1176:
47:
98:
1096:, settled the question of the origins of the Vietnamese nation in an article on the Hùng kings. The article noted that on the "tenth day of the third lunar month, the central government and local government held an official ceremony to commemorate the death anniversary of our Hung king ancestors at the Temple of the Hùng kings." He commented that the Hùng kings were the "origins of the nation" as they "built the country", and "if there had been no Hùng kings, then there would be no Đinh, Lê, Lý, Trần, Hồ, or Nguyễn, and also no Democratic Republic of Vietnam". Trần Huy Liệu also wrote that the "patriotic spirit and indomitable tradition of our nation broke out in the thousand years of Chinese feudal rule, and it broke out in the hundred years under the domination of the French colonizers." He concluded by lamenting that "at this time our lovely country has been provisionally divided into two regions and our fellow countrymen in the South moan and writhe under the fascist regime of the gang of Ngô Đình Diệm, lackey of the American imperialists."
1206:
1234:
31:
1221:
1167:
with terms such as "Hùng", "Lạc", and "Việt". He does this by examining ancient
Chinese historical sources to highlight similar terms and stories as in "Biography", and search for terms and accounts mentioned in "Biography" to corroborate the existence of the latter's information on the Hùng Kings. In doing so he also shows how this practice of drawing upon old texts for material to create a local history was also practiced at that time in parts of the Chinese empire like Sichuan and Guangdong, hence placing the "Biography" in the broader literary trends of the time.
922:, the question of political legitimisation was an urgent one that needed tackling – especially given the lack of ancient Viet sources to base on, and after about a thousand years of Chinese rule. This explained why it attempted to reach back in time and create a mythic past for itself to serve its present political needs. Although part of the legitimisation process included eliminating colonial (Chinese) influences, ironically, it was this ease with Chinese characters and sources that caused them to utilise Chinese history and sources to validate their own.
1012:(Precious genealogy of the eighteen reigns of the Hùng Kings). The text was reproduced in the successive dynasties, and court-issued copies were worshipped in village temples. Spirit promulgation was promoted by imperial decrees and intensified as the dynasties passed. In the 16th and 17th century, court academicians compiled, recopied, and modified collections of myths and genealogies about supernatural beings and national heroes, including that of the Hùng kings. This were then accepted and perpetuated by villages. The Hùng kings were transformed into
1282:
981:(Complete Book of the Historical Records of Đại Việt), was used by the emperor as a tool to promote Việt 'national feeling'. Thus, Ngô Sĩ Liên was tasked to promote Đại Việt's supernatural and millennial ancestry. This marked the first time a Việt state traced its origins back to the first realm of Văn Lang of the Hùng kings, calculated by Ngô Sĩ Liên to be in 2879 BCE. Prior to this, official dynastic histories of the Việt started with Triệu Đà, acknowledging a Qin general as the founder of the
861:
884:.) In the book, Trần Trọng Kim uses the expression that has become one of the most popular labels for the Việt connecting them to the Hùng kings – "race of the Dragon and the Fairy", and in his revised 1920 edition, "children of the Fairy, grandchildren of the Dragon" or "the descendants of the Fairy and the Dragon". Trần Trọng Kim's text became a standard textbook until 1954 in all parts of Vietnam.
1336:
1125:, dates from the thirteenth century, eighteen hundred years after the kingdom it is supposed to describe. The earliest Chinese text, which mentions not the Hung but the Lac kings, dates from the fourth century CE, eight hundred years after the period it discusses. Hence, such texts are not reliable transmissions of any written or oral tradition over eight or eighteen hundred years.
1100:
nation; third, it states explicitly the continuity between the period of the Hùng kings and the present. The dating of the origins of the nation to the rule of the Hùng kings would eventually become the orthodox position of historians at the
Research Committee, the Institute of History, and later the Institute of Archaeology.
1151:(Complete Book of the Historical Records of Đại Việt) created in 1479, which marked the official transformation of the Hùng kings into the founders of dynasties. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư was in turn the core text that DRV historians used as proof of the ancient origins of the Vietnamese people and the Vietnamese nation.
1072:
holidays in the RVN with a full day of rest. In an April 1964 decree, the Hùng kings
Memorial Day also became one of the four holidays requiring private businesses to give their employees paid time off. This elevated the status of the Hùng kings and highlighted their importance for official discourse.
1304:
In 2012, the worship of the Hùng kings in Phú Thọ was recognised by UNESCO as an
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and the UNESCO page notes that this "tradition embodies spiritual solidarity and provides an occasion to acknowledge national origins and sources of Vietnamese cultural and moral
1099:
Historian Cherry Haydon notes that this article is important for a few reasons. First, it highlights the direct link made between the period of the Hùng kings and the formation of the
Vietnamese nation. Second, it dates the origins of Vietnamese resistance to foreign aggression to the founding of the
929:
and utilisation of the Hùng kings epic can be explained by developments from the thirteenth century. Three devastating invasions – by the
Mongols in the thirteenth century, the Cham in the fourteenth century, and the Ming in the fifteenth century, corresponded with the myth's emergence and absorption
1019:
Over time, the worship of Hùng kings evolved; they acquired sons-in-laws who became
Mountain Spirits, when migrating south with the territorial expansion, and transformed themselves into Whale Spirits when near the sea. Land was also provided to temples in Phú Thọ province, the site of the main Hung
1295:
In 2018, the state-established
Association for Liaison with Overseas Vietnamese (ALOV) implemented a project titled Vietnam Ancestral Global Day which organised various cultural activities worldwide to celebrate Hung Kings Memorial Day. This year is the first time that Vietnam Ancestral Global Day
1249:
In 1999, the government issued a directive on the celebration on what it perceived as the most important events in 2000. Other than the Hùng kings
Festival, the other events perceived to be important were: the seventieth anniversary of the Vietnamese Communist Party, the 110th anniversary of Hồ Chí
1166:
elite in the Red River Delta first constructed a separate identity in relation to China's cultural heritage. Kelley exposes the problems of the "Biography" in a few ways – for example, by showing how it borrowed figures and accounts from ancient
Chinese texts and stories, and by highlighting issues
1075:
Perhaps the most important indication of the Hùng kings Memorial Day's significance is that it was a contender for the honour of being designated as National Day. In 1967, the National Assembly considered whether the Hùng kings Memorial Day should also be made Independence Day. While the initiative
1088:
Historian Patricia Pelley posits that the selection of the Hùng Kings and the Hung dynasty during the Văn Lang period was part of Hanoi's quest to create a "cult of antiquity" to illustrate the historical longevity and prestige of Vietnam that predated the Chinese occupation. The transformation of
1084:
The conversion of the Hùng kings to historical "truth" in the DRV emerged over time through extensive discussions by DRV official scholars and resolutions by the Party such as regarding the establishment of the date of the death anniversary of the Hùng kings and its celebration in festivals. The
1067:
as prime minister decided that citizens would not have time off for the holiday. The Hùng kings was hence rejected at the official level. However, at the public level, commemorations were allowed. The Saigon News Review and the Vietnam News Agency reported on celebrations around the state with the
155:
who produced a sac containing one hundred eggs from which one hundred sons emerged. Dragon Lord Lạc preferred to live by the sea, and Goddess Âu Cơ preferred the snow-capped mountains. The two separated with half of the sons following each parent. The most illustrious of the sons became the first
1028:
of Phú Thọ. Nguyễn Thị Diệu argues that as the result of the meeting of the two currents, that of the state's mythographic construction and that of popular, village-based animistic worship, the Hùng kings came to be venerated as the ancestral founders of the Việt nation in temples throughout the
1245:
reforms from 1986, Vietnam saw a resurrection of traditional festivals, including the Hùng kings Temple Festival. Celebrations of the Hùng kings moved from the local to the provincial and then to the state levels. This revival has been perceived as an attempt by the government to maintain the
1071:
With the assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm and changes in the RVN government, the Hùng kings Memorial Day was restored to the list of official holidays in February 1964, allocating a whole day off for government employees and students. The Hùng kings Memorial Day became one of the seven official
1000:
There was likely already a long oral tradition in the Red River Delta of the re-enactment of myths and legends at the level of the village even before myths were written into literature. Each village held yearly festivities at the communal temple with public recitations and re-enactments
1005:) during which villagers recreated a specific myth, historical event, or character. Thus, Hùng kings worship may have existed locally before the 15th century, manifesting in the construction of temples and shrines, and in oral propagation of different variations of the Hùng kings epic.
896:'s biography, published in South Vietnam in 1948, mentions Ho recalling the day of the Proclamation of Independence of Vietnam on September 2, 1945, and describing it as a "day to remember for twenty-five million people, the children of the Lạc and the grandchildren of Hồng".
1085:
Institute of Archaeology was established in 1968 with the highest priority given to scientifically documenting the Hùng kings. The Institute launched excavations and organised conferences between 1968 and 1971 to discuss the findings and published their proceedings.
1089:
the Hùng kings into historical fact was based on the conflation of different kinds of evidence such as archaeological remains, dynastic chronicles, collections of legends, and a poem attributed to Hồ Chí Minh titled "The History of Vietnam from 2879 BCE to 1945".
1296:
has been celebrated simultaneously in many European countries following a shared format. Since 2015, one of the three main goals of the Vietnam Ancestral Global Day Project has been to preserve and spread the Hùng kings worship rite amongst overseas Vietnamese.
1040:(six-eight) verse form – tales recounted using this form, aided with the use of Quốc Âm (National Sound) instead of Literary Chinese, and the use of colourful verse close to the vernacular, allowed for the ease of memorisation and transmission of such myths.
954:
Developments from the thirteenth century then combined to set the stage for the state promotion of the Hùng king founding myth by the 15th century. There was a shift away from a more indigenous, pre-Southeast Asian phase, to the 'Neo-Confucian revolution" of
2137:
Dror, Olga. "Foundational Myths in the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975): "Harnessing" the Hùng Kings against Ngô Đình Diệm Communists, Cowboys, and Hippies for Unity, Peace, and Vietnameseness." Journal of Social History, Volume 51, Number 1, Fall 2017, pp.
942:
into the capital, and the latter's emphasis on the classical beliefs of China and its antiquity set the intellectual tone of Thang-long. Antiquity was now seen as providing solutions for the difficult present. The disastrous invasion by the Cham under
959:. This, together with the chaos created by the devastating invasions and internal social problems, encouraged a search for 'Vietnamese Antiquity' modelled on classical Chinese antiquity, in the mythic creation of 'Văn Lang' via the Hùng king.
2062:
Page 153 – 2009 "... the young generation is not passionate about the history of their country (according to Dương Trung Quốc, a survey showed at the end of the 1990s that up to 40 per cent of the students did not know who King Hùng Vương
1188:
The Hùng kings are perceived as the founders of the Viet civilisation, and are promoted by the government as a source of national pride and solidarity through platforms such as the state-sponsored commemoration of an annual holiday, the
2039:
Page 68 2007 "Hùng Kings' Holy Land Forever – The Đổi Mới state's commitment to preserving and promoting the values of ancestor worship are demonstrated with great pomp and circumstance at the annual death-day festival for the Hùng
146:
According to the Hùng kings narrative, the eighteen Hùng kings belonged to the Hong Bang dynasty (2879–258 BCE) that ruled over the northern part of Vietnam and southern part of modern China in antiquity. Their progenitors were
1063:, the RVN also commemorated the Hùng kings' in a national holiday. The Hùng kings Memorial Day was one of the twenty official holidays at the inception of the RVN but was dropped in January 1956 from the official list as
1133:
Analyses of the earliest sources on the Hùng kings have illustrated problems with these sources that have been used as historical evidence of the existence of the Hùng kings. In particular, historians have examined the
910:
Historians studying the Hùng kings have suggested that developments from the 13th to the 15th centuries explain why there was a desire by Đại Việt to incorporate the founding epic of the Hùng kings into its history.
1250:
Minh's birthday, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the victory in the campaign against Americans to save the country, the fifty-fifth anniversary of the August Revolution, and the start of the twenty-first century.
951:, and caused Vietnamese literati to seek desperately for a means to restore harmony. The Ming occupation of 1407–1427 dramatically deepened the influence of the literati through promoting schools and scholarship.
1480:
Dror, Olga (2016-08-25). "Foundational Myths in the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975): "Harnessing" the Hùng Kings against Ngô Đình Diệm Communists, Cowboys, and Hippies for Unity, Peace, and Vietnameseness".
1118:
However, Haydon Cherry has argued that contrary to the assertions of Vietnamese scholars, such relics cannot provide such a support. He notes that the earliest Vietnamese text to describe this kingdom, the
1818:
Nguyê˜n Quang Ngọc, 'Khuynh hướng trở vềvới cội nguồn dân tọc thời kỳ văn minh Đại Việt và sự ra đời của Đại Viêṭ Sử Ký Ngoại Ký Toàn Thư (Quyên̉ I)' , in Ngô Sĩ Liên và Đại Viêṭ sử ký toàn thư, pp. 137–8.
1142:
under the late-fourteenth-century Trần dynasty, and amended in the fifteenth century under the Lê dynasty by Vũ Quỳnh and Kiều Phú. This source is of great importance in providing core information for
2158:
Nguyen, Dieu Thi. "A mythographical journey to modernity: The textual and symbolic transformations of the Hùng Kings founding myths." Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer 2012): 87–130.
843:(Collection of legends and biographies of heroes and founding spirits) compiled by Lý Tế Xuyên, where the Hung King was a mere ruler. The next earliest appearance is in the fourteenth-fifteen century
1052:. Olga Dror has written about how the perception of the Hùng kings as common ancestors of all Vietnamese was mobilised for various agendas despite admitting a lack of historical evidence about them.
992:(chronicles) and in particular, the Arrayed Tales. Court historians in the later dynasties followed Ngô Sĩ Liên's example in integrating the Hùng kings into Việt official historiography.
46:
1175:
1292:
In April 2016, the festival at the Hùng kings temple in Phú Thọ attracted about seven million people. Nguyễn Phú Trọng, the general secretary of the Communist Party, also attended.
880:, covered the period from the Hùng kings to colonial times. (Trần Trọng Kim was an official in the education service who later became prime minister of the 1945 Japanese-sponsored
2049:
Viet Nam social sciences: Issues 1–6 2003 The Hùng Kings Temple festival: Every year at the end of Spring people throughout the country organize pilgrimages to the Hùng Temple.
97:
2171:
2024:
399:
1893:
Haydon Cherry, "Digging Up the Past: Prehistory and the Weight of the Present in Vietnam", (Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 84–144), p. 106.
1205:
2023:
Resolution of the State Organizational Committee on the commemoration of the big ceremonial days in 2000], no. 01/1999/QĐ-BTCNN, December 7, 1999;
2212:
2082:
2134:
Cherry, Haydon, "Digging Up the Past: Prehistory and the Weight of the Present in Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 1, (2009): 84–144.
1608:
938:(Zen) Buddhism which did not seem to be working in its integrative function, and looked to Confucianism and antiquity. He brought the Confucian teacher
2161:
Kelley, Liam C. "The Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan as a Medieval Vietnamese Invented Tradition." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 7 (2), (2012): 87–130.
2219:
2094:
2205:
2148:
Lieberman, Victor. "John K Whitmore's contribution to Vietnamese and Southeast Asian Studies.", in Aung-Thwin, M. (Ed.), Hall, K. R. (Ed.). (2011).
826:(文郎國). Their customs were substantively honest; strings and knots for their regulations. Passing down eighteen generations, all styled Đối kings.
2310:
1791:
1728:
1626:
Nguyen, Dieu Thi (2013-04-22). "A mythographical journey to modernity: The textual and symbolic transformations of the Hùng Kings founding myths".
1466:
1289:
Every year, leading government figures make pilgrimages to the Hùng kings temple in Phú Thọ province to honour the Quốc tộ (National Founder).
504:
409:
311:
1233:
1148:
977:
2226:
2106:
1210:
890:, an early Vietnamese nationalist, wrote a poem in 1910 which glorifies the lineage of "children of the Dragon, grandchildren of the Fairy".
528:
1374:
857:
Textual references in the early 20th century highlight that the Hùng kings were already a key part of the Vietnamese collective memory.
2025:
http://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Quyet-dinh01-1999-QD-BTCNN-Chuongtrinh-to-chuc-ky-niem-ngay-le-lon-2000-46015.aspx
1997:
30:
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Jiaozhi's land was very fertile. After people settled there, they began to cultivate. Its soils are black, its climate gloomy and
1587:
1515:
1111:
relics have been used to support the existence of the kingdom of Van Lang and the Hùng kings. The official DRV national history,
837:
Another early known reference is purportedly found in a story called "Tale of the Mountain Spirit and Water Spirit' in the 1329
1857:
Matthew B. Masur, Hearts and Minds: Cultural Nation-Building, 1954–1963. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004: pp. 111–15.
1551:
1115:, published in 1971, asserted the connection between the Bronze Age and the Dong Son culture and the period of the Hùng kings.
764:
962:
849:(Arrayed Tales of Selected Oddities from South of the Passes), a collection of myths and legends compiled by various authors.
1121:
795:
160:, the realm of all the descendants of Dragon and Goddess Âu Cơ who became the Vietnamese people, from his capital in modern
2083:
http://tuoitrenews.vn/lifestyle/34313/seven-million-visitorsexpected-%20to-attend-hung-kings-festival-in-northern-vietnam
839:
1194:
1016:(tutelary god) sanctified by imperial orders and by popular feeling stemming from long traditions of ancestor worship.
706:). These fields followed the flood's ebbs and flows. The people cultivated these fields for foods, so they were called
1754:
1442:
1397:
1214:
1197:
in Ho Chi Minh City, the exhibits are arranged chronologically, with the first one on the "Rise of the Hùng kings".
2081:"Seven million visitors expected to attend Hùng king festival in northern Vietnam," Tuoi tre news, April 16, 2016,
2155:
Masur, Matthew B. Hearts and Minds: Cultural Nation-Building, 1954–1963. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004
2095:
https://vietnamnews.vn/domestic-press-highlights/157317/overseas-vietnamese-liaison-opens.html#473Q5uylaDF2mYSt.97
2300:
1533:
671:
1154:
Based on an analysis of an essay called "Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan" from the Arrayed Tales, historian
2315:
963:
Canonization in Ngô Sĩ Liên's Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Book of the Historical Records of Đại Việt)
127:
453:
17:
2117:
UNESCO, "Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọ", UNESCO: Intangible Cultural Heritage, accessed October 2018,
2107:
https://vietnam.vnanet.vn/english/overseas-vietnamese-to-celebrate-hung-kings-temple-festival/370428.html
1220:
2172:
Resolution of the State Organizational Committee on the commemoration of the big ceremonial days in 2000
1193:, to honour the Hùng kings, and the promotion of the Hung King National Museum in Việt Trì City. In the
1135:
845:
417:
242:
222:
1275:
585:
196:
186:
111:
2198:
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1319:
1259:
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1079:
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475:
2105:"Overseas Vietnamese to celebrate Hung Kings Temple Festival", Vietnam News Agency, April 20, 2018,
876:'s Elementary Textbook for a Brief History of Annam, the first vernacular history of Vietnam in the
2285:
1747:
New perspectives on the history and historiography of Southeast Asia : continuing explorations
1093:
1048:
The Hùng kings seem to have been well embedded in Vietnamese collective memory by the 1950s in the
930:
into historiography. By late 1330, with social problems growing in the countryside, the Trần ruler
810:(嘉寧部), there was a strange man, could use mystical arts overwhelm all the tribes; he styled self
1961:(Summer 2012). "The Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan as a Medieval Vietnamese Invented Tradition".
1314:
1139:
823:
776:
379:
86:
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1958:
2191:
Whitmore, John K. 'Religion and ritual in the royal courts of Dai Viet', Working Paper 128, Asia
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failed, the idea was surfaced again in the Senate in 1971 and discussed in the cabinet in 1973.
807:
161:
873:
1784:
435:
282:
2305:
2295:
972:
956:
931:
319:
262:
122:王, which means "king". The name Hùng Vương might have originally been a title bestowed on a
1379:
1538:
887:
214:
204:
148:
8:
877:
803:
784:
751:) established to govern all those commanderies and prefectures. prefectures many made
62:
39:
1370:
1179:Đông Sơn relic situated in exhibit on Hùng King Period at the Museum of National History
1144:
968:
919:
1772:
1722:
1651:
1460:
1159:
1021:
684:
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1760:
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1710:
1655:
1643:
1494:
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1438:
1437:. Hurley, Martha Maud, 1966–, Le, Minh Duc, 1973–. New Haven: Yale University Press.
881:
831:
830:
Chinese historian Luo Xianglin, apud Lai (2013), considered 碓王 (SV: Đối Vương; lit. "
688:
1270:) is a Vietnamese festival held annually from the 8th to the 11th days of the third
1970:
1635:
1486:
1080:
Hùng kings in North Vietnam/Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)'s national history
1013:
948:
676:
1602:
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in honour of the Hùng Kings. The main festival day – which has been designated a
1030:
926:
551:
2239:
2213:
Seven million visitors expected to attend Hùng king festival in northern Vietnam
1036:
The dissemination of the Hùng kings myth was also facilitated by the use of the
1364:
331:
81:
means "monarch; could mean emperor or king") is the title given to the ancient
1639:
1607:, Page 5. Publisher: Chinese University of Hong Kong – Department of History.
1419:
1037:
1025:
58:
2279:
1764:
1714:
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1498:
1452:
1281:
1064:
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1049:
772:
254:
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1158:
posits that the Hùng kings did not exist. Instead, he argues that they were
939:
798:(大越史略 – Great Viet's Abridged History) by an anonymous 14th-century author:
542:
The earliest references to the Hung kings are found in early collections of
1974:
1246:
Vietnamese identity of its people in view of increasing foreign influence.
1163:
1138:(Arrayed Tales of Selected Oddities from South of the Passes), compiled by
427:
274:
234:
123:
971:
in his compiling of a new history of the realm under the order of Emperor
391:
351:
339:
2266:
2093:"Overseas Vietnamese Liaison opens.", Viet Nam News, September 16, 2006,
1709:. Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. p. 10.
1490:
1155:
995:
944:
893:
445:
371:
359:
1043:
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temple, to meet the expense of Hùng kings worship. As late as 1945, the
487:
157:
2248:
1528:
1108:
152:
794:
The Hùng kings' eighteen generations (or dynasties) were mentioned in
2150:
New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia.
1351:
935:
466:
131:
2037:
Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam
967:
The canonization of the Hùng kings founding myth was carried out by
2261:
2243:
2119:
https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/worship-of-hung-kings-in-phu-tho-00735
860:
1677:. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), p. 307; Dror, p. 128.
1527:"Records of the Outer Territories of Jiao Province", as quoted in
1224:
Temple of Hùng Kings at Tao Đàn Park, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City
110:
It is likely that the name Hùng Vương is a combination of the two
2270:
2252:
2206:
Chaos in northern Vietnam as thousands flock to Hung Kings temple
1271:
1092:
DRV scholar and the first president of the Institute of History,
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915:
668:
294:
82:
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court continued to delegate officials to oversee rituals in the
2201:", UNESCO, Intangible Cultural Heritage, accessed October 2018.
1128:
983:
1345:
918:
in the 1000s and worked at the transition to an independent
171:
2227:
Overseas Vietnamese to celebrate Hung Kings Temple Festival
2194:
Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 2009.
1745:(ed.), Aung-Thwin, Michael, (ed.) Hall, Kenneth R. (2011).
1357:
975:(1460–97), drawing upon popular sources. This history, the
679:, Lạc generals, and Lạc lords, ruled by Lạc king, instead:
135:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1569:
Nguyễn, Văn Tố (1 August 1941). "Lạc King not Hùng King".
1412:
2166:
Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National past.
834:
King") to be 雒王 (SV: Lạc Vương) erroneously transmitted.
101:
Hùng Vương statue in traditional style at Giác Hải Temple
1675:
Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National past
852:
2177:
Sterling, Eleanor & Hurley, Martha & Le, Minh.
1821:
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Dissemination of Hùng kings epic from the 15th century
1044:
Hùng kings in South Vietnam/Republic of Vietnam (RVN)
126:. The Hùng Vương was allegedly the head chieftain of
1707:
Religion and ritual in the Royal Courts of Dai Viet
1228:
905:
822:Vương); capital was in Văn Lang, appellation was
118:雄 "masculine, virile, fierce, powerful, grand" and
1237:Statues of Hùng Kings at Quốc Tổ Hùng Vương Temple
50:Statue of Hùng Vương at Hùng Temple, Tao Đàn, HCMC
92:
2277:
1103:
2174:, no. 01/1999/QĐ-BTCNN, December 7, 1999.
1605:and the Local Administration of the Han Empire
1253:
1008:Emperor Lê Thánh Tông authorised in 1470 the
1727:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1465:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1790:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1552:"Văn Lang Realm (translated from French)"
1398:Learn how and when to remove this message
667:Almanacs of the Outer Territories of the
27:Vietnamese rulers of the Hồng Bàng period
2168:Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.
1280:
1232:
1219:
1204:
1200:
1174:
1170:
859:
141:
96:
45:
29:
2311:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
2229:", Vietnam News Agency, April 20, 2018.
2181:New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006.
1549:
1010:Hùng Vương ngọc phả thập bát thế truyền
914:As different groups of local elites in
14:
2278:
2222:.", Viet Nam News, September 16, 2006.
1957:
1689:
1625:
1568:
573:). So hitherto its fields were called
537:
2184:Trần Huy Liệu, "Giỗ tổ hùng vương" ,
2060:Education As a Political Tool in Asia
1953:
1951:
1932:
1930:
1911:Trần Huy Liệu, "Giỗ tổ hùng vương" ,
1814:
1812:
1810:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1685:
1683:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1299:
864:The 1920 version of Trần Trọng Kim's
853:Early 20th century textual references
167:
1694:. New York: Basic Books. p. 24.
1479:
1369:, as they are easily broken. Please
1329:
1183:
628:vương), and his chief advisors were
552:Extensive Records of the Taiping Era
495:Hùng Nghị Vương(雄毅王), Hung King XVII
302:Hùng Chiêu vương(雄昭王), Hùng King VII
2208:", Thanh Nien News, April 16, 2016.
1611:, archived June 2, 2018. in Chinese
683:During the time before Jiaozhi had
38:" by Trọng Nội, 1966, displayed at
24:
2058:Marie-Carine Lall, Edward Vickers
1948:
1927:
1807:
1735:
1704:
1680:
1662:
1628:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1614:
1432:
1129:Hùng kings as "invented tradition"
763:). Lạc generals copper seals and
130:which at the time was composed of
25:
2327:
2233:
2220:Overseas Vietnamese Liaison opens
2215:," Tuoi tre news, April 16, 2016.
1285:Main Gate of Hùng Temple, Phú Thọ
1278:since 2007 – is on the 10th day.
1068:participation of many officials.
2199:Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọ
1435:Vietnam : a natural history
1334:
1229:Revival of worship of Hùng kings
1162:in the medieval period when the
906:Developments in the 15th century
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2066:
2052:
2043:
2029:
2017:
2008:
1990:
1981:
1939:
1918:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1839:
1798:
1698:
1534:Commentary on the Water Classic
1136:Lĩnh Nam chích quái liệt truyện
925:Academics have argued that the
510:
473:
433:
397:
357:
317:
280:
240:
202:
173:
2145:. New York: Basic Books, 2016.
1998:"Museum of Vietnamese History"
1593:
1584:Abridged History of Great Viet
1577:
1562:
1543:
1521:
1505:
1473:
1433:J., Sterling, Eleanor (2006).
1426:
988:This was done based mostly on
900:
675:(交州外域記) mentioned Lạc fields,
93:Traditional Vietnamese account
13:
1:
2267:The Next Comedians (1/1/2024)
2258:The Next Comedians (1/1/2024)
1963:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
1420:"Hung Vuong, King Of Vietnam"
1383:), or an abbreviated title.
1325:
1209:People worship Hùng Kings at
1104:Hùng kings and the Bronze Age
646:), the lands distributed to
1690:Goscha, Christopher (2016).
1195:Museum of Vietnamese History
105:
7:
2179:Vietnam: A Natural History.
1705:K., Whitmore, John (2009).
1550:Maspéro, Henri (May 1948).
1320:Hung Kings' Temple Festival
1308:
1260:Hùng Kings' Temple Festival
550:(南越志) in the 978 anthology
181:Reign, and line of descent
10:
2332:
2249:Cười Xuyên Việt (5/1/2024)
2240:Cười Xuyên Việt (5/1/2024)
2128:
1254:Hùng kings Temple Festival
1191:Hùng kings Temple Festival
934:started to move away from
771:Therefore, French scholar
1749:. Routledge. p. 16.
1640:10.1017/s002246341300009x
1573:(in Vietnamese) (9): 124.
1483:Journal of Social History
1276:public holiday in Vietnam
665:However, the 4th century
515:(雄睿王),the Hung King XVIII
180:
177:
174:
2072:Dieu Thi Nguyen, p. 316.
1836:Nguyen Dieu Thi, p. 326.
691:, the soil and land had
151:and his consort Goddess
1804:Nguyen Dieu Thi, p 322.
1599:Lai, Ming-chiu (2013).
1373:by replacing them with
1365:Knowledge's style guide
1149:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
978:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
775:and Vietnamese scholar
478:(雄造王),the Hung King XVI
2301:Positions of authority
2143:Vietnam: A New History
1975:10.1525/vs.2012.7.2.87
1692:Vietnam: A New History
1286:
1238:
1225:
1217:
1180:
868:
828:
769:
663:
595:) and its people were
102:
66:
51:
43:
2141:Goscha, Christopher.
1601:The Rebellion of the
1558:(in Vietnamese): 6–8.
1284:
1236:
1223:
1208:
1201:Worship of Hùng kings
1178:
1171:Cultural significance
863:
800:
779:proposed that 雄 (SV:
681:
556:
142:Hùng kings' narrative
100:
49:
33:
2164:Pelley, Patricia M.
2002:Saigon Tours Vietnam
1936:Haydon, pp. 108–109.
1371:improve this article
840:Việt Điện U Linh Tập
613:). Their leader was
420:(雄越王),Hùng King XIII
402:(雄武王), Hùng King XII
322:(雄暐王) Hùng King VIII
156:Hùng king who ruled
2316:Vietnamese emperors
1915:D 17 (May 1956): 1.
1343:Constructs such as
1211:Temple of Hùng King
878:Vietnamese alphabet
846:Lĩnh Nam chích quáí
804:King Zhuang of Zhou
538:Earliest references
456:(雄朝王), Hùng King XV
438:(雄英王),Hùng King XIV
382:(雄楨王), Hùng King XI
342:(雄定王), Hùng King IX
285:(雄暉王), Hùng King VI
225:(雄麟王),Hùng King III
213:2793 BC – 2525 BC,
195:2879 BC – 2794 BC,
57:(2879 BC – 258 BC;
40:Independence Palace
2152:London: Routledge.
2004:. 2 December 2020.
1977:– via JSTOR.
1783:has generic name (
1491:10.1093/jsh/shw058
1300:UNESCO recognition
1287:
1239:
1226:
1218:
1181:
1026:Hùng kings temples
882:Bảo Đại government
869:
362:(雄曦王), Hùng King X
245:(雄曄王),Hùng King IV
168:List of Hùng kings
103:
52:
44:
42:, Ho Chi Minh City
36:Quốc tổ Hùng Vương
1556:Vietnamese People
1408:
1407:
1400:
1315:Hồng Bàng dynasty
1264:Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương
1215:Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương
1184:National Identity
1055:Just like in the
808:Gia Ninh division
783:) was actually a
544:Records of Nanyue
535:
534:
77:means "king" and
16:(Redirected from
2323:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1819:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1678:
1673:Patrica Pelley,
1671:
1660:
1659:
1623:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1525:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1375:named references
1338:
1337:
1330:
1122:Đại Việt sử lược
1113:Lịch Sử Việt Nam
866:Việt Nam sử lược
796:Đại Việt sử lược
454:Hùng Triệu Vương
380:Hùng Trinh Vương
293:1712 – 1632 BC,
273:1912 – 1713 BC,
253:2254 – 1913 BC,
233:2524 – 2253 BC,
187:Kinh Dương Vương
172:
162:Phú Thọ Province
21:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2286:Ancient Vietnam
2276:
2275:
2236:
2188:D 17 (May 1956)
2131:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1956:
1949:
1945:Haydon, p. 130.
1944:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1924:Ibid., pp. 1–3.
1923:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:Pelley, p. 151.
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:Pelley, p. 153.
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1822:
1817:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1743:
1736:
1720:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1624:
1615:
1598:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1526:
1522:
1512:Taiping Guangji
1510:
1506:
1478:
1474:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1363:discouraged by
1339:
1335:
1328:
1311:
1302:
1268:lễ hội đền Hùng
1256:
1231:
1203:
1186:
1173:
1131:
1106:
1082:
1046:
1031:Red River Delta
998:
965:
927:historicization
908:
903:
855:
540:
460:Cảnh Chiêu Lang
418:Hùng Việt Vương
408:1054 – 969 BC,
390:1161 – 1055 BC,
370:1251 – 1162 BC,
350:1331 – 1252 BC,
340:Hùng Định vương
330:1431 – 1332 BC,
310:1631 – 1432 BC,
243:Hùng Diệp Vương
170:
144:
134:communities of
112:Sino-Vietnamese
108:
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2329:
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2291:Heads of state
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2274:
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2235:
2234:External links
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2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2065:
2051:
2042:
2035:Philip Taylor
2028:
2016:
2007:
1989:
1987:Kelley, p. 88.
1980:
1947:
1938:
1926:
1917:
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1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
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1820:
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1634:(2): 315–337.
1613:
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961:
947:destroyed the
907:
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874:Trần Trọng Kim
854:
851:
824:Văn Lang state
539:
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513:Hùng Duệ Vương
509:
508:
501:
496:
492:
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484:
479:
476:Hùng Tạo Vương
472:
471:
464:754 – 661 BC,
462:
457:
450:
449:
444:853 – 755 BC,
442:
441:Chân Nhân Lang
439:
436:Hùng Anh Vương
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2055:
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2032:
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2020:
2014:Dror, p. 148.
2011:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1969:(2): 87–130.
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1899:
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1875:Dror, p. 136.
1872:
1866:Dror, p. 135.
1863:
1854:
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1833:
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1603:Zheng Sisters
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1422:. britannica.
1421:
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1388:November 2019
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1094:Trần Huy Liệu
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1066:
1065:Ngô Đình Diệm
1062:
1058:
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1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:and beyond.
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993:
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987:
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979:
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785:scribal error
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777:Nguyễn Văn Tố
774:
773:Henri Maspéro
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527:408 – 258 BC,
526:
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503:568 – 409 BC,
502:
500:
499:Bảo Quân Lang
497:
494:
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486:660 – 569 BC,
485:
483:
482:Đức Quân Lang
480:
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470:
468:
463:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
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426:968 – 854 BC,
425:
422:
419:
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411:
407:
405:Đức Hiền Lang
404:
401:
400:Hùng Vũ Vương
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386:Hưng Đức Lang
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366:Hùng Hải Lang
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360:Hùng Hi vương
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1485:: 124–125.
1380:quick guide
1305:identity".
1272:lunar month
1156:Liam Kelley
1145:Ngo Si Lien
1014:Thành hoàng
969:Ngô Sĩ Liên
901:Historicity
894:Hồ Chí Minh
787:for 雒 (SV:
689:prefectures
554:. It said:
523:Mai An Tiêm
519:Lý Văn Lang
178:Given name
2280:Categories
1848:., p. 129.
1529:Li Daoyuan
1326:References
1109:Bronze Age
1003:diễn xướng
940:Chu Văn An
765:blue-green
755:generals (
677:Lạc people
83:Vietnamese
67:Hùng Vương
63:Vietnamese
2197:UNESCO, "
1773:cite book
1765:768658922
1723:cite book
1715:697389884
1656:162651203
1648:0022-4634
1609:full-text
1499:0022-4529
1461:cite book
1453:159935986
1352:loc. cit.
1241:With the
1164:Sinicised
932:Minh Tông
872:The 1916
767:ribbons.
761:Lạc tướng
548:Nanyuezhi
505:Nhâm line
467:Canh line
423:Tuấn Lang
410:Đinh line
392:Bính line
352:Giáp line
346:Quân Lang
332:Đoài line
312:Khôn line
306:Lang Liêu
269:Viên Lang
255:Chấn line
215:Khảm line
138:farmers.
124:chieftain
106:Etymology
87:Hồng Bàng
55:Hùng king
18:Hùng King
2262:Facebook
2244:Facebook
2138:124–159.
1309:See also
1160:invented
984:Nam Việt
920:Đại Việt
710:people (
695:fields (
672:province
661:tướng).
651:generals
529:Qúy line
488:Tân line
428:Mậu line
275:Tốn line
249:Bửu Lang
235:Cấn line
229:Lân Lang
197:Càn line
158:Văn Lang
128:Văn Lang
89:period.
71:vua Hùng
69:(雄王) or
2271:Youtube
2253:Youtube
2129:Sources
1571:Tri Tân
1539:vol. 37
1516:vol 482
1243:Đổi Mới
1038:lục bát
916:Jiaozhi
818:王, SV:
744:侯; SV:
740:Lords (
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714:民; SV:
699:田; SV:
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2040:kings.
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832:Pestle
814:king (
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736:) and
725:King (
600:people
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560:fierce
132:feudal
114:words
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1652:S2CID
1346:ibid.
990:da su
936:Thiền
734:vương
633:lords
568:thảm
531:(支癸)
507:(支壬)
490:(支辛)
469:(支庚)
448:(支己)
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257:(支震)
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217:(支坎)
207:(貉龍君)
199:(支乾)
189:(涇陽王)
175:King
153:Âu Cơ
120:Vương
75:Vương
1846:Ibid
1792:link
1785:help
1761:OCLC
1751:ISBN
1729:link
1711:OCLC
1644:ISSN
1495:ISSN
1467:link
1449:OCLC
1439:ISBN
1361:are
1358:idem
1355:and
1258:The
1059:and
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687:and
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584:田;
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