435:. During religious revivals in the 19th century, many fiddles (regular and Hardanger) were destroyed or hidden both by fiddlers and laypeople who thought "that it would be best for the soul that the fiddles be burned", as it was viewed as a "sinful instrument that encouraged wild dances, drinking and fights." This happened in Norway, as well as other parts of Europe, and until the 20th century playing a Hardanger fiddle in a church building was forbidden. Some fiddlers, however, played on, in spite of all condemnation, and thus valuable traditions remained intact. The first folk musicians to perform in a church were the fiddlers
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constructed fingerboard, which is built differently than a violin's, being slightly higher and thicker to allow for these extra strings. The resonant strings lie on the center of the special bridge, attached to extra hooks (or fine-tuners) on the tailpiece. Carved out within the center of the bridge is a smaller secondary "bridge", or opening, designed specifically for these resonant strings to pass through. This is where the resonance is picked up and reverberated; as notes are played, the vibrations are sent through the bridge, where the sympathetics echo those notes.
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In Norway, more than 20 different tunings are recorded. Most hardanger tunes are played in a common tuning (A-D-A-E). The hardanger fiddle can also be played in "low bass", the word "bass" referring to the lowest string, (G-D-A-E), the normal violin tuning. In certain regions the "Gorrlaus" (F-D-A-E)
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has had a long history with the
Christian church. Well known early fiddle maker Isak Botnen is said to have learned some of his craft from church lay leader and school master Lars Klark, as well as the methods for varnishing from pastor Dedrik Muus. In many folktales the devil is associated with the
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has played with church organist Iver Kleive, but even she has experienced prejudice before performance from the religious side. Also, the oldest known fiddles still in existence can be heard accompanied by the oldest playable church pipe organ in Norway (originally built for an 18th-century church)
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The
Hardingfele's bridge is unique compared to other bowed instruments. It is somewhat taller and wider, resulting in the strings being slightly lower and farther apart; this allows for the easy execution of double-stops (playing of two strings at once). A similar technique is seen in some American
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recorded several albums in an F-scale tuning, C-F-C-G. This is possible only on a smaller-bodied instrument (such as a
Hardanger fiddle), being rarely attempted on a standard full-sized violin. As a substitute, many fiddlers who play standard violins will simply tune their G string to A, using the
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also differs from that used with a violin. It's a smoother, bouncier style of bowing, with a lighter touch. The player usually bows on two of the upper strings at a time, and sometimes three. This is made easy by the relative flatness of the bridge, unlike the more curved bridge on a violin. The
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theme. The use of the
Hardanger fiddle in this movie, however, is far from traditional since the theme does not make noticeable use of the usual practice of bowing on two strings at a time for harmony as well as the fact that the violinist used vibrato, which is not traditionally used since the
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under the influence of the other four. These extra strings are tuned and secured with extra pegs at the top of the scroll, effectively doubling the length of a
Hardingfele scroll when compared to a violin. The sympathetic strings, once fastened to their pegs, are funneled through a "hollow"
535:(2013–14) is inspired by the sound and performance techniques of Hardanger fiddle playing. Another recent work is "mobius II" for hardanger fiddle and electronics by the British composer Rose Dodd (2011, premiered at the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival by Britt Pernille Froholm).
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In recent years, the instrument has gained recognition in the rest of the world. Japan has been one of the countries that has found an interest in the hardingfele and
Japanese musicians travel to Norway just to learn to play this instrument. In 1997, the Australian
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of the
Hardanger fiddle are distinctive, oftentimes with a more "sunken" appearance, and generally straighter edges (unlike the frilly, swirly F-holes of a violin). Four of the strings are strung and played like a violin, while the rest, named understrings or
326:) frequently employ E-scale tunings; i.e., instead of A-D-A-E, with tunes being mainly played in a D-scale, the instrument will be tuned to B-E-B-F#, so the tunes are mainly in an E-scale. Going higher still, the player
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objective is to create a continuous sound of two (or more due to the sympathetic understrings) pitches. The strings of the fiddle are slimmer than those of the violin, resembling the strings of violins from the
369:, using this particular tuning is called "greylighting", a reminder that the fiddler tuned his fiddle like this when the morning was near, and he had played himself through a number of other tunings.
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slight variance in pitch interferes with the sympathetic resonance of the under-strings. It was also used by composer John Powell and played by Dermot Crehan in the DreamWorks film
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in church in Norway may still be a bit sensitive for some, fiddlers in other parts of the world have no problems playing in churches for all types of occasions, including weddings.
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Hardingfeleverket--Norsk folkemusikk serie 1: Hardingfeleslåttar – i syv bind og
Feleverket--Norsk folkemusikk serie 2: Slåtter for vanlig fele – i fire bind
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The understrings are tuned to vibrate according to the main tuning. For example, when the main strings are tuned A-D-A-E, the understrings are tuned B-D-E-F
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728:). In the latter, the context is a little more traditional—the main theme it plays is an arrangement of a Norwegian folk song entitled "The Lost Sheep".
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Broughton, Simon, and Mark
Ellingham. Rough Guide to World Music Volume One: Africa, Europe & the Middle East. London: Penguin Books, 1999. 212-216.
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is used for dancing, accompanied by rhythmic loud foot stomping. It was also traditional for the fiddler to lead the bridal procession to the church.
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old-time and bluegrass fiddlers, who intentionally move their bridge back a few millimetres closer to the tailpiece, for better double-stops.
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Sandvik, Sverre. Vi
Byggjer Hardingfele. Tiden, 1983. 12-13. English translation "(How) We Build the Hardanger Fiddle" by Eldon Ellingson
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318:-A. The tuning largely depends on the region in which the instrument is being played, or the requirements of a particular tune.
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Hardanger Fiddle, Isak N. Botnen/Skår (Norwegian, 1669–1759) and Trond Isaksen Flatebø (Norwegian, 1713–1772) made in 1756
225:' on the body of the instrument. Sometimes pieces of bone are used to decorate the pegs and the edges of the instrument.
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adapted many Hardanger folk tunes into his compositions, and composed tunes for the Hardanger as part of his score for
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is written in a key other than the one in which the instrument sounds when it plays that music. Specifically, the
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Aksdal, Bjørn, and Sven Nyhus. Fanitullen: Innføring i norsk og samisk folkemusikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlag.
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tunes from the devil. This tuning limits the melodic range of the tunes and is therefore sparsely used.
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in order to counteract the extra weight that classical violinists naturally place on the string.
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George, Patrice. "Knut Hamre and Benedicte Maurseth - Rosa I Botnen." RootsWorld. 26 Feb. 2008
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871:"What You Should Know About the Hardanger Fiddle - Hardanger Fiddle Association of America"
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music is derived from the tuning of the sympathetic strings of the Hardanger fiddle: A F
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is used mainly in the southwest part of Norway, whereas the ordinary violin (called
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considered to be the national instrument of Norway. In modern designs, this type of
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900:"A Guide to Tunings on the Hardingfele - Hardanger Fiddle Association of America"
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Here is an example of technique shown by Rose Logan with an instrument held at
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period. Many classically trained violinists use a baroque bow when playing the
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Scordatura: The Dahle Tradition (Anne Svånaug Haugan. Etnisk Musikklubb: EM26)
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for a solo Hardanger fiddle, and she also includes the instrument in her work
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Magiske understrenger - historien om hardingfela (Documentary produced by
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The instrument is often highly decorated, with a carved animal (usually a
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1083:"Philtre (music): for solo retuned violin or hardanger fiddle / Liza Lim"
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used the Hardanger fiddle in the theme song he wrote for the TV series
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1020:"Hardanger fiddle player at Faith Lutheran Church in Isanti Nov. 27"
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The Hardanger fiddle is featured in the soundtrack of the 2017 film
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A-D-A-E tuning, enabling them to play the same style of music.
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Norwegian National Association for Traditional Music and Dance
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The Hardanger fiddle is also featured in the soundtrack of
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tuning is sometimes used. Many well-known players (such as
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121:(rather than four as on a standard violin) and thinner
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1135:http://www.rootsworld.com/reviews/botnen06.shtml
1044:Andrea Een and the Hardanger Fiddle - Brightcove
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1194:Andrea Hoag, Loretta Kelley, Charlie Pilzer
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198:) or a carved woman's head as part of the
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681:The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
674:The Hardanger fiddle was used in the
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1139:Gurvin, Olav. 1958. Hardingfela. In
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492:Suite No. 1. The opening phrase of "
268:is a D instrument, meaning that the
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1199:hardanger fiddler Christian Borlaug
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663:Fele/Hardingfele, Røros/Hallingdal
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1055:Foster, Beryl (17 October 2018).
414:The Hardanger fiddle and religion
966:Broughton, Ellingham 1999 p.212.
451:. Dahle performed in the 1920s.
358:suite (thus associated with the
344:). Troll tuning is used for the
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1162:Fashioning the Hardanger Fiddle
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1085:. National Library of Australia
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58:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
1273:Traditional Nordic dance music
1177:Hardanger Fiddle, Norway, 1786
996:Broughton, Ellingham 1999 216.
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641:and the multi instrumentalist
531:(2013–14). Her string quartet
362:as well as the devil); in the
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1599:Norwegian musical instruments
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705:for the main romantic theme.
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1104:"Winding Bodies: 3 Knots"
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702:How to Train Your Dragon
1106:. Liza Lim. 9 June 2014
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1531:Icelandic folk music
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625:Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh
175:, 'flat fiddle', or
1343:Pols and Springleik
975:Sandvik 1983, p.13.
957:Sandvik 1983, p.12.
746:Tales from Earthsea
149:sympathetic strings
107:stringed instrument
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68:Related instruments
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1536:Swedish folk music
1526:Finnish folk music
1187:2007-10-19 at the
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599:Benedicte Maurseth
579:Targjei Augundsson
518:classical composer
367:district of Norway
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202:at the top of the
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1521:Danish folk music
1312:2/4 or 6/8 Dances
1268:Nordic folk music
1061:. Boydell Press.
660:), for his album
563:Olav Jørgen Hegge
551:Lillebjørn Nilsen
533:The Weaver's Knot
408:St Cecilia's Hall
303:The strings on a
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941:
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926:no:Fanitullen
922:
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905:
901:
895:
881:on 2016-07-11
880:
876:
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848:
844:
833:
830:
827:
826:
825:Viola d'amore
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748:
747:
741:
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724:(composed by
723:
722:
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714:(composed by
713:
712:
706:
704:
703:
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689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
667:
664:
659:
658:Grammy Awards
654:
653:
646:
644:
643:David Lindley
640:
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567:Annbjørg Lien
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462:Rosa i Botnen
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456:Annbjørg Lien
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324:Annbjørg Lien
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307:
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238:in folk music
237:
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34:
19:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1480:Aeolian mode
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1367:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1324:Rudl or Rull
1322:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1255:
1248:
1140:
1108:. Retrieved
1098:
1087:. Retrieved
1077:
1057:
1050:
1039:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1014:
1001:
992:
971:
962:
953:
943:, retrieved
938:
932:
921:
916:Gurvin 1958.
912:
904:www.hfaa.org
903:
894:
883:. Retrieved
879:the original
875:www.hfaa.org
874:
865:
856:
847:
802:Stroh violin
763:
757:
755:
744:
742:
735:
730:
719:
716:Trevor Rabin
709:
707:
700:
692:Howard Shore
690:composed by
685:
679:
673:
647:
609:and fiddler
583:Lars Fykerud
542:
532:
528:
524:
514:
497:
487:
480:Edvard Grieg
478:
453:
417:
405:
385:
371:
360:hulderpeople
333:
320:
311:
241:
235:
206:, extensive
189:
162:
158:
141:
101:
92:
90:
1500:Lydian mode
1495:Ionian mode
1485:Dorian mode
1458:Seljefløyte
1451:Psalmodicon
1416:Hardingfele
1389:Instruments
987:George 2008
790:Nyckelharpa
676:soundtracks
670:Use in film
639:Dan Trueman
591:Nils Økland
587:Lars Jensen
575:Myllarguten
546:hardingfele
512:and so on.
468:hardingfele
428:hardingfele
421:hardingfele
400:hardingfele
389:hardingfele
356:Kivlemøyane
306:hardingfele
289:hardingfele
274:'s written
271:hardingfele
265:hardingfele
259:hardingfele
254:sheet music
245:hardingfele
219:fingerboard
184:hardingfele
178:vanlig fele
166:hardingfele
128:hardingfele
102:hardingfele
18:Hardingfele
1593:Categories
1444:Oterfløyte
1369:Reinlender
1331:3/4 Dances
1288:2/4 Dances
1282:Tune Types
1257:Gammaldans
1122:References
1110:2021-05-07
1089:2008-04-29
1030:2008-05-08
945:2022-03-08
885:2016-06-26
839:References
751:Rio Yamase
737:Lilyhammer
718:), and in
711:Armageddon
635:Andrea Een
603:Anne Hytta
475:Influences
375:fanitullen
347:fanitullen
236:Scordatura
233:See also:
62:321.322-71
1570:Spelemann
1514:Relations
1430:Langeleik
1423:Krogharpe
1402:Bukkehorn
1396:Accordion
1364:4/4 Dance
1250:Bygdedans
559:Hauk Buen
555:Knut Buen
498:Peer Gynt
489:Peer Gynt
382:Technique
328:Knut Buen
294:concert A
215:tailpiece
133:Hardanger
97:Norwegian
1437:Neverlur
1350:Springar
1305:Schottis
1185:Archived
772:See also
768:series.
543:Notable
521:Liza Lim
509:♯
503:♯
449:Notodden
341:♯
315:♯
256:for the
172:flatfele
153:resonate
1614:Fiddles
1336:Masurka
1293:Halling
1242:General
780:Låtfiol
759:Dunkirk
539:Players
525:Philtre
506:E D E F
494:Morning
395:baroque
364:Valdres
229:Tunings
213:on the
194:or the
144:F-holes
119:strings
1473:Scales
1464:Violin
1317:Gangar
1065:
816:Rabeca
797:Kontra
684:, and
443:, and
223:rosing
204:pegbox
200:scroll
192:dragon
137:Norway
115:violin
111:fiddle
82:Violin
77:Fiddle
1299:Polka
721:Fargo
696:Rohan
484:Ibsen
447:from
439:from
352:devil
336:troll
284:piano
248:is a
211:inlay
1563:Stev
1409:Giga
1357:Vals
1063:ISBN
765:Loki
621:and
441:Tinn
418:The
217:and
163:The
142:The
123:wood
1007:NRK
678:of
637:,
581:),
565:,
486:'s
433:nix
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1009:).
980:^
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91:A
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276:C
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