutians, he laid a trap (and) led (his) troops against them. Utu-hegal, the mighty man, defeated their generals. Then Tirigan, king of Gutium, fled alone on foot. In the place where he (tried) to save his life — Dabrum — he (at first) was safe. (But) since the citizens of Dabrum realized that Utu-hegal was the king to whom the god Enlil had granted power, they did not let Tirigan go. The envoys of Utu-hegal captured Tirigan along with his wife (and) children at Dabrum. They put handcuffs and a blindfold on him. Utu-hegal made him lie at the feet of the god U and placed his foot on his neck. Gutium, the fanged serpent of the mountain — ... drank water (from) the watercourses.... (Utu-hegal) removed ... He brought back the kingship of the land of Sumer." 715:"Enlil brought out of the mountains those who do not resemble other people, who are not reckoned as part of the Land, the Gutians, an unbridled people, with human intelligence but canine instincts and monkeys' features. Like small birds they swooped on the ground in great flocks. Because of Enlil, they stretched their arms out across the plain like a net for animals. Nothing escaped their clutches, no one left their grasp. Messengers no longer traveled the highways, the courier's boat no longer passed along the rivers. The Gutians drove the trusty (?) goats of Enlil out of their folds and compelled their herdsmen to follow them, they drove the cows out of their pens and compelled their cowherds to follow them. Prisoners manned the watch. Brigands occupied the highways. The doors of the city gates of the Land lay dislodged in mud, and all the foreign lands uttered bitter cries from the walls of their cities. They established gardens for themselves within the cities, and not as usual on the wide plain outside. As if it had been before the time when cities were built and founded, the large arable tracts yielded no grain, the inundated tracts yielded no fish, the irrigated orchards yielded no syrup or wine, the thick clouds (?) did not rain, the macgurum plant did not grow." 6763: 341: 1965: 585: 2458: 6200: 5340: 3972: 4935: 619:"... Gula-AN, king of Gut(i)um, , whom I in my strong battle , and whom I had released to return to his land (but) PN , he who is not ̆flesh nor blood, verily he is . In the Amanus the cedar mountain his oracles . Before the great divides of the mountains, its gate he captured and stealthily in the night he attacked and my a he did kill, he did decimate and he did . a confusing mass of their corpses. The depressions and the wadis were with their blood. Until the sunrise, for six double hours he . They did not let (me?) rest . He pursued me, he me frontally fu. 90,000 of my troops, who were under the command of , he did kill, he did decimate and he did tra. In my 360,000 troops I . 687:"Islikun-Dagan to ... Cultivate the land and preserve the cattle. Up to now the Gutian did not cultivate the land. Don’t say 'How so ?' You are strong, so settle Akkad (?), and do you cultivate the land. Let the store-places and the ponds be sought (?) out for you for an approach, and have the cattle brought into the city. With regard to (?) the cattle the Gutians have reared (?), now as for myself I shall say nothing, I shall pay you the money. I swear by the life of Sharkalisharri that if you will indeed deliver the cattle the Gutians reared (?) of your own free will, I will transport (? lit. carry), and that I will pay you the money when (the cattle) come to me. 647:

premise is that the Gutians destroyed the Akkadian Empire because Naram-Sin was mean to the city of Babylon. There are scholars who state that the description of the Gutian rule over parts of Mesopotamia was fiction or that it at least gave undue importance to the Guti horde. This is believed to be perpetuated by the chroniclers of Uruk to turn Utu-hegal's minor victory into an event of universal significance for the purpose of solidifying support for his emergent regime. This view is based on the varying accounts of the surviving manuscripts, with many of them in total disagreement as to the length of the king's reign and even the identities of the Guti kings. The

8427: 4644: 8057: 655:"Naram-Sin defiled the people of Babylon. Twice he called up the horde of Gutium against it. ... his people as with a goad ... he gave his sovereignty to the horde of Gutium. Gutium was an oppressive people. They did not know divine worship; rites and regulations they did not know how to perform properly. the "fisherman" caught fish as offering-presents on the edge of the seacoast. Until that fish was offered to the Marduk, it was not offered to any other god. The Gutians took the cooked fish away from him before it was offered. By his exalted command he took away sovereignty from the horde and gave it to Utuhegal" 6593: 4607: 4032: 5186: 8779: 6820: 1161: 385: 350: 497: 5514: 4382: 8769: 4007: 5785: 4592: 7641: 7532: 4215: 2372: 5854: 6848: 3299: 512: 396:. The inscription included Gutium in the area paying tribute to the ruler. This inscription is now understood to be an Old Babylonian period literary composition written many centuries after the time of Lugal-Anne-Mundu. The first attestation of Gutium came from early in the Sargonic period when the Gutians are mentioned in year names of Akkadian rulers and established a capital at the prominent Early Dynastic Sumerian city of 218: 2588: 2574: 193: 7874: 4866: 5962: 4779: 4602: 5957: 5509: 5181: 4774: 4587: 6074: 5036: 4019: 741:, the mighty one of the gods, is his clan (god). Erridu-pizir, the mighty, king of Gutium and of the four quarters: ... and dedicated a statue of myself to the god Enlil in Nippur. As for the one who removes this inscription, may the gods Samas, Astar, Ila tear out his foundations and destroy his rogeny." 320:, most recensions of which were written long after the time of the Gutian Dynasty and give different, sometimes conflicting versions of history. The earliest version of the Sumerian King List, written in the Ur III period, not long afterward in time, does not mention the Gutians and lists a Gutian ruler, 575:"Thus says Išarum to Me-sag “As to the fact that Lugal-ĝiš and? Ka-Utu ... How can my loyal servant, who has held my feet, become hostile? (By) Ištar and Ilaba I swear that he shall approach me. I will not set the weapon of blood against him. Henceforth, I shall appoint him anew as the Gutian ensi. ..." 646:

The Weidner Chronicle is a literary composition, known from 7 mostly fragmentary Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian (1st Millennium BC) recensions purportedly a copy of a damaged Old Babylonian Period (1894 - 1595 BC) original which described events of centuries earlier. In the case of the Gutians the

614:

This source lives on the borderline between history and literary composition. Some elements of it are from Old Babylonian copies of Naram-Sin royal inscriptions. That core was transformed into a wide variety of literary efforts with names like "Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes". A relevant one is

710:

More commonly called the Curse of Agade (known by Sumerians as "The Frown of Enlil"), this is a Sumerian literary composition, many sources and versions of which have been found, purporting to describe the fall of the Akkadian Empire because it had been cursed by the gods. On the Gutians it says:

637:"... From Sinu (?) to the land of Armani. From izzat to Abul-Adad, the land of Gutium. From Abul-Adad to Hallab, the land of Akkad. ... From Hisat to Sippar, the land of Akkad. From Tirqan of Gutium to Uzarilulu, the land of Edamarus. From Uzarilulu to Bit-Sin, the land of Mari. ..."(KAV 092) 615:"Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin". The narrative is that Gutian king Gula-AN, leading 17 other kings, attacks Akkad and is defeated, captured, and then paroled by Naram-Sin, only to attack again resulting in a huge battle the results of which are unknown. 701:"... The ... of broad Gutium ... seized the ... in Zulum, ... The chief ministers of the Cedar Mountain, Elam, Marḫaši, Gutium, Subartu, Amurru, Sutium and ... The ... of the Cedar Mountain, Elam, Marḫaši, Gutium, ... Subartu, Amurru, Sutium, and the Mountain(?) of Eanna" 696:

Originally thought to be an authentic inscription of the 24th century BC ruler it is now known to be a pseudoautobiographical literary composition. It is known from 3 Old Babylonian tablet copies. The fragmentary text lists areas that are tributary to Lugal-Ane-mundu.

545:"Lugal-ana-tuma, governor of Umma — 35 years having past since (the territory of) Umma was divided up — built the E-gidru at Umma, drove into the earth its foundation pegs, (and) saw after everything that was necessary therein. At that time, Si'um was king of Gutium." 477:

One year name of Ur ruler Ur-Nammu mentions Gutium. It is uncertain if the year name was from the time when he was only governor at Ur, leaving the possibility it was a reflected year name of Utu-hengal, or was later after he had assumed rulership over Mesopotamia.

403:

The full history of the Gutian dynasty is not known. It is known that it lies roughly between two major empires of the late 3rd millennium BC, the Akkadian Empire and the later Ur III Empire. Towards the end of the reign of the last notable Akkadian ruler,

729:" he inflicted punishment. Their survivors delivered (lit. “took here”) their offerings – their donkeys, their horses, their large and small cattle. They embraced the feet of the god of Gutium and Erridu-pizir, (saying): “Let our lord ... (rest broken)" 460:

In the period before the Gutian Dynasty gained rulership over Mesopotamia the Akkadian Empire controlled the region. Two year names of Akkadian ruler Shar-kali-sharri (the last before the empire began to unravel) reflect of interaction with Gutium.

260:. Originally thought to be a horde that swept in and brought down Akkadian and Sumerian rule in Mesopotamia, the Gutians are now known to have been in the area for at least a century by then. By the end of the Akkadian period, the Sumerian city of 632:

Another source of uncertain historicity or dating. It is known from a single tablet, findspot thought to be Qalat Sherqat, which was translated in 1925, in the early days of cuneiform studies. Gutium is listed among the area in Sargon's domain.

749:"Lasirab, the migng of utium, Lacuna ... fash and dedicated (this mace) .As for the one who removes this inscription and writes his own name (instead), may the god of Gutium, Astar, and Sin tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny." 724:

We know little about what deities the Gutian rulers worshiped though we do know that they did follow gods (both their own, and those of Mesopotamia based on inscriptions of their first known ruler, Erridu-pizir such as this one:

595:

An inscription of the Uruk ruler Utu-hengal, known from 3 Old Babylonian copies, commemorated the defeat of Gutian (and its king Tirigan) and the return of rulership to Sumer. Note the Mesopotamian names of Tirigan's generals.

2900:

Westenholz, Joan Goodnick, "Chapter 10. “Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes”: The “Cuthean Legend” of Naram-Sin". Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 263-368,

447:(SKL) and the various literary compositions that were produced in the following centuries and millennia. Neither are historically reliable sources but can be mined for insights into the events of the Gutian period. 2972: 772:

which often conflict. The earliest source is from the Ur III period, well after some of the events described. Unlike the literary narratives, which have the Akkadian Empire falling to the Gutian hordes, the

2937:

Markina, Ekaterina, "They embraced his feet, saying … and ezēbum as idioms of loyalty and defiance in Sargonic", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 165-168,

6762: 2789:

Lambert, Wilfred G., "Babylon: Origins". Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident", edited by Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Margarete van Ess and Joachim Marzahn, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 71-76, 2011

299:

There are very few hard facts available regarding the rulers of the Gutian Dynasty, still fewer about the Gutian people; even their homeland is not known. We have a few royal inscriptions from one ruler,

392:

At one time it was believed that Gutium was known from the 24th century BC, well before the time of the Gutian Dynasty. This was based on a tablet purportedly from the Early Dynastic ruler of Adab

8983: 327:

Still, clearly the Gutian rulers had a huge impact on late–3rd-millennium Mesopotamia, reflected in the vast array of literary compositions featuring them, continuing for almost two millennia.

2690:

Douglas Frayne, "ADAB". Presargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC), RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 1, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 17-34, 2008

8978: 2855:

Westenholz, Joan Goodnick. "Chapter 9. The Great Revolt against Naram-Sin". Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 221-262, 1997

272:. How long Gutian kings held rulership over Mesopotamia is uncertain, with estimates ranging from a few years up to a century. The end of the Gutian dynasty is marked by the accession of 2956:

Douglas Frayne, "Gutium" in "Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC)", RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 2, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 219-230, 1993

2983:

Douglas Frayne, "Akkad" in "Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC)", RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 2, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, , pp. 5-218, 1993

2830:

Douglas Frayne, "Umma" in "Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC)", RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 2, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 261-268, 1993

2727:

Douglas Frayne, "Uruk" in "Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC)", RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Volume 2, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 274-296, 1993

2846:

Kraus, Nicholas. "The Weapon of Blood: Politics and Intrigue at the Decline of Akkad" Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2018

439:

2055 – 2048 BC) who was ruler of Uruk (and thought to be the brother of the first Ur II ruler Ur-Nammu) which described the destruction of the Gutians under their king

412:

2153–2129 BC), the Akkadian Empire went on to a period of disarray under several weak rulers beginning a tumultuous time in Mesopotamia as Early Dynastic city-states such as

465:"In the year in which Szarkaliszarri laid the foundations of the temples of the goddess Annunitum and of the god Aba in Babylon and when he defeated Szarlak, king of Gutium" 3848: 1964: 340: 2882:

Al-Rawi, F. N. H. “Tablets from the Sippar Library. I. The ‘Weidner Chronicle’: A Supposititious Royal Letter Concerning a Vision.” Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 1–13, 1990

5295: 3079: 785:. The listed reign lengths throughout much of the Gutian period are comparatively short and uniform. The following list should not be considered complete: 562:"For the goddess Ninura, mother of Umma, Namahni, governor of Umma, built her E-ula temple (and) restored it. At that time Iarlagan was king of Gutium." 761:

Aside from a few inscriptions, mostly from a single ruler, Erridupizir, most of what is known about the names and reigns of Gutian rulers comes from the

5424: 5300: 3672: 2864:

Albright, W. F., "A Babylonian Geographical Treatise on Sargon of Akkad’s Empire", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 45, pp. 193–245, 1925

5717: 8056: 5339: 5155: 683:

A tablet, thought to be from Uruk and from the period following the fall of the Akkadian Empire Islikun-Dagan, known from another tablet read:

2974:

Litke, Richard L., "A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN: A NU-UM and AN: ANU SA AMÉLI", New Haven: Yale University, 1998

6095: 5816: 5727: 5416: 5131: 5073: 5069: 3841: 2643:

Susanne Paulus, "Fraud, Forgery, and Fiction: Is There Still Hope for Agum-Kakrime?", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, pp. 115–66, 2018

5373: 5369: 5077: 2494: 2473: 2408: 2387: 2334: 2313: 2265: 2244: 2201: 2180: 2137: 2116: 2073: 2052: 2001: 1980: 1932: 1911: 1868: 1847: 1804: 1783: 1722: 1701: 1660: 1639: 1598: 1577: 1536: 1515: 1465: 1444: 1403: 1382: 1327: 1306: 1257: 1236: 1195: 1174: 974: 953: 887: 862: 8782: 5820: 5627: 5198: 5161: 5127: 4702: 4698: 4031: 3667: 2910:

Smith, Sidney, "Notes on the Gutian Period", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 2, pp. 295–308, 1932

8426: 4985: 4829: 4694: 4690: 3971: 2873:

Finkelstein, J. J., "Mesopotamian Historiography", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 461–72, 1963

5713: 5709: 5623: 5420: 4177: 2891:

O. R. Gurney, "The Sultantepe Tablets (Continued). IV. The Cuthaean Legend of Naram-Sin", Anatolian Studies, vol. 5, pp. 93–113, 1955

674:"... They scattered the (army of the upper) seas, and reached Gutium. ... They scattered (the army of) Gutium and reached Elam. ..." 5824: 5081: 3834: 3723: 3072: 3284: 584: 2706:

Gelb, I. J., "The Date of the Cruciform Monument of Maništušu", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 346–48, 1949

5227: 4981: 4961: 4934: 4643: 388:

The Gutians attacking a Babylonian city, as Akkadians are making a stand outside their city. Modern 19th century illustration.

8936: 8889: 8859: 777:

has rulership passing from Akkad to Uruk, which then falls to the Gutians. It is also unknown if the dynasties listed in the

2928:

Jacobsen, Thorkild, The Harps that Once .... Sumerian Poetry in Translation. Yale University Press: New Haven/London, 1987

2548:"23 kings; they ruled for 125 years and 40 days. Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship was taken to Uruk." 781:

are all sequential or if there is overlap in rulership. Note that the order and dates vary in different recensions of the

7183: 4678: 4530: 4387: 3414: 3065: 2457: 2715:

Frayne, Douglas, "Ur-Nammu E3/2.1.1". Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-90, 1997

7853: 5532: 3141: 2988: 2961: 2835: 2778: 2732: 2695: 6199: 8973: 3805: 2818:

Huber, Peter J., "Astronomical Dating of Ur III and Akkad", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 46/47, pp. 50–79, 1999

2669: 7847: 2743:

Michalowski, Piotr, "History as Charter: Some Observations on the Sumerian King List", JAOS 103, pp. 237–47, 1983

541:

The tablet marks the building of a temple, E-gidru, in Umma. In passing it mentions the name of a Gutian ruler.

7920: 7467: 7391: 3718: 3702: 2606: 8772: 8752: 8034: 7941: 7926: 7764: 7634: 7435: 7134: 6819: 4203: 3744: 670:

on their way to attacking Naram-Sin with the Gutians then picking up the pieces afterward. An excerpt reads

9003: 8573: 8382: 8358: 7758: 6738: 3754: 3489: 2659:, ed. Walther Sallaberger et al. 267–92, 2003 Orientalia Biblica et Christiana 14. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 7995: 7034: 6833: 6380: 6374: 4621: 3977: 3810: 3692: 3687: 3622: 3298: 2761:

Hallo, W. W., ""Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension", JCS 17: 52–57, 1963

660: 8622: 8478: 8241: 7932: 7742: 7088: 6750: 6718: 6712: 4919: 3815: 2808:

Marcel Sigrist and Peter Damerow, "Mesopotamian Year Names", Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, 2001

2752:

Vincente, Claudine-Adrienne, "The Tall Leilān Recension of the Sumerian King List", ZA 85: 234–70, 1995

8759: 8367: 8253: 8235: 8085: 7747: 7611: 7312: 7127: 6024: 3499: 3314: 435:

The end point of the Gutian dynasty is felt to be certain based on a long inscription of Utu-hengal (

9008: 8998: 8745: 8390: 8387: 8310: 8280: 8223: 8209: 7615: 6599: 6337: 5754: 5538: 4381: 3454: 3096: 2919:

Cooper, Jerrold S., The Curse of Agade., The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore/London, 1983

2234: 1088: 308:, a handful of passing mentions from contemporary Mesopotamian rulers, and one long inscription by 6592: 3052: 3047: 571:

A tablet from Umma, dating to the waning days of the Akkadian empire, mentions a Gutian governor.

424:

also asserted their claim to rulership. This contentious time ended with the rise of Ur III under

8405: 8333: 8307: 8283: 8277: 8262: 8174: 8110: 8075: 8019: 7968: 7541: 6018: 5799: 5544: 4852: 4310: 3764: 3697: 3591: 3444: 3362: 3357: 832: 2773:

Jean-Jacques Glassner, "Mesopotamian Chronicles", Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, 2004

8988: 8568: 8558: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8298: 8289: 8232: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8188: 8116: 8113: 8104: 8004: 7983: 7597: 7371: 7303: 7213: 6957: 6951: 6432: 5887: 5746: 5311: 5092: 4632: 4606: 4566: 4209: 3982: 3795: 3647: 3406: 8879: 5185: 4214: 8928:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

8849: 8812: 8734: 8611: 8271: 8247: 8203: 8191: 8185: 8182: 8137: 8131: 8107: 8072: 8028: 8016: 8013: 8010: 7998: 7992: 7980: 7974: 7793: 7703: 7700: 7691: 7254: 5331: 3464: 1126: 648: 8926: 8778: 4591: 2632:

Der Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 9

264:

was occupied by the Gutians, who made it their capital. The Gutian Dynasty came to power in

8179: 8128: 8037: 8031: 8001: 7603: 7556: 7544: 7368: 7309: 6933: 6827: 6650: 6177: 5325: 4846: 4263: 3682: 3642: 3121: 443:. For what happened up to then our only sources are the many conflicting recensions of the 7640: 1160: 384: 8: 8684: 8539: 8244: 8194: 8119: 8069: 8022: 8007: 7986: 7685: 7671: 7559: 7492: 7315: 7206: 7148: 6912: 6585: 6425: 6144: 5949: 5766: 5579: 4895: 4106: 3769: 3677: 3652: 3459: 3434: 1137:. In the land of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they ruled themselves for 5 years." 1005: 293: 211: 8910: 8724: 8601: 8162: 8101: 8095: 7623: 7587: 7500: 7481: 7377: 7374: 7327: 7293: 7290: 7245: 6936: 6921: 6906: 6582: 6579: 6570: 6329: 5504: 5232: 4505: 4358: 4275: 4078: 3759: 3728: 3627: 3474: 3391: 3026: 1144: 763: 444: 317: 7380: 2807: 1070: 496: 8932: 8885: 8855: 8148: 8122: 8098: 8080: 7880: 7801: 7709: 7578: 7550: 7365: 7333: 7324: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7151: 7072: 6924: 6918: 6885: 6879: 6450: 6323: 6187: 6009: 5735: 5334: 5328: 5136: 5104: 4649: 3858: 3749: 3606: 3601: 3586: 3521: 3439: 3396: 3116: 3111: 3018: 2984: 2957: 2831: 2774: 2728: 2691: 880: 284:

2055–2048 BC), marking the short-lived "Fifth dynasty of Uruk", followed by Ur ruler

249: 58: 6312: 2999:

W. Sallaberger, "Der kultische Kalender der Ur III - Zeit I", Berlin - New York 1993

8808: 8720: 8666: 8597: 8584: 8563: 8528: 8377: 8165: 8134: 7989: 7965: 7733: 7730: 7724: 7679: 7572: 7553: 7547: 7503: 7486: 7330: 7321: 7318: 7242: 7239: 7077: 6962: 6549: 5639: 5573: 5561: 5254: 4801: 4091: 3662: 3657: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3541: 3536: 3526: 3342: 3199: 3184: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3136: 3053:

Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin tablet fragment at British Museum

2601: 905: 405: 393: 349: 3826: 8729: 8715: 8690: 8643: 8606: 8592: 8416: 8265: 8218: 8125: 8090: 7962: 7957: 7885: 7859: 7715: 7590: 7584: 7569: 7562: 7516: 7506: 7339: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7221: 7169: 7005: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6888: 6867: 6786: 6690: 6687: 6661: 6576: 6555: 6543: 6510: 6504: 6474: 6396: 6206: 5558: 5513: 5467: 5461: 5451: 5241: 4341: 4319: 4086: 3596: 3571: 3566: 3546: 3494: 3484: 3479: 3469: 3449: 3419: 3371: 3367: 3337: 933: 812: 620: 324:, as a king of Adab. Yet the SKL remains our only source for most Gutian kings. 269: 198: 54: 8768: 4006: 753:

One possible god of Gutium has been proposed, Abublab, identified with Ninurta.

588:

Utu-Hengal victory stele AO 6018 (photograph and transcription of the obverse).

8993: 8627: 8171: 8064: 7953: 7906: 7867: 7810: 7712: 7648: 7566: 7525: 7519: 7509: 7497: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7177: 7066: 7020: 6930: 6900: 6864: 6728: 6573: 6552: 6546: 6537: 6489: 6459: 6441: 6416: 6404: 6316: 6173: 6044: 5895: 5757: 5751: 5654: 5646: 5582: 5555: 5519: 5352: 5119: 5116: 5017: 4425: 4190: 4096: 4073: 3965: 3576: 1360: 370: 816: 8967: 8922: 8845: 8830: 8702: 8634: 8514: 8159: 8156: 7909: 7903: 7863: 7819: 7727: 7688: 7522: 7461: 7362: 7359: 7287: 7272: 7233: 7230: 7173: 7112: 6994: 6700: 6693: 6670: 6564: 6558: 6522: 6444: 6400: 6357: 6149: 6047: 6041: 5999: 5898: 5701: 5663: 5436: 5322: 5236: 5046: 4997: 4752: 4736: 4429: 4355: 4316: 4290: 4284: 4245: 4186: 4157: 3882: 3376: 3224: 3131: 3022: 924: 589: 554:

The Umma ruler Nammahni, marking the construction of a temple to the goddess

532: 257: 5784: 2630:

M. Molina, "The palace of Adab during the Sargonic period", D. Wicke (ed.),

8875: 8672: 8550: 8484: 8402: 8393: 8324: 8250: 8153: 7897: 7798: 7721: 7575: 7531: 7411: 7336: 7296: 7227: 7224: 7218: 7157: 7109: 7097: 7011: 6988: 6981: 6897: 6891: 6861: 6673: 6645: 6627: 6618: 6567: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6253: 6223: 6029: 5941: 5838: 5775: 5723: 5552: 5277: 5212: 5202: 5113: 5064: 4949: 4929: 4925: 4710: 4574: 4434: 4414: 4367: 4326: 4113: 4068: 3917: 3902: 3381: 3194: 3126: 2655:

Steinkeller, Piotr., "An Ur III Manuscript of the Sumerian King List.", In

2438: 2657:

Literatur, Politic und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift für Claus Wilcke

8687: 8678: 8533: 8487: 8472: 8463: 8457: 8399: 8301: 8259: 8229: 8226: 8168: 8025: 7977: 7888: 7807: 7804: 7787: 7697: 7512: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7424: 7414: 7402: 7251: 7192: 7145: 7121: 7115: 7106: 7100: 7045: 7008: 6991: 6975: 6909: 6894: 6882: 6870: 6841: 6808: 6805: 6667: 6642: 6639: 6633: 6540: 6501: 6498: 6486: 6471: 6468: 6456: 6363: 6351: 6342: 6291: 6285: 6235: 6232: 6220: 6217: 6153: 6130: 6113: 6099: 6090: 5860: 5789: 5779: 5631: 5616: 5610: 5594: 5591: 5494: 5473: 5383: 5346: 5269: 5110: 4900: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4783: 4769: 4732: 4582: 4491: 4406: 4376: 4362: 4131: 4117: 4062: 3997: 3927: 3897: 3800: 3790: 3581: 3513: 3386: 3274: 3088: 2593: 2579: 2371: 1505: 1023: 667: 503: 421: 397: 301: 268:

near the end of the 3rd millennium BC, after the decline and fall of the

265: 261: 91: 44: 5853: 3030: 8696: 8693: 8675: 8652: 8637: 8631: 8511: 8508: 8466: 8454: 8448: 8433: 8304: 8295: 8292: 8286: 8268: 8238: 8046: 7971: 7912: 7778: 7718: 7581: 7475: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7428: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7142: 7118: 7103: 7039: 7001: 6978: 6972: 6876: 6615: 6447: 6345: 6304: 6294: 6288: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6211: 6181: 6127: 6124: 5937: 5916: 5892: 5868: 5697: 5588: 5585: 5576: 5567: 5486: 5377: 5263: 5218: 5206: 5050: 4888: 4884: 4833: 4654: 4562: 4488: 4484: 4228: 4101: 4051: 4045: 3332: 3327: 2520: 2303: 362:, circa 2150 BC, and its inscription "La-eraab, great King of Gutiim" ( 313: 277: 130: 6847: 3057: 623:, He encircled me. For the sake(?) of life of Sargon ..." (BM 79987) 8705: 8648: 8505: 8475: 8469: 8460: 8445: 8439: 8421: 8396: 8274: 8256: 8043: 8040: 7900: 7827: 7813: 7784: 7772: 7694: 7665: 7405: 7399: 7164: 7094: 7051: 7048: 6997: 6780: 6697: 6683: 6680: 6636: 6630: 6612: 6534: 6525: 6495: 6492: 6483: 6465: 6462: 6300: 6297: 6161: 6157: 6133: 6081: 6068: 6038: 5933: 5929: 5807: 5667: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5364: 5281: 5258: 5222: 5107: 5030: 4953: 4945: 4912: 4809: 4793: 4765: 4728: 4597: 4555: 4372: 4251: 4137: 3637: 3322: 3209: 3146: 1970: 1567: 1226: 359: 305: 627: 8655: 8481: 8442: 8436: 8313: 7894: 7891: 7836: 7833: 7775: 7706: 7656: 7619: 7472: 7014: 6873: 6855: 6838: 6776: 6703: 6677: 6624: 6606: 6516: 6391: 6282: 6273: 6261: 6229: 6193: 6169: 6119: 6087: 6063: 6035: 6005: 5993: 5986: 5972: 5966: 5901: 5811: 5793: 5705: 5683: 5679: 5564: 5490: 5319: 5273: 5250: 5245: 5176: 5171: 5140: 4957: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4748: 4669: 4514: 4346: 4336: 4331: 4322: 4258: 4241: 4012: 3959: 3774: 3429: 3352: 3347: 3254: 3239: 3234: 3189: 2529: 1629: 1434: 1296: 666:

In this text, the Gutians are "scattered" by an unknown horde, the

425: 285: 68: 8884:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 7873: 2798:

F. Thureau-Dangin, "Recueil des tablettes chaldéennes", Paris 1903

8708: 8536: 8517: 8502: 8496: 8490: 7824: 7769: 7662: 7659: 7607: 7458: 7200: 7139: 7060: 7054: 6795: 6789: 6561: 6531: 6386: 6276: 6241: 6032: 5975: 5876: 5845: 5549: 5098: 5041: 4970: 4865: 4857: 4722: 4657: 4464: 4461: 4446: 4442: 4254: 4248: 4232: 4110: 3531: 3259: 3249: 3214: 3204: 2463: 2106: 1901: 919: 440: 321: 113: 5961: 3009:

THUREAU-DANGIN, Fr. (1912). "La Fin de la Domination Gutienne".

3002: 511: 369:). The name is quite damaged and was initially read "Lasiraab". 8499: 8493: 8451: 8362: 7830: 7781: 7356:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

7154: 7057: 7042: 7026: 6771: 6756: 6621: 6528: 6519: 6453: 6410: 6279: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6165: 6137: 6078: 5969: 5864: 5691: 5570: 5482: 5470: 5101: 5058: 5023: 5004: 4976: 4873: 4805: 4743: 4686: 4638: 4547: 4518: 4474: 4471: 4421: 4351: 4269: 4222: 4172: 4147: 4142: 4121: 3938: 3912: 3887: 3279: 3229: 3151: 2170: 2042: 2028: 1372: 1134: 1130: 555: 413: 8984:

States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC

5956: 5508: 5180: 4778: 4773: 4601: 4586: 8699: 8681: 7196: 6802: 6783: 5849: 5760: 5731: 5658: 5390: 5054: 4941: 4860: 4788: 4665: 4661: 4543: 4481: 4477: 4438: 4225: 4167: 4162: 4152: 4125: 3907: 3632: 3269: 3264: 3244: 2377: 1837: 1773: 1691: 1492: 1034: 768:. There are about two dozen sources, most fragments, for the 738: 6073: 5035: 2538:

king (Utu-hengal) according to victory stele erected in Uruk

8979:

States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC

7653: 7417: 7344: 7188: 6944: 6055: 5910: 5832: 5673: 5601: 5430: 5316: 5147: 5122: 5010: 4991: 4760: 4718: 4673: 4613: 4551: 4498: 4467: 4396: 4296: 4238: 4235: 4182: 4026: 4018: 3988: 3948: 3932: 3922: 3892: 3219: 2535: 2444: 1166: 1122: 417: 309: 273: 236: 5650: 8819:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 5287: 3943: 745:

And on the mace head of a later Gutian ruler La-erabum

420:

began to re-assert themselves. The Gutian newcomers in

256:, gu-ti-um) was a line of kings, originating among the 8798:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

2027:

Known from a alabaster mace head inscription found at

524: 363: 253: 6319:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

5387:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

2569: 3856: 558:, mentioned in passing the name of a Gutian ruler. 5190:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 1010:Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin 628:Geographical Treatise on Sargon of Akkad's Empire 609: 549: 8965: 3011:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 468:"Year in which the yoke was imposed on Gutium". 3008: 691: 659: 455: 3842: 3073: 2651: 2649: 806:Comments, notes, and references for mentions 8833:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 8807: 6311:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 4904:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 8843: 8060:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 3668:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2769: 2767: 2360:Known from inscription of Nammahni of Umma. 651:accounts for the Gutian period as follows: 3849: 3835: 3080: 3066: 2826: 2824: 2646: 2634:, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2019, pp. 151-20 1048: c. 2147 – c. 2138 BC 678: 8760:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 5356:"King of the four quarters of the world" 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2723: 2721: 2686: 2684: 1095:Known from a number of royal inscriptions 486: 316:. And there are the many versions of the 8931:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 2764: 2626: 2624: 2622: 1749: 810: 583: 383: 8776: 3087: 2977: 2821: 2443:Known from a foundation inscription at 579: 450: 8966: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8641: 7871: 7669: 5449: 5440:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 5344: 4268: 2941: 2718: 2681: 2544: 1117: 604: 304:, an inscribed macehead from another, 8921: 8766: 8733: 8728: 8719: 8671: 8610: 8605: 8596: 8591: 8582: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8548: 8414: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8366: 8357: 8347: 8342: 8331: 8322: 8216: 7951: 7858: 7756: 7746: 7632: 7480: 7389: 7211: 7204: 7162: 7086: 7064: 7032: 7018: 6987: 6971: 6845: 6817: 6793: 6748: 6709: 6654: 6590: 6423: 6408: 6385: 6372: 6335: 6185: 6142: 6016: 5992: 5984: 5947: 5885: 5874: 5844: 5828: 5797: 5764: 5744: 5722: 5689: 5598: 5530: 5518: 5477: 5389: 5381: 5309: 5090: 4844: 4837: 4799: 4726: 4708: 4677: 4630: 4596: 4581: 4573: 4560: 4541: 4529: 4512: 4496: 4459: 4412: 4386: 4308: 4273: 4201: 4025: 3994: 3987: 3976: 3957: 3830: 3061: 2619: 800: 737:", r-tum (is) his ..., (and) the god 472: 8874: 1037: c. 2220 – c. 2211 BC 641: 8898: 566: 13: 8854:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 8773:Chronology of the Neolithic period 8425: 8055: 7872: 7854:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 7639: 7530: 6846: 6818: 6761: 6591: 6198: 5852: 4213: 3048:Geographical Text of Sargon - CDLI 14: 9020: 8430:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 6766:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 4577:("made the land of Elam submit") 3041: 756: 705: 333:La-erabum, "Great King of Gutiim" 8851:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 8777: 8767: 6072: 5960: 5955: 5783: 5512: 5507: 5338: 5184: 5179: 5034: 4933: 4864: 4777: 4772: 4642: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4380: 4030: 4017: 4005: 3970: 3806:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 3297: 2586: 2572: 2456: 2370: 1963: 1159: 510: 495: 348: 339: 216: 191: 8915: 8868: 8837: 8823: 8801: 8792: 7848:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 2993: 2966: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2812: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2755: 2746: 1045: 358:Votive macehead of Gutian king 8783:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 7921:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 7468:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 7392:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 5954:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 3363:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 3358:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 2737: 2709: 2700: 2662: 2637: 2607:List of Mesopotamian dynasties 610:Great Revolt against Naram-Sin 550:Cylindrical Tablet of Nammahni 367:la-e-ra-ab da-num lugal gutiim 292:2047–2030 BC), founder of the 1: 8753:Muslim conquest of the Levant 7999:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 7942:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 7927:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 7765:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 7635:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 7436:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 7135:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 3745:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 3142:Tigris–Euphrates river system 2612: 2499: 2478: 2413: 2392: 2339: 2318: 2270: 2249: 2206: 2185: 2142: 2121: 2078: 2057: 2006: 1985: 1937: 1916: 1873: 1852: 1809: 1788: 1752: 1727: 1706: 1665: 1644: 1603: 1582: 1541: 1520: 1470: 1449: 1408: 1387: 1332: 1311: 1262: 1241: 1200: 1179: 1103: 979: 958: 892: 867: 836: 436: 429: 409: 289: 281: 159: 146: 106: 84: 33: 29: 7302:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 4036:(Uruk influence or control) 805: 799: 796: 793: 531:appears in the last column. 7: 7996:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 7035:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6834:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6381:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6375:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 5635:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 4622:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 4023:(Anonymous "King-priests") 3978:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 3811:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 3693:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 3688:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 2565: 1008:according to the narrative 833:Gutian kings not on the SKL 787: 719: 692:Lugal-Ane-mundu inscription 661:Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin 482:"Year Gutium was destroyed" 456:Shar-kali-sharri Year Names 10: 9025: 8788: 8623:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 8050: 7933:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 7817: 7791: 7743:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 7089:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 6854:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 6751:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 6713:Second Intermediate Period 5523:(vassal of the Akkadians) 4911: 4056:Early or legendary kings: 3816:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 1353:Same person as Sharlag (?) 379: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8714: 8664: 8661: 8620: 8579: 8545: 8526: 8368:Parthamaspates of Parthia 8354: 8319: 8178: 8146: 7939: 7918: 7845: 7842: 7748:Assyrian conquest of Elam 7741: 7629: 7595: 7529: 7490: 7354: 7343: 7300: 7128:Third Intermediate Period 6943: 6814: 6658:Second Babylonian dynasty 6603:("Old Babylonian Period") 6369: 6321: 6085: 6053: 6025:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 5997: 5981: 5928: 5925: 5908: 5830: 5815: 5774: 5741: 5687: 5671: 5645: 5637: 5608: 5533:First Intermediate Period 5527: 5503: 5459: 5444: 5428: 5403: 5394: 5368: 5363: 5175: 5154: 5135: 5126: 5087: 5062: 5045: 5021: 5008: 5003: 4989: 4974: 4965: 4917: 4893: 4818: 4758: 4741: 4706: 4685: 4679:Early Dynastic Period III 4627: 4611: 4539: 4537: 4526: 4453: 4404: 4394: 4305: 4282: 4198: 4129: 4060: 4043: 4040: 3981: 3954: 3881: 3865: 3783: 3737: 3711: 3615: 3512: 3405: 3313: 3306: 3295: 3177: 3104: 3095: 1158: 1133:was taken to the land of 1102:Gutian kings on the SKL ( 1101: 831: 803:date and length of reign 232: 170: 166: 153: 140: 136: 126: 122: 100: 78: 74: 64: 50: 40: 28: 21: 8746:Muslim conquest of Egypt 8210:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 8041:Cleopatra VII Philopator 7538:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 6600:First Babylonian dynasty 6338:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 5842:(vassal of the Gutians) 5539:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 4531:Early Dynastic Period II 2677:. p. 119, note 305. 1089:King of the Four Corners 794:Portrait or inscription 790: 8974:Gutian dynasty of Sumer 8831:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 8574:Province of Mesopotamia 8383:Province of Mesopotamia 8359:Province of Mesopotamia 8334:Roman conquest of Egypt 8175:Antigonus II Mattathias 7969:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 7542:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 6019:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 5545:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 4853:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 4388:Early Dynastic Period I 4311:Second Dynasty of Egypt 2671:The Sumerian Kings List 2503: 2055, c. 2050 BC 679:Tablet of Islikun-Dagan 364:𒆷𒂍𒊏𒀊 𒁕𒈝 𒈗 𒄖𒋾𒅎 23:Gutian Dynasty of Sumer 16:Gutian Dynasty of Sumer 8431: 8213:Philip II Philoromaeus 8207:Antiochus XII Dionysus 8201:Demetrius III Eucaerus 8198:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 8189:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 8061: 8029:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 7984:Arsinoe III Philopator 7877: 7645: 7535: 7372:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 7304:Second Dynasty of Isin 6851: 6824: 6767: 6596: 6479:(Non-dynastic usurpers 6203: 5888:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 5857: 5747:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 5312:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 5093:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 4920:Second kingdom of Mari 4633:Third Dynasty of Egypt 4567:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 4219: 4210:First Dynasty of Egypt 3648:Babylonian mathematics 2559: 1151: 592: 487:Tablet of Lugalannatum 389: 155:• Disestablished 8817:The Ancient Near East 8735:Byzantine Mesopotamia 8649:Province of Asoristan 8612:Byzantine Mesopotamia 8429: 8422:Province of Asoristan 8204:Philip I Philadelphus 8192:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 8186:Antiochus VIII Grypus 8183:Seleucus V Philometor 8138:Antiochus VII Sidetes 8132:Antiochus VI Dionysus 8059: 8032:Berenice IV Epiphanea 7993:Ptolemy VI Philometor 7981:Ptolemy IV Philopator 7978:Berenice II Euergetis 7975:Ptolemy III Euergetes 7876: 7794:Neo-Babylonian Empire 7704:Marduk-apla-iddina II 7701:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 7692:Marduk-apla-iddina II 7643: 7598:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 7534: 7255:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 6945:Middle Elamite period 6850: 6822: 6765: 6595: 6202: 5856: 5611:Third kingdom of Mari 5332:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 4407:First kingdom of Mari 4217: 4204:Early Dynastic Period 4046:Proto-Dynastic period 2545: 1118: 1077:"king without a name" 998:Historicity uncertain 915:Historicity uncertain 587: 387: 51:Common languages 8180:Alexander II Zabinas 8044:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8020:Ptolemy XI Alexander 8002:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 7557:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 7545:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 7369:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 7310:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 6934:Marduk-apla-iddina I 6828:New Kingdom of Egypt 6651:Early Kassite rulers 5945:(Vassals of Ur III) 5926:(Vassals of UR III) 5326:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 5296:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 4847:Old Kingdom of Egypt 3643:Babylonian astronomy 3122:Mesopotamian Marshes 580:Tablet of Utu-hengal 451:Contemporary sources 9004:Ancient Mesopotamia 8685:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 8195:Antiochus X Eusebes 8023:Ptolemy XII Auletes 8014:Ptolemy X Alexander 8008:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 7987:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7672:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7560:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 7493:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7316:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 7207:Syro-Hittite states 6913:Shagarakti-Shuriash 6586:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 5580:Neferkare Pepiseneb 5479:Akkadian Governors: 3983:Pre-Dynastic period 3724:Destruction by ISIL 3678:Sumerian literature 3653:Akkadian literature 3089:Ancient Mesopotamia 1121:"Then the reign of 1085:Held the title of, 1075:Thought to be the, 605:In later literature 294:Third Dynasty of Ur 212:Third Dynasty of Ur 142:• Established 8911:Sumerian King List 8725:Palaestina Secunda 8602:Palaestina Secunda 8432: 8163:Alexander Jannaeus 8062: 8052:Hellenistic Period 7878: 7646: 7624:Humban-haltash III 7588:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 7536: 7501:Tukulti-Ninurta II 7482:Kingdom of Samaria 7378:Mar-biti-apla-usur 7375:Shirikti-shuqamuna 7345:Neo-Elamite period 7328:Marduk-shapik-zeri 7313:Itti-Marduk-balatu 7294:Tiglath-Pileser II 7291:Ashur-resh-ishi II 7246:Enlil-kudurri-usur 6937:Zababa-shuma-iddin 6922:Kadashman-Harbe II 6907:Kadashman-Enlil II 6852: 6825: 6768: 6597: 6583:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 6580:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 6571:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 6330:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 6204: 5858: 5233:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 4614:Old Elamite period 4506:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 4359:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 4276:Jemdet Nasr period 4220: 3760:Mesopotamian myths 1145:Sumerian King List 764:Sumerian King List 593: 473:Ur-Nammu Year Name 445:Sumerian King List 390: 318:Sumerian King List 8961: 8960: 8955: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8938:978-1-62564-606-4 8923:Unger, Merrill F. 8891:978-0-14-193825-7 8861:978-1-60606-649-2 8628:Province of Egypt 8559:Province of Egypt 8339:Province of Egypt 8081:Antigonid dynasty 7881:Achaemenid Empire 7802:Nebuchadnezzar II 7710:Ashur-nadin-shumi 7579:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 7551:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 7366:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 7334:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 7325:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 7267:Asharid-apal-Ekur 7264:Tiglath-Pileser I 7261:Ashur-resh-ishi I 7249:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 7237:Tukulti-Ninurta I 7184:Kingdom of Israel 7152:Osorkon the Elder 7073:Shutrukid dynasty 6958:Igehalkid dynasty 6925:Adad-shuma-iddina 6919:Enlil-nadin-shumi 6886:Kadashman-Enlil I 6880:Kadashman-harbe I 6324:Sukkalmah dynasty 6188:Isin-Larsa period 6010:Shimashki Dynasty 5736:Puzur-Inshushinak 5335:Netjerkare Siptah 5105:Neferirkare Kakai 4650:Egyptian pyramids 3859:Ancient Near East 3824: 3823: 3775:Ziggurat (Temple) 3750:Sumerian religion 3508: 3507: 3455:Middle Babylonian 3397:Kish civilization 3293: 3292: 3117:Lower Mesopotamia 3112:Upper Mesopotamia 2563: 2562: 2510: 2428: 2354: 2285: 2221: 2157: 2093: 2021: 1952: 1888: 1824: 1742: 1680: 1618: 1556: 1485: 1423: 1347: 1277: 1215: 1079:mentioned on the 1054: 992: 909: 649:Weidner Chronicle 642:Weidner Chronicle 242: 241: 228: 227: 224: 223: 204: 203: 118: 96: 59:Sumerian language 9016: 8943: 8942: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8896: 8895: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8844:Thomas, Ariane; 8841: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8781: 8771: 8721:Palaestina Prima 8667:Byzantine Empire 8598:Palaestina Prima 8585:Byzantine Empire 8564:Syria Palaestina 8529:Palmyrene Empire 8515:Bahram VI Chobin 8378:Syria Palaestina 8166:Salome Alexandra 8149:Kingdom of Judea 8135:Diodotus Tryphon 7990:Cleopatra I Syra 7966:Ptolemy Keraunos 7734:Ashur-uballit II 7731:Sin-shumu-lishir 7725:Ashur-etil-ilani 7680:Sargonid dynasty 7573:Marduk-apla-usur 7554:Nabu-apla-iddina 7548:Shamash-mudammiq 7504:Ashurnasirpal II 7487:Kingdom of Judah 7331:Adad-apla-iddina 7322:Enlil-nadin-apli 7319:Nebuchadnezzar I 7243:Ashur-nirari III 7240:Ashur-nadin-apli 7078:Shutruk-Nakhunte 6963:Untash-Napirisha 6952:Kidinuid dynasty 6550:Shamshi-Adad III 6258:Dynasty of Larsa 6076: 5964: 5959: 5787: 5640:Shar-Kali-Sharri 5574:Neferkare Tereru 5562:Neferkare Khendu 5516: 5511: 5342: 5301:Kiku-siwe-tempti 5188: 5183: 5038: 4967:Kish III dynasty 4937: 4868: 4781: 4776: 4681:(2600–2340 BCE) 4646: 4609: 4604: 4594: 4589: 4533:(2700–2600 BCE) 4390:(2900–2700 BCE) 4384: 4301:(3100–2700 BCE) 4280:(3100–2900 BCE) 4034: 4021: 4009: 3985:(4000–2900 BCE) 3974: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3673:Sumerian cuisine 3663:Warfare in Sumer 3658:Economy of Sumer 3311: 3310: 3301: 3185:Fertile Crescent 3169:Sinjar Mountains 3164:Hamrin Mountains 3159:Zagros Mountains 3137:Taurus Mountains 3102: 3101: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3035: 3034: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2725: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2602:History of Sumer 2596: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2557: 2534:Defeated by the 2505: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2460: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2374: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1967: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1163: 1149: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1038: 989: 988: 984: 981: 976: 973: 968: 967: 963: 960: 955: 902: 901: 897: 894: 889: 886: 877: 876: 872: 869: 864: 845: 841: 838: 825: 821: 802: 788: 567:Tablet of Išarum 526: 514: 499: 438: 431: 411: 406:Shar-Kali-Sharri 394:Lugal-Anne-Mundu 365: 352: 343: 291: 283: 255: 220: 219: 208: 207: 195: 194: 188: 187: 172: 171: 161: 148: 116: 108: 94: 86: 35: 31: 19: 18: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9009:Former kingdoms 8999:Ancient peoples 8964: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8947: 8946: 8939: 8920: 8916: 8908: 8899: 8892: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8842: 8838: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8730:Byzantine Syria 8716:Byzantine Egypt 8691:Farrukh Hormizd 8651: 8647: 8644:Sasanian Empire 8630: 8626: 8607:Byzantine Syria 8593:Byzantine Egypt 8532: 8424: 8420: 8417:Sasanian Empire 8337: 8242:Mithridates III 8222: 8219:Parthian Empire 8152: 8091:Seleucid Empire 8088: 8078: 8054: 7963:Ptolemy I Soter 7961: 7958:Ptolemaic Egypt 7930: 7924: 7884: 7866: 7862: 7860:Kings of Byblos 7851: 7823: 7797: 7768: 7762: 7736: 7716:Mushezib-Marduk 7686:Tiglath-Pileser 7684: 7675: 7652: 7638: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7593: 7591:Nabu-mukin-zeri 7585:Nabu-nadin-zeri 7570:Marduk-bel-zeri 7563:Baba-aha-iddina 7540: 7517:Adad-nirari III 7507:Shalmaneser III 7496: 7485: 7484: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462:Menkheperre Ini 7439: 7432: 7431: 7395: 7381:Nabû-mukin-apli 7358: 7347:(1100–540 BCE) 7340:Nabu-shum-libur 7308: 7285:Ashur-nirari IV 7279:Ashurnasirpal I 7276:Shamshi-Adad IV 7222:Ashur-uballit I 7217: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7170:Kings of Byblos 7168: 7138: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7093: 7092: 7076: 7070: 7038: 7025: 7024: 7006:Neferneferuaten 6966: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6948:(1500–1100 BCE) 6940:Enlil-nadin-ahi 6928:Adad-shuma-usur 6916:Kashtiliashu IV 6904:Kadashman-Turgu 6889:Burnaburiash II 6868:Kashtiliash III 6860: 6837: 6831: 6801: 6800:(1600–1260 BCE) 6799: 6769: 6760: 6754: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6696: 6691:Peshgaldaramesh 6686: 6676: 6666: 6662:Sealand Dynasty 6659: 6656: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6577:Ashur-nirari II 6556:Puzur-Ashur III 6544:Shamshi-Adad II 6515: 6513: 6511:Adaside dynasty 6508: 6507: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6429: 6420: 6414: 6403: 6399: 6397:Kings of Byblos 6395: 6389: 6378: 6341: 6328: 6327: 6309:Uruk VI dynasty 6307: 6256: 6207:Dynasty of Isin 6197: 6191: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6028: 6022: 6004: 5965: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5915: 5905: 5891: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5848: 5841: 5837: 5823: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5769:(2150–2000 BCE) 5750: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5682: 5678: 5666: 5662: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5604: 5559:Djedkare Shemai 5548: 5542: 5536: 5522: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5468:Sargon of Akkad 5466: 5465: 5462:Akkadian Empire 5454:(2340–2150 BCE) 5452:Akkadian Period 5439: 5435: 5423: 5419: 5398: 5386: 5376: 5372: 5355: 5351: 5337: 5315: 5294: 5292: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5221: 5217: 5205: 5201: 5189: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5139: 5130: 5097: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5016: 5015: 4999: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4969: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915:(2500-539 BCE) 4903: 4899: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4850: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4620: 4619: 4618:(2700–1500 BCE) 4617: 4565: 4554: 4517:("conqueror of 4503: 4487: 4480: 4470: 4456: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4402: 4399: 4379: 4315: 4314: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4279: 4221: 4207: 4194: 4135: 4066: 4055: 4049: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4002:(4000–3100 BCE) 4001: 3995: 3969: 3963: 3935: 3916: 3906: 3879: 3877: 3861: 3855: 3825: 3820: 3779: 3733: 3707: 3616:Culture/society 3611: 3504: 3500:Muslim conquest 3470:Fall of Babylon 3401: 3302: 3289: 3173: 3091: 3086: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2955: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2615: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2558: 2553: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2466: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2380: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2306: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2173: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2109: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2045: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1973: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1759: 1755: 1751:Gutian period ( 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1694: 1679:(5 or 15 years) 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1570: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1508: 1491:Same person as 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1437: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1375: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1150: 1142: 1110: 1106: 1052: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1033: 1027:𒂊𒅕𒊑𒁺𒉿𒍣𒅕 1026: 990: 986: 982: 977: 971: 969: 965: 961: 956: 903: 899: 895: 890: 884: 878: 874: 870: 865: 843: 839: 823: 819: 813:Akkadian period 759: 722: 708: 694: 681: 664: 644: 630: 621:Son of a nobody 612: 607: 582: 569: 552: 539: 538: 537: 536: 520: 519: 518: 515: 507: 506: 500: 489: 475: 458: 453: 432:2048–2030 BC). 382: 377: 376: 375: 374: 355: 354: 353: 345: 344: 335: 334: 270:Akkadian Empire 217: 199:Akkadian Empire 192: 156: 143: 110: 88: 55:Gutian language 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9022: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8937: 8914: 8897: 8890: 8867: 8860: 8846:Potts, Timothy 8836: 8822: 8800: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8775: 8764: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8670: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8640: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8329: 8328: 8321: 8320:30 BCE–116 CE 8317: 8316: 8254:Mithridates IV 8236:Mithridates II 8215: 8177: 8172:Aristobulus II 8145: 8141: 8140: 8065:Argead dynasty 8049: 7954:Argead dynasty 7950: 7946: 7945: 7937: 7936: 7916: 7915: 7907:Artaxerxes III 7870: 7868:Kings of Sidon 7857: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7816: 7811:Labashi-Marduk 7790: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7713:Nergal-ushezib 7668: 7649:Black Pharaohs 7631: 7627: 7626: 7594: 7567:Ninurta-apla-X 7528: 7526:Ashur-nirari V 7520:Shalmaneser IV 7510:Shamshi-Adad V 7498:Adad-nirari II 7489: 7479: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7342: 7299: 7282:Shalmaneser II 7270:Ashur-bel-kala 7258:Mutakkil-Nusku 7214:Middle Assyria 7210: 7203: 7178:Kings of Sidon 7161: 7085: 7084:1155–1025 BCE 7081: 7080: 7067:Elamite Empire 7063: 7030: 7029: 7021:Hittite Empire 7017: 6985: 6984: 6969: 6968: 6942: 6931:Meli-Shipak II 6901:Nazi-Maruttash 6865:Burnaburiash I 6844: 6816: 6815:1531–1155 BCE 6812: 6811: 6792: 6747: 6707: 6706: 6653: 6589: 6574:Enlil-Nasir II 6553:Ashur-nirari I 6547:Ishme-Dagan II 6538:Sharma-Adad II 6490:Ashur-apla-idi 6481:1735–1701 BCE) 6460:Ashur-apla-idi 6442:Shamshi-Adad I 6437:1808–1736 BCE) 6422: 6417:Yamhad dynasty 6407: 6405:Kings of Sidon 6384: 6371: 6370:1800–1595 BCE 6367: 6366: 6333: 6332: 6320: 6184: 6174:Puzur-Ashur II 6141: 6084: 6051: 6050: 6045:Mentuhotep III 6014: 6013: 5996: 5991: 5983: 5982:2025-1763 BCE 5979: 5978: 5950:Ur III dynasty 5946: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5907: 5896:Neferkare VIII 5884: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5871: 5843: 5829: 5827: 5814: 5800:Gutian dynasty 5796: 5772: 5771: 5763: 5758:Nebkaure Khety 5752:Meryibre Khety 5743: 5739: 5738: 5721: 5688: 5686: 5670: 5643: 5642: 5636: 5607: 5597: 5583:Neferkamin Anu 5556:Neferkare Neby 5529: 5525: 5524: 5520:Lugal-ushumgal 5517: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5476: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5427: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5393: 5388: 5380: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5353:Lugalannemundu 5343: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5284: 5267: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5225: 5209: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5120:Djedkare Isesi 5117:Menkauhor Kaiu 5089: 5085: 5084: 5061: 5044: 5020: 5018:Pabilgagaltuku 5007: 5002: 4988: 4977:Akshak dynasty 4973: 4964: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4892: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4817: 4802:Enun-dara-anna 4797: 4796: 4757: 4740: 4725: 4707: 4705: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4610: 4595: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4510: 4509: 4495: 4458: 4451: 4450: 4426:Kullassina-bel 4411: 4403: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4281: 4272: 4267: 4218:Narmer Palette 4200: 4199:3100–2900 BCE 4196: 4195: 4128: 4058: 4057: 4042: 4041:3200–3100 BCE 4038: 4037: 4024: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3975: 3956: 3955:4000–3200 BCE 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3910: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3857:Rulers of the 3854: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3796:Assyriologists 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3703:List of rulers 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3592:Proto-Armenian 3589: 3584: 3579: 3577:Middle Persian 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3465:Neo-Babylonian 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3445:Old Babylonian 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3415:Early Dynastic 3411: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3042:External links 3040: 3037: 3036: 3017:(3): 111–120. 3001: 2992: 2976: 2965: 2940: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2820: 2811: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2680: 2661: 2645: 2636: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2583: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2523: 2512: 2486: 2119 BC 2468: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2430: 2421: 2050 BC 2400: 2120 BC 2382: 2375: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2347: 2057 BC 2326: 2127 BC 2308: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2278: 2064 BC 2257: 2134 BC 2239: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2071 BC 2193: 2141 BC 2175: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2073 BC 2129: 2143 BC 2111: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2086: 2074 BC 2065: 2144 BC 2047: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2014: 2076 BC 1993: 2146 BC 1975: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1945: 2078 BC 1924: 2148 BC 1906: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1887:(1 or 3 years) 1881: 2081 BC 1860: 2151 BC 1842: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1817: 2082 BC 1796: 2152 BC 1778: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1760: 2119 BC 1747: 1746: 1744: 1735: 2085 BC 1714: 2155 BC 1696: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1673: 2088 BC 1652: 2158 BC 1634: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1617:(3 or 6 years) 1611: 2103 BC 1590: 2173 BC 1572: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555:(5 or 6 years) 1549: 2109 BC 1528: 2179 BC 1510: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1487: 1484:(6 or 7 years) 1478: 2114 BC 1457: 2184 BC 1439: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1416: 2120 BC 1395: 2190 BC 1377: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1361:Sharkalisharri 1354: 1349: 1340: 2126 BC 1319: 2196 BC 1301: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1276:(6 or 7 years) 1270: 2129 BC 1249: 2202 BC 1231: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1208: 2135 BC 1187: 2208 BC 1169: 1164: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1140: 1115: 1114: 1111: 2120 BC 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1083: 1073: 1064: 1056: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 999: 994: 987: 2147 BC 966: 2220 BC 948: 945: 943: 939: 938: 937: 936: 927: 916: 911: 900: 2150 BC 875: 2250 BC 857: 854: 852: 848: 847: 844: 2211 BC 829: 828: 824: 2154 BC 808: 807: 804: 798: 795: 792: 758: 757:List of rulers 755: 751: 750: 743: 742: 731: 730: 721: 718: 717: 716: 707: 706:Curse of Akkad 704: 703: 702: 693: 690: 689: 688: 680: 677: 676: 675: 663: 658: 657: 656: 643: 640: 639: 638: 629: 626: 625: 624: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 581: 578: 577: 576: 568: 565: 564: 563: 551: 548: 547: 546: 522: 521: 516: 509: 508: 501: 494: 493: 492: 491: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 457: 454: 452: 449: 381: 378: 371:British Museum 357: 356: 347: 346: 338: 337: 336: 332: 331: 330: 329: 246:Gutian dynasty 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 214: 205: 202: 201: 196: 184: 183: 178: 168: 167: 164: 163: 157: 154: 151: 150: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 128: 127:Historical era 124: 123: 120: 119: 111: 101: 98: 97: 89: 79: 76: 75: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 52: 48: 47: 42: 38: 37: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9021: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8989:Gutian people 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8893: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8876:Roux, Georges 8871: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8840: 8832: 8826: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8703:Yazdegerd III 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8669: 8668: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8635:Sahralanyozan 8633: 8629: 8624: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8578: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8411: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8391:Mithridates V 8389: 8388:Sinatruces II 8384: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8311:Artabanus III 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8281:Tiridates III 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8224:Mithridates I 8221: 8220: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8160:Aristobulus I 8158: 8157:John Hyrcanus 8155: 8151: 8150: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8126:Alexander III 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8111:Antiochus III 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8070:Alexander III 8067: 8066: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8005:Cleopatra III 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7910:Artaxerxes IV 7908: 7905: 7904:Artaxerxes II 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7864:Kings of Tyre 7861: 7855: 7850: 7849: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7820:Median Empire 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7728:Sinsharishkun 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7681: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7650: 7642: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7599: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565:(five kings) 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7523:Ashur-Dan III 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7363:Ea-mukin-zeri 7361: 7360:Simbar-shipak 7357: 7352:1025–934 BCE 7351: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7305: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7288:Ashur-rabi II 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7273:Eriba-Adad II 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7234:Shalmaneser I 7232: 7231:Adad-nirari I 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7174:Kings of Tyre 7171: 7167: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7113:Ramesses VIII 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6995:Amenhotep III 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6821: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6764: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6701:Melamkurkurra 6699: 6695: 6694:Ayadaragalama 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6671:Itti-ili-nibi 6669: 6665: 6663: 6652: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6565:Ashur-shaduni 6563: 6560: 6559:Enlil-nasir I 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6523:Sharma-Adad I 6521: 6518: 6514:1700–722 BCE) 6512: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6445:Ishme-Dagan I 6443: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6401:Kings of Tyre 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6358:Amenemhat III 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6150:Puzur-Ashur I 6147: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6057: 6056:Third Eblaite 6052: 6049: 6048:Mentuhotep IV 6046: 6043: 6042:Mentuhotep II 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899:Wahkare Khety 5897: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5767:Ur III period 5762: 5759: 5756: 5755:Neferkare VII 5753: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5702:Ur-Ningirsu I 5699: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5237:Lugal-kisalsi 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4623: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4430:Nangishlishma 4427: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4398: 4397:First Eblaite 4393: 4389: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4356:Seth-Peribsen 4354: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4317:Hotepsekhemwy 4313: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4285:Proto-Elamite 4278: 4277: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4187:Double Falcon 4185: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3132:Syrian Desert 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2989:0-8020-0593-4 2986: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2962:0-8020-0593-4 2959: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2837: 2836:0-8020-0593-4 2833: 2827: 2825: 2815: 2809: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2779:1-58983-090-3 2776: 2770: 2768: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2733:0-8020-0593-4 2730: 2724: 2722: 2712: 2703: 2697: 2696:9780802035868 2693: 2687: 2685: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2584: 2581: 2570: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2312: 2309: 2307:𒅀𒅈𒆷𒂵𒀭𒁕 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2291:Son of Hablum 2290: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2022: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1514: 1511: 1509:𒄿𒉌𒈠𒁀𒆠𒌍 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1286:of Naram-Suen 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063:of Naram-Suen 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 993: 952: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 935: 931: 928: 926: 925:Enshakushanna 922: 921: 917: 914: 913: 912: 910: 907: 882: 861: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 834: 830: 827: 818: 814: 809: 789: 786: 784: 780: 776: 771: 767: 765: 754: 748: 747: 746: 740: 736: 735: 734: 728: 727: 726: 714: 713: 712: 700: 699: 698: 686: 685: 684: 673: 672: 671: 669: 662: 654: 653: 652: 650: 636: 635: 634: 622: 618: 617: 616: 599: 598: 597: 591: 590:Louvre Museum 586: 574: 573: 572: 561: 560: 559: 557: 544: 543: 542: 534: 533:Louvre Museum 530: 513: 505: 498: 481: 480: 479: 467: 464: 463: 462: 448: 446: 442: 433: 427: 423: 419: 415: 407: 401: 399: 395: 386: 372: 368: 361: 351: 342: 328: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 297: 295: 287: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 258:Gutian people 251: 247: 238: 235: 233:Today part of 231: 215: 213: 210: 209: 206: 200: 197: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 169: 165: 158: 152: 145: 139: 135: 132: 129: 125: 121: 115: 112: 109:2055—2050 BC 105: 99: 93: 90: 87:2141—2138 BC 83: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 53: 49: 46: 43: 39: 27: 20: 8927: 8917: 8881:Ancient Iraq 8880: 8870: 8850: 8839: 8825: 8816: 8803: 8794: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8673:Ardashir III 8665: 8642: 8583: 8551:Roman Empire 8549: 8527: 8485:Yazdegerd II 8415: 8406:Artabanus IV 8403:Vologases VI 8394:Vologases IV 8325:Roman Empire 8323: 8308:Vologases II 8284:Artabanus II 8278:Artabanus II 8263:Tiridates II 8251:Phraates III 8217: 8154:Simon Thassi 8147: 8129:Demetrius II 8117:Antiochus IV 8108:Seleucus III 8102:Antiochus II 8089: 8079: 8076:Alexander IV 8063: 8051: 8035:Ptolemy XIII 8017:Berenice III 8011:Cleopatra IV 7952: 7949:331–141 BCE 7940: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7898:Artaxerxes I 7879: 7846: 7843:539–331 BCE 7818: 7799:Nabopolassar 7792: 7763: 7757: 7754:626–539 BCE 7722:Ashurbanipal 7677: 7676: 7670: 7633: 7630:745–609 BCE 7596: 7576:Eriba-Marduk 7537: 7491: 7466: 7434: 7433: 7423: 7412:Shoshenq III 7390: 7387:911–745 BCE 7355: 7337:Marduk-zer-X 7301: 7297:Ashur-dan II 7228:Arik-den-ili 7225:Enlil-nirari 7219:Eriba-Adad I 7212: 7205: 7182: 7163: 7158:Psusennes II 7133: 7132: 7126: 7110:Ramesses VII 7098:Ramesses III 7087: 7071: 7065: 7033: 7019: 7000: 6989:Amenhotep II 6982:Thutmose III 6956: 6950: 6947: 6898:Kurigalzu II 6892:Kara-hardash 6862:Agum-Kakrime 6853: 6832: 6826: 6794: 6777:'Aper-'Anati 6775: 6770: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6674:Damqi-ilishu 6657: 6646:Samsu-Ditana 6628:Sin-muballit 6619:Sin-muballit 6598: 6568:Ashur-rabi I 6433:Shamshi-Adad 6430: 6424: 6409: 6379: 6373: 6361:Amenemhat IV 6355:Senusret III 6349:Amenemhat II 6336: 6322: 6308: 6257: 6254:Damiq-ilishu 6224:Lipit-Eshtar 6205: 6186: 6143: 6111: 6107: 6091:Shakkanakkus 6054: 6030:Mentuhotep I 6023: 6017: 5998: 5985: 5948: 5942:Puzur-Ishtar 5909: 5904: 5886: 5839:Lugalannatum 5831: 5798: 5765: 5745: 5724:Hishep-Ratep 5690: 5672: 5609: 5599: 5553:Neferkare II 5543: 5537: 5531: 5478: 5460: 5450: 5429: 5382:Invasion by 5345: 5310: 5286: 5278:Enannatum II 5242:E-iginimpa'e 5211: 5203:Igrish-Halam 5114:Nyuserre Ini 5091: 5065:Awan dynasty 5063: 5022: 5009: 4990: 4975: 4966: 4950:Ishtup-Ishar 4930:Iku-Shamagan 4926:Ikun-Shamash 4918: 4896:Ur I dynasty 4894: 4887: 4876: 4851: 4845: 4819: 4800: 4759: 4742: 4727: 4709: 4668: 4660: 4631: 4612: 4575:Enmebaragesi 4561: 4542: 4513: 4504: 4497: 4460: 4455: 4435:En-tarah-ana 4420: 4413: 4405: 4395: 4371: 4368:Neferkasokar 4366: 4361: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4309: 4289: 4283: 4274: 4262: 4257: 4208: 4202: 4189: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4116: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4069:Finger Snail 4067: 4061: 4044: 4013:Anu Ziggurat 3996: 3964: 3958: 3876:Territories/ 3698:Royal titles 3623:Architecture 3460:Neo-Assyrian 3424: 3307:(Pre)history 3127:Persian Gulf 3014: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2979: 2968: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2814: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2711: 2702: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2639: 2631: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2525: 2516: 2492: 2470: 2439:Lugalannatum 2434: 2406: 2384: 2332: 2310: 2263: 2241: 2199: 2177: 2135: 2113: 2071: 2049: 1999: 1977: 1930: 1908: 1866: 1844: 1802: 1780: 1750: 1720: 1698: 1658: 1636: 1596: 1574: 1534: 1512: 1463: 1441: 1401: 1379: 1356: 1325: 1303: 1283: 1255: 1233: 1193: 1171: 1143: 1120: 1119: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1060: 1042: 1030: 1009: 1001: 972: 950: 929: 918: 885: 859: 811: 782: 778: 774: 769: 762: 760: 752: 744: 732: 723: 709: 695: 682: 665: 645: 631: 613: 594: 570: 553: 540: 528: 476: 459: 434: 402: 391: 366: 326: 302:Erridu-pizir 298: 245: 243: 181:Succeeded by 180: 175: 103: 92:Erridu-pizir 81: 8813:Simpson, W. 8741:639–651 CE 8688:Azarmidokht 8679:Khosrow III 8662:628–641 CE 8618:618–628 CE 8580:395–618 CE 8546:273–395 CE 8534:Vaballathus 8524:270–273 CE 8488:Hormizd III 8473:Yazdegerd I 8464:Ardashir II 8458:Adur Narseh 8412:224–270 CE 8400:Vologases V 8374:117–224 CE 8355:116–117 CE 8302:Vardanes II 8299:Vologases I 8290:Gotarzes II 8260:Phraates IV 8230:Hyspaosines 8169:Hyrcanus II 8144:141–30 BCE 8123:Demetrius I 8120:Antiochus V 8114:Seleucus IV 8105:Seleucus II 8099:Antiochus I 8086:Antigonus I 8038:Ptolemy XIV 8026:Cleopatra V 7808:Neriglissar 7805:Amel-Marduk 7788:Psamtik III 7759:Late Period 7698:Sennacherib 7689:Shalmaneser 7616:Tammaritu I 7513:Shammuramat 7456:Takelot III 7453:Osorkon III 7450:Shoshenq VI 7425:Pedubast II 7415:Shoshenq IV 7403:Shoshenq II 7252:Ashur-dan I 7193:Ish-bosheth 7146:Psusennes I 7122:Ramesses XI 7116:Ramesses IX 7107:Ramesses VI 7101:Ramesses IV 7046:Ramesses II 7009:Tutankhamun 6992:Thutmose IV 6976:Thutmose II 6910:Kudur-Enlil 6895:Nazi-Bugash 6883:Kurigalzu I 6871:Ulamburiash 6842:Amenhotep I 6823:Tutankhamun 6809:Parshatatar 6806:Shuttarna I 6739:Seventeenth 6668:Ilum-ma-ili 6643:Ammi-saduqa 6640:Ammi-ditana 6634:Samsu-iluna 6541:Erishum III 6502:Adad-salulu 6499:Ipqi-Ishtar 6487:Ashur-dugul 6472:Adad-salulu 6469:Ipqi-Ishtar 6457:Ashur-dugul 6426:Old Assyria 6421:(Amorites) 6364:Sobekneferu 6352:Senusret II 6343:Amenemhat I 6315:Sîn-iribam 6292:Sin-Iqisham 6286:Sin-Iddinam 6236:Erra-imitti 6233:Lipit-Enlil 6221:Ishme-Dagan 6218:Iddin-Dagan 6154:Shalim-ahum 6145:Old Assyria 6131:Yasmah-Adad 6108:Lim Dynasty 6100:Hanun-Dagan 6096:Hitial-Erra 5861:Ur-Ningirsu 5817:Kuda (Uruk) 5790:Ishgum-Addu 5780:Ishtup-Ilum 5632:Ishma-Dagan 5617:Shakkanakku 5595:Neferirkare 5592:Neferkauhor 5495:Ili-ishmani 5474:Manishtushu 5437:Lugalzagesi 5433:III dynasty 5417:Puzur-Nirah 5132:Ishar-Malik 5111:Shepseskare 4901:Mesannepada 4826:Nin-kisalsi 4814:Lugal-kitun 4784:Meskalamdug 4770:Ur-Pabilsag 4583:Aga of Kish 4492:Barsal-nuna 4377:Khasekhemwy 4363:Neferkara I 4342:Weneg-Nebty 4320:Nebra/Raneb 4132:Lower Egypt 4118:Scorpion II 4063:Upper Egypt 4015:, 4000 BCE) 3998:Uruk period 3801:Hittitology 3791:Assyriology 3712:Archaeology 3582:Old Persian 3392:Jemdet Nasr 2594:Iran portal 2580:Iraq portal 2482: 2120 2467:𒋾𒌷𒂵𒀀𒀭 2417: 2057 2396: 2127 2343: 2064 2322: 2134 2274: 2071 2253: 2141 2238:𒅤𒊭𒀭𒂗𒍪 2210: 2073 2189: 2143 2146: 2074 2125: 2144 2082: 2076 2061: 2146 2010: 2078 1989: 2148 1974:𒆷𒂍𒊏𒁍𒌝 1941: 2081 1920: 2151 1877: 2082 1856: 2152 1813: 2085 1792: 2155 1756: 2154 1731: 2088 1710: 2158 1669: 2103 1648: 2173 1607: 2109 1586: 2179 1571:𒄿𒄄𒌍𒀀𒍑 1545: 2114 1524: 2184 1506:Inimabakesh 1474: 2120 1453: 2190 1438:𒋛𒇻𒇻𒈨𒌍 1412: 2126 1391: 2196 1336: 2129 1315: 2202 1266: 2135 1245: 2208 1204: 2138 1183: 2211 1107: 2211 1024:Erridupizir 983: 2150 962: 2250 896: 2250 871: 2350 840: 2350 820: 2350 668:Umman Manda 504:Lugalanatum 266:Mesopotamia 176:Preceded by 8968:Categories 8697:Khosrow IV 8694:Hormizd VI 8676:Shahrbaraz 8653:Khosrow II 8638:Shahrbaraz 8632:Shahrbaraz 8512:Khosrow II 8509:Hormizd IV 8467:Shapur III 8455:Hormizd II 8449:Bahram III 8434:Ardashir I 8305:Pacorus II 8296:Vonones II 8293:Meherdates 8287:Vardanes I 8272:Orodes III 8269:Phraates V 8248:Sinatruces 8096:Seleucus I 8073:Philip III 8047:Arsinoe IV 7972:Arsinoe II 7913:Darius III 7779:Psamtik II 7719:Esarhaddon 7612:Ummanigash 7582:Nabonassar 7476:Bakenranef 7447:Pedubast I 7444:Takelot II 7441:Harsiese A 7429:Osorkon IV 7421:Shoshenq V 7409:Osorkon II 7397:Shoshenq I 7143:Amenemnisu 7119:Ramesses X 7104:Ramesses V 7052:Amenmesses 7040:Ramesses I 7002:Smenkhkare 6979:Hatshepsut 6973:Thutmose I 6877:Karaindash 6616:Sumu-la-El 6448:Mut-Ashkur 6439:(Amorites) 6346:Senusret I 6305:Rim-Sin II 6295:Silli-Adad 6289:Sin-Eribam 6251:Suen-magir 6248:Ur-du-kuga 6245:Iter-pisha 6239:Enlil-bani 6227:Ur-Ninurta 6215:Shu-Ilishu 6212:Ishbi-Erra 6182:Erishum II 6128:Yahdun-Lim 6125:Yaggid-Lim 5938:Tura-Dagan 5917:Utu-hengal 5893:Meryhathor 5869:Nam-mahani 5835:II dynasty 5804:(21 kings) 5698:Puzer-Mama 5694:II dynasty 5676:IV dynasty 5589:Neferkaure 5586:Qakare Ibi 5577:Neferkahor 5568:Neferkamin 5487:Ilshu-rabi 5378:Ishqi-Mari 5374:Ikun-Ishar 5370:Enna-Dagan 5290:II dynasty 5264:Bara-irnun 5219:Puzur-Suen 5215:IV dynasty 5207:Irkab-Damu 5152:(3 kings) 5078:Ukkutahesh 5051:Meskiagnun 5047:A'annepada 4994:II dynasty 4889:Thamphthis 4885:Shepseskaf 4834:Lugal-dalu 4733:Udulkalama 4713:II dynasty 4655:Sekhemkhet 4563:Lugalbanda 4489:Melem-Kish 4485:En-me-nuna 4270:Canaanites 4264:Horus Bird 4229:Neithhotep 4102:Scorpion I 4052:Naqada III 3765:Divination 3475:Achaemenid 3440:Isin-Larsa 3333:Trialetian 3328:Mousterian 3315:Prehistory 2613:References 2521:Utu-hengal 2484: – c. 2471:Uncertain, 2419: – c. 2398: – c. 2385:Uncertain, 2345: – c. 2324: – c. 2311:Uncertain, 2304:Yarlaganda 2276: – c. 2255: – c. 2242:Uncertain, 2235:Puzur-Suen 2212: – c. 2191: – c. 2178:Uncertain, 2148: – c. 2127: – c. 2114:Uncertain, 2084: – c. 2063: – c. 2050:Uncertain, 2012: – c. 1991: – c. 1978:Uncertain, 1943: – c. 1922: – c. 1909:Uncertain, 1879: – c. 1858: – c. 1845:Uncertain, 1815: – c. 1794: – c. 1781:Uncertain, 1758: – c. 1733: – c. 1712: – c. 1699:Uncertain, 1671: – c. 1650: – c. 1637:Uncertain, 1609: – c. 1588: – c. 1575:Uncertain, 1547: – c. 1526: – c. 1513:Uncertain, 1476: – c. 1455: – c. 1442:Uncertain, 1414: – c. 1393: – c. 1380:Uncertain, 1338: – c. 1317: – c. 1304:Uncertain, 1268: – c. 1247: – c. 1234:Uncertain, 1206: – c. 1185: – c. 1172:Uncertain, 1109: – c. 1031:Uncertain, 1006:Naram-Suen 985: – c. 964: – c. 951:Uncertain, 898: – c. 873: – c. 860:Uncertain, 842: – c. 822: – c. 502:Tablet of 373:(BM 90852) 314:Utu-hengal 278:Utu-hengal 131:Bronze Age 65:Government 8809:Hallo, W. 8706:Peroz III 8540:Antiochus 8506:Khosrow I 8476:Shapur IV 8470:Bahram IV 8461:Shapur II 8446:Bahram II 8440:Hormizd I 8397:Osroes II 8275:Vonones I 8257:Orodes II 8233:Artabanus 7901:Darius II 7828:Phraortes 7814:Nabonidus 7785:Ahmose II 7773:Psamtik I 7666:Tanutamun 7515:(regent) 7406:Takelot I 7400:Osorkon I 7165:Phoenicia 7149:Amenemope 7095:Setnakhte 7049:Merneptah 6998:Akhenaten 6781:Sakir-Har 6719:Sixteenth 6698:Akurduana 6684:Gulkishar 6681:Shushushi 6637:Abi-eshuh 6631:Hammurabi 6613:Sumu-abum 6535:Shu-Ninua 6526:Iptar-Sin 6496:Sin-namir 6493:Nasir-Sin 6484:Puzur-Sin 6466:Sin-namir 6463:Nasir-Sin 6317:Sîn-gāmil 6313:Sîn-kāšid 6301:Rim-Sin I 6298:Warad-Sin 6178:Naram-Sin 6162:Erishum I 6158:Ilu-shuma 6134:Zimri-Lim 6082:Indilimma 6069:Ibbit-Lim 6039:Intef III 6002:invasions 5989:invasions 5934:Ili-Ishar 5930:Iddi-ilum 5923:2100 BCE 5913:V dynasty 5883:2125 BCE 5821:Puzur-ili 5808:La-erabum 5742:2150 BCE 5668:Shu-turul 5661:(3 years) 5628:Shu-Dagan 5528:2200 BCE 5505:Naram-Sin 5501:2250 BCE 5445:2340 BCE 5411:2350 BCE 5405:Luh-ishan 5400:Urukagina 5396:Lugalanda 5365:Isar-Damu 5361:2370 BCE 5307:2380 BCE 5282:Enentarzi 5270:Enannatum 5259:Gishakidu 5223:Ur-Zababa 5199:Adub-Damu 5195:2400 BCE 5168:2425 BCE 5162:Napilhush 5150:invasions 5128:Enar-Damu 5108:Neferefre 5088:2450 BCE 5031:Ur-Nanshe 5026:I dynasty 5013:I dynasty 4954:Ikun-Mari 4913:Phoenicia 4909:2500 BCE 4842:2575 BCE 4810:Melamanna 4794:Akalamdug 4766:A-Imdugud 4729:Ur-Nungal 4716:(5 kings) 4703:Baba-Damu 4699:Ibbi-Damu 4628:2600 BCE 4598:Gilgamesh 4556:Iltasadum 4527:2700 BCE 4501:I dynasty 4454:2800 BCE 4417:I dynasty 4373:Hudjefa I 4306:2900 BCE 4252:Semerkhet 4244:(regent) 4231:(regent) 4138:Hedju Hor 3966:Naqada II 3638:Cuneiform 3514:Languages 3323:Acheulean 3210:Babylonia 3147:Euphrates 3097:Geography 3023:0373-6032 2509:(40 days) 2427:(7 years) 2353:(7 years) 2284:(7 years) 2220:(2 years) 2110:𒅁𒊏𒉡𒌝 2092:(2 years) 2046:𒄿𒊏𒊒𒌝 2020:(2 years) 1971:La-erabum 1951:(3 years) 1905:𒀀𒉈𒆠𒅔 1823:(3 years) 1741:(3 years) 1633:𒅀𒅈𒆷𒃮 1568:Igeshaush 1422:(6 years) 1346:(6 years) 1300:𒉌𒆸𒆷𒃮 1227:Inkishush 1214:(3 years) 1127:abolished 1053:(9 years) 523:The name 360:La-erabum 306:La-erabum 8925:(2014). 8878:(1992). 8848:(2020). 8815:(1971). 8656:Kavad II 8482:Bahram V 8443:Bahram I 8437:Shapur I 8314:Osroes I 8245:Orodes I 8239:Gotarzes 8227:Phraates 7892:Darius I 7889:Cambyses 7837:Astyages 7834:Cyaxares 7776:Necho II 7707:Bel-ibni 7657:Shebitku 7620:Indabibi 7473:Tefnakht 7015:Horemheb 6874:Agum III 6856:Kassites 6839:Ahmose I 6704:Ea-gamil 6688:DIŠ+U-EN 6678:Ishkibal 6625:Apil-Sin 6607:Amorites 6517:Bel-bani 6392:Biblical 6283:Nur-Adad 6274:Gungunum 6262:Naplanum 6230:Bur-Suen 6194:Amorites 6170:Sargon I 6120:Amorites 6064:Amorites 6036:Intef II 6006:Kindattu 5994:Ibbi-Sin 5973:Amar-Sin 5967:Ur-Nammu 5902:Merykare 5794:Apil-kin 5706:Pirig-me 5684:Ur-gigir 5680:Ur-nigin 5620:dynasty) 5565:Merenhor 5491:Epirmupi 5320:Userkare 5274:Entemena 5251:Ur-Lumma 5246:Meskigal 5177:Eannatum 5172:Kun-Damu 5156:Shushun- 5141:Enakalle 5000:kushanna 4986:Undalulu 4958:Iblul-Il 4882:Menkaure 4878:Bikheris 4871:Djedefre 4830:Me-durba 4755:shaengur 4749:En-hegal 4737:Labashum 4695:Agur-lim 4691:Abur-lim 4670:Qahedjet 4515:Enmerkar 4347:Wadjenes 4337:Horus Sa 4332:Nubnefer 4323:Nynetjer 4297:Susa III 4259:Sneferka 4242:Merneith 3960:Naqada I 3784:Academia 3738:Religion 3607:Urartian 3602:Sumerian 3587:Parthian 3522:Akkadian 3495:Sasanian 3485:Parthian 3480:Seleucid 3430:Simurrum 3420:Akkadian 3353:Khiamian 3343:Natufian 3255:Simurrum 3240:Kassites 3235:Hittites 3190:Adiabene 3031:23283609 2566:See also 2552:— 2530:Ur-Nammu 2156:(1 year) 1630:Yarlagab 1435:Elulmesh 1297:Sarlagab 1141:— 1131:kingship 1129:and the 1071:Ka-Nisba 947:Gula-AN 720:Religion 529:gu-ti-um 525:𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠 517:"Gutium" 426:Ur-Nammu 286:Ur-Nammu 254:𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠 250:Sumerian 69:Monarchy 32:2141 BC– 8709:Narsieh 8537:Zenobia 8518:Vistahm 8503:Kavad I 8497:Kavad I 8491:Peroz I 8479:Khosrow 7825:Deioces 7782:Wahibre 7770:Necho I 7663:Taharqa 7660:Shabaka 7644:Taharqa 7608:Teumman 7459:Rudamun 7201:Solomon 7140:Smendes 7061:Twosret 7055:Seti II 6796:Mitanni 6790:Khamudi 6744:Dynasty 6734:Dynasty 6724:Dynasty 6562:Nur-ili 6532:Lullaya 6435:dynasty 6387:Abraham 6277:Abisare 6242:Zambiya 6136:(Queen 6088:Amorite 6059:Kingdom 6033:Intef I 6000:Elamite 5987:Amorite 5976:Shu-Sin 5877:Tirigan 5846:Ur-Baba 5776:Nûr-Mêr 5714:Lu-gula 5710:Lu-Baba 5624:Ididish 5605:Kingdom 5602:Eblaite 5600:Second 5550:Menkare 5425:Shu-Sin 5421:Ishu-Il 5349:dynasty 5329:Pepi II 5262:(Queen 5148:Elamite 5099:Userkaf 5042:Akurgal 4971:Ku-Baba 4787:(Queen 4723:Mesilim 4658:Sanakht 4648:(First 4465:Zuqaqip 4462:Kalumum 4447:Kalibum 4443:Puannum 4400:Kingdom 4249:Anedjib 4233:Hor-Aha 4178:Nat-Hor 4111:Iry-Hor 4107:Shendjw 4079:Pen-Abu 4027:Susa II 3770:Prayers 3755:Deities 3719:Looting 3562:Kassite 3557:Hurrian 3552:Hittite 3542:Elamite 3537:Eblaite 3532:Aramaic 3527:Amorite 3450:Kassite 3425:Gutians 3407:History 3372:Samarra 3368:Hassuna 3338:Zarzian 3260:Subartu 3250:Mitanni 3215:Chaldea 3205:Assyria 3178:Ancient 2498: 2477: 2464:Tirigan 2412: 2391: 2381:𒋛𒅇𒌝 2338: 2317: 2269: 2248: 2205: 2184: 2174:𒄩𒀊𒈝 2141: 2120: 2107:Ibranum 2077: 2056: 2005: 1984: 1936: 1915: 1902:Apilkin 1872: 1851: 1841:𒆪𒊒𒌝 1808: 1787: 1777:𒅀𒅈𒆷 1726: 1705: 1695:𒄿𒁀𒋼 1664: 1643: 1602: 1581: 1540: 1519: 1469: 1448: 1407: 1386: 1376:𒂄𒈨𒂊 1331: 1310: 1261: 1240: 1230:𒅔𒆠𒋙 1199: 1178: 1035:reigned 978: 957: 891: 866: 856:Sarlak 801:Approx. 441:Tirigan 380:History 322:Tirigan 162:2050 BC 149:2141 BC 114:Tirigan 102:• 95:(first) 80:• 41:Capital 36:2050 BC 8935: 8888: 8858: 8500:Jamasp 8494:Balash 8452:Narseh 8363:Trajan 8361:under 7895:Xerxes 7831:Madyes 7695:Sargon 7155:Siamun 7058:Siptah 7043:Seti I 7027:Ugarit 6772:Semqen 6757:Hyksos 6729:Abydos 6622:Sabium 6529:Bazaya 6520:Libaya 6454:Asinum 6451:Rimush 6411:Yamhad 6303:(...) 6280:Sumuel 6271:Zabaia 6268:Samium 6265:Emisum 6166:Ikunum 6138:Shibtu 6079:Immeya 5970:Shulgi 5865:Ur-gar 5825:Ur-Utu 5692:Lagash 5571:Nikare 5483:Eshpum 5471:Rimush 5323:Pepi I 5158:tarana 5102:Sahure 5082:Hishur 5059:Balulu 5024:Lagash 5005:Mug-si 4998:Ensha- 4946:Sa'umu 4874:Khafre 4858:Snefru 4806:Mes-he 4753:Lugal- 4744:Lagash 4687:Sagisu 4639:Djoser 4548:Tizqar 4519:Aratta 4475:Arwium 4472:Mashda 4422:Jushur 4352:Senedj 4291:period 4223:Narmer 4173:Wazner 4148:Hsekiu 4143:Ny-Hor 4122:Narmer 4092:Canide 4083:Animal 3989:Susa I 3939:Lagash 3913:Akshak 3888:Canaan 3597:Sutean 3572:Median 3567:Luwian 3547:Gutian 3435:Ur III 3348:Nemrik 3285:Cities 3280:Urartu 3230:Hamazi 3225:Gutium 3200:Armani 3152:Tigris 3105:Modern 3029: 3021: 2987: 2960: 2834: 2777: 2731: 2694: 2171:Hablum 2043:Irarum 2029:Sippar 1373:Shulme 1135:Gutium 934:Sargon 797:Ruler 556:Ninura 414:Lagash 312:ruler 276:ruler 117:(last) 8994:Sumer 8700:Boran 8682:Boran 8569:Syria 8349:Syria 8344:Judea 7886:Cyrus 7604:Urtak 7197:David 6803:Kirta 6787:Apepi 6784:Khyan 6505:Adasi 6475:Adasi 6103:(...) 5850:Gudea 5812:Si'um 5761:Setut 5732:Khita 5718:Ka-ku 5659:Ilulu 5655:Nanum 5647:Igigi 5391:Ukush 5293:Nanni 5055:Elulu 4942:Ansud 4861:Khufu 4789:Puabi 4666:Khaba 4662:Nebka 4544:Zamug 4482:Balih 4478:Etana 4439:Babum 4226:Menes 4168:Neheb 4163:Thesh 4153:Khayu 4126:Menes 4087:Stork 3918:Akkad 3908:Assur 3883:Egypt 3878:dates 3683:Music 3633:Akitu 3490:Roman 3382:Ubaid 3377:Halaf 3275:Tukri 3270:Sumer 3265:Suhum 3245:Media 3195:Akkad 3027:JSTOR 2675:(PDF) 2526:temp. 2517:temp. 2435:temp. 2378:Siium 1838:Kurum 1774:Yarla 1692:Ibate 1493:Elulu 1357:temp. 1284:temp. 1147:(SKL) 1067:temp. 1061:temp. 1002:temp. 930:temp. 920:temp. 766:(SKL) 739:Ilaba 8933:ISBN 8909:Per 8886:ISBN 8856:ISBN 8266:Musa 7956:and 7654:Piye 7418:Pami 7189:Saul 6114:Mari 5911:Uruk 5833:Umma 5728:Helu 5674:Uruk 5664:Dudu 5431:Uruk 5384:Mari 5347:Adab 5317:Teti 5228:Urur 5213:Kish 5123:Unas 5074:Tata 5070:Peli 5011:Umma 4992:Uruk 4982:Unzi 4962:Nizi 4821:Adab 4719:Uhub 4711:Kish 4674:Huni 4552:Ilku 4499:Uruk 4468:Atab 4415:Kish 4255:Qa'a 4239:Djet 4236:Djer 4191:Wash 4183:Mekh 4097:Bull 4074:Fish 3949:Elam 3933:Umma 3928:Adab 3923:Uruk 3903:Kish 3898:Mari 3893:Ebla 3729:Tell 3387:Uruk 3220:Elam 3019:ISSN 2985:ISBN 2958:ISBN 2938:2010 2901:1997 2832:ISBN 2775:ISBN 2729:ISBN 2692:ISBN 2536:Uruk 2507:(SC) 2490:(MC) 2445:Umma 2425:(SC) 2404:(MC) 2351:(SC) 2330:(MC) 2282:(SC) 2261:(MC) 2218:(SC) 2197:(MC) 2154:(SC) 2133:(MC) 2090:(SC) 2069:(MC) 2018:(SC) 1997:(MC) 1949:(SC) 1928:(MC) 1885:(SC) 1864:(MC) 1821:(SC) 1800:(MC) 1739:(SC) 1718:(MC) 1677:(SC) 1656:(MC) 1615:(SC) 1594:(MC) 1553:(SC) 1532:(MC) 1482:(SC) 1461:(MC) 1420:(SC) 1399:(MC) 1344:(SC) 1323:(MC) 1274:(SC) 1253:(MC) 1212:(SC) 1191:(MC) 1167:Imta 1125:was 1123:Uruk 1051:(SC) 1040:(MC) 991:(SC) 970:(MC) 733:and 422:Adab 418:Uruk 416:and 398:Adab 310:Uruk 274:Uruk 262:Adab 244:The 237:Iraq 57:and 45:Adab 6112:of 5651:Imi 5137:Ush 4246:Den 4158:Tiu 3628:Art 2555:SKL 2528:of 2519:of 2495:fl. 2474:fl. 2453:23 2437:of 2409:fl. 2388:fl. 2367:22 2335:fl. 2314:fl. 2298:21 2266:fl. 2245:fl. 2229:20 2202:fl. 2181:fl. 2165:19 2138:fl. 2117:fl. 2101:18 2074:fl. 2053:fl. 2037:17 2002:fl. 1981:fl. 1960:16 1933:fl. 1912:fl. 1896:15 1869:fl. 1848:fl. 1832:14 1805:fl. 1784:fl. 1768:13 1723:fl. 1702:fl. 1688:12 1661:fl. 1640:fl. 1626:11 1599:fl. 1578:fl. 1564:10 1537:fl. 1516:fl. 1495:(?) 1466:fl. 1445:fl. 1404:fl. 1383:fl. 1359:of 1328:fl. 1307:fl. 1258:fl. 1237:fl. 1196:fl. 1175:fl. 1081:SKL 1069:of 1004:of 975:fl. 954:fl. 932:of 923:of 888:fl. 863:fl. 783:SKL 779:SKL 775:SKL 770:SKL 104:fl. 82:fl. 8970:: 8900:^ 8811:; 8723:, 8600:, 8094:: 8084:: 8068:: 7856:) 7651:") 7647:(" 7306:") 7012:Ay 6759:") 6755:(" 6664:") 6660:(" 6260:: 6210:: 6140:) 6012:) 5657:, 5653:, 5649:, 5288:Ur 5266:) 5255:Il 4761:Ur 4550:, 4546:, 4521:") 4445:, 4441:, 4424:, 4327:Ba 4124:/ 4114:Ka 3944:Ur 3025:. 3013:. 2943:^ 2823:^ 2766:^ 2720:^ 2683:^ 2648:^ 2621:^ 2500:c. 2479:c. 2414:c. 2393:c. 2340:c. 2319:c. 2271:c. 2250:c. 2207:c. 2186:c. 2143:c. 2122:c. 2079:c. 2058:c. 2007:c. 1986:c. 1938:c. 1917:c. 1874:c. 1853:c. 1810:c. 1789:c. 1753:c. 1728:c. 1707:c. 1666:c. 1645:c. 1604:c. 1583:c. 1542:c. 1521:c. 1502:9 1471:c. 1450:c. 1431:8 1409:c. 1388:c. 1369:7 1333:c. 1312:c. 1293:6 1263:c. 1242:c. 1223:5 1201:c. 1180:c. 1156:4 1113:) 1104:c. 1046:r. 1018:3 980:c. 959:c. 942:2 906:SC 893:c. 881:MC 868:c. 851:1 846:) 837:c. 817:c. 791:# 527:, 437:c. 430:c. 410:c. 400:. 296:. 290:c. 282:c. 252:: 160:c. 147:c. 107:c. 85:c. 34:c. 30:c. 8941:. 8894:. 8864:. 8625:) 8621:( 8336:) 8332:( 7852:( 7682:) 7678:( 6858:) 6609:) 6605:( 6509:( 6431:( 6419:) 6415:( 6394:) 6390:( 6196:) 6192:( 6122:) 6118:( 6093:) 6086:( 6066:) 6062:( 6008:( 5615:( 4791:) 4652:) 4432:, 4299:) 4295:( 4054:) 4050:( 4011:( 3915:/ 3905:/ 3850:e 3843:t 3836:v 3370:/ 3081:e 3074:t 3067:v 3033:. 3015:9 1762:) 1091:" 1087:" 908:) 904:( 883:) 879:( 835:( 826:) 815:( 535:. 428:( 408:( 288:( 280:( 248:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Gutian rule in Mesopotamia

Index