22:
182:"The mode of acquiring lands by what is called Deeds of Gift is to be entirely discontinued, for, by the King's instructions, no Private Person, Society, Corporation or colony is capable of acquiring any property in lands belonging to the Indians, either by purchase, or grant or conveyance from the Indians, excepting only where the lands lie within the limits of any colony the soil of which has been vested in Proprietaries or Corporations by grants from the Crown; in which cases such Proprietaries or Corporations only shall be capable of acquiring such property by purchase or grants from the Indians."
89:
comfortable retreat for them and others of the Five
Nations, who have either lost their settlements within the Territory of the American States, or wish to retire from them to the British—I have at the earnest desire of many of these His Majesty's faithful Allies purchased a tract of land from the Indians situated between the Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron and I do hereby in His Majesty's name authorize and permit the said
140:, to obtain a promise from the Crown that if the Iroquois fought on the British side, they would obtain a land grant in Canada. During and after the American Revolution, American colonists confiscated land and property from those who were Loyalists during the war. The British government compensated both Indian and non-Indian Loyalists with cash payments for their losses.
185:
Government officials originally interpreted the grant as prohibiting the
Indians from leasing or selling the land to anyone but the government. Joseph Brant countered that Haldimand had promised the Indians freehold land tenure equal to that enjoyed by the colony's Loyalist settlers. As freeholders,
93:
and such others of the Five Nation
Indians as wish to settle in that quarter to take possession of and settle upon the Banks of the River commonly called Ours or Grand River, running into Lake Erie, allotting to them for that purpose six miles deep from each side of the river beginning at Lake Erie
214:
land board that the middle of the grant should not follow the exact windings of the river, but that it should be drawn from an easterly bend near the river's mouth straight to the Mohawk village. Although the government alleges that the Six
Nations agreed to the accuracy of the information gathered
202:
Although the overall limits of the lands mentioned in the proclamation were clearly defined, "extending in that proportion to the head of the said river", the Crown contended that the grant was limited by the extent of land they had previously purchased and that they could not grant land which they
99:
Given under my hand and seal at arms, at the Castle of St Lewis at Quebec, this twenty-fifth day of
October one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four and in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Our Sovereign Lord George The Third by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King,
88:
Whereas His
Majesty having been pleased to direct that in consideration of the early attachment to his cause manifested by the Mohawk Indians, and of the loss of their settlement which they thereby sustained—that a convenient tract of land under his protection should be chosen as a safe and
574:
67:
was sent to negotiate the sale of approximately 3,000,000 acres of land located between Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie for £1180.00 from the
Mississaugas of the Credit. Of the land ceded, some 550,000 acres were granted to the
242:, to deal with land issues, stated, "We are surprised to find that Government says that we own the Lands to the Falls only as we have the Writings to prove otherwise. We have them here and are ready to produce them."
203:
did not already own. In May 1784, Haldimand had purchased a tract of land from the
Mississaugas, which was referred to in the grant as generally "situated between the Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron". In fact, the
190:
stated that the
Indians could not lease their land since British subjects could lease land only from British subjects. Brant considered the right to lease or sell land as a litmus test for Indian sovereignty.
492:
215:
during the 1791 survey, the resulting documentation in the form of a map signed by the Land Board and the Six Nation chiefs was subsequently "believed lost or destroyed".
739:
194:
The Crown said that the grant was for all members of the Six
Nations, but Brant said the land should be only for members of the Six Nations who lived on the land.
210:
In 1791, at the request of the Six Nations, an initial survey was completed. It was agreed between Joseph Brant, Henry Tekarihoga, and other chiefs with the
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of the Grand River is located some thirty miles beyond the limits of land that the Crown maintained that it had previously purchased from the Mississaugas.
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426:
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Chiefs Council announced a moratorium on development within the entire Haldimand Tract. This call was acknowledged and supported by the
544:
230:". In this survey, the size of the grant was described as 674,910 acres (2,731.3 km) As early as July 4, 1819, Six Nations chief
699:
73:
60:
652:
Cases Decided on the British North America Act, 1867 in The Privy Council, The Supreme Court of Canada and the Provincial Courts
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adopted the position that it had failed to obtain title to the entire valley at the time of its purchase from the Mississaugas.
619:
251:
704:
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was signed between others of the Six Nations and the American government. The granted land had to be purchased from the
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and extending in that proportion to the head of the said river, which them and their posterity are to enjoy for ever."
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268:, in an effort to present a unified front while land claims disputes were sorted out with the federal government.
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719:
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The Valley Of The Six Nations: A Collection of Documents on the Indian Lands of the Grand River
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156:
144:
64:
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whose traditional territory spans much of modern-day Southwestern Ontario. On May 22, 1784,
8:
257:
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The Crown's position was that the extent of the land was as determined in the subsequent
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the Indians could lease or sell land to the highest bidder. In 1793, Lieutenant Governor
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a few months before, travelled to London, England, in November 1775, on the eve of the
638:
615:
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519:"Haudenosaunee chiefs declare development moratorium across entire Haldimand Tract"
493:"Six Nations hereditary leaders declare development moratorium in Haldimand Tract"
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211:
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545:"Elected chief of Six Nations tries to unify sides ahead of land claim fight"
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In April 2021, nine months into the land reclamation action by the people at
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90:
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40:
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125:
227:
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survey of 1821, drawing a northern boundary near the present location of
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238:), son of Joseph Brant, in a speech at a council held near present-day
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583:
Indian Records, R.G. 10, Ser. 2, XV, 132–33, PAC; B222,106, PAC
36:
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acting as an agent of purchase on behalf of the government.
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308:
474:
472:
252:
Grand River land dispute § Moratorium on development
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Cases Decided on the British North America Act, 1867...
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371:
359:
76:
is also referred to as the "Between the Lakes Treaty."
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457:
445:
39:
that granted land to the Mohawk (or Kanien'kehà:ka) (
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143:
By early 1783, Brant had selected the valley of the
630:
740:History of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo
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43:) who had served on the British side during the
72:in the Haldimand Proclamation. The sale by the
47:. The decree was issued by the Governor of the
179:On April 26, 1784, Frederick Haldimand wrote:
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226:, referred to at the time of the survey as "
55:, on October 25, 1784, three days after the
611:Joseph Brant, 1743-1807, Man of Two Worlds
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151:agreed. The land was acquired from the
132:, who had been ejected from his post as
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590:The Iroquois in the American Revolution
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478:
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389:
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305:Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation
301:"Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792)"
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628:
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451:
331:"Map of Ontario treaties and reserves"
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174:
155:in May 1784, with Lieutenant-Colonel
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293:
84:The text of the proclamation reads:
79:
654:, 1892, Warwick & Sons, Toronto
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100:Defender of the Faith and so forth.
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491:Antonacci, J. P. (20 April 2021).
147:as a place of settlement; in 1784
14:
751:
658:
573:Johnson, Charles M., ed. (1964).
543:Forester, Brett (26 April 2021).
517:Forester, Brett (20 April 2021).
290:
169:
700:First Nations history in Ontario
134:Superintendent of Indian Affairs
536:
510:
484:
725:Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
579:. University of Toronto Press.
427:"Map of Grand River watershed"
395:
348:
323:
278:Six Nations of the Grand River
1:
679:Mohawk Nation and Such others
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117:
16:Proclamation decree of Canada
25:Thomas Ridout survey of 1821
7:
271:
266:Six Nations Elected Council
109:By His Excellency's Command
10:
756:
705:Indian reserves in Ontario
587:Graymont, Barbara (1972).
249:
74:Mississaugas of the Credit
61:Mississaugas of the Credit
671:The Canadian Encyclopedia
262:Haudenosaunee Confederacy
246:Moratorium on development
355:Between the Lakes Treaty
283:
608:Kelsey, Isabel (1984).
666:Haldimand Proclamation
497:The Hamilton Spectator
115:
102:
96:
57:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
32:Haldimand Proclamation
26:
710:Grand River (Ontario)
629:Taylor, Alan (2006).
103:
97:
86:
24:
735:History of Brantford
715:1784 in British law
311:on 10 February 2022
258:1492 Land Back Lane
198:Extent of the lands
175:Nature of the grant
149:Frederick Haldimand
138:American Revolution
53:Frederick Haldimand
45:American Revolution
664:Michelle Filice, "
633:The Divided Ground
549:APTN National News
523:APTN National News
188:John Graves Simcoe
49:Province of Quebec
27:
621:978-0-8156-0182-1
392:, pp. 68–69.
380:, pp. 43–44.
368:, pp. 50–51.
240:Hamilton, Ontario
80:Proclamation text
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433:on 2 August 2012
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65:Col. John Butler
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105:Fredk Haldimand
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659:External links
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552:. Retrieved
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479:Johnson 1964
464:Johnson 1964
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435:. Retrieved
431:the original
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414:Johnson 1964
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390:Johnson 1964
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378:Johnson 1964
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366:Johnson 1964
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309:the original
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153:Mississaugas
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126:Joseph Brant
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30:
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452:Kelsey 1984
157:John Butler
145:Grand River
130:Guy Johnson
689:Categories
567:References
340:22 October
315:23 October
236:Tekarihoga
232:John Brant
118:Background
113:R. Mathews
228:The Falls
164:the Crown
528:23 April
502:23 April
272:See also
437:20 June
162:Later,
695:Tracts
641:
618:
597:
260:, the
123:Mohawk
37:decree
35:was a
554:2 May
284:Notes
639:ISBN
616:ISBN
595:ISBN
556:2021
530:2021
504:2021
439:2008
342:2020
317:2020
205:head
128:and
29:The
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234:(
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