424:. During religious revivals in the 19th century, many fiddles (regular and Hardanger) were destroyed or hidden both by fiddlers and laypeople who thought "that it would be best for the soul that the fiddles be burned", as it was viewed as a "sinful instrument that encouraged wild dances, drinking and fights." This happened in Norway, as well as other parts of Europe, and until the 20th century playing a Hardanger fiddle in a church building was forbidden. Some fiddlers, however, played on, in spite of all condemnation, and thus valuable traditions remained intact. The first folk musicians to perform in a church were the fiddlers
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constructed fingerboard, which is built differently than a violin's, being slightly higher and thicker to allow for these extra strings. The resonant strings lie on the center of the special bridge, attached to extra hooks (or fine-tuners) on the tailpiece. Carved out within the center of the bridge is a smaller secondary "bridge", or opening, designed specifically for these resonant strings to pass through. This is where the resonance is picked up and reverberated; as notes are played, the vibrations are sent through the bridge, where the sympathetics echo those notes.
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In Norway, more than 20 different tunings are recorded. Most hardanger tunes are played in a common tuning (A-D-A-E). The hardanger fiddle can also be played in "low bass", the word "bass" referring to the lowest string, (G-D-A-E), the normal violin tuning. In certain regions the "Gorrlaus" (F-D-A-E)
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has had a long history with the
Christian church. Well known early fiddle maker Isak Botnen is said to have learned some of his craft from church lay leader and school master Lars Klark, as well as the methods for varnishing from pastor Dedrik Muus. In many folktales the devil is associated with the
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has played with church organist Iver Kleive, but even she has experienced prejudice before performance from the religious side. Also, the oldest known fiddles still in existence can be heard accompanied by the oldest playable church pipe organ in Norway (originally built for an 18th-century church)
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The
Hardingfele's bridge is unique compared to other bowed instruments. It is somewhat taller and wider, resulting in the strings being slightly lower and farther apart; this allows for the easy execution of double-stops (playing of two strings at once). A similar technique is seen in some American
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recorded several albums in an F-scale tuning, C-F-C-G. This is possible only on a smaller-bodied instrument (such as a
Hardanger fiddle), being rarely attempted on a standard full-sized violin. As a substitute, many fiddlers who play standard violins will simply tune their G string to A, using the
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also differs from that used with a violin. It's a smoother, bouncier style of bowing, with a lighter touch. The player usually bows on two of the upper strings at a time, and sometimes three. This is made easy by the relative flatness of the bridge, unlike the more curved bridge on a violin. The
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theme. The use of the
Hardanger fiddle in this movie, however, is far from traditional since the theme does not make noticeable use of the usual practice of bowing on two strings at a time for harmony as well as the fact that the violinist used vibrato, which is not traditionally used since the
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under the influence of the other four. These extra strings are tuned and secured with extra pegs at the top of the scroll, effectively doubling the length of a
Hardingfele scroll when compared to a violin. The sympathetic strings, once fastened to their pegs, are funneled through a "hollow"
524:(2013–14) is inspired by the sound and performance techniques of Hardanger fiddle playing. Another recent work is "mobius II" for hardanger fiddle and electronics by the British composer Rose Dodd (2011, premiered at the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival by Britt Pernille Froholm).
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In recent years, the instrument has gained recognition in the rest of the world. Japan has been one of the countries that has found an interest in the hardingfele and
Japanese musicians travel to Norway just to learn to play this instrument. In 1997, the Australian
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of the
Hardanger fiddle are distinctive, oftentimes with a more "sunken" appearance, and generally straighter edges (unlike the frilly, swirly F-holes of a violin). Four of the strings are strung and played like a violin, while the rest, named understrings or
315:) frequently employ E-scale tunings; i.e., instead of A-D-A-E, with tunes being mainly played in a D-scale, the instrument will be tuned to B-E-B-F#, so the tunes are mainly in an E-scale. Going higher still, the player
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objective is to create a continuous sound of two (or more due to the sympathetic understrings) pitches. The strings of the fiddle are slimmer than those of the violin, resembling the strings of violins from the
358:, using this particular tuning is called "greylighting", a reminder that the fiddler tuned his fiddle like this when the morning was near, and he had played himself through a number of other tunings.
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slight variance in pitch interferes with the sympathetic resonance of the under-strings. It was also used by composer John Powell and played by Dermot Crehan in the DreamWorks film
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in church in Norway may still be a bit sensitive for some, fiddlers in other parts of the world have no problems playing in churches for all types of occasions, including weddings.
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Hardingfeleverket--Norsk folkemusikk serie 1: Hardingfeleslåttar – i syv bind og
Feleverket--Norsk folkemusikk serie 2: Slåtter for vanlig fele – i fire bind
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The understrings are tuned to vibrate according to the main tuning. For example, when the main strings are tuned A-D-A-E, the understrings are tuned B-D-E-F
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717:). In the latter, the context is a little more traditional—the main theme it plays is an arrangement of a Norwegian folk song entitled "The Lost Sheep".
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Broughton, Simon, and Mark
Ellingham. Rough Guide to World Music Volume One: Africa, Europe & the Middle East. London: Penguin Books, 1999. 212-216.
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is used for dancing, accompanied by rhythmic loud foot stomping. It was also traditional for the fiddler to lead the bridal procession to the church.
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128:. Originally, the instrument had a rounder, narrower body. Around the year 1850, the modern layout with a body much like the violin became the norm.
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old-time and bluegrass fiddlers, who intentionally move their bridge back a few millimetres closer to the tailpiece, for better double-stops.
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Sandvik, Sverre. Vi
Byggjer Hardingfele. Tiden, 1983. 12-13. English translation "(How) We Build the Hardanger Fiddle" by Eldon Ellingson
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307:-A. The tuning largely depends on the region in which the instrument is being played, or the requirements of a particular tune.
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Hardanger Fiddle, Isak N. Botnen/Skår (Norwegian, 1669–1759) and Trond Isaksen Flatebø (Norwegian, 1713–1772) made in 1756
214:' on the body of the instrument. Sometimes pieces of bone are used to decorate the pegs and the edges of the instrument.
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adapted many Hardanger folk tunes into his compositions, and composed tunes for the Hardanger as part of his score for
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is written in a key other than the one in which the instrument sounds when it plays that music. Specifically, the
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Aksdal, Bjørn, and Sven Nyhus. Fanitullen: Innføring i norsk og samisk folkemusikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlag.
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tunes from the devil. This tuning limits the melodic range of the tunes and is therefore sparsely used.
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in order to counteract the extra weight that classical violinists naturally place on the string.
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George, Patrice. "Knut Hamre and Benedicte Maurseth - Rosa I Botnen." RootsWorld. 26 Feb. 2008
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420:; in fact many good players were said to have been taught to play by the devil, if not by the
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860:"What You Should Know About the Hardanger Fiddle - Hardanger Fiddle Association of America"
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music is derived from the tuning of the sympathetic strings of the Hardanger fiddle: A F
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is used mainly in the southwest part of Norway, whereas the ordinary violin (called
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considered to be the national instrument of Norway. In modern designs, this type of
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889:"A Guide to Tunings on the Hardingfele - Hardanger Fiddle Association of America"
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Here is an example of technique shown by Rose Logan with an instrument held at
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period. Many classically trained violinists use a baroque bow when playing the
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Scordatura: The Dahle Tradition (Anne Svånaug Haugan. Etnisk Musikklubb: EM26)
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for a solo Hardanger fiddle, and she also includes the instrument in her work
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Magiske understrenger - historien om hardingfela (Documentary produced by
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The instrument is often highly decorated, with a carved animal (usually a
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1072:"Philtre (music): for solo retuned violin or hardanger fiddle / Liza Lim"
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used the Hardanger fiddle in the theme song he wrote for the TV series
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1009:"Hardanger fiddle player at Faith Lutheran Church in Isanti Nov. 27"
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The Hardanger fiddle is featured in the soundtrack of the 2017 film
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275:. The notes given below for tunings are therefore relative to the
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A-D-A-E tuning, enabling them to play the same style of music.
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Norwegian National Association for Traditional Music and Dance
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The Hardanger fiddle is also featured in the soundtrack of
454:" by Knut Hamre and Benedicte Maurseth. While the use of a
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tuning is sometimes used. Many well-known players (such as
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110:(rather than four as on a standard violin) and thinner
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1124:http://www.rootsworld.com/reviews/botnen06.shtml
1033:Andrea Een and the Hardanger Fiddle - Brightcove
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823:, a Swedish fiddle with 4-8 sympathetic strings
773:, a Swedish fiddle with two sympathetic strings
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676:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
637:In March 2010 Olav Luksengård Mjelva won the
271:on a non-transposing instrument, such as the
120:is from 1651, made by Ole Jonsen Jaastad in
1593:String instruments with sympathetic strings
1183:Andrea Hoag, Loretta Kelley, Charlie Pilzer
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170:, 'common fiddle') is found elsewhere. The
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187:) or a carved woman's head as part of the
1541:Norwegian Folk Music Research Association
751:, as well as the soundtrack for the 2021
16:Traditional Norwegian stringed instrument
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343:'s tunes, as well as the tunes from the
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1146:Hardanger Fiddle Association of America
361:Legend has it that the fiddler learned
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670:The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
663:The Hardanger fiddle was used in the
114:. The earliest known example of the
1128:Gurvin, Olav. 1958. Hardingfela. In
683:, to provide the main voice for the
481:Suite No. 1. The opening phrase of "
257:is a D instrument, meaning that the
210:, and black ink decorations called '
1188:hardanger fiddler Christian Borlaug
13:
652:Fele/Hardingfele, Røros/Hallingdal
14:
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1044:Foster, Beryl (17 October 2018).
403:The Hardanger fiddle and religion
955:Broughton, Ellingham 1999 p.212.
440:. Dahle performed in the 1920s.
347:suite (thus associated with the
333:). Troll tuning is used for the
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1151:Fashioning the Hardanger Fiddle
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1074:. National Library of Australia
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732:In the Japanese animated movie
47:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
1262:Traditional Nordic dance music
1166:Hardanger Fiddle, Norway, 1786
985:Broughton, Ellingham 1999 216.
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928:Hardingfele (Hardanger fiddle)
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630:and the multi instrumentalist
520:(2013–14). Her string quartet
351:as well as the devil); in the
20:Hardanger fiddle (Hardingfele)
1:
1588:Norwegian musical instruments
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694:for the main romantic theme.
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106:, though with eight or nine
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375:The technique of bowing a
323:Another tuning is called "
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1093:"Winding Bodies: 3 Knots"
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1047:The Songs of Edvard Grieg
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691:How to Train Your Dragon
1095:. Liza Lim. 9 June 2014
618:, and American players
518:Winding Bodies: 3 Knots
339:tunes, also called the
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231:Unlike the violin, the
102:is very similar to the
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443:Known modern fiddler
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1520:Icelandic folk music
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614:Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh
164:, 'flat fiddle', or
1332:Pols and Springleik
964:Sandvik 1983, p.13.
946:Sandvik 1983, p.12.
735:Tales from Earthsea
138:sympathetic strings
96:stringed instrument
94:) is a traditional
57:Related instruments
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1525:Swedish folk music
1515:Finnish folk music
1176:2007-10-19 at the
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588:Benedicte Maurseth
568:Targjei Augundsson
507:classical composer
356:district of Norway
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191:at the top of the
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1598:Nordic folk music
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1510:Danish folk music
1301:2/4 or 6/8 Dances
1257:Nordic folk music
1050:. Boydell Press.
649:), for his album
552:Olav Jørgen Hegge
540:Lillebjørn Nilsen
522:The Weaver's Knot
397:St Cecilia's Hall
292:The strings on a
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796:vioara cu goarnă
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1469:Aeolian mode
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1097:. Retrieved
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1076:. Retrieved
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1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
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905:Gurvin 1958.
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872:. Retrieved
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864:www.hfaa.org
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791:Stroh violin
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681:Howard Shore
679:composed by
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598:and fiddler
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1489:Lydian mode
1484:Ionian mode
1474:Dorian mode
1447:Seljefløyte
1440:Psalmodicon
1405:Hardingfele
1378:Instruments
976:George 2008
779:Nyckelharpa
665:soundtracks
659:Use in film
628:Dan Trueman
580:Nils Økland
576:Lars Jensen
564:Myllarguten
535:hardingfele
501:and so on.
457:hardingfele
417:hardingfele
410:hardingfele
389:hardingfele
378:hardingfele
345:Kivlemøyane
295:hardingfele
278:hardingfele
263:'s written
260:hardingfele
254:hardingfele
248:hardingfele
243:sheet music
234:hardingfele
208:fingerboard
173:hardingfele
167:vanlig fele
155:hardingfele
117:hardingfele
91:hardingfele
1582:Categories
1433:Oterfløyte
1358:Reinlender
1320:3/4 Dances
1277:2/4 Dances
1271:Tune Types
1246:Gammaldans
1111:References
1099:2021-05-07
1078:2008-04-29
1019:2008-05-08
934:2022-03-08
874:2016-06-26
828:References
740:Rio Yamase
726:Lilyhammer
707:), and in
700:Armageddon
624:Andrea Een
592:Anne Hytta
464:Influences
364:fanitullen
336:fanitullen
225:Scordatura
222:See also:
51:321.322-71
1559:Spelemann
1503:Relations
1419:Langeleik
1412:Krogharpe
1391:Bukkehorn
1385:Accordion
1353:4/4 Dance
1239:Bygdedans
548:Hauk Buen
544:Knut Buen
487:Peer Gynt
478:Peer Gynt
371:Technique
317:Knut Buen
283:concert A
204:tailpiece
122:Hardanger
86:Norwegian
1426:Neverlur
1339:Springar
1294:Schottis
1174:Archived
761:See also
757:series.
532:Notable
510:Liza Lim
498:♯
492:♯
438:Notodden
330:♯
304:♯
245:for the
161:flatfele
142:resonate
1603:Fiddles
1325:Masurka
1282:Halling
1231:General
769:Låtfiol
748:Dunkirk
528:Players
514:Philtre
495:E D E F
483:Morning
384:baroque
353:Valdres
218:Tunings
202:on the
183:or the
133:F-holes
108:strings
1462:Scales
1453:Violin
1306:Gangar
1054:
805:Rabeca
786:Kontra
673:, and
432:, and
212:rosing
193:pegbox
189:scroll
181:dragon
126:Norway
104:violin
100:fiddle
71:Violin
66:Fiddle
1288:Polka
710:Fargo
685:Rohan
473:Ibsen
436:from
428:from
341:devil
325:troll
273:piano
237:is a
200:inlay
1552:Stev
1398:Giga
1346:Vals
1052:ISBN
754:Loki
610:and
430:Tinn
407:The
206:and
152:The
131:The
112:wood
996:NRK
667:of
626:,
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475:'s
422:nix
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