33:
329:—former Speaker of the Punjab Legislature. All in all, it endured some twenty-two months and saw the arrest of more than 200,000 demonstrators in Amritsar. The overall campaign was marked by several individual demonstrations. One of the earliest had an unexpected outcome. When Longowal declared that Sikhs would demonstrate against the Central Government's injustices at the opening of the
387:
Golden Temple
Complex Bhaita would be slashed with swords by Bhindranwale's followers. Bhaita attempted to flee to Longowal, but would be killed with a bullet. He put a signboard up in view of Longowal's office saying, "Sodhi's murder avenged within 48 hours. The other conspirators should look after themselves now." Longowal feared that he would be killed next and managed to have
447:, Punjab which would need about 20,000 people. Then, after weeks of secret negotiations, Longowal met the Prime Minister in Delhi and on 23 July 1985 signed an eleven-point memorandum covering all the major issues which had defied resolution since the Akalis had first presented their list of demands. The accord attracted opposition from several orthodox Sikh leaders of
366:. Baljit Kaur had attempted to assassinate Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale on April 13, but backed out. Kaur went to the Golden Temple after the killing and confessed to the murder. Kaur would be interrogated by Bhindranwale. She would admit to the other killer being her boyfriend Shinda and to being paid 200,000 rupees (3.1 million rupees in 2023. US$ 37,500 in 2023.) by
442:
and agreed to review the cases of thousands of Sikhs imprisoned since the army's arrival in Punjab the previous June. Within a few days, the first 53 were released. A few days later, Rajiv made an effort to address the economic woes of Punjab, with its diminishing acreages and burgeoning unemployment
386:
Bhindranwale vowed revenge and to punish those responsible in 48 hours. Many responsible were killed within the time frame. Malik Bhaita, the Akali Dal head of
Amritsar, confessed to his role in arranging the taxi for Shinda’s escape. He was momentarily forgiven by Bhindranwale, but while leaving the
378:
led by
Harchand Singh Longowal, to do the killing. She also implicated others.In a speech Bhindranwale said, "They (Akali Dal) killed our young men. They severed my right arm... I know what role that lion, that son of his mother played in seeking vengeance for the martyrs". Bhindranwale stressed that
284:
In 1980, Longowal was recalled to preside over the Akali party. In this role, he organized large-scale campaigns of civil disobedience to win concessions from India's
Central Government on the longstanding grievances of Punjab, and especially the Sikhs of Punjab. Longowal led the Akali side in years
349:
Finally, Longowal announced that as of 3 June 1984 they would practice civil disobedience by refusing to pay land revenue, water and electricity bills, and block the flow of grain out of Punjab. The Sikh coalition in opposition to the
Central Government held together until September 1983, when
341:
to prevent Sikhs traveling by road or rail from neighbouring Punjab to Delhi. The
Haryana police did this and in the process caused inconvenience to the civilians and army officers coming to the games. Harbans Singh, On 4 January 1983 there was a mass stoppage of traffic on the major highways.
263:
and arrested thousands of leaders of opposition parties. Although no Akali leader had been arrested, the organisation decided to take action against the suppression of civil liberties. In July 1975, all the senior Akali leaders courted arrest and
Harchand Singh Longowal took over command of the
285:
of frustrating negotiations with Indira Gandhi, talks that served to undermine public faith in the course of peaceful dialogue with the government. This, in turn strengthened the hand of extremists and separatists. In
December 1983 Longowal invited sikh fundamentalist
350:
the increasing frustrations of negotiating with the Prime
Minister began to take its toll in a growing division between Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and Jagdev Singh Talwandi (refusing to pay land revenue, water and electricity bills, Harchand Singh Longowal.
399:
informing her that
Gurcharan Singh's life was in danger since the plot to kill Sodhi. He called on Gandhi to protect Gurcharan. Longowal also said in the letter, "Most of Bhindranwale men will run away when they see the army and most probably he will too".
438:, who was posted as the Governor of the state, relaxed censorship of the Punjabi press, withdrew army control over certain districts, announced his willingness to institute a judicial enquiry into the November 1984 killings, lifted the ban on the
391:
side with him and provide security. 130 Akali leaders and 40 SGPC members revolted against Longowal and sided with Bhindranwale. With this Akali Dal under Longowal and Indira Gandhi agreed they had to 'neutralize' Bhindranwale.
463:
Less than a month after signing the Punjab accord, Longowal was assassinated by Sikhs opposed to the accord. Longowal was shot and killed on 20 August 1985 near the gurdwara in Sherpur village, 90 km from
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The peaceful campaign to achieve justice from the central Indian government began on 4 August 1982 under the leadership of Harchand Singh Longowal and six other members of a designated high command, namely
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on 24 July 1985. The government accepted most of the Akali Dal demands, who in turn agreed to withdraw their activism. Less than a month after signing the accord, Longowal was assassinated.
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244:. In 1969, he was elected to the Punjabi Legislative Assembly as the Akali candidate, defeating the Congress Party's Babu Brish Bhan, who had been chief minister of the
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On 17 June 1983 rail traffic was halted by large-scale protests. A statewide work stoppage was held on 29 August 1983. On 26 January 1984, article 25(a) of the
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complex. The army operation happened between 1–6 June 1984. During that time, the Army escorted Longowal, among other leaders, out of the complex.
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224:(Talwandi Sabo), but he took on the suffix "Longowal" which remained with him for the rest of his life. He was affectionately known as "Sant Ji"
434:. With a view to improving the situation and creating conditions for a negotiated settlement of Sikh demands, the prime minister's confidante,
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Harchand Singh Longowal was born on 2 January 1932, in a family of modest means living in Gidariani, a village then in the princely state of
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http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70711FA3D5F0C728EDDA10894DD484D81&n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/India
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240:. In 1965, Longowal became the president of the Akali organization in Sangrur district and a member of the working committee of the
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220:, a celebrated eighteenth-century scholar and martyr. In 1962, Harchand Singh was named head of the important historical shrine at
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Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES, vol 6 (also 7, 8 and 9), published by The Sikh University Press, Belgium. .
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Finally, in March 1985, the leadership of the Akali party began to be released from prison by order of the new prime minister
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Longowal's life of political activism began in June 1964, when he led a demonstration for Sikh rights at the historic site of
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The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements
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The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements
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The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements
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was shot and killed while drinking milk in a shop in Amritsar by Surinder Singh Shinda and
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Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale
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472:. The bullets hit his abdomen causing his death. His cremation took place on 21 August.
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in Punjab. Assassins Gyan Singh Leel and Jarnail Singh Halvara shot Longowal at
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907:"Tension and terror envelop Golden Temple as extremists take over the complex"
696:"Tension and terror envelop Golden Temple as extremists take over the complex"
301:. He called the tough-minded Bhindranwale "our stave to beat the government."
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530:, Vol. II, Patiala. Harbans Singh (ed.). India: Punjabi University. p. 226.
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protests which continued till January 1977. In the 1978 by-election to the
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Punjab – The Fatal Miscalculation: Perspectives on Unprincipled Politics
455:. Some of its promises could not be fulfilled due to the disagreements.
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https://www.deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion.de/1984_de.php
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131:
1077:, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi; Oxford University Press. p. 355.
835:. Internet Archive. Calcutta : Rupa & Co. pp. 130–133.
665:. Internet Archive. Calcutta : Rupa & Co. pp. 130–133.
268:(Lower House), Harchand Singh was offered the Akali nomination for
209:
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550:. Patwant Singh and Harji Malik (eds.). New Delhi. pp. 36, 38–39.
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Leaving Maujo at the age of twenty-one, Harchand Singh served as
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of the 1980s. He had signed the Punjab accord, also known as the
259:, the then Prime Minister. Instead of resigning she imposed the
629:, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 81–85, 90
189:, it is likely that young Harchand also imbibed the spirit of
334:
97:
1046:"Sant Harchand Singh Longowal's assassin leads a quiet life"
781:. Sikh Educational & Religious Foundation. p. 473.
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in 1984 the Indian army killed militants hiding inside the
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http://www.gurbani.net/community/Articles/harchandsingh.php
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Sant Harchand Singh Longowal, 1932–1985: A Martyr for Peace
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by announcing the establishment of a rail coach factory at
313:—President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee,
212:, a small town 16 kilometres (10 miles) south-west of
167:
130:(2 January 1932 – 20 August 1985) was the President of the
964:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 96.
337:, the Prime Minister called on the Chief Minister of
546:
Harji Malik (1984) "The Politics of Alienation", in
346:, indicating Sikhs are Hindus, was publicly burned.
1181:
Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century
607:, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M. Mittal, p. 242.
297:Niwas and later on in an adjacent building next to
227:
1012:
627:Akali Party in Punjab Politics: Splits and Mergers
581:, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M. Mittal, p. 97.
276:to contest instead, who was elected to the seat.
177:at the seminary in nearby Maujo, he studied Sikh
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353:
603:Devdutt (1985) "A Counter Paper on Punja", in
395:On April 25, 1984, Longowal wrote a letter to
216:. There, he raised a gurdwara in memory of
1112:– The double role of Harchand Singh Longowal
861:ਖਾੜਕੂ ਯੋਧੇ in Punjabi by Maninder Singh Baja
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1176:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1980s
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994:"Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated"
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751:"Sikh terrorist killed by female assassin"
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185:. As his teacher was also a member of the
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605:The Punjab Crisis: Challenge and Response
579:The Punjab Crisis: Challenge and Response
577:Khushwant Singh (1985) "The Genesis", in
594:, Delhi: Manohar Books. pp. 356–59.
901:
899:
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775:Sandhu, Ranbir Singh (1 August 1999).
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1000:. Times Wire Services. 21 August 1985
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200:-reader and custodian at the village
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321:—former Union Agriculture Minister,
246:Patiala and East Punjab States Union
1151:Victims of the insurgency in Punjab
832:Amritsar, Mrs. Gandhi's last battle
829:Tully, Mark; Jacob, Satish (1985).
713:
685:
678:White Paper on the Punjab Agitation
662:Amritsar, Mrs. Gandhi's last battle
659:Tully, Mark; Jacob, Satish (1985).
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640:Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle
638:Mark Tully and Satish Jacob (1985)
451:as well as from the politicians of
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931:Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010).
802:Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010).
768:
723:Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010).
440:All India Sikh Students Federation
309:—former Chief Minister of Punjab,
272:but he declined the offer. He got
14:
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1048:. Hindustan Times. 20 August 2015
1186:Politicians assassinated in 1985
1156:People murdered in Punjab, India
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642:, London: Jonathan Cape. p. 91.
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228:Beginnings of political activism
1166:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians
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170:family. Under the tutelage of
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37:Harchand Singh Longowal on an
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354:Falling out with Bhindranwale
325:—former Punjab Minister, and
181:and Sikh texts and practised
16:Indian politician (1932–1985)
504:. New-Age Publishers. p. 50.
379:if Sodhi lived 15 days more
289:to take up residence in the
236:in the present-day state of
7:
528:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism
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134:political party during the
10:
1202:
1161:Deaths by firearm in India
892:. Sarasota Herald-Tribune.
522:Sujit Singh Gandhi (1996)
423:
287:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
1171:Victims of Sikh terrorism
1141:People from Punjab, India
961:History of Sikh Struggles
937:. SAGE Publishing India.
808:. SAGE Publishing India.
729:. SAGE Publishing India.
592:The Heritage of the Sikhs
280:1980s: Civil disobedience
255:annulled the election of
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30:
23:
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274:Balwant Singh Ramoowalia
158:, but now a part of the
889:Sarasota Herald-Tribune
851:. The Spokesman-Review.
333:on 19 November 1982 in
128:Harchand Singh Longowal
25:Harchand Singh Longowal
1075:A History of the Sikhs
958:Singh, Gurmit (1989).
1136:1985 murders in India
590:Harbans Singh (1983)
315:Jagdev Singh Talwandi
311:Gurcharan Singh Tohra
291:Golden Temple Complex
270:Faridkot constituency
140:Rajiv-Longowal Accord
848:The Spokesman-Review
681:. 1984. p. 145.
625:Kuldeep Kaur (1999)
482:1984 Anti Sikh Riots
360:Surinder Singh Sodhi
319:Surjit Singh Barnala
253:Allahabad High Court
41:stamp issued by the
500:D. R. Kalia (1985)
410:Operation Blue Star
358:On April 14, 1984,
344:Indian constitution
307:Parkash Singh Badal
242:Shiromani Akali Dal
120:Shiromani Akali Dal
43:Government of India
404:Operation Bluestar
261:Internal Emergency
251:In June 1975, the
191:political activism
944:978-93-5150-953-0
815:978-93-5150-953-0
788:978-0-9672874-1-6
736:978-93-5150-953-0
470:point-blank range
372:general secretary
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144:Rajiv Gandhi
127:
126:
84:(1985-08-20)
18:
1131:1985 deaths
1126:1932 births
1024:India Today
911:India Today
700:India Today
436:Arjun Singh
364:Baljit Kaur
206:Heron Kalan
150:Early years
105:Nationality
1120:Categories
1083:0195673093
488:References
445:Kapurthala
381:Bhajan Lal
299:Akal Takht
295:Guru Nanak
183:Sikh music
175:Jodh Singh
115:Occupation
56:1932-01-02
39:India Post
376:Akali Dal
266:Lok Sabha
248:(PEPSU).
198:scripture
132:Akali Dal
64:Gidariani
998:LA Times
476:See also
210:Longowal
202:gurdwara
179:theology
1073:(2004)
1052:14 June
1030:14 June
1004:14 June
916:21 June
760:19 June
705:21 June
466:Patiala
453:Haryana
408:During
339:Haryana
293:at the
214:Sangrur
166:into a
156:Patiala
90:Sherpur
1081:
941:
812:
785:
733:
646:
534:
449:Punjab
370:, the
109:Indian
94:Punjab
526:, in
459:Death
335:Delhi
142:with
98:India
1079:ISBN
1054:2018
1032:2018
1006:2018
939:ISBN
918:2023
810:ISBN
783:ISBN
762:2023
731:ISBN
707:2023
644:ISBN
532:ISBN
172:Sant
168:Sikh
79:Died
50:Born
755:UPI
374:of
204:at
162:of
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715:^
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687:^
317:,
96:,
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