476:
332:
312:
122:
207:
2699:
464:
25:
252:
2709:
592:
518:" golf ball (which had a solid gutta-percha core) revolutionized the game. Gutta-percha was used to make "mourning" jewelry, because it was dark in color and could be easily molded into beads or other shapes. Pistol hand grips and rifle shoulder pads were also made from gutta-percha, since it was hard and durable, though it fell into disuse when synthetic
405:
discovered its value as an insulator soon after the introduction of the material to
Britain in 1843. Allowing this fluid to evaporate and coagulate in the sun produced a latex which could be made flexible again with hot water, but which did not become brittle, unlike
371:(1,500 t) of gutta-percha was imported into Britain. During the second half of the 19th century, gutta-percha was used for many domestic and industrial purposes, and it became a household word. Gutta-percha was particularly important for the manufacture of
351:
Long before gutta-percha was introduced into the
Western world, it was used in a less-processed form by the natives of the Malaysian archipelago for making knife handles, walking sticks, and other purposes. The first European to study this material was
360:, a medical officer in imperial service, introduced gutta-percha into practical use in the West. He was the first to appreciate the potential of this material in medicine, and he was awarded the gold medal by the Royal Society of Arts, London in 1843.
379:. These properties, along with its mouldability and flexibility made it ideal for the purpose, with no other material to match it in the 19th century. The use in electrical cables generated a huge demand which led to
311:
331:
1179:
417:
By 1845, telegraph wires insulated with gutta-percha were being manufactured in the UK. It served as the insulating material for early undersea telegraph cables, including the first
1281:
Yee, Fulton S.; Marlin, Jay; Krakow, Alvin Arlen; Gron, Poul (1977). "Three-dimensional obturation of the root canal using injection-molded, thermoplasticized dental gutta-percha".
599:
The same bioinertness that made it suitable for marine cables also means it does not readily react within the human body. It is used in a variety of surgical devices and during
229:
with four to seven (mostly six) acute lobes. The fruit is an ovoid 3–7 cm (1–3 in) berry, containing one to four seeds; in many species, the fruit is edible.
710:
475:
1616:
1083:
Great
Exhibition (1851) Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes Into which the Exhibition was Divided: Reports, classes XXIX, XXX
739:
651:
Gutta-percha remained an industrial staple well into the 20th century, when it was gradually replaced with superior synthetic materials such as
316:
198:) is the name of a less-sought-after gutta tree. The western term therefore is likely a derivative amalgamation of the original native names.
2713:
1319:
980:
The
Atlantic Telegraph: Its History, from the Commencement of the Undertaking in 1854, to the Sailing of the "Great Eastern" in 1866
1609:
1379:
298:, leading to a more rigid material. It exists in alpha and beta forms, with the alpha form being brittle at room temperature.
1217:
1162:
1135:
1108:
1065:
892:
832:
813:
787:
372:
221:, alternate or spirally arranged, simple, entire, 8–25 cm (3–10 in) long, glossy green above, and often yellow or
89:
718:
2702:
1602:
61:
432:
The dielectric constant of dried gutta-percha ranges from 2.56 to 3.01. Resistivity of dried gutta-percha ranges from
1003:
919:
108:
68:
1343:
Annual
Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1903 - Report of the Philippine Commission
1563:
121:
2126:
1266:
1242:
1037:
761:
46:
544:
In the 1860s, gutta-percha was used to reinforce the soles of football players' boots before it was banned by
75:
911:
From deep sea to laboratory. 1 : the first explorations of the deep sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876)
418:
217:
trees are 5–30 metres (20–100 ft) tall and up to 1 m (3 ft) in trunk diameter. The leaves are
42:
1525:
1530:
1372:
375:. Compared to rubber, it does not degrade in seawater, is not damaged by marine life, and maintains good
353:
57:
779:
Therapeutic Use of
Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2: Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds
206:
2513:
1808:
1057:
From Deep Sea to
Laboratory 1: The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876)
1625:
935:
Tully, John (2009). "A Victorian
Ecological Disaster: Imperialism, the Telegraph, and Gutta-Percha".
1455:
1450:
545:
534:
492:
468:
422:
2233:
1781:
1518:
35:
2659:
2116:
1365:
1081:
1327:
1020:
978:
882:
803:
777:
2604:
2270:
2168:
1751:
1471:
1152:
1125:
1098:
1055:
496:
426:
376:
336:
507:, established in 1847. Several of these ornate, revival-style pieces were shown at the 1851
225:
below. The flowers are produced in small clusters along the stems, each flower with a white
2745:
2340:
2198:
2188:
2173:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1731:
1537:
1430:
1345:. Vol. VI. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 388–411.
504:
488:
82:
8:
1983:
1953:
1943:
1583:
1558:
529:
Gutta-percha was used in canes and walking sticks. In 1856, United States
Representative
396:
357:
280:
276:
2735:
2280:
1932:
1402:
952:
608:
1294:
2315:
2203:
2183:
1927:
1872:
1578:
1488:
1346:
1298:
1262:
1238:
1213:
1158:
1131:
1104:
1061:
999:
956:
915:
888:
809:
783:
757:
733:
664:
was often used in gutta-percha's place. The two materials are almost identical, and
2674:
2664:
2649:
2275:
2096:
1912:
1882:
1862:
1818:
1696:
1407:
1290:
944:
687:
612:
508:
392:
226:
145:
1332:
2740:
2614:
2535:
2300:
2212:
2052:
1894:
1813:
1338:
1180:"'Faster, sportier, fairer': are football's proposed new law trials a good idea?"
850:
503:
In the mid-19th century, gutta-percha was used to make furniture, notably by the
402:
356:, who collected it in the far east in 1656. He named this material "Mazer wood".
161:
2679:
2645:
2518:
2477:
2245:
2148:
1973:
1917:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1771:
1658:
1633:
1481:
681:
636:
538:
530:
484:
480:
177:
1847:
1830:
2729:
2654:
2435:
2410:
2355:
2111:
2080:
1907:
1902:
1803:
1746:
1594:
1513:
1445:
1350:
616:
607:, or fill, the empty space inside the root of a tooth after it has undergone
556:
411:
380:
368:
364:
233:
153:
1038:
Dielectric
Constant, Power Factor and Resistivity of Rubber and Gutta_Percha
604:
2684:
2669:
2508:
2320:
2265:
2260:
2228:
2218:
2163:
2138:
2121:
2027:
1922:
1435:
960:
624:
452:
272:
149:
643:
so that its presence and location can be verified in dental X-ray images.
2619:
2560:
2450:
2445:
2420:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2250:
2101:
1996:
1736:
1542:
1476:
1388:
1302:
1127:
Widow's Weeds and Weeping Veils: Mourning Rituals in 19th Century America
909:
640:
628:
552:
2530:
2525:
2482:
2465:
2455:
2425:
2415:
2365:
2255:
2143:
2032:
1852:
1798:
1761:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1675:
1651:
1568:
1508:
948:
632:
600:
363:
Scientifically classified in 1843, it was found to be a useful natural
238:
141:
2555:
964:
232:
In Australia, gutta-percha is a common name specifically used for the
2609:
2460:
2330:
2305:
2193:
2178:
2158:
2017:
1948:
1938:
1835:
1825:
1756:
1741:
1706:
1440:
1100:
Circles: Fifty Round Trips Through History Technology Science Culture
620:
611:. Its physical and chemical properties, including its inertness and
320:
291:
287:
218:
170:
136:
1235:
Silk Painting: The Artist's Guide to Gutta and Wax Resist Techniques
833:"Gutta-Percha-: An Untold Story. Prakesh et al. ~2001 Endodontology"
660:
463:
24:
2350:
2223:
2208:
2106:
2062:
2047:
2037:
2022:
2012:
1766:
1691:
652:
523:
268:
222:
166:
1333:
The Gutta Percha Company on the History of the Atlantic Cable site
2592:
2587:
2577:
2550:
2470:
2370:
2335:
2325:
2310:
2067:
1978:
1842:
1721:
996:
The battery how portable power sparked a technological revolution
519:
511:
in Hyde Park, London. The company also made a range of utensils.
295:
264:
260:
1357:
2635:
2597:
2582:
2545:
2503:
2498:
2398:
2153:
2057:
1726:
1686:
1209:
576:
515:
407:
340:
251:
2565:
2440:
2360:
2345:
2292:
2042:
2001:
1793:
1671:
1646:
580:
284:
156:
1086:. Vol. 4. London): Spicer Brothers. 1852. p. 1740.
709:
Thulaja, Naidu, Ratnala; Rahman, Nor-Afidah, A (June 2019).
591:
395:, resilient, and is a good electrical insulator with a high
144:. The name also refers to the rigid, naturally biologically
2572:
2540:
1785:
1154:
Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War
294:
in molecular structure, gutta-percha (the trans structure)
193:
187:
181:
2380:
2085:
1641:
455:
has supplanted gutta-percha as an electrical insulator.
635:
is added to reduce brittleness and improve plasticity.
176:
The word "gutta-percha" comes from the plant's name in
243:, which yields an aromatic, heavy, dark-brown timber.
1054:
Aitken, Frederic; Foulc, Jean-Numa (30 April 2019).
1280:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2727:
908:Aitken, Frédéric; Foulc, Jean-Numa (2019). "1".
603:therapy. It is the predominant material used to
579:in silk painting, including some newer forms of
533:used a cane made of gutta-percha as a weapon in
1624:
1261:, David & Charles Publishers, p. 94,
1123:
853:, atlantic-cable.com, accessed 6 October 2010.
658:A similar and cheaper natural material called
317:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company
1610:
1373:
708:
315:Cable manufacturing with gutta-percha at the
1328:Gutta-percha on the Transatlantic cable site
738:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
548:in the first codified set of rules in 1863.
1256:
1157:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 94.
1124:Loeffel-Atkins, Bernadette (1 April 2012).
1053:
993:
907:
880:
562:The wood of many species is also valuable.
429:for telegraph and other electrical cables.
1617:
1603:
1380:
1366:
914:. London, UK: ISTE-WILEY. pp. 16–38.
421:. The material was a major constituent of
343:harvesting the sap of a gutta-percha tree
1320:Germplasm Resources Information Network:
881:Manappallil, John J. (30 November 2015).
831:Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd.
827:
825:
756:, p. 1117, Krishna Prakashan Media, 1991
159:derived from the tree, particularly from
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1035:
1018:
590:
474:
462:
330:
310:
283:structure of polyisoprene is the common
250:
205:
120:
16:Palaquium trees, and latex made from sap
1203:
1177:
983:. Bacon and Company. 1866. p. 108.
775:
2728:
1022:Electricity and the Electric Telegraph
822:
1598:
1361:
1257:Ball, Kazz; Janitch, Valerie (1993),
1232:
1150:
1130:. Gettysburg Publishing. p. 19.
1096:
1060:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20.
934:
876:
874:
862:
845:
843:
841:
808:. Elsevier India. 2009. p. 186.
771:
769:
595:Gutta-percha points used in dentistry
2708:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
998:. New York: HarperCollins e-books.
391:Gutta-percha latex is biologically
383:harvesting and collapse of supply.
13:
1259:Hand Painted Textiles for the Home
1103:. Simon and Schuster. p. 86.
1019:Prescott, George Bartlett (1881).
871:
838:
776:Alamgir, A. N. M. (23 June 2018).
766:
491:in 1856 (in the collection of the
255:Chemical structure of gutta-percha
14:
2757:
1387:
1313:
1097:Burke, James (8 September 2003).
715:National Library Board, Singapore
551:Gutta-percha was briefly used in
2707:
2698:
2697:
1043:(Report). United States N.I.S.T.
631:, e.g., as gutta-percha points.
471:with a cane made of gutta-percha
23:
1274:
1250:
1237:, Watson-Guptill Publications,
1226:
1197:
1171:
1144:
1117:
1090:
1074:
1047:
1029:
1012:
987:
971:
928:
887:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 219.
835:. King's American Dispensatory.
186:translates as 'sticky gum' and
34:needs additional citations for
1178:McInnes, Paul (16 June 2022).
901:
856:
796:
746:
702:
646:
479:The gutta-percha cane used by
259:Chemically, gutta-percha is a
201:
1:
1339:"The New Philippine Currency"
1295:10.1016/s0099-2399(77)80091-5
695:
419:transatlantic telegraph cable
386:
344:
1233:Moyer, Susan Louise (1991),
586:
246:
7:
1531:Nickel titanium rotary file
1206:Confessions of a Bookseller
1025:. D. Appleton. p. 956.
994:Schlesinger, Henry (2010).
675:
373:underwater telegraph cables
306:
10:
2762:
1626:Non-timber forest products
1151:Green, Michael S. (2010).
691:, a 1957 Soviet drama film
575:Gutta-percha is used as a
410:prior to the discovery of
290:. While latex rubbers are
169:which forms a rubber-like
148:, resilient, electrically
2693:
2628:
2491:
2379:
2291:
2076:
1992:
1893:
1780:
1667:
1632:
1551:
1501:
1464:
1423:
1416:
1395:
1167:– via Google Books.
782:. Springer. p. 183.
467:Lithograph depicting the
937:Journal of World History
851:The Gutta Percha Company
805:Text Book of Endodontics
565:
546:The Football Association
469:caning of Charles Sumner
458:
279:-1,4-polyisoprene). The
1519:Electronic apex locator
1204:Bythell, Shaun (2022).
627:, make it important in
367:. In 1851, 30,000
301:
134:is a tree of the genus
2640:(Iberian agroforestry)
1878:Pacific mountain onion
1283:Journal of Endodontics
884:Basic Dental Materials
596:
570:
500:
472:
348:
328:
256:
211:
194:
188:
182:
128:
2660:Indian forest produce
2131:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1472:Periradicular surgery
594:
497:Boston, Massachusetts
478:
466:
423:Chatterton's compound
377:electrical insulation
334:
314:
254:
209:
165:; it is a polymer of
124:
1903:Bare-toothed russula
1538:Operating microscope
1431:Root canal treatment
863:Tully, John (2011).
754:Industrial Chemistry
639:is added to provide
555:until the advent of
505:Gutta Percha Company
489:United States Senate
487:on the floor of the
43:improve this article
2514:musical instruments
1772:Woodland strawberry
1584:Sodium hypochlorite
397:dielectric strength
358:William Montgomerie
1456:Internal bleaching
1403:Dental radiography
949:10.1353/jwh.0.0088
609:endodontic therapy
597:
526:became available.
501:
473:
451:Since about 1940,
427:insulating sealant
349:
329:
257:
212:
129:
2723:
2722:
1592:
1591:
1526:Files and reamers
1497:
1496:
1489:Tooth hemisection
1451:Pulp regeneration
1219:978-1-56792-722-1
1164:978-0-313-08174-3
1137:978-1-7346276-1-9
1110:978-0-7432-4976-8
1067:978-1-78630-374-5
961:Project MUSE
894:978-93-5250-048-2
815:978-81-312-2181-5
789:978-3-319-92387-1
210:Gutta-percha tree
119:
118:
111:
93:
2753:
2711:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2675:Resin extraction
2665:Mushroom hunting
2641:
2387: / etc.
2241:
2134:
1969:Saffron milk cap
1959:Parasol mushroom
1799:Fiddlehead ferns
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1421:
1420:
1408:Dental pulp test
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1307:
1306:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1009:
991:
985:
984:
975:
969:
968:
932:
926:
925:
905:
899:
898:
878:
869:
868:
865:The Devil's Milk
860:
854:
847:
836:
829:
820:
819:
800:
794:
793:
773:
764:
750:
744:
743:
737:
729:
727:
726:
717:. Archived from
706:
688:Gutta-percha Boy
668:is often called
613:biocompatibility
509:Great Exhibition
447:
445:
439:
437:
346:
275:, specifically (
197:
191:
185:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2689:
2639:
2624:
2615:Vegetable ivory
2487:
2375:
2287:
2235:
2128:
2090:
2072:
2006:
1988:
1954:Oyster mushroom
1944:Meadow mushroom
1889:
1873:Twincrest onion
1776:
1680:
1663:
1634:Animal products
1628:
1623:
1593:
1588:
1547:
1493:
1460:
1412:
1391:
1386:
1337:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1006:
992:
988:
977:
976:
972:
933:
929:
922:
906:
902:
895:
879:
872:
861:
857:
848:
839:
830:
823:
816:
802:
801:
797:
790:
774:
767:
751:
747:
731:
730:
724:
722:
707:
703:
698:
678:
649:
589:
573:
568:
493:Old State House
461:
443:
441:
435:
433:
403:Michael Faraday
389:
354:John Tradescant
309:
304:
249:
215:Palaquium gutta
204:
162:Palaquium gutta
126:Palaquium gutta
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:Rubber tapping
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:Forest farming
2643:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2282:Vateria indica
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:Shorea robusta
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:Honey mushroom
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1809:Mahuwa flowers
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:Root resection
1479:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1314:External links
1312:
1309:
1308:
1289:(5): 168–174.
1273:
1267:
1249:
1243:
1225:
1218:
1212:. p. 51.
1196:
1170:
1163:
1143:
1136:
1116:
1109:
1089:
1073:
1066:
1046:
1028:
1011:
1004:
986:
970:
943:(4): 559–579.
927:
920:
900:
893:
870:
855:
837:
821:
814:
795:
788:
765:
745:
711:"Gutta percha"
700:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
684:
682:Natural rubber
677:
674:
648:
645:
637:Barium sulfate
588:
585:
572:
569:
567:
564:
539:Charles Sumner
531:Preston Brooks
485:Charles Sumner
481:Preston Brooks
460:
457:
388:
385:
308:
305:
303:
300:
248:
245:
234:euphorbiaceous
203:
200:
140:in the family
117:
116:
58:"Gutta-percha"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2758:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Honey hunting
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Coconut sugar
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1984:Yellow knight
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Slippery jack
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Heart of palm
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:Edible plants
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Juniper berry
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Apexification
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Endodontology
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1039:
1036:Curtis, H.L.
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1005:9780061985294
1001:
997:
990:
982:
981:
974:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
923:
921:9781786303745
917:
913:
912:
904:
896:
890:
886:
885:
877:
875:
866:
859:
852:
846:
844:
842:
834:
828:
826:
817:
811:
807:
806:
799:
791:
785:
781:
780:
772:
770:
763:
759:
755:
752:B.K. Sharma,
749:
741:
735:
721:on 2024-09-10
720:
716:
712:
705:
701:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
662:
656:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:melting point
614:
610:
606:
602:
593:
584:
582:
578:
563:
560:
558:
557:vulcanization
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
470:
465:
456:
454:
449:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
412:vulcanization
409:
404:
400:
398:
394:
384:
382:
381:unsustainable
378:
374:
370:
369:long cwt
366:
365:thermoplastic
361:
359:
355:
342:
338:
335:Members of a
333:
326:
322:
318:
313:
299:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
244:
242:
240:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
199:
196:
190:
184:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
155:
154:thermoplastic
151:
150:nonconductive
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2016
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2712:
2685:Wildcrafting
2670:Naval stores
2648: /
2636:
2605:Tendu leaves
2561:Natural dyes
2431:Gutta-percha
2430:
2383: /
2321:Frankincense
2281:
2237:
2194:Mango butter
2139:Cocoa butter
2130:
2127:Chaulmoogra
2097:Allanblackia
2028:Black pepper
1913:Birch bolete
1863:Canada onion
1848:Wild ginseng
1843:Saw palmetto
1784: /
1674: /
1574:Gutta-percha
1573:
1543:Silverpoints
1514:Apex locator
1436:Pulp capping
1424:Non-surgical
1342:
1321:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1258:
1252:
1234:
1228:
1205:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1184:The Guardian
1183:
1173:
1153:
1146:
1126:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1056:
1049:
1031:
1021:
1014:
995:
989:
979:
973:
940:
936:
930:
910:
903:
883:
867:. NYU Press.
864:
858:
849:Bill Burns,
804:
798:
778:
753:
748:
723:. Retrieved
719:the original
714:
704:
686:
670:gutta-balatá
669:
665:
659:
657:
650:
625:malleability
598:
574:
561:
550:
543:
528:
513:
502:
453:polyethylene
450:
446:10 Ω⋅cm
431:
416:
401:
390:
362:
350:
324:
296:crystallizes
273:polyisoprene
258:
237:
231:
214:
213:
175:
160:
135:
132:Gutta-percha
131:
130:
125:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2746:Endodontics
2620:Willow bark
2451:Maple syrup
2446:Maple sugar
2421:Fruit syrup
2404:chewing gum
2394:Birch syrup
2251:Shea butter
1923:Chanterelle
1868:Crow garlic
1858:Bear garlic
1853:Wild onions
1831:filé powder
1752:Lingonberry
1737:Huckleberry
1477:Apicoectomy
647:Substitutes
641:radiopacity
629:endodontics
553:bookbinding
537:on Senator
425:used as an
261:polyterpene
202:Description
2730:Categories
2531:Birch beer
2526:Birch bark
2483:Spruce gum
2466:akpeteshie
2456:Palm sugar
2426:Gum arabic
2416:Date sugar
2366:Turpentine
2246:Sandalwood
2149:Eucalyptus
2144:Eucalyptol
2033:Brazil nut
1908:Bay bolete
1762:Strawberry
1717:Cocoa bean
1712:Breadfruit
1702:Blackberry
1676:tree fruit
1569:Eucalyptol
1509:Dental dam
1417:Procedures
1268:0715301578
1244:0823048284
1208:. Boston:
762:8187224991
725:2024-09-10
696:References
633:Zinc oxide
601:root canal
535:his attack
483:to attack
387:Electrical
323:, London,
241:parvifolia
239:Excoecaria
142:Sapotaceae
69:newspapers
2736:Palaquium
2650:gardening
2610:Thatching
2461:Palm wine
2306:Birch tar
2234:Sal-seed
2159:Japan wax
2112:Candlenut
2053:Malva nut
2018:Areca nut
1939:Matsutake
1895:Mushrooms
1836:root beer
1826:Sassafras
1814:Sago palm
1757:Raspberry
1742:Jackfruit
1707:Blueberry
1659:Wild game
1552:Materials
1441:Pulpotomy
1351:220674586
1322:Palaquium
1189:1 October
957:144216751
621:ductility
587:Dentistry
339:tribe in
321:Greenwich
292:amorphous
288:elastomer
247:Chemistry
219:evergreen
171:elastomer
137:Palaquium
2703:Category
2519:textiles
2351:Pine tar
2316:Creosote
2266:Tea-tree
2261:Tea-seed
2229:Pongamia
2219:Phulwara
2204:Nagkesar
2199:Murumuru
2174:Kpangnan
2122:Carnauba
2063:Pine nut
2048:Hazelnut
2038:Cinnamon
2023:Bay leaf
2013:Allspice
1935:(reishi)
1767:Tamarind
1732:Gambooge
1692:Bilberry
1465:Surgical
734:cite web
676:See also
653:Bakelite
605:obturate
524:Bakelite
522:such as
520:plastics
495:museum,
307:Historic
269:isoprene
223:glaucous
167:isoprene
2714:Commons
2629:Related
2593:Tanbark
2588:Shellac
2578:Quinine
2551:Gambier
2471:ogogoro
2371:Varnish
2336:Lacquer
2326:Gamboge
2311:Camphor
2301:Benzoin
2211: (
2117:Capuacu
2102:Babassu
2068:Vanilla
1979:Truffle
1964:Red cap
1933:Lingzhi
1722:Coconut
1697:Binukaw
1672:Berries
1559:Amalgam
666:balatá
265:polymer
227:corolla
83:scholar
2741:Rubber
2637:Dehesa
2598:tannin
2583:Rattan
2546:Forage
2509:edible
2504:Bamboo
2499:Amadou
2478:Rubber
2399:Chicle
2341:Mastic
2293:Resins
2276:Ucuuba
2271:Tucuma
2256:Tamanu
2213:kernel
2184:Mafura
2154:Illipe
2107:Bacuri
2058:Nutmeg
2002:spices
1727:Durian
1687:Banana
1579:Saline
1349:
1303:266025
1301:
1265:
1241:
1216:
1210:Godine
1161:
1134:
1107:
1064:
1002:
965:367792
963:
955:
918:
891:
812:
786:
760:
661:balatá
623:, and
577:resist
516:guttie
408:rubber
341:Borneo
189:pertja
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2566:henna
2541:Ferns
2492:Other
2441:Latex
2361:Rosin
2356:Pitch
2346:Myrrh
2331:Kauri
2189:Mahua
2179:Kusum
2169:Kombo
2164:Kokum
2086:waxes
2043:Clove
1949:Morel
1883:Ramps
1819:queen
1794:Betel
1786:roots
1647:Honey
1502:Tools
1396:Tests
1041:(PDF)
953:S2CID
581:batik
566:Today
514:The "
459:Other
393:inert
337:Kayan
325:circa
285:latex
277:trans
271:, or
236:tree
195:perca
183:getah
178:Malay
157:latex
146:inert
90:JSTOR
76:books
2573:Peat
2556:Moss
2536:Cork
2436:Kino
2224:Pilu
2209:Palm
1997:Nuts
1652:pine
1642:Furs
1564:EDTA
1347:OCLC
1299:PMID
1263:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1191:2023
1159:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1000:ISBN
916:ISBN
889:ISBN
810:ISBN
784:ISBN
758:ISBN
740:link
347:1910
327:1865
302:Uses
263:, a
62:news
2385:gum
2381:Sap
2081:Oil
1918:Cep
1291:doi
945:doi
571:Art
448:.
442:370
440:to
319:in
281:cis
267:of
152:,
45:by
2732::
1341:.
1297:.
1285:.
1182:.
959:.
951:.
941:20
939:.
873:^
840:^
824:^
768:^
736:}}
732:{{
713:.
672:.
655:.
619:,
615:,
583:.
559:.
541:.
438:10
434:25
414:.
399:.
345:c.
180::
173:.
2240:)
2236:(
2215:)
2133:)
2129:(
1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
1353:.
1305:.
1293::
1287:3
1222:.
1193:.
1140:.
1113:.
1070:.
1008:.
967:.
947::
924:.
897:.
818:.
792:.
742:)
728:.
499:)
444:×
436:×
192:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
