Hate crime - Knowledge

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future harm. Forensic risk assessments are designed to evaluate the likelihood of re-offending and to aid in risk management strategies. While not specifically designed for hate crime offenders, some of the most common risk assessment tools used to assess risk for hate-crime offenders include the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG; ), the Historical Clinical Risk Management 20 (HCR-20; ) and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; ). Research has shown that assessing and addressing risk posed by hate-crime offenders is especially complex, and while existing tools are useful, it is important to incorporate bias-oriented factors (Dunbar et al., 2005). That is, hate-crime offenders do tend to score high risk on tools including both static and dynamic factors, but severity has been found to not be solely related to these factors, illustrating a need to incorporate biases and ideological factors.

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and freedoms and general aggravating circumstances include attacking a so-called different group of people. Such a group of people can then, of course, be also defined by sexual orientation, age or health status. A certain disparity has thus been created between, on the one hand, those groups of people who are victimized by reason of their skin color, faith, nationality, ethnicity or political persuasion and enjoy increased protection, and, on the other hand, those groups that are victimized by reason of their sexual orientation, age or health status and are not granted increased protection. This gap in protection against attacks motivated by the victim's sexual orientation, age or health status cannot be successfully bridged by interpretation. Interpretation by analogy is inadmissible in criminal law, sanctionable motivations being exhaustively enumerated.

2729:'s Act of 25 February 2003 ("aimed at combating discrimination and modifying the Act of 15 February 1993 which establishes the Centre for Equal Opportunities and the Fight against Racism") establishes a penalty-enhancement for crimes involving discrimination on the basis of gender, supposed race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, civil status, birth, fortune, age, religious or philosophical beliefs, current or future state of health and handicap or physical features. The Act also "provides for a civil remedy to address discrimination." The Act, along with the Act of 20 January 2003 ("on strengthening legislation against racism"), requires the centre to collect and publish statistical data on racism and discriminatory crimes. Belgium is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol. 2579:

consistently pairing Islam with terrorism. Thus, the pairing of verbal stimuli in the media contributed to widespread prejudice towards all Arab individuals in a process that is known as semantic generalization, which refers to how a learned behavior can generalize across situations based on meaning or other abstract representations. These occurrences continue today with the social and political discourse that contribute to the context in which people learn, come to form beliefs, and engage in behavioural actions. Although not all individuals with prejudicial attitudes go on to engage in hate-motived crime, it has been suggested that hate-crime offenders come to learn their prejudices through social interaction, consumption of biased news media, political hate speech, and internal misrepresentations of cultures other than their own.

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hate crime protection thus make hate crimes co-terminus with generic criminal law. The authors also suggest that arguments which attempt to portray hate crimes as worse than normal crimes because they spread fear in a community are unsatisfactory, as normal criminal acts can also spread fear yet only hate crimes are singled out. Indeed, it has been argued that victims have varied reactions to hate crimes, so it is not necessarily true that hate crimes are regarded as more harmful than other crimes. Dan Kahan argues that the "greater harm" argument is conceptually flawed, as it is only because people value their group identities that attacks motivated by an animus against those identities are seen as worse, thus making it the victim and society's reaction to the crime rather than the crime itself.

2903:"There is no general provision in Georgian law for racist motivation to be considered an aggravating circumstance in prosecutions of ordinary offenses. Certain crimes involving racist motivation are, however, defined as specific offenses in the Georgian Criminal Code of 1999, including murder motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 109); infliction of serious injuries motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 117); and torture motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 126). ECRI reported no knowledge of cases in which this law has been enforced. There is no systematic monitoring or data collection on discrimination in Georgia." 3655: 2511:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes for excitement and drama. Often, there is no greater purpose behind the crimes, with victims being vulnerable because they have an ethnic, religious, sexual or gender background that differs from their attackers. While the actual animosity present in such a crime can be quite low, thrill-seeking crimes were determined to often be dangerous, with 70 percent of thrill-seeking hate crimes studied involving physical attacks. Typically, these attacks are perpetrated by groups of young teenagers or adults seeking excitement. 2529:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes out of ideological reasons. They consider themselves to be crusaders, often for a religious or racial cause. They may write complex explanations for their views and target symbolically important sites, trying to maximize damage. They believe that there is no other way to accomplish their goals, which they consider to be justification for excessive violence against innocents. This kind of hate crime often overlaps with terrorism, and is considered by the FBI to be both the rarest and deadliest form of hate crime. 2484:. In the United States, the Supreme Court has accepted the claim that hate crimes cause 'distinct emotional harm' to victims. People who have been victims of hate crimes avoid spaces where they feel unsafe which can make communities less functional when ties with police are strained by persistent group fears and feelings of insecurity. In the United States, hate crime has been shown to reduce educational attainment among affected groups—particularly among black, non-Hispanic victims. 4662:. Heidi Hurd argues that hate crimes criminalize certain dispositions yet do not show why hate is a morally worse disposition for a crime than one motivated by jealousy, greed, sadism or vengeance or why hatred and bias are uniquely responsive to criminal sanction compared to other motivations. Hurd argues that whether or not a disposition is worse than another is case sensitive and thus it is difficult to argue that some motivations are categorically worse than others. 14852: 12895: 10346: 12883: 10366: 4515: 2575:

that hate, a form of prejudice, was a conditioned emotional response. Later on, the work of Arthur Staats and Carolyn Staats illustrated that both hate and fear were learned behavioral responses. In their experiment, Staats and Staats paired positive and negative works with several different nationalities. The pairing of verbal stimuli was a form of conditioning, and it was found to influence attitude formation and attitude change.

64: 2553:: suggests that hate crimes are motivated by perceived economic and material inequality, which results in differential attitudes towards outsiders who may be viewed as “straining” already scarce resources. An example of this can be seen in the discourse surrounding some people's apprehension towards immigrants, who feel as though immigrants and/or refugees receive extra benefits from government and strain social systems. 2945:

which organise propaganda and activities aimed at racial discrimination; Section 2 punishes public expression of offensive ideas; Section 3 penalises the act of refusing, in the exercise of one's occupation, to sell a commodity or to supply a service on racial grounds." Public prosecutors may press charges even if the victim does not file a complaint. However, as of 2003, no convictions had been attained under the law.

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Some on the political left have been critical of hate crime laws for expanding the criminal justice system and dealing with violence against minority groups through punitive measures. Briana Alongi argues that hate crime legislation is inconsistent, redundant and arbitrarily applied, while also being partially motivated by political opportunism and media bias rather than purely by legal principle.

3347:, hosted by Chief Constable Stephen Kavanagh, which brought together 220 delegates from a range of partner organizations involved in the field. The theme of the conference was 'Report it to Sort it' and the emphasis was on encouraging people to tell police if they have been a victim of hate crime, whether it be based on race, religion, sexual orientation, transgender identity or disability. 3980:, and the humiliation of this ethnic group was also desired by many anti-black individuals. Other frequently reported bias motivations were bias against a religion, bias against a particular sexual orientation, and bias against a particular ethnicity/national origin. At times, these bias motivations overlapped, because violence can be both anti-gay and anti-black, for example. 3491: 3257:

to their religious beliefs, as well as direct or indirect restriction of rights or the establishment of direct or indirect privileges of citizens on the grounds of race, color, political, religious or other beliefs, sex, disability, ethnic or social origin, property status, place of residence, language or other grounds" (maximum criminal sentence of up to 8 years in prison).

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victimization can be reminder to victims of their marginalized status in society, and for immigrants or refugees, may also serve to make them relive the violence that drove them to seek refuge in another country. A 1999 U.S. study of lesbian and gay victims of violent hate crimes documented that they experienced higher levels of psychological distress, including symptoms of

3132:, "the Constitution of the State party prohibits any kind of discrimination on grounds of origin, sex, race, nationality, language, faith, political or religious convictions or any other personal or social trait or circumstance, and that the prohibition against racial discrimination is also included in other legislation, such as the Civil, Penal and Labour Codes." 2523:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes out of a desire for revenge. This can be in response to perceived personal slights, other hate crimes or terrorism. The "avengers" target members of a group whom they believe committed the original crime, even if the victims had nothing to do with it. These kinds of hate crimes are a common occurrence after terrorist attacks. 2538:

to be Middle Eastern and were motivated mainly by a desire for revenge. Levin and McDevitt also argued that while thrill crimes made up the majority of hate crimes in the 1990s, after September 11, 2001, hate crimes in the United States shifted from thrill offenses by young groups to more defensive oriented and more often perpetrated by older

2741:(enacted 2003) "contains provisions prohibiting discrimination by public officials on grounds, inter alia, of race, skin colour, national or ethnic background, religion and language and prohibiting the restriction by public officials of the language rights of the citizens in their relations with the authorities (Article 145/1 and 145/2)." 3374:

charged with the murder in the initial 1993 investigation, was found guilty of Stephen Lawrence's murder in January 2012 and sentenced to life imprisonment, as was David Norris, who had not been charged in 1993. A third suspect, Luke Knight, had been charged in 1993 but was not charged when the case came to court nearly 20 years later.

3321:(CSEW) reported in 2013 that there were an average of 278,000 hate crimes a year with 40 percent being reported according to a victims survey; police records only identified around 43,000 hate crimes a year. It was reported that police recorded a 57-percent increase in hate crime complaints in the four days following the UK's 3307:, Public Order 1987 (S.I. 1987/463 (N.I. 7)) serves the same purposes. A "racial group" is a group of persons defined by reference to race, colour, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origins. A "religious group" is a group of persons defined by reference to religious belief or lack of religious belief. 2803:– the court is obligated to take the hate motivation into account as a general aggravating circumstance and determines the amount of penalty to impose. Nevertheless, it is not possible to add together a general aggravating circumstance and a circumstance determining the imposition of a higher penalty. (see Annex for details) 3482:, which claimed the Scottish Government's 'non-binary equality action plan' would lead to children being "damaged by this cult" and commenting "Choosing to identify as 'non-binary' is as valid as choosing to identify as a cat. I'm not sure governments should be spending time on action plans for either." 3577:

The first time someone was charged for hate speech over the internet occurred on 27 March 1996. "A Winnipeg teenager was arrested by the police for sending an email to a local political activist that contained the message "Death to homosexuals...it's prescribed in the Bible! Better watch out next Gay

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introduced a penalty-enhancement provision in its Penal Code. If the victim's national, racial, religious or ethnic origin, sex, colour, descent, property, education, social status, political or other opinion, disability, sexual orientation or any other personal circumstance was a factor contributing

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Penal Code explicitly defines hate crime in article 89 as "any crime committed out of hatred for someone's race, skin color, sex, sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other belief, national or social background, asset, birth, education, social condition, age, health condition or other

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Additionally, psychological perspectives within the realm of behaviorism have also contributed to theoretical explanations for the motivations of hate crimes particularly as it relates to conditioning and social learning. For instance, the seminal work of John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner illustrated

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the September 11 attacks, thrill motivated hate crimes tended to decrease as the overall rate of violent crime decreased while defensive hate crimes increased substantially. Specifically, they found that 60% of all hate motivated assaults in 2001 were perpetrated against those the offenders perceived

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David Brax argues that critics of hate-crime laws are wrong in claiming that hate crimes punish thoughts or motives; he asserts they do not do this, but instead punish people for choosing these reasons to commit a criminal act. Similarly, Andrew Seidel writes, "Hate crime or bias intimidation crimes

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In 2012, the Anti-discrimination law amended the Criminal Code adding a new aggravating circumstance of criminal responsibility, as follows: "Committing or participating in a crime motivated by ideology, political opinion, religion or beliefs of the victim; nation, race, ethnic or social group; sex,

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Hate crimes are not specifically tracked by German police, but have been studied separately: a recently published EU "Report on Racism" finds that racially motivated attacks are frequent in Germany, identifying 18,142 incidences for 2006, of which 17,597 were motivated by right-wing ideologies, both

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is not taken into account while identifying the element of the offence. However, within the sentencing procedure the judge can define certain principles for determining punishment. In section 46 of the German Criminal Code it is stated that "the motives and aims of the perpetrator; the state of mind

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In 2003, France enacted penalty-enhancement hate crime laws for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's actual or perceived ethnicity, nation, race, religion, or sexual orientation. The penalties for murder were raised from 30 years (for non-hate crimes) to life imprisonment (for hate crimes),

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other through civil law. The current Czech criminal legislation has implications both for decisions about guilt (affecting the decision whether to find a defendant guilty or not guilty) and decisions concerning sentencing (affecting the extent of the punishment imposed). It has three levels, to wit:

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Hate Crime Statistics report for 2006, hate crimes increased nearly 8 percent nationwide, with a total of 7,722 incidents and 9,080 offences reported by participating law enforcement agencies. Of the 5,449 crimes against persons, 46 percent were classified as intimidation, and 32 percent as simple

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A vast majority (84 percent) of hate crime perpetrators were "male, with an average age of just under 30. Less than 10 of those accused had criminal records, and less than 5 percent had previous hate crime involvement". "Only 4 percent of hate crimes were linked to an organized or extremist group".

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the courts can take any aggravating factor into account when sentencing someone found guilty of an offence. There is legislation dealing with the offences of incitement of racial hatred, racially aggravated harassment, and prejudice relating to religious beliefs, disability, sexual orientation, and

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Article 161: "Violations of equality of citizens depending on their race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, disability and other grounds: Intentional acts aimed at incitement to ethnic, racial or religious hatred and violence, to demean the ethnic honor and dignity, or to repulse citizens' feelings due

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law does not include explicit hate crime provisions, "section 80(1) of the Criminal Code instructs courts to take into account the gravity of the offence and the offender's motive when meting out penalty, and therefore to attach importance to the racist motive of crimes in determining sentence." In

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These studies are of interest when considering modern forms of prejudice directed towards ethnic, religious, or racial groups. For instance, there was a significant increase in Islamophobia and hate crimes following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. Simultaneously, the news media was

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is somewhat misleading since it assumes there is a hateful motivation which is not present in many occasions; in her view, laws to punish people who commit hate crimes may not be the best remedy for preventing them because the threat of future punishment does not usually deter such criminal acts.

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Section 233a of the Icelandic Penal Code states "Anyone who in a ridiculing, slanderous, insulting, threatening or any other manner publicly abuses a person or a group of people on the basis of their nationality, skin colour, race, religion or sexual orientation, shall be fined or jailed for up to

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Article Law 927/1979 "Section 1,1 penalises incitement to discrimination, hatred or violence towards individuals or groups because of their racial, national or religious origin, through public written or oral expressions; Section 1,2 prohibits the establishment of, and membership in, organisations

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Current criminal legislation does not provide for special penalties for acts that target another by reason of his sexual orientation, age or health status. Only the constituent elements of the criminal offence of Incitement to hatred towards a group of persons or to the curtailment of their rights

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The Czech legislation finds its constitutional basis in the principles of equality and non-discrimination contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. From there, we can trace two basic lines of protection against hate-motivated incidents: one passes through criminal law, the

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has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes motivated by racial, national, or religious hatred (Criminal Code Article 61). Murder and infliction of serious bodily injury motivated by racial, religious, national, or ethnic intolerance are distinct crimes (Article 111). Azerbaijan is a party to the

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has a penalty-enhancement statute for reasons like repeating a crime, being especially cruel, using others' helpless states, playing a leading role in a crime, or committing a crime with racist, xenophobic or especially reprehensible motivation (Penal Code section 33(5)). Austria is a party to the

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liberalism. Hurd also argues that increasing punishment for an offence because the perpetrator was motivated by hate compared to some other motivation means that the justice systems is treating the same crime differently, even though treating like cases alike is a cornerstone of criminal justice.

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and thus lead to an actual increase in crime. Jacobs and Potter also argued that hate crime legislation can end up only covering the victimization of some groups rather than all, which is a form of discrimination itself and that attempts to remedy this by making all identifiable groups covered by

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and Kimberly Potter criticize hate crime legislation for exacerbating conflicts between groups. They assert that by defining crimes as being committed by one group against another, rather than as being committed by individuals against their society, the labeling of crimes as "hate crimes" causes

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During the Nazi regime in Germany, antisemitism was a cause of hate-related violence in Canada. For example, on 16 August 1933, there was a baseball game in Toronto and one team was made up mostly of Jewish players. At the end of the game, a group of Nazi sympathizers unfolded a Swastika flag and

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Discriminatory acts constituting harassment or infringement of a person's dignity on the basis of origin, citizenship, race, religion, or gender (Penal Code Article 313). Courts have cited bias-based motivation in delivering sentences, but there is no explicit penalty enhancement provision in the

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Compared to other types of offending, there has been relatively little research directed towards the management of hate-crime offenders. However, risk management for hate-crime offenders is an important consideration for forensic psychology and public safety in order to decrease the potential for

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Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the United States experienced a spike in overall hate crimes against Muslim individuals. In the year before, only 28 events had been recorded of hate crimes against Muslims; in 2001, this number jumped to 481. While the number decreased in the

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and hate crimes to flare up but, in calmer times, they subside again, although to a relatively high level. Terrorists' most persuasive message is that of fear; a primary and strong emotion, fear increases risk estimates and has distortive effects on the perception of ordinary Muslims. Widespread

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Heidi Hurd argues that hate crime represents an effort by the state to encourage a certain moral character in its citizen and thus represents the view that the instillation of virtue and the elimination of vice are legitimate state goals, which she argues is a contradiction of the principles of

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concluded that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute. However, a change in the law a decade later allowed a suspect to be charged with a crime twice if new evidence emerged after the original charges were dropped or a "not guilty" verdict was delivered in court. Gary Dobson, who had been

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consequences, not only for their direct victims but for others of the group as well. Moreover, victims of hate crimes often experience a sense of victimization that goes beyond the initial crime, creating a heightened sense of vulnerability towards future victimization. In many ways, hate crime

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The Khalid Jabara-Heather Heyer National Opposition to Hate, Assault, and Threats to Equality Act (NO HATE), which was first introduced in 2017, was reintroduced in June 2019 to improve hate crime reporting and expand support for victims as a response to anti-LGBTQ, anti-Muslim and antisemitic

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of 6 June 2001, which entered into force on 1 September 2002, with amendments and supplements and as amended by the Law of 8 December 2011, "activities which publicly incite to hatred, violence or discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, colour, sex, language, origin, religion, sexual

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sympathizers who were given a summary trial at an informal court; sentences which were handed down included whipping, property seizure, coerced pledges of allegiance, and conscription into the military. Originally, the term referred to the extrajudicial organized but unauthorized punishment of

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to riot for the sake of stirring societal, racial, ethnic, and religious hatred as well as the promotion of the superiority of the same. Article 282 of the Criminal code further includes protections against incitement of hatred (including gender) via various means of communication, instilling

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amounted to viewpoint-based discrimination in conflict with rights of free speech, because it selectively criminalized bias-motivated speech or symbolic speech for disfavored topics while permitting such speech for other topics. Many critics further assert that it conflicts with an even more

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found that alleged hate crimes in which the victim was a police officer were significantly more likely to result in a successful prosecution. The investigation found that in several areas, crimes against police officers and staff constituted up to half of all hate crimes convictions, despite

2517:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes out of a belief they are protecting their communities. Often, these are triggered by a certain background event. Perpetrators believe society supports their actions but is too afraid to act and thus they believe they have communal assent in their actions. 2545:

The motivations of hate-crime offenders are complex. Therefore, there is no one theory that can completely account for hate-motived crimes. However, Mark Austin Walters previously attempted to synthesize three interdisciplinary theories to account for the behavior of hate-crime offenders:

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Hate Crime Statistics for 2007, the number of hate crimes decreased to 7,624 incidents reported by participating law enforcement agencies. These incidents included nine murders and two rapes (out of the almost 17,000 murders and 90,000 forcible rapes committed in the U.S. in 2007).

3553:(i) evidence that the offence was motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on race, national or ethnic origin, language, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, or any other similar factor, ... shall be deemed to be aggravating circumstances. 2570:

Walters argues that a synthesis of these theories provides a more well-rounded scope of the motivations behind hate crimes, where he explains that social, cultural, and individual factors interact to elicit the violence behavior of individuals with low self-control.

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was stabbed to death in an attack by a gang of white youths. Two white teenagers were later charged with the murder, and at least three other suspects were mentioned in the national media, but the charges against them were dropped within three months after the

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was signed into law in 2009. It included sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, disably status, and military personnel and their family members. This is the first all-inclusive bill ever passed in the United States, taking 45 years to complete.

9381:, Accessed 26 July 2014, "...forensic psychologist, Karen Franklin's dual interests in psychology and the law brought her to question the roots of anti-gay hate crimes... badly needed empirical data on the nature and extent of negative reactions to gays..." 3858:, which was one of a handful of states without a such legislation. Led in great part by the Hate-Free Georgia Coalition, a group of 35 nonprofit groups organized by the Georgia state ADL, the legislation was adopted in June 2020, after 16 years of debate. 2860:) is criminalized and carries a fine or a prison sentence of not more than two years. The prosecution need not prove that an actual danger to an ethnic group is caused but only that malicious message is conveyed. A more aggravated hate crime, warmongering ( 4567:

Justifications for harsher punishments for hate crimes focus on the notion that hate crimes cause greater individual and societal harm. In a 2014 book, author Marian Duggan asserts that when the core of a person's identity is attacked, the degradation and

3802:, federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the basis of a person's race, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally protected activity." In 2009, capping a broad-based public campaign lasting more than a decade, President 2797:– hate motivation is included in the qualified constituent elements for some types of crimes (murder, bodily harm). If hate motivation is not proven, the penalty is imposed according to the scale specified for the basic constituent elements of the crime. 3983:

Analysts have compared groups in terms of the per capita rate of hate crimes committed against them to allow for differing populations. Overall, the total number of hate crimes committed since the first hate crime bill was passed in 1997 is 86,582.

2235:, hate crimes were committed by individuals as well as governments long before the term was commonly used. A major part of defining crimes as hate crimes is determining that they have been committed against members of historically oppressed groups. 2992:

community (an indigenous minority group), or sexual orientation. Frustration at the low number of prosecutions (18 by 2011) was attributed to a misconception that the law addressed hate crimes more generally as opposed to incitement in particular.

3476:'s transgender policy was logged as a "hate incident" after being told that his name appears in police records for expressing his view about the policy even though no crime was committed. Fraser had shared a column written by Susan Dalgety for 3260:

Article 300: "Importation, manufacture or distribution of literature and other media promoting a cult of violence and cruelty, racial, ethnic or religious intolerance and discrimination" (maximum criminal sentence of up to 5 years in prison).

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Article 29 of the Swedish Penal Code includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's race, color, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or "other similar circumstance" of the victim.

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Data published by the Gardaí showed a 29% increase in hate crimes and hate-related incidents from 448 in 2021 to 582 in 2022. The Gardaí recognise that "despite improvements, hate crime and hate related incidents are still under-reported".

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Criminal Code of Estonia of 6 June 2001, entered into force on 1 September 2002, with amendments and supplements and latest amendment by the Law of 8 December 2011, published in RT I, 29.12.2011, 1 and entered into force on 1 January 2012

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are not thoughtcrimes. Most crimes require two things: an act and an intent... If you simply hate someone based on race, sexuality, or creed, that thought is not punishable. Only the thought combined with an illegal action is criminal."

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about a 14% year-by-year increase. Relative to the size of the population, this represents an eightfold higher rate of hate crimes than reported in the US during the same period. Awareness of hate crimes in Germany remains low.

3712:'s Section 190.2, was passed in 1978 and provided penalty enhancements in cases when murders were motivated by prejudice against four "protected status" categories: race, religion, color, and national origin. Washington included 3031:

The Criminal Justice (Incitement to Violence or Hatred and Hate Offences) Bill known as the "Hate Crime Bill", prohibiting hate speech or incitement to hate crimes based on protected characteristics, is in its Third Stage at the

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According to a November 2016 report issued by the FBI, hate crimes are on the rise in the United States. The number of hate crimes increased from 5,850 in 2015, to 6,121 hate crime incidents in 2016, an increase of 4.6 percent.

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in addition to the criminal penalty for similar acts. Twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia have statutes requiring the state to collect hate crime statistics. In May 2020, the killing of African-American jogger

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According to a 2021 study, in the years between 1992 and 2014, white people were the offenders in 74.5 percent of anti-Asian hate crimes, 99 percent of anti-black hate crimes, and 81.1 percent of anti-Hispanic hate crimes.

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Article 24: "There can be no privileges or restrictions on the grounds of race, color of the skin, political, religious or other beliefs, sex, ethnic or social origin, property status, place of residence, language or other

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Violent action, cruelty, and coercion by threat made on the basis of the victim's actual or perceived national, ethnic, religious status or membership in a particular social group are punishable under article 174/B of the

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The Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989 created the offence of inciting hatred against a group of persons on account of their race, colour, nationality, religion, ethnic or national origins, membership of the

2378:, the violence against people of Chinese origin significantly increased on the background of accusation of spreading the virus. In May 2020, the Polish-based "NEVER AGAIN" Association published its report titled 2363:

criminals. It later evolved to describe executions which were committed outside "ordinary justice". It is highly associated with white suppression of African Americans in the South, and periods of weak or nonexistent

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found that about half of the cases were anti-LGBT hate crimes that had been miscategorized, and that the rest were motivated by hate towards Jews, blacks or women or that there was no element of a hate crime at all.

2567:: suggests that a person's upbringing determines their tolerance threshold towards others, here individuals with low self-esteem are often impulsive, have poor employment prospects, and have little academic success. 2851:

515/2003 (enacted 31 January 2003) makes "committing a crime against a person, because of his national, racial, ethnical or equivalent group" an aggravating circumstance in sentencing. In addition, ethnic agitation

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to the federal definition of a hate crime, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity. Led by Shepard's parents and a coalition of civil rights groups, with ADL (the

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Islamophobic prejudice seems to contribute to anti-Muslim hate crimes, but indirectly; terrorist attacks and intensified Islamophobic prejudice serve as a window of opportunity for extremist groups and networks.

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as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version:

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Under the Criminal Codex, crimes committed because of hatred are hate crimes and carry increased punishment in many articles of the criminal law. There are also separate articles on punishment for a hate crime.

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Article 299 of the Criminal Code defines incitement to national, racist, or religious hatred as a specific offense. This article has been used in political trials of suspected members of the banned organization

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Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund published a report in 2009 revealing that 33 percent of hate-crime offenders were under the age of 18, while 29 percent were between the ages of 18 and 24.

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attribute". On 1 January 2013, a new Penal Code was introduced with the recognition of a hate crime based on "race, skin color, religion, national or ethnic background, sexual orientation or gender identity".

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working group examined the issue of hate crime and ways of combating crime motivated by social prejudice, reporting in 2004. Its main recommendations were not implemented, but in their manifestos for the

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includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's ideology, beliefs, religion, ethnicity, race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, illness or disability.

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orientation, political opinion, or financial or social status, if this results in danger to the life, health or property of a person, are punishable by a fine of up to 300 fine units or by detention".

2480:. They suffer from typical symptoms of trauma: lack of concentration, fear, unintentional rethinking of the incident and feeling vulnerable or unsafe. These symptoms may be severe enough to qualify as 3108:), contains a penalty-enhancement provision for all crimes motivated by racial, ethnic, national, or religious bias. Italy is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol. 7346: 6285:

Marc Coester (2008): Das Konzept der Hate Crimes aus den USA unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland. Peter Lang: Frankfurt/Berlin/Bern/Bruxelles/New York/Oxford/Wien

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also drafted model hate crimes legislation in the 1980s that serves as the template for the legislation that a majority of states have adopted. As of the fall of 2020, 46 of the 50 states and

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and their supporters fought hard for the right of African Americans to vote, as well as for equality in their everyday lives. African Americans have been the target of hate crimes since the

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Iganski, Paul, and Spiridoula Lagou. "Hate crimes hurt some more than others: Implications for the just sentencing of offenders." Journal of interpersonal violence 30.10 (2015): 1696-1718.

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Prosecutions of hate crimes have been difficult in the United States. Recently, state governments have attempted to re-investigate and re-try past hate crimes. One notable example was

2183:(FBI) defines a hate crime as a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias. Hate itself is not a hate crime but committing a crime motivated by 7642:"Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch Hosts the 63rd Annual Attorney General Awards Honoring Department Employees and Others For Their Service (U.S. Department of Justice News Release)" 7260: 3540:

In 1996, the federal government amended a section of the Criminal Code that pertains to sentencing. Specifically, section 718.2. The section states (with regard to the hate crime):

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Mellgren, Caroline; Andersson, Mika; Ivert, Anna-Karin (2017). "For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types".

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which made it illegal to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone who is engaged in six specified protected activities, by reason of their

2504:'s 2002 study into the motives for hate crimes found four motives, and reported that "thrill-seeking" accounted for 66 percent of all hate crimes overall in the United States: 4315: 12826: 4855: 3832: 6573: 4463:

In addition, the Brazilian Constitution defines as a "fundamental goal of the Republic" (Article 3rd, clause IV) "to promote the well-being of all, with no prejudice as to

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Article 11: "The State shall promote the development of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities of Ukraine".

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Some have argued hate crime laws bring the law into disrepute and further divide society, as groups apply to have their critics silenced. American forensic psychologist

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fundamental right: free thought. The claim is that hate-crime legislation effectively makes certain ideas or beliefs, including religious ones, illegal, in other words,

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As of 2004, Jewish people were the largest ethnic group targeted by hate crimes, followed by black people, Muslims, South Asians, and homosexuals (Silver et al., 2004).

8718: 7506: 4276:, the largest number of hate crimes are committed against African Americans. During the Civil Rights Movement, some of the most notorious hate crimes included the 1968 3755:

Until California state legislation included all crimes as possible hate crimes in 1987, criminal acts which could be considered hate crimes in various states included

3452:

would be deluged by cases, diverting officers from tackling violent offenders and that the Act threatened to fuel claims of “institutional bias” against the force.

2386:, and discrimination that occurred in the wake of coronavirus pandemic, as well as cases of spreading hate speech and conspiracy theories about the epidemic by the 14341: 3322: 1510: 9245: 6679: 7135: 5126:"A hate crime or bias motivated crime occurs when the perpetrator of the crime intentionally selects the victim because of their membership in a certain group." 13387: 12349: 8943: 3343:

launched the 'Stop the Hate' initiative as part of a concerted effort to find new ways to tackle hate crime in Essex. The launch was marked by a conference in

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criminal penalties including fines and imprisonment. Although a former member of the Council of Europe, Russia is not a party to the Convention on Cybercrime.

536: 8204: 3325:; however, a press release from the National Police Chief's Council stated that "this should not be read as a national increase in hate crime of 57 percent". 12110: 4725: 2997: 5683:

Borell, Klas (2015). "When Is the Time to Hate? A Research Review on the Impact of Dramatic Events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic Hate Crimes in Europe".

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lasted 13 years, in large part because of opposition to including the term "sexual orientation" as one of the bases for deeming a crime to be a hate crime.

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Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".

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Herek, Gregory M.; Gillis, J. Roy; Cogan, Jeanine C. (1999). "Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults".

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defines separate offences, with increased sentences, for racially or religiously aggravated assaults, harassment, and a handful of public order offences.

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Labuda, P. (2011). "Racial Reconciliation in Mississippi: An Evaluation of the Proposal to Establish a Mississippi Truth and Reconciliation Commission".

2644: 2411:, than lesbian and gay victims of comparable crimes which were not motivated by antigay bias. A manual issued by the Attorney-General of the Province of 752: 8134: 11083: 7021: 2757: 6227: 14736: 14119: 12500: 10289: 9553: 7641: 4631: 4440:

establishes a harsher penalty, from a minimum of one year to a maximum of three years, for injuries motivated by "elements referring to race, color,

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In 2015, the Hate Crimes Statistics report identified 5,818 single-bias incidents involving 6,837 offenses, 7,121 victims, and 5,475 known offenders

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and the penalties for violent attacks leading to permanent disability were raised from 10 years (for non-hate crimes) to 15 years (for hate crimes).

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that evidently increases the risk that Finland is involved in a war or becomes a target for a military operation. The act in question may consist of

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Craig, Kellina M.; Waldo, Craig R. (1996). ""So, what's a hate crime anyway?" Young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators".

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High-profile murders targeting victims based on their sexual orientation have prompted the passage of hate crimes legislation, notably the cases of

13546: 6695: 6520: 5180: 2053: 703: 9392: 6960: 7695:"Hate Crime Laws Don't Prevent Violence Against LGBT People: So why do many LGBT people, and others, feel so deeply about the need to have them?" 3441: 3083:

senator said that the existing legislation was "not effective" and outdated, adding that the Gardaí saw a rise of 30% in hate crime in Ireland."

2790:– hate motivation is included in the basic constituent elements. If hate motivation is not proven, a conviction for a hate crime is not possible. 12121: 5342: 4576:

of a group of people. Furthermore, it is asserted that the chances for retaliatory crimes are greater when a hate crime has been committed. The

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Criminal Code. This article was added to the Code in 1996. Hungary is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

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in the group to which the victim belongs, inspiring feelings of vulnerability among its other members, who could be the next hate crime victims.

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the court defined "fighting words" as "those which by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace."

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attacks. The bill would fund state hate-crime hotlines, and support expansion of reporting and training programs in law enforcement agencies.

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Eric Holder said recent killings showed the need for a tougher U.S. hate-crimes law to stop "violence masquerading as political activism."

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have no hate crime laws. Nonetheless, all of these except Turkey are parties to the Convention on Cybercrime and the Additional Protocol.

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Brax, David. "Motives, reasons, and responsibility in hate/bias crime legislation." Criminal Justice Ethics 35, no. 3 (2016): 230-248.

7747: 7668: 6808: 6378: 6140: 11953: 10259: 6625: 5136: 4850: 3429:, which now forms the Scottish Government. The Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Bill was introduced on 19 May 2008 by 9187: 8741: 8371:

Meyer, Doug (2010). "Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims".

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Loi n° 2003–88 du 3 février 2003 visant à aggraver les peines punissant les infractions à caractère raciste, antisémite ou xénophobe

13302: 13190: 12933: 12768: 12545: 9975: 9271:

Jacobs, James B. & Kimberly Potter. (1998). Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics. New York: Oxford University Press,

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individuals increased. In June 2020, after the death of several African Americans at the hands of police officers – in particular,

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is especially severe, and additional emotional and physiological problems are likely to result. Wider society can suffer from the

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In 2018, the Hate Crime Statistics report showed 59.5 percent were motivated by race bias and 16.9 percent by sexual orientation.

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have statutes criminalizing various types of hate crimes. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have statutes creating a

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CERD, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 9 of the Convention; Concluding Observations: Kyrgyzstan

6021: 4955: 4277: 3969: 2560:: suggests that some individuals fear groups other than their own and, as a result of this, seek to suppress different cultures. 9422:

The Negative Ramifications of Hate Crime Legislation: It's Time to Reevaluate Whether Hate Crime Laws Are Beneficial to Society.

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The crimes of racism and racial injury, although similar, are enforced slightly differently. Article 140, 3rd paragraph, of the

3004:, to introduce new hate crime legislation to combat the low prosecution rate for offences under the 1989 act – particularly for 14837: 13551: 13312: 13140: 13125: 13120: 12966: 12279: 12167: 12050: 10646: 10331: 8157: 6935: 3311: 2022: 708: 453: 281: 266: 261: 91: 7454: 6053: 2298:

in order to intimidate black activists or drive black families out of predominantly white neighborhoods both during and after

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during the 1980s, but it is often used retrospectively in order to describe events which occurred prior to that era. From the

14865: 13446: 13377: 13105: 12716: 12680: 12386: 9504: 9124: 9021: 8714: 7437: 7407: 7382: 6598: 6473: 5601: 5574: 4109: 3685:. The modern era of hate-crime legislation began in 1968 with the passage of federal statute, 18 U.S.C.A. § 249, part of the 2251: 595: 526: 246: 13900: 13195: 13017: 12816: 12295: 8346: 4965: 4825: 4770: 3649: 2046: 1065: 336: 150: 9408:...in the real world, criminals don't calculate their moves based on the specific punishment they will suffer if caught... 8767: 6651: 2928:

reflected in the act and the willfulness involved in its commission" can be taken into consideration when determining the

14546: 14216: 14129: 14020: 13678: 13498: 13130: 13115: 12851: 12540: 12246: 12232: 12001: 11125: 9744: 9537: 9519: 7924: 7862: 5219:

Meyer, Doug (2014). "Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws".

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makes racial or religious hostility, or hostility related to disability, sexual orientation, or transgender identity an

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against one or more of the social groups listed above, or by bias against their derivatives constitutes a hate crime. A

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guidance issued on 21 August 2017 stated that online hate crimes should be treated as seriously as offences in person.

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Since 1992, the Danish Civil Security Service (PET) has released statistics on crimes with apparent racist motivation.

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found that it does not appear that those provisions "have ever resulted in convictions before the courts in Bulgaria."

2430:; both reinforced by a specific hate crime's degree of violence, which is usually stronger than that of a common crime. 1277: 735: 12064: 7003: 6398: 13752: 13583: 13069: 13047: 12428: 11786: 10176: 10159: 9621: 9547:," Liberty Magazine, March/April 2008, review of recently proposed hate crime legislation and criminal intent issues. 9221: 9090: 8697: 8668: 8641: 6703: 5988: 5750: 5660: 5352: 5167: 4720: 4554: 3422: 3045: 2176: 909: 740: 202: 180: 6070: 14911: 14499: 14336: 14236: 13683: 13573: 12364: 12332: 12310: 12011: 11612: 10845: 10369: 10125: 10094: 9990: 9509: 9420: 5504: 4875: 3610: 2683:

has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes with ethnic, racial, or religious motives (Criminal Code Article 63).

2106: 2075: 1676: 1505: 1399: 840: 730: 9378: 7769: 7534:"El asesinato de un joven homosexual en Jalisco enciende de nuevo las alarmas sobre los delitos de odio en México" 6114: 5376: 2868:), carries a prison sentence of one to ten years. However, in case of warmongering, the prosecution must prove an 14089: 13590: 13342: 13145: 12763: 12741: 12695: 12668: 12510: 12022: 11996: 11120: 11019: 10827: 10779: 10402: 10077: 9515: 9438: 8350: 8027: 7979: 7882: 7859: 7836: 7559: 5796:"From Thrill to Defensive Motivation: The Role of Group Threat in the Changing Nature of Hate-Motivated Assaults" 3888:

The 2011 hate-crime statistics show 46.9 percent were motivated by race, and 20.8 percent by sexual orientation.

3690: 3654: 2180: 2039: 1252: 747: 491: 286: 8980:"LEY-20609 24-JUL-2012 MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE GOBIERNO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional" 6497: 4331: 3075:" by its criminalisation of possessing material prepared for circulation where circulation would incite hatred. 2450:

or on groups that identify themselves with the targeted group, especially when the referred hate is based on an

14896: 13205: 12736: 12495: 12395: 11991: 11880: 11145: 11076: 10757: 10249: 10106: 9332:

Kahan, Dan M. "Two liberal fallacies in the hate crimes debate." Law and Philosophy (2001): 175-193, pp.183-185

8947: 8800: 4950: 4536: 4427:, ethnicity, race or religion. Murder by death squads and genocide are legally classified as "hideous crimes" ( 3878: 3068: 2359: 346: 13352: 9188:"Straight talk about hate crimes bills: Anti-gay, anti-transgender bias stall federal hate crimes legislation" 9161: 8125: 8000: 5041:"Strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: The impact of gender, life experiences, and the internet" 2718:

has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes motivated by racial, national, and religious hatred and discord.

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Israel is the only country in the Middle East that has hate crime laws. Hate crime, as passed by the Israeli

4295:, and other places of worship of minority religions. Such acts began to take place more frequently after the 3201:

distributed a circular instructing on the interpretation of hate crime law. This new interpretation includes

3049: 3013: 1953: 1661: 326: 3537:"In Canada the legal definition of a hate crime can be found in sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code". 14047: 13995: 12956: 12926: 12803: 12773: 12599: 12520: 12192: 11841: 11726: 10950: 10726: 10319: 10181: 10171: 10164: 9968: 9473: 9140: 8484:

Violent hate crimes include: homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault and sexual assault/rape.

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Hate crime laws have a long history in the United States. The first hate crime laws were passed after the

14679: 14531: 13950: 13541: 13487: 12550: 12490: 12381: 12259: 12090: 11093: 11061: 11026: 10196: 10012: 9586: 8508: 8040: 8023: 7669:"1 year after Blaze Bernstein's killing, parents look to turn alleged hate crime into 'movement of hope'" 5737: 4890: 4636: 4532: 3586: 3297: 3286: 2086: 1864: 1708: 1115: 698: 636: 37: 17: 8899: 7261:"Hate crime law: Glasgow LGBT+ sex shop designated official reporting centre for controversial new laws" 6692: 5769:

Levin, Jack; McDevitt, Jack (May 25, 2020). "Hate Crimes in Transition". In Sternberg, Robert J. (ed.).

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MSP, having been prepared with support from the Scottish Government, and was passed unanimously by the

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to the commission of the criminal offence, it shall be taken into account when determining the penalty.

14788: 13563: 13240: 12971: 12690: 11958: 11846: 11526: 11115: 10691: 9953: 9073:, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 8460: 8182: 8098: 7159: 6038: 4654: 3894:

In 2017, the FBI released new data showing a 17 percent increase in hate crimes between 2016 and 2017.

3677:, in order to combat the growing number of racially motivated crimes which were being committed by the 3663: 3602: 2672:

Criminal Code. The government does not track hate crime statistics, although they are relatively rare.

1973: 720: 381: 96: 5718: 3866:

assaults. Acts of vandalism or destruction comprised 81 percent of the 3,593 crimes against property.

14141: 13955: 13852: 13732: 13394: 13362: 13027: 12961: 12371: 12300: 12040: 11938: 11837: 11071: 10696: 10636: 10269: 10113: 9523: 9457: 6693:

Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2004 (Events of 2003)

4730: 4311: 4273: 4157: 3924:. A mixed-race jury found Beckwith guilty of murder, and he was sentenced to life in prison in 1994. 3370: 3350: 3329: 3120:, there are constitutional provisions prohibiting propaganda promoting racial or ethnic superiority. 1304: 1120: 1009: 889: 543: 511: 160: 86: 9212: 6343: 6295: 6171:

ECRI, "Second Report on Denmark," adopted on 16 June 2000, and made public on 3 April 2001, para. 9.

2932:; under this statute, hate and bias have been taken into consideration in sentencing in past cases. 14401: 14289: 14136: 13905: 13837: 13660: 13615: 13477: 13357: 13334: 13270: 13200: 13084: 12673: 12525: 12157: 12137: 11923: 11241: 10711: 10457: 9886: 8399: 6545: 6092: 5254: 3686: 3674: 3198: 2848: 2821:

recent years judges have used this provision to increase sentences on the basis of racist motives.

2648: 2501: 1570: 1458: 1299: 1070: 994: 817: 772: 626: 506: 481: 411: 341: 217: 7815:"Georgia governor signs hate-crimes measure into law: 'Ahmaud Arbery's death will not be in vain'" 7219: 6321: 3208:

Although a member of the Council of Europe, Spain is not a party to the Convention on Cybercrime.

14855: 14684: 14664: 14526: 14516: 14474: 14104: 13945: 13802: 13797: 13767: 13762: 13705: 13640: 13625: 13558: 13531: 13516: 12919: 11871: 11231: 10812: 10359: 10279: 10084: 10024: 10002: 9729: 9067:(2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), 9042: 6438: 6189: 4815: 4735: 4525: 3426: 3395: 3226: 2967:

two years." Iceland is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

2626: 1869: 1849: 1703: 1693: 1651: 1267: 1110: 959: 954: 924: 919: 862: 797: 782: 715: 688: 673: 47: 13742: 9544: 7201: 7179: 5279:

Boeckmann, Robert J.; Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn (2002). "Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime".

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The United Kingdom is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

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groups to feel persecuted by one another, and that this impression of persecution can incite a

4577: 4496:(Parliament), is defined as crime for reason of race, religion, gender and sexual orientation. 3973: 3838: 3828: 3461: 3149: 2738: 2614: 2348: 2271: 2239: 2212: 1968: 1941: 1931: 1389: 1369: 1232: 1105: 989: 934: 904: 884: 812: 792: 767: 762: 757: 668: 631: 604: 575: 570: 496: 145: 135: 9485: 8877: 8685: 8629: 7339:"Scottish Government is fostering a cult of gender-identity ideology that is destroying lives" 6574:"Why are Elon Musk and Donald Trump jnr so concerned by Ireland's new hate crime legislation?" 6237:

will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the

6218: 6115:"Centar za LGBT ravnopravnost » Vlada prihvatila prijedloge Centra za LGBT ravnopravnost" 3798:

Defined in the 1999 National Crime Victim Survey, "A hate crime is a criminal offence. In the

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Criminal Law on Hate Crime, Incitement to Hatred and Hate Speech in OSCE Participating States

8962:"COD-PENAL 12-NOV-1874 MINISTERIO DE JUSTICIA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional" 8658: 7507:"Las feministas saludan la rectificación del fiscal Gertz sobre el tipo penal de feminicidio" 7313:"Murdo Fraser accuses police of 'unlawful' behaviour after tweet recorded as 'hate incident'" 6916: 6238: 6082:

ECRI, "Second Report on Bulgaria", adopted on 18 June 1999, and made public on 21 March 2000.

4910: 4880: 4775: 4710: 4623: 4605: 4597: 3949: 3917: 3705:." However, "The prosecution of such crimes must be certified by the U.S. attorney general." 3544:

A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles:

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prohibits organizations "whose programmes or activities sanction racial or national hatred".

3080: 2291: 2279: 1936: 1896: 1829: 1718: 1666: 1585: 1334: 1100: 999: 974: 969: 949: 944: 939: 879: 827: 787: 693: 663: 553: 155: 8496: 8124: 6755: 14622: 14156: 14030: 13857: 13737: 13695: 13645: 13620: 13436: 13399: 13135: 12997: 12721: 12152: 12100: 11801: 11672: 11471: 11369: 11014: 10716: 10254: 10120: 9764: 9701: 9671: 9656: 9641: 7744: 7160:"How distinctive is Scotland's new approach to sentencing guidelines? – Sentencing Academy" 6815: 6730: 6147: 5198: 4925: 4905: 4760: 4675: 3905: 3855: 3589:, Canada saw a sudden rise in hate crimes based on race, religion, and sexual orientation. 3057: 2976: 2912: 2613:

laws requiring administrative agencies to collect hate crime statistics. Sometimes (as in

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divisions and factionalism arising in response to hate crimes are particularly damaging to

1807: 1319: 1195: 1014: 894: 852: 802: 777: 585: 548: 276: 130: 8205:"Civil rights advocates, victims' families urge support for new hate crime reporting bill" 6898: 6716: 4596:

police officers are cited as support for this argument. The beating of white truck driver

2204: 8: 14906: 14886: 14798: 14659: 14294: 14196: 14176: 13965: 13873: 13827: 13807: 13772: 13665: 13460: 13265: 12656: 12264: 11761: 11276: 10982: 10772: 10626: 10609: 10553: 10528: 10419: 10395: 10274: 10029: 9908: 9661: 8546: 7720: 7066:"Reforms to hate crime laws to make them fairer, and to protect women for the first time" 6659: 6223: 6051:

Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, § 64 (1), para. 9 (translated from the Russian)

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several political parties included commitments to legislate in this area, including the

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public suggestion that a foreign country or Finland should engage in an aggressive act.

2299: 2275: 2247: 2130: 2110: 1748: 1743: 1733: 1681: 1671: 1646: 1580: 1538: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1344: 621: 9119:(2021 ed.). United States of America: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 338. 8921: 8850: 8832: 7878: 6785: 6368:

ECRI, "Second Report on Greece," adopted on 1999-12-10, and made public on 2000-06-27.

6344:"Interview with Racism Expert: 'Awareness of Ethnic Discrimination Is Low in Germany'" 4600:

by black rioters during the same riot is also an example that supports this argument.

2262:. During the past two centuries, typical examples of hate crimes in the U.S. include 14830: 14741: 14669: 14654: 14453: 14396: 14201: 14109: 14000: 13920: 13757: 13052: 12846: 12646: 12626: 12443: 12354: 12342: 12181: 12115: 12105: 11781: 11771: 11766: 11637: 11384: 10731: 10486: 9963: 9928: 9918: 9879: 9819: 9769: 9691: 9676: 9646: 9500: 9307: 9120: 9086: 9017: 8808: 8775: 8693: 8664: 8637: 8436: 8424: 8407: 8392: 8269: 8251: 7433: 7403: 7378: 6469: 5984: 5819: 5774: 5746: 5704: 5618: 5556: 5348: 5327: 5240: 5163: 5082: 5070: 4980: 4885: 4765: 4755: 4327: 4314:

in a speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate while he advocated such legislation. The

3953: 3633: 3590: 3053: 2652: 2604: 2473: 2404: 2375: 2287: 2283: 2267: 2015: 1926: 1854: 1839: 1622: 1565: 1364: 1272: 1165: 1085: 914: 185: 9319: 8099:"Latest Hate Crime Statistics Released - Annual Report Sheds Light on Serious Issue" 5454: 3574:

that pitted Jews and Italians against Anglo Canadians; the brawl went on for hours.

3033: 14793: 14778: 14706: 14627: 14597: 14428: 14264: 13970: 13526: 13521: 13367: 13260: 12663: 12631: 12621: 11819: 11746: 11652: 11323: 11288: 11281: 11066: 10887: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10593: 10568: 10479: 10474: 10057: 10034: 10017: 10007: 9985: 9948: 9938: 9923: 9913: 9832: 9827: 9804: 9794: 9299: 9078: 9009: 8593:"The Matthew Shepard And James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act Of 2009 | CRT" 8380: 8259: 8243: 6540: 6050: 6002: 5807: 5692: 5665: 5630: 5610: 5548: 5378:

BLOOD AND SOIL: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

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A review of European and American research indicates that terrorist bombings cause

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Gender-based crimes may also be considered hate crimes. This view would designate

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Shepard (center), Louvon Harris (left), Betty Bryd Boatner (right) with President

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India does not have any specific laws governing hate crimes in general other than

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systematic dissemination of false information on Finnish foreign policy or defense

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reviewed police reports for 58 cases of purported anti-heterosexual hate crimes.

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and racist attacks in Ireland and were based on recommendations submitted by the

2920: 2447: 2200: 2126: 1993: 1901: 1797: 1738: 1590: 1575: 1555: 1520: 1227: 1140: 1075: 857: 807: 580: 426: 11310: 10787: 9452: 6840: 6399:"Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Concluding Observations/Comments – Hungary" 4342:

following years, the number of Muslim hate crimes remains higher than pre-2001.

3412: 14916: 14803: 14761: 14731: 14721: 14639: 14632: 14617: 14607: 14443: 14379: 14321: 14316: 14301: 14084: 14079: 14074: 13960: 13895: 13409: 13382: 13230: 12942: 12899: 12448: 12423: 12132: 11986: 11943: 11751: 11271: 11221: 11203: 10997: 10870: 10850: 10765: 10736: 10666: 10651: 10641: 10631: 10558: 10462: 10388: 10326: 9980: 9849: 9082: 8961: 8247: 6878: 6845: 6781:"La Fiscalía del Estado considera delito la incitación al odio hacia los nazis" 5552: 4780: 4687: 4569: 4453: 4179: 4153: 4087: 3741: 3606: 3430: 3381:

proposed that sex or gender be added to the list of protected characteristics.

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reports it is likely to become law in late 2023. It has drawn concern from the

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with the prohibition against discriminatory action limited to public officials.

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In a later article, Levin and fellow sociologist Ashley Reichelmann found that

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report on the prevalence of hate crimes in the United States. Required by the

8614: 7855: 5669: 5232: 5011: 14880: 14815: 14438: 14374: 14359: 14221: 14186: 14166: 14037: 13980: 13915: 13307: 13210: 12788: 12202: 12075: 11915: 11903: 11861: 11791: 11756: 11647: 11605: 11577: 11364: 11261: 11251: 11236: 11198: 11170: 11056: 10928: 10902: 10892: 10741: 10447: 10142: 9789: 9754: 9666: 9626: 9303: 9174: 9001: 8812: 8779: 8384: 8255: 7004:"Manchester police to record attacks on goths, emos and punks as hate crimes" 6884: 5811: 5614: 5480:"France's Asian community fights back against racist attacks during pandemic" 5074: 4810: 4659: 3952:

in the 1950s and 1960s. Violence and threats of violence were common against

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Article 10: "In Ukraine, free development, use and protection of Russian and

2295: 2224: 2134: 2133:. Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called " 2000: 1607: 1543: 1528: 1384: 1349: 1329: 1202: 1145: 1080: 448: 351: 11481: 9185: 9013: 7832: 6006: 5292: 14649: 14536: 14364: 14331: 14311: 14241: 14231: 14211: 14191: 13822: 13715: 13710: 13441: 13416: 13275: 13215: 13180: 13150: 12887: 12778: 12746: 12685: 12530: 12197: 11716: 11657: 11590: 11458: 11404: 11226: 11160: 11155: 11140: 11108: 11036: 10897: 10671: 10603: 10583: 10573: 10563: 10533: 10309: 10154: 9311: 9064: 8630:"Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women" 8273: 5998: 5977:

Everyday Fears: A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America

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movement, hate crimes against the black trans community began to increase.

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Examples of such groups can include, and are almost exclusively limited to

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Murders of LGBTQ individuals are not legally classified as hate crimes in

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associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws, while

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Law 8072/1990 (aforementioned link), Article 1st, I and single paragraph.

8742:"Police Are Mislabeling Anti-LGBTQ and Other Crimes as Anti-Heterosexual" 7796:"Georgia governor signs hate crime law in wake of Ahmaud Arbery shooting" 7110: 7047: 5771:

Perspectives on Hate: How it Originates, Develops, Manifests, and Spreads

5053:

Critical Approaches to Extreme Right Wing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism

4935: 4865: 4835: 4705: 4619: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4464: 4460:

on the grounds of race, color, ethnicity, religion, or national origin".

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did not find any cases of hate crimes spurred by anti-heterosexual bias.

4285: 3968:, as well as violence from individuals who were committed to maintaining 3961: 3901: 3788: 3444:

comes into force on 1 April 2024. Its introduction was criticised by the

3310:"Hate crime" legislation is distinct from "hate speech" legislation. See 3105: 3037: 2916: 2656: 2427: 2315: 2243: 2196: 2102: 1728: 1688: 1656: 1515: 1475: 1309: 1222: 1175: 1150: 1050: 725: 438: 421: 376: 296: 31: 9341:

Hurd, Heidi. "Why Liberals Should Hate'Hate Crime Legislation'." (2001).

6490:"Clarification on the Prohibition against Incitement to Hatred Act 1989" 5098:"Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups" 3593:

reported there was a 72% increase in hate crimes between 2019 and 2021.

14825: 14820: 14701: 14696: 14592: 14576: 14433: 14326: 14284: 14246: 14054: 14015: 14005: 13925: 13324: 13319: 13290: 13225: 13074: 12751: 12477: 12147: 11812: 11721: 11622: 11595: 11567: 11531: 11516: 11506: 11448: 11213: 11051: 11007: 10987: 10945: 10701: 10523: 10513: 10130: 9784: 9711: 9396: 8317:"10 Of The Worst Hate Crimes and Violence in Domestic American History" 6442: 6118: 5658:

Petach, Luke; Rumbaugh, Dustin (2024). "Hate Crime and Human Capital".

5319: 4990: 4830: 4539: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4449: 4437: 4347: 4249: 3823: 3725: 3709: 3625: 3517: 3356:

Perhaps the most high-profile hate crime in modern Britain occurred in

3344: 3165: 3129: 3117: 2929: 2924: 2753: 2703: 2618: 2399: 2383: 2331: 2327: 2161: 2149: 2094: 2010: 2005: 1886: 1881: 1777: 1753: 1602: 1495: 1453: 1409: 1217: 1180: 1170: 1090: 465: 460: 431: 366: 207: 2358:. Lynch, other militia officers, and justices of the peace rounded up 14726: 14674: 14391: 13990: 13100: 12711: 12085: 11963: 11736: 11511: 11411: 11359: 11349: 11002: 10832: 10294: 10229: 9734: 8801:"Black Trans Women Seek More Space in the Movement They Helped Start" 6379:

Executive Summary on Race Equality Directive, State of Play in Greece

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when sentencing a criminal for conduct which is not protected by the

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public influence on the public opinion towards a pro-war viewpoint or

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Devil's Sanctuary: An Eye-Witness History of Mississippi Hate Crimes

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Bronski, Michael; Pellegrini, Ann; Amico, Michael (2 October 2013).

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illegal violence directed against a foreign country or its citizens,

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18 U.S.C.S. § 245(b) (Public Law 117-39, approved August 31, 2021).

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Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff; Hinton, Alexander Laban (2014).

4820: 4750: 4445: 4420: 4227: 4201: 4131: 3792: 3713: 3698: 3629: 3409: 3278: 3178: 2749: 2660: 2622: 2610:

laws creating a distinct civil cause of action for hate crimes; and

2455: 2451: 2368: 2352: 2343: 2319: 2311: 2263: 2259: 2165: 2145: 2141: 2118: 2098: 1876: 1698: 1617: 1262: 1190: 1095: 1055: 396: 391: 386: 311: 306: 251: 9540:. Many parts of this article have been adapted from this document. 9356: 7480:"Canada sees surge in hate crimes during pandemic, new data shows" 6180:

Chahrokh, Klug, and Bilger, Migrants, Minorities, and Legislation.

4452:". On the other side, Law 7716/1989 covers "crimes resulting from 4330:, as well as non-interpersonal violence against women such as the 3012:

on racially-motivated crimes. The rapporteur's points came during

2215:

in the United States, distinct from laws that criminalize speech.

13175: 13079: 13059: 13032: 13007: 12911: 11642: 11632: 11501: 11374: 11183: 10965: 10792: 10788: 10538: 10224: 7902:"Attorney general urges new hate crimes law – Crime & courts" 4493: 4467:, race, sex, color, age, and any other forms of discrimination". 4289: 4223: 3760: 3509: 3499: 3270: 3238: 2955: 2845: 2833: 2817: 2769: 2726: 2715: 2691: 2680: 2412: 2408: 2303: 2074:) is crime where a perpetrator targets a victim because of their 316: 212: 192: 165: 140: 63: 8768:"Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History" 4622:

rights, because they do not punish an individual for exercising

4499: 3956:, and hundreds of people died due to such acts. Members of this 14151: 13160: 13064: 13042: 13037: 12987: 12588: 12142: 11866: 11741: 11617: 11536: 11394: 11193: 11188: 10656: 9602: 9468: 8766:

Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (2020-07-03).

6521:"UN official urges Ireland to introduce hate crime legislation" 6468:. Issues Papers. Roscrea: Equality Authority. §§5.2.14–5.2.21. 4870: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4335: 3811: 3776: 3737: 3617: 3521: 3513: 3490: 3361: 3357: 3202: 3161: 2915:

does not have hate crime legislation, instead, it criminalizes

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Hate crime laws generally fall into one of several categories:

2355: 2208: 2157: 2114: 1314: 301: 197: 175: 170: 120: 8542: 8540: 8538: 7287:"Hate crime law 'will hamper fight against violent offenders'" 6961:

Cameron condemns xenophobic and racist abuse after Brexit vote

4316:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

3400:

representing a much smaller proportion of reported incidents.

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criminal law, at Section 3 of Law No. 205/1993, the so-called

2752:

criminal law prohibits certain crimes motivated by racism and

2600:

laws defining specific bias-motivated acts as distinct crimes;

14161: 12992: 11662: 11476: 11466: 11443: 11438: 11433: 10808: 10804: 10411: 10239: 9562: 8082: 7085:"Misogyny: Women 'should be protected' under hate crime laws" 4856:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

3988:

Hate crimes in the US (2008–2012) by victim population group

3913: 3808:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

3784: 3717: 3694: 3485: 3274: 3095: 1324: 125: 8492: 8490: 8311: 8309: 7812: 6978:"Hate crime is unacceptable in any circumstances say police" 5859: 5857: 5523: 5521: 4280:, the 1964 murders of Charles Moore and Henry Dee, the 1963 2996:

In 2019, a UN rappourteur told Irish representatives at the

14773: 14602: 11832: 11521: 8535: 8158:"Hate Crimes Rose About 5 Percent In 2016, FBI Report Says" 7925:"Confronting the New Faces of Hate: Hate Crimes in America" 6874:"CRIMINAL CODEX OF UKRAINE ("КРИМІНАЛЬНИЙ КОДЕКС УКРАЇНИ")" 6841:""Constitution of Ukraine" ["КОНСТИТУЦІЯ УКРАЇНИ"]" 6462:

Responding to Racist Incidents And Racist Crimes in Ireland

6141:"Zpráva o násilí z nenávisti v České republice za rok 2011" 6093:"71 28.6.2006 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Kaznenog zakona" 4323: 4043: 3772: 2795:

circumstance determining the imposition of a higher penalty

2707:

Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

2695:

Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

2582: 2481: 2437: 2192: 2184: 1958: 1787: 6731:"The Criminal code Of The Russian Federation (in English)" 5729: 3048:

and from across the political spectrum (specifically from

11627: 11379: 10686: 9571: 9267: 9265: 9186:

Schwartz, Lara; Ulit, Ithti Toy; Morgan, Deborah (2006).

8995: 8993: 8557: 8555: 8529: 8487: 8306: 8230:

Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07).

8126:"U.S. Hate Crimes Surge 6%, Fueled by Attacks on Muslims" 7180:"Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Act 2009" 6881:

of Ukraine (official site government all laws in Ukraine)

6848:

of Ukraine (official site government all laws in Ukraine)

5854: 5651: 5518: 5278: 3870: 3862: 3721: 2426:

disturbances; repercussions on the victim's identity and

2307: 2122: 10380: 9551:"Hate Crime." Oxford Bibliographies Online: Criminology. 8715:"Data: Hate Crimes Against Muslims Increased after 9/11" 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 6599:"Hate Crime Bill should 'start the alarm bells ringing'" 5773:. American Psychological Association. pp. 179–201. 7136:"Chapter 3: Current hate crime legislation in Scotland" 6936:"Hate crime in England and Wales: how prevalent is it?" 5745:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 915–922. 5598: 5340: 3716:

in a statute which was passed in 1981. Alaska included

2655:– committed to punish as a crime racist and xenophobic 9289: 9262: 8990: 8552: 7692: 3205:

as a collective that can be protected under this law.

8514: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8430: 8418: 7216:"Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Bill" 6296:"EU Xenophobia Report: Racism On the Rise in Germany" 5455:"Covid 'hate crimes' against Asian Americans on rise" 4726:

Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century

4380:– triggered protests around the world as part of the 3060:), as well as internationally, from business magnate 2998:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

7932:

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund

7430:

Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies

7423: 7421: 7419: 7400:

Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies

7375:

Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies

7368: 7366: 7364: 6626:"Hate crime reports to gardaí rose by 29% last year" 3854:

reinvigorated efforts to adopt a hate-crimes law in

3609:

that all murders involving women be investigated as

2458:

that preaches simultaneously against several groups.

2254:, increasingly became the targets of bias-motivated 2223:

The term "hate crime" came into common usage in the

2191:

is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence.

8799:Paz, Isabella Grullón; Astor, Maggie (2020-06-27). 8567:

The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

7111:"Hate crimes on police 'more likely to be charged'" 5736:Levin, Jack; McDevitt, Jack (2008). "Hate Crimes". 5530: 5034: 5032: 3364:, on 24 April 1993, when 18-year-old black student 2645:

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

11558: 7956:. Lakeconews.com. 11 December 2012. Archived from 7109:Newman, Melanie; Watson, Richard (27 March 2021). 5974: 3332:began recording attacks on goths, punks and other 2788:circumstance determining whether an act is a crime 2758:European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 2398:Hate crimes can have significant and wide-ranging 14737:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 10824: 10290:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 9008:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 59–90, 9002:"Prioritized Political Focus: ASB and Hate Crime" 7416: 7361: 6388:, section 5, 2003-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. 6279: 6209:EUMC, "Racism and xenophobia in the E.U.," p. 51. 5890:Diaz-Faes & Pereda, 2022; Dunbar et al., 2023 5592: 3472:with legal action following his criticism of the 3071:of People Before Profit said the bill created a " 1922:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 14878: 8765: 8740:Glickhouse, Rachel; Nasa, Rahima (15 May 2018). 8660:Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies 8405: 8229: 7813:Greg Bluestein; Maya T. Prabhu (June 28, 2020). 7048:"Hate crimes: Fresh guidance on online offences" 7024:. Stop the hate. 4 December 2013. Archived from 5838: 5836: 5793: 5536: 5039:Skoczylis, Joshua; Andrews, Sam (January 2022). 5038: 5029: 4428: 3736:. In the 1990s some state laws began to include 3622:Cohesión de Diversidades para la Sustentabilidad 14397:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 8878:"Racismo ou injúria racial? - Boletim Jurídico" 6494:Office for the Promotion of Migrant Integration 5739:Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict 5505:"The Virus of Hate: Brown Book of the Epidemic" 4667:Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics 4448:, origin, or the condition of being an aged or 3944:One of the largest waves of hate crimes in the 3939: 3613:. An average of 11 women are killed every day. 3442:Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021 1566:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 13879:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 12784:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 12208:2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States 11336: 8739: 8406:Shepard, Mathew; Byrd, James Jr. (2011–2014). 6652:"Hate Crime and Hate Related Incidents - 2022" 6437:Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989 ( 5764: 5762: 5657: 3498:, after being vandalized by a Kosovo Albanian 3446:Association of Scottish Police Superintendents 2979:which is covered under the Indian Penal Code. 1044:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 30:"Race hate" redirects here. For the song, see 12927: 12229: 10773: 10396: 9587: 9371: 7455:"Hate crimes surge in Canada during pandemic" 5833: 5768: 5735: 5540:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 5344:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America 4971:Violence against Muslims in independent India 4653:The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously found the 4500:Support for and opposition to hate crime laws 2380:The Virus of Hate: The Brown Book of Epidemic 2047: 11852:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 9384: 9257:Introduction to the Philosophy of Hate Crime 9159: 7108: 6917:"Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987" 6717:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" 4741:History of antisemitism in the United States 4310:. Kennedy's murder was mentioned by Senator 4272:Among the groups which are mentioned in the 3972:. At the time, civil rights leaders such as 3831:), in a lead role, the campaign to pass the 2919:under a number of different laws, including 2415:in Canada lists the following consequences: 14095:List of people killed for being transgender 12571:Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine 12081:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 9534:National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9222:"Hate Crime Laws Will Spawn Thought Police" 8656: 8502: 7922: 7793: 7427: 7397: 7372: 6441:). Enacted on 29 November 1989. Act of the 5759: 4584:, California, that followed the beating of 3455: 2382:, that documented numerous acts of racism, 1258:List of people killed for being transgender 12934: 12920: 12837:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 12071:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 10780: 10766: 10403: 10389: 9594: 9580: 9393:"the crime that's not necessarily a crime" 9192:Georgetown Journal of Gender & the Law 8999: 8509:Adult LGBT Population in the United States 5305: 3486:Eurasian countries with no hate crime laws 3229:guarantees protection against hate crime: 3018:Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission 2832:Under section 151 of the Criminal Code of 2195:crime laws are distinct from laws against 2054: 2040: 27:Usually violent, prejudice-motivated crime 12122:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire 11954:History of Christianity and homosexuality 10920: 10260:Interminority racism in the United States 9480:Hate crimes information, by Gregory Herek 9246:"The Philosophy of Hate Crime Anthology." 8339: 8263: 8156:Mathias, Christopher (13 November 2017). 8122: 8087:. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. 7954:"FBI releases 2011 hate crime statistics" 6706:," 23 June 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. 6022:"Full list - Treaty Office - www.coe.int" 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5794:Levin, Jack; Reichelmann, Ashley (2015). 5401: 5399: 5064: 4851:Mass racial violence in the United States 4618:hate crime statutes do not conflict with 4555:Learn how and when to remove this message 3628:in Mexico, particularly in the states of 2732: 2246:the world from the 16th century onwards, 13191:Social determinants of health in poverty 12769:Discrimination against non-binary people 8798: 8627: 8083:Alston, A. A.; Dickerson, J. L. (2009). 7432:. Oxford University Press. p. 162. 7402:. Oxford University Press. p. 163. 7377:. Oxford University Press. p. 161. 7284: 7218:. Scottish.parliament.uk. Archived from 6623: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5154: 5152: 5150: 4626:; rather, they allow courts to consider 4363: 4288:, and the burning of crosses, churches, 3653: 3489: 2583:Risk management for hate-crime offenders 2393: 2140:Incidents may involve physical assault, 332:Social determinants of health in poverty 11929:History of gay men in the United States 9202: 9172: 8721:from the original on September 13, 2016 8683: 8155: 8024:Hate Crime: 2018 Incidents and Offenses 7923:Rintels, Jonathan; Loge, Peter (2009). 7770:"Georgia Passes Hate Crime Legislation" 7666: 7336: 6265:"Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)" 6071:Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina 5374: 5095: 5089: 4956:Domestic terrorism in the United States 4655:St. Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance 4299:of many schools and public facilities. 4278:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 14: 14879: 12280:List of LGBT rights articles by region 10647:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 10332:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 9219: 9209:The Wall Street Journal Editorial Page 9114: 9063: 8634:Pornography, Sex Work, and Hate Speech 8617:. Department of Justice. July 7, 2016. 8595:. Department of Justice. 6 August 2015 8063: 7505:Breña, Carmen Morán (14 August 2020). 7022:"Launch of 'Stop the Hate' initiative" 6933: 6778: 6596: 6518: 6458: 6039:§ 33 StGB Besondere Erschwerungsgründe 5682: 5407:"A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes" 5396: 5214: 5212: 3624:(Codise) notes that there is a lot of 3312:Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom 2367:, as in certain frontier areas of the 12915: 12587: 12476: 12228: 11901: 11309: 10919: 10823: 10761: 10384: 9575: 9390: 8370: 8232:"Hate Crimes against Asian Americans" 8001:"2017 Hate Crime Statistics Released" 7767: 7504: 7258: 7083:Scott, Jennifer (23 September 2020). 7082: 6854:from the original on 22 November 2018 6571: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6417:"Icelandic Penal Code (in Icelandic)" 5929: 5602:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5347:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 5218: 5147: 2078:or perceived membership of a certain 14861: 13901:Capital punishment for homosexuality 13196:Social determinants of mental health 12857:Unlawfully killed transgender people 12842:Acts of violence against LGBT people 12817:Capital punishment for homosexuality 12296:Capital punishment for homosexuality 10355: 9530:A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes 9350: 9000:Duggan, Marian; Heap, Vicky (2014), 8712: 8236:American Journal of Criminal Justice 8123:Licthblau, Eric (14 November 2016). 7738: 7531: 7452: 6760:Vsebina Uradnega lista | Uradni list 6095:. Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 28 June 2006 5685:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 4966:Violence against Christians in India 4826:Hate crime laws in the United States 4771:David Ray Hate Crimes Prevention Act 4537:adding citations to reliable sources 4508: 3810:. The Act added actual or perceived 3708:The first state hate-crime statute, 3650:Hate crime laws in the United States 3323:European Union membership referendum 2638: 2472:Hate crime victims can also develop 1066:Capital punishment for homosexuality 337:Social determinants of mental health 14021:Genital modification and mutilation 12852:Violence against transgender people 12247:LGBT rights by country or territory 9745:Discrimination based on nationality 8686:"Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review" 7879:FBI Crime in the United States 2007 7667:Shapiro, Emily (30 December 2018). 7337:Dalgety, Susan (18 November 2023). 7310: 6967:27 June 2016, accessed 29 June 2016 6934:Arnett, George (17 December 2013). 6682:, 1999. Retrieved on 2 August 2007. 6069:Office of the High Representative, 5384:. London, UK: Yale University Press 5209: 4791:Discrimination in the United States 1186:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 12941: 12377:Legal status of transgender people 11828:Legal status of transgender people 9205:"The Return of the Thought Police" 9203:Kaminer, Wendy (28 October 2007). 7758:, June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2007. 7242:"MSPs approve new hate crime laws" 6883:. 22 November 2018. Archived from 6624:Kelleher, Olivia (22 March 2023). 6560: 6519:Pollak, Sorcha (2 December 2019). 6117:. Ravnopravnost.hr. Archived from 6041:, StGB, accessed 15 February 2015. 5676: 5375:Kiernan, Ben (25 September 2007). 5199:"What We Investitgate-Hate Crimes" 4786:Discrimination based on skin color 4282:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 3570:shouted "Heil Hitler." That event 3319:Crime Survey for England and Wales 3160:Article 29 of Constitution of the 2633: 2542:respond to a precipitating event. 2461:Effect on the community as a whole 2347:" is attributed to the actions of 2111:political views and/or affiliation 25: 14928: 11459:Third sex / Third gender 9432: 9351:Troy, Daniel E. (4 August 1999). 9292:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9173:Evenson, Brad (8 February 2003). 6779:Torrús, Alejandro (22 May 2019). 6704:International Helsinki Federation 5661:Review of Black Political Economy 4721:Antisemitism in the United States 4372:took office, hate crimes against 4368:In 2017, shortly after President 3423:2007 Scottish Parliament election 3264: 3046:Irish Council for Civil Liberties 3014:a rise in anti-immigrant rhetoric 2776: 2443:Effect on other vulnerable groups 2177:criminal law of the United States 14860: 14851: 14850: 14500:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 14337:Law for Protection of the Nation 14237:White genocide conspiracy theory 12894: 12893: 12881: 12481:— Medicine, science and sexology 12311:Criminalization of homosexuality 11613:Attraction to transgender people 10364: 10354: 10345: 10344: 9467: 9413: 9344: 9335: 9326: 9283: 9274: 9238: 9147: 9133: 9108: 9099: 9057: 9035: 8972: 8954: 8936: 8914: 8892: 8870: 8861: 8843: 8825: 8792: 8759: 8733: 8706: 8677: 8657:Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (2013). 8650: 8621: 8607: 8585: 8497:In US, 77% Identify as Christian 8478: 8364: 8280: 8223: 8197: 8175: 8149: 8116: 8091: 8076: 8057: 8033: 8017: 7993: 7972: 7946: 7916: 7894: 7871: 7848: 7825: 7806: 7787: 7761: 7712: 7686: 7660: 7634: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7573: 7552: 7525: 7498: 7472: 7446: 7391: 7330: 7304: 7285:Boothman, John (28 March 2024). 6899:"Sentencing Act 2020 section 66" 4876:Racism against African Americans 4513: 4387: 3999:Hate crimes against (2008–2012) 3643: 3527: 2923:. In the German legal framework 2801:general aggravating circumstance 2250:in the colonized areas, such as 1677:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1506:Law for Protection of the Nation 1400:White genocide conspiracy theory 62: 14342:MSM blood donation restrictions 14090:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 12764:Discrimination against lesbians 12696:Transgender people and religion 12511:Disability and LGBTQ identities 12065:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft 10365: 8351:Federal Bureau of Investigation 8137:from the original on 2016-11-15 8066:Harvard Blackletter Law Journal 8028:Federal Bureau of Investigation 8005:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7883:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7860:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7837:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7718: 7278: 7259:Amery, Rachel (13 March 2024). 7252: 7234: 7208: 7190: 7172: 7152: 7128: 7102: 7076: 7058: 7040: 7014: 6996: 6982:National Police Chief's Council 6970: 6954: 6927: 6909: 6891: 6866: 6833: 6801: 6772: 6748: 6723: 6709: 6685: 6673: 6644: 6617: 6590: 6533: 6512: 6459:Taylor, Séamus (October 2011). 6452: 6431: 6409: 6391: 6371: 6362: 6336: 6314: 6288: 6257: 6244: 6212: 6203: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6133: 6107: 6085: 6076: 6063: 6044: 6032: 6014: 5920: 5911: 5902: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5845: 5787: 5711: 5637: 5567: 5497: 5472: 5447: 5423: 5368: 5334: 5299: 5272: 4524:needs additional citations for 3908:in 1990 for the 1963 murder of 3040:, as of June 2023 and the 3024:. Reforms are supported by the 3008:– and lack of training for the 2500:Sociologists Jack McDevitt and 2419:Impact on the individual victim 2229:Roman persecution of Christians 2181:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1511:MSM blood donation restrictions 1253:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 14355:(as religious or racial quota) 11881:Sexual practices between women 10250:Go back to where you came from 9220:Wolski, Chris (1 April 1999). 9115:Seidel, Andrew (14 May 2019). 8323:. 22 June 2015. Archived from 7597:Streissguth (2003), pp. 20–21. 7532:Mota, J. I. (13 August 2020). 6597:Wilson, James (16 June 2023). 6549:. Bill 105 of 2022. 2022-11-01 5247: 5191: 5173: 5129: 5004: 4951:Terrorism in the United States 4487: 3620:, although Luis Guzman of the 2211:. Hate speech is a factor for 2199:: hate crime laws enhance the 1524:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 14769:Second-generation gender bias 14485:Constitutional colorblindness 13186:Social determinants of health 12832:History of violence in the US 12827:History of violence in the UK 12306:Civil unions and partnerships 12176:Timeline of same-sex marriage 11877:Women who have sex with women 11857:Social construction of gender 10428:Adverse childhood experiences 9244:David Brax, Christian Munthe 9160:The Essayist (24 July 1998). 9070:A companion to applied ethics 8690:Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader 8632:. In Karen J. Maschke (ed.). 8628:Angelari, Marguerite (1997). 8347:"Hate Crime Statistics, 2010" 7980:"Hate Crime Statistics, 2015" 7794:Grace Hauck (June 26, 2020). 7768:Oster, Marcy (June 2, 2020). 7560:"Hate Crime Statistics, 2015" 7198:"Working Group on Hate Crime" 6241:. Retrieved 23 November 2007. 5800:American Behavioral Scientist 5697:10.1080/09596410.2015.1067063 5066:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031137 5045:Critical Studies on Terrorism 4997: 4901:Radical right (United States) 4846:Lynching in the United States 4648: 3795:, and various "lesser" acts. 3123: 3111: 2858:kiihotus kansanryhmää vastaan 2698: 2495: 1954:Second-generation gender bias 1662:Constitutional colorblindness 327:Social determinants of health 12804:Violence against LGBT people 12705:Prejudice and discrimination 12521:Homosexuality and psychology 12193:Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014 12128:Florida orange juice boycott 11842:Sexual practices between men 11727:Erotic target location error 9458:Resources in other libraries 9425:Pace L. Rev. 37 (2016): 326. 9141:R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul 9006:Administrating Victimization 8183:"2016 Hate Crime Statistics" 7819:Atlanta Journal-Constitution 7311:Bol, David (25 March 2024). 6322:"2006 Hate Crime in the U.S" 4976:Violence against LGBT people 4801:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 4332:École Polytechnique massacre 4002:Violent hate crimes against 3946:history of the United States 3940:Victims in the United States 3912:, a prominent figure in the 3026:Irish Network Against Racism 2433:Effect on the targeted group 7: 14680:Medical model of disability 14532:Hate speech laws by country 12566:Sexual orientation identity 12491:Autism and LGBTQ identities 12382:Transgender rights movement 11902: 11747:Gender and sexual diversity 11116:Queerplatonic relationships 9391:Quinn, Dan (10 June 1997). 7856:Hate Crime Statistics, 2007 7833:Hate Crime Statistics, 2006 5975:Michael McClintock (2005). 5723:Southern Poverty Law Center 5162:(Library in a Book), p. 3. 4891:Racism in the United States 4698: 4637:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire 4407:, hate crime laws focus on 3986: 3403: 3298:Crime and Disorder Act 1998 3172: 3022:civil society organisations 2756:, but a 1999 report by the 2744: 1865:Medical model of disability 1709:Hate speech laws by country 38:Hate crime (disambiguation) 10: 14933: 14789:Social model of disability 13241:Discrimination against men 12742:Grooming conspiracy theory 12691:Homosexuality and religion 11959:History of same-sex unions 9601: 9538:U.S. Department of Justice 9520:U.S. Department of Justice 9353:"AEI – Short Publications" 9083:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11 8688:. In Barbara Perry (ed.). 8248:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9 7606:Streissguth (2003), p. 21. 7588:Streissguth (2003), p. 20. 6572:Keena, Colm (5 May 2023). 6226:. The Government proposal 5553:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945 5181:"Home Office | Hate crime" 4504: 4391: 4274:Hate Crimes Statistics Act 4016:Rate (per 100,000 people) 4010:Rate (per 100,000 people) 3869:However, according to the 3664:Hate Crimes Prevention Act 3647: 3603:Attorney General of Mexico 3220: 2982: 2961: 2948: 2906: 2898: 2840: 2827: 2811: 2763: 2721: 2710: 2686: 2675: 2666: 2330:responses to a variety of 2218: 2207:criminalize a category of 2156:(which includes slurs) or 1974:Social model of disability 382:Discrimination against men 29: 14846: 14585: 14462: 14255: 14142:Opposition to immigration 13866: 13496: 13333: 13093: 13043:Race / Ethnicity 12980: 12949: 12875: 12802: 12704: 12612: 12608: 12583: 12486: 12472: 12409: 12301:Censorship of LGBT issues 12288: 12245: 12241: 12224: 12166: 12049: 12041:First homosexual movement 12020: 11979: 11914: 11910: 11897: 11838:Men who have sex with men 11704: 11586: 11549: 11457: 11345: 11332: 11305: 11212: 11169: 10941: 10937: 10915: 10841: 10819: 10637:Abusive power and control 10619: 10418: 10410: 10340: 10217: 10050: 9818: 9720: 9609: 9524:Hate Crime Statistics Act 9453:Resources in your library 9355:. Aei.org. Archived from 8684:McPhail, Beverly (2003). 7453:Jain S (August 5, 2022). 7428:O'Grady, William (2011). 7398:O'Grady, William (2011). 7373:O'Grady, William (2011). 6200:, accessed 27 August 2017 5863:Staats & Staats, 1958 5851:Watson & Rayner, 1920 5670:10.1177/00346446241230696 5527:Iganski & Lagou, 2015 5233:10.1007/s10612-013-9228-x 5158:Streissguth, Tom (2003). 5096:Stotzer, R. (June 2007). 4731:Geography of antisemitism 4398: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3596: 3532: 3371:Crown Prosecution Service 3351:Crown Prosecution Service 3330:Greater Manchester Police 3211: 3155: 3143: 2939: 2889: 1305:Opposition to immigration 176:Race / Ethnicity 14137:Occupational segregation 13906:Compulsory sterilization 12674:Suicide among LGBT youth 12526:Homosexuality in the DSM 12158:Bar Abanicos police raid 12138:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS 12111:Festival of Light action 12091:Compton's Cafeteria riot 11924:History of homosexuality 11385:Non-binary / genderqueer 11242:Gay flag of South Africa 10846:LGBT topics in education 10712:Psychological projection 10574:Referee and umpire abuse 9304:10.1177/0886260517746131 8880:. Boletimjuridico.com.br 8636:. Taylor & Francis. 8385:10.1177/0038038510375737 8321:americansperspective.com 8292:Equal Justice Initiative 8288:"Segregation in America" 8041:"Incidents and Offenses" 7904:. NBC News. 16 June 2009 6756:"Vsebina Uradnega lista" 6546:Houses of the Oireachtas 5812:10.1177/0002764215588812 5615:10.1177/1745691612455204 5281:Journal of Social Issues 4592:motorist, by a group of 4470: 3675:Civil Rights Act of 1871 3605:, recommended in August 3601:Alejandro Gertz Manero, 3456:Non-crime hate incidents 3416:transgender identity. A 3387:A 2021 investigation by 3237:of ethnic minorities of 3199:Spanish Attorney General 3185: 3090: 2970: 2651:– mostly members of the 2605:penalty-enhancement laws 2318:people; the painting of 1300:Occupational segregation 1071:Compulsory sterilization 14912:Harassment and bullying 14665:Internalized oppression 14527:Fighting Discrimination 14517:Fat acceptance movement 14475:Anti-discrimination law 14115:Native American mascots 12681:Monuments and memorials 12669:Suicides of LGBT people 12401:Commonwealth of Nations 12233:Rights and legal issues 11872:Transgender health care 10280:Psychometrics of racism 9730:Anti-miscegenation laws 9532:, a publication by the 9043:"Wisconsin v. Mitchell" 9014:10.1057/9781137409270_4 8944:"Constitui o-Compilado" 8563:"Reports and Curricula" 8549:, Retrieved 17 May 2014 8532:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8499:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8475:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8463:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8451:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8439:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8427:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 7617:"Michael Lieberman '81" 7010:. London. 3 April 2013. 5899:Harris & Lang, 2013 5719:"Hate Crimes Explained" 5512:NEVER AGAIN Association 5293:10.1111/1540-4560.00257 4816:Fighting Discrimination 4736:History of antisemitism 4614:unanimously found that 3662:in 2009 to promote the 3427:Scottish National Party 3396:The Law Society Gazette 3377:In September 2020, the 3336:groups as hate crimes. 3293:for crimes in general. 3227:constitution of Ukraine 3064:and political activist 2627:crimes against humanity 2591: 2558:Doing Difference Theory 2466:multicultural societies 1850:Internalized oppression 1704:Fighting Discrimination 1694:Fat acceptance movement 1652:Anti-discrimination law 1278:Native American mascots 14784:Social identity threat 14757:Reverse discrimination 14747:Racial color blindness 14227:Violence against women 14207:Sex-selective abortion 12652:LGBT rights opposition 12561:Split attraction model 12059:Dance of the Forty-One 11970:Category:LGBTQ history 11939:LGBTQ history timeline 11847:Sex–gender distinction 11797:Human female sexuality 11131:Same-sex relationships 10245:Ethnic plastic surgery 9740:Biological determinism 9144:, 505 U.S. 377 (1992). 8713:Kuek Ser, Kuang Keng. 7756:Anti-Defamation League 7621:Duke Law News Releases 7184:www.legislation.gov.uk 6921:www.legislation.gov.uk 6196:27 August 2017 at the 5308:Law and Human Behavior 4896:Radical right (Europe) 4429: 3974:Martin Luther King Jr. 3948:took place during the 3829:Anti-Defamation League 3666: 3560: 3506: 3462:Scottish Conservatives 3150:Constitution of Poland 2865: 2857: 2739:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2733:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2647:, most signatories to 2615:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2233:Nazi slaughter of Jews 2213:sentencing enhancement 2144:, damage to property, 1969:Social identity threat 1942:Reverse discrimination 1932:Racial color blindness 1390:Violence against women 1370:Sex-selective abortion 36:. For other uses, see 14897:LGBTQ rights by issue 14752:Religious intolerance 14712:Political correctness 14542:Intersex human rights 14490:Cultural assimilation 14172:Religious persecution 13936:Disability hate crime 13711:Jewish / Antisemitism 12434:LGBT rights activists 12411:LGBT rights movements 12391:Yogyakarta Principles 12350:Assisted reproduction 12328:Intersex human rights 12188:Russian anti-LGBT law 11934:History of lesbianism 11390:Queer heterosexuality 10682:Just-world hypothesis 10433:Anti-social behaviour 10165:In Jewish communities 10143:Hispanic & Latino 9511:Hate Crime Statistics 9484:Alexander Verkhovsky 8412:Human Rights Campaign 8209:Religion News Service 7745:State Hate Crime Laws 6445:. Retrieved from 6239:Parliament of Finland 6233:11 March 2011 at the 5881:McDevitt et al., 2002 5575:"Crown Policy Manual" 4911:Religious intolerance 4881:Racism against Asians 4776:Disability hate crime 4711:Anti-Romani sentiment 4624:freedom of expression 4606:Wisconsin v. Mitchell 4392:Further information: 4364:Anti-trans hate crime 4284:, the 1955 murder of 3996:Estimated population 3950:civil rights movement 3918:civil rights movement 3904:'s decision to retry 3847:civil cause of action 3673:, beginning with the 3657: 3542: 3504:2004 unrest in Kosovo 3496:Bathing of the Christ 3493: 3190:Article 22(4) of the 2737:The Criminal Code of 2643:Since 2006, with the 2617:), the laws focus on 2394:Psychological effects 1937:Religious intolerance 1897:Political correctness 1719:Intersex human rights 1667:Cultural assimilation 1335:Religious persecution 1101:Disability hate crime 868:Jewish / Antisemitism 14157:Political repression 13146:Anti-left handedness 13136:Anti-intellectualism 12722:Anti-gender movement 12153:Tasty nightclub raid 12101:Gay Liberation Front 11802:Human male sexuality 11673:Romantic orientation 11472:Balkan sworn virgins 11370:Gender nonconformity 10717:Psychological trauma 10255:Herrenvolk democracy 9565:Hate Crime Reporting 9499:, 2016 – 136 pages. 9476:at Wikimedia Commons 9162:"Hate Crime Premise" 8692:. Psychology Press. 8511:Retrieved March 2019 8473:FBI Hate Crimes 2012 8461:FBI Hate Crimes 2011 8449:FBI Hate Crimes 2010 8437:FBI Hate Crimes 2009 8425:FBI Hate Crimes 2008 7842:17 July 2015 at the 7750:14 June 2007 at the 7072:. 23 September 2020. 6887:on 22 November 2018. 6850:. 22 November 2018. 6809:"Swedish Penal Code" 6219:Penal Code (39/1889) 5908:Douglas et al., 2014 5221:Critical Criminology 5187:on 26 November 2005. 5057:Taylor & Francis 4926:Right-wing terrorism 4906:Religious fanaticism 4761:Bashing (pejorative) 4533:improve this article 3960:faced violence from 3916:and a leader of the 3906:Byron De La Beckwith 3806:signed into law the 3748:, and membership in 3744:, membership in the 3572:erupted into a brawl 3339:On 4 December 2013, 3197:On 14 May 2019, the 3058:People Before Profit 2913:German Criminal Code 2478:psychological trauma 1320:Political repression 287:Anti-left handedness 277:Anti-intellectualism 14660:Historical eugenics 14197:Segregation academy 14177:Religious terrorism 13966:Enemy of the people 13874:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 13378:Jehovah's Witnesses 13266:Perpetual foreigner 12657:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 11762:Gender essentialism 11560:Sexual orientations 10627:Abusive supervision 10554:Psychological abuse 10529:Institutional abuse 10275:Perpetual foreigner 9545:Thought & Crime 9226:Capitalism Magazine 9215:on 28 October 2007. 9168:on 22 October 1999. 8968:. 12 November 1874. 8855:www.planalto.gov.br 8837:www.planalto.gov.br 8547:"Nones" on the Rise 8530:U.S. Census website 8162:The Huffington Post 7865:9 July 2014 at the 7349:on 17 November 2023 6384:13 May 2005 at the 6377:Sitaropoulos, N.: " 6153:on 11 February 2014 5926:Dunbar et al., 2005 4946:Terrorism in Europe 4916:Religious terrorism 4861:Nativism (politics) 4690:said that the term 4616:penalty-enhancement 3989: 3833:Matthew Shepard Act 3724:in 1982, and later 3474:Scottish Government 3334:alternative culture 3283:Sentencing Act 2020 3020:and numerous other 2866:sotaan yllyttäminen 2565:Self-Control Theory 2446:ominous effects on 2282:, and lynchings of 2107:physical appearance 2076:physical appearance 1845:Historical eugenics 1360:Segregation academy 1340:Religious terrorism 1131:Enemy of the people 1039:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 527:Jehovah's Witnesses 407:Perpetual foreigner 14572:Social integration 14567:Self-determination 14557:Racial integration 14505:Diversity training 14495:Cultural pluralism 14470:Affirmative action 14370:Racial segregation 14280:Crime of apartheid 14182:Religious violence 13675:Indigenous people 13070:Sexual orientation 12757:Liberal homophobia 12614:Societal attitudes 12592:Societal attitudes 12556:Conversion therapy 12479:Sexual orientation 12439:Rainbow capitalism 12429:LGBT rights groups 12338:Same-sex parenting 12289:LGBT rights topics 12002:pre-Columbian Peru 11678:Same gender loving 11324:Sexual diversities 10978:Bisexual community 10707:Playing the victim 10599:Surveillance abuse 10549:Professional abuse 10470:Cruelty to animals 10305:Racial integration 10285:Race and sexuality 10090:Japanese Americans 9810:Racial segregation 9800:Racial nationalism 9556:2010-10-31 at the 9543:Peabody, Michael " 9491:2017-02-02 at the 9251:2016-05-10 at the 8900:"DEL2848compilado" 8805:The New York Times 8772:The New York Times 8573:on 2 December 2016 8327:on 2 December 2016 7888:4 May 2015 at the 7204:on 7 January 2009. 6903:legislation.gov.uk 6698:2011-07-26 at the 6500:on 8 November 2017 6447:Irish Statute Book 6056:2011-09-07 at the 5981:Human Rights First 5320:10.1007/BF01499350 5116:on 19 October 2013 5106:Williams Institute 4931:Sectarian violence 4921:Religious violence 4612:U.S. Supreme Court 4478:sexual orientation 4423:on the grounds of 4382:Black Lives Matter 4338:, as hate crimes. 4297:racial integration 3987: 3820:sexual orientation 3757:aggravated assault 3730:sexual orientation 3679:Reconstruction era 3671:American Civil War 3667: 3507: 3494:The famous fresco 3418:Scottish Executive 3192:Spanish Penal Code 3162:Russian Federation 3148:Article 13 of the 3006:online hate speech 2422:psychological and 2351:, an 18th-century 2248:indigenous peoples 2131:sexual orientation 1749:Social integration 1744:Self-determination 1734:Racial integration 1682:Diversity training 1672:Cultural pluralism 1647:Affirmative action 1539:Racial segregation 1449:Crime of apartheid 1345:Religious violence 832:Indigenous people 203:Sexual orientation 14874: 14873: 14742:Racism by country 14670:Intersectionality 14655:Heteronormativity 14454:Voter suppression 14202:Sexual harassment 14001:Forced conversion 13921:Cultural genocide 13574:African Americans 13388:post–Cold War era 13373:Eastern Orthodoxy 13131:Anti-drug addicts 13126:Anti-homelessness 13053:Scientific racism 12909: 12908: 12871: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12847:Stop Murder Music 12647:Gay panic defense 12627:Heteronormativity 12579: 12578: 12546:Prenatal hormones 12468: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12355:Same-sex marriage 12316:decriminalization 12220: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12182:Lawrence v. Texas 12116:White Night riots 12106:Handkerchief code 11893: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11782:Gender transition 11772:Gender neutrality 11767:Gender expression 11752:Gender assignment 11700: 11699: 11551:Sexual identities 11545: 11544: 11319:Sexual identities 11314:Gender identities 11301: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11020:Awareness periods 10993:Community centers 10911: 10910: 10755: 10754: 10732:Traumatic bonding 10378: 10377: 10126:African Americans 10073:Chinese Americans 9770:Ethnic stereotype 9505:978-5-98418-039-9 9472:Media related to 9439:Library resources 9232:on 18 April 2003. 9175:"The Guilty Mind" 9126:978-1-4549-4391-4 9117:The Founding Myth 9023:978-1-349-48857-5 8924:. Planalto.gov.br 8902:. Planalto.gov.br 8615:"Hate Crime Laws" 8408:"Hate Crimes Law" 7877:Statistics, 2007 7854:Statistics, 2007 7831:Statistics, 2006 7648:. 21 October 2015 7439:978-0-19-543378-4 7409:978-0-19-543378-4 7384:978-0-19-543378-4 7222:on 25 August 2011 7186:. UK Legislation. 7070:www.lawcom.gov.uk 7054:. 21 August 2017. 6923:. UK Legislation. 6821:on 1 October 2012 6475:978-1-908275-29-5 6405:. United Nations. 5917:Hart et al., 1992 5806:(12): 1546–1561. 4981:White nationalism 4886:Racism by country 4766:Communal violence 4756:Hindu nationalism 4634:. In the case of 4565: 4564: 4557: 4328:domestic violence 4270: 4269: 3993:Population group 3954:African Americans 3861:According to the 3591:Statistics Canada 3587:COVID-19 pandemic 3448:saying it feared 2659:done through the 2653:Council of Europe 2639:Council of Europe 2527:Mission offenders 2376:COVID-19 pandemic 2270:, largely in the 2268:African Americans 2064: 2063: 1927:Racism by country 1855:Intersectionality 1840:Heteronormativity 1623:Voter suppression 1365:Sexual harassment 1166:Forced conversion 1086:Cultural genocide 731:African Americans 537:post–Cold War era 522:Eastern Orthodoxy 272:Anti-drug addicts 267:Anti-homelessness 186:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 14924: 14864: 14863: 14854: 14853: 14794:Social privilege 14779:Social exclusion 14707:Police brutality 14628:Multiculturalism 14598:Amatonormativity 14429:Social exclusion 14265:Age of candidacy 14065:Homeless dumping 13971:Ethnic cleansing 12936: 12929: 12922: 12913: 12912: 12897: 12896: 12888:LGBTQ portal 12886: 12885: 12884: 12664:LGBT stereotypes 12632:Heteropatriarchy 12622:Amatonormativity 12610: 12609: 12585: 12584: 12551:Sexual inversion 12474: 12473: 12333:Military service 12243: 12242: 12226: 12225: 11949:Social movements 11912: 11911: 11899: 11898: 11653:Non-heterosexual 11556: 11555: 11343: 11342: 11334: 11333: 11307: 11306: 11282:Rainbow crossing 11121:Religious groups 11067:New queer cinema 10939: 10938: 10917: 10916: 10856:Lesbian feminism 10821: 10820: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10759: 10758: 10594:Structural abuse 10569:Police brutality 10475:Disability abuse 10405: 10398: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10368: 10367: 10358: 10357: 10348: 10347: 10202:Racial supremacy 10160:Jewish Americans 10138:Native Americans 10107:Zainichi Koreans 10095:Japanese Koreans 10078:Zainichi Chinese 10051:Racism by target 9828:Global apartheid 9820:Racism by region 9805:Racial profiling 9795:Racial hierarchy 9596: 9589: 9582: 9573: 9572: 9471: 9426: 9419:Alongi, Briana. 9417: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9403: 9388: 9382: 9377:Frontline (PBS), 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9333: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9287: 9281: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9260: 9242: 9236: 9233: 9228:. Archived from 9216: 9211:. Archived from 9199: 9182: 9181:. National Post. 9169: 9164:. Archived from 9151: 9145: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9030: 8997: 8988: 8987: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8946:. Archived from 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8569:. Archived from 8559: 8550: 8544: 8533: 8527: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8485: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8313: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8267: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8128: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8037: 8031: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7984: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7934:. pp. 34–50 7929: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7898: 7892: 7875: 7869: 7852: 7846: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7765: 7759: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7564: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7486:. August 5, 2022 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7425: 7414: 7413: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7370: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7345:. Archived from 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7200:. Archived from 7194: 7188: 7187: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6974: 6968: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6814:. Archived from 6813: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6713: 6707: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6656: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6569: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6467: 6456: 6450: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6395: 6389: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6350:. 29 August 2007 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6302:. 28 August 2007 6292: 6286: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6201: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6146:. Archived from 6145: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6121:on 31 March 2012 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6061: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6018: 6012: 6010: 5972: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5744: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5509: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5183:. Archived from 5177: 5171: 5156: 5145: 5144: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5109:. Archived from 5102: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5068: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5008: 4796:Documenting Hate 4560: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4517: 4509: 4433:in Portuguese). 4432: 4430:crimes hediondos 4394:Social cleansing 4158:Pacific Islander 3990: 3879:Attorney General 3843:Washington, D.C. 3687:Civil Rights Act 3581: 3437:on 3 June 2009. 3366:Stephen Lawrence 3305:Northern Ireland 3296:Separately, the 3241:are guaranteed". 3077:Pauline O'Reilly 3066:Donald Trump Jr. 3050:Michael McDowell 2365:police authority 2252:Native Americans 2205:hate speech laws 2056: 2049: 2042: 1979:Social privilege 1964:Social exclusion 1892:Police brutality 1813:Multiculturalism 1783:Amatonormativity 1598:Social exclusion 1434:Age of candidacy 1228:Homeless dumping 1136:Ethnic cleansing 66: 43: 42: 21: 14932: 14931: 14927: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14877: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14842: 14717:Polyculturalism 14613:Civil liberties 14581: 14562:Reappropriation 14463:Countermeasures 14458: 14387:Racial steering 14353:Numerus clausus 14257: 14251: 13976:Ethnic conflict 13911:Corrective rape 13862: 13492: 13447:minority Muslim 13329: 13221:HIV/AIDS stigma 13089: 13038:Mental disorder 12976: 12945: 12940: 12910: 12905: 12882: 12880: 12863: 12812:Corrective rape 12798: 12700: 12637:Homonationalism 12604: 12575: 12482: 12460: 12405: 12396:La Francophonie 12365:List of couples 12323:Hate crime laws 12284: 12237: 12212: 12162: 12096:Stonewall riots 12045: 12016: 12012:Medieval Europe 11975: 11906: 11885: 11696: 11683:Sexual minority 11601:Gray asexuality 11582: 11541: 11453: 11338:Gender identity 11328: 11293: 11208: 11165: 10933: 10907: 10837: 10828:Academic fields 10815: 10786: 10756: 10751: 10727:Rationalization 10662:Destabilisation 10615: 10579:Religious abuse 10414: 10409: 10379: 10374: 10336: 10315:Racism in sport 10213: 10207:White supremacy 10046: 9814: 9750:Ethnic conflict 9722: 9716: 9610:Types of racism 9605: 9600: 9558:Wayback Machine 9493:Wayback Machine 9464: 9463: 9462: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9435: 9430: 9429: 9418: 9414: 9401: 9399: 9389: 9385: 9376: 9372: 9362: 9360: 9359:on 10 June 2011 9349: 9345: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9327: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9263: 9253:Wayback Machine 9243: 9239: 9179:orwelltoday.com 9152: 9148: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9062: 9058: 9048: 9046: 9041: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9026: 9024: 8998: 8991: 8986:. 24 July 2012. 8984:www.leychile.cl 8978: 8977: 8973: 8966:www.leychile.cl 8960: 8959: 8955: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8927: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8883: 8881: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8866: 8862: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8817: 8815: 8797: 8793: 8784: 8782: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8738: 8734: 8724: 8722: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8626: 8622: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8591: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8561: 8560: 8553: 8545: 8536: 8528: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8404: 8400: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8315: 8314: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8081: 8077: 8062: 8058: 8049: 8047: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8022: 8018: 8009: 8007: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7927: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7890:Wayback Machine 7876: 7872: 7867:Wayback Machine 7853: 7849: 7844:Wayback Machine 7830: 7826: 7811: 7807: 7792: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7766: 7762: 7752:Wayback Machine 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7426: 7417: 7410: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7371: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7257: 7253: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7081: 7077: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7028:on 23 July 2014 7020: 7019: 7015: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6932: 6928: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6777: 6773: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6700:Wayback Machine 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6636: 6634: 6631:The Irish Times 6622: 6618: 6609: 6607: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6580: 6578:The Irish Times 6570: 6561: 6552: 6550: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6526:The Irish Times 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6488: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6386:Wayback Machine 6376: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6249: 6245: 6235:Wayback Machine 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6198:Wayback Machine 6188: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073:, January 2003. 6068: 6064: 6058:Wayback Machine 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6020: 6019: 6015: 5991: 5973: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5681: 5677: 5656: 5652: 5647:. January 2012. 5643: 5642: 5638: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5580:. 21 March 2005 5577: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5439: 5437: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5304: 5300: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5217: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5157: 5148: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5037: 5030: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4986:White supremacy 4806:Ethnic violence 4746:Hindu terrorism 4701: 4671:James B. Jacobs 4651: 4632:First Amendment 4561: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4530: 4518: 4507: 4502: 4490: 4482:gender identity 4473: 4450:disabled person 4401: 4396: 4390: 4366: 4308:Matthew Shepard 4304:Sean W. Kennedy 3942: 3816:gender identity 3752:organizations. 3703:national origin 3652: 3646: 3599: 3579: 3559: 3556: 3535: 3530: 3488: 3470:Police Scotland 3460:In March 2024, 3458: 3450:Police Scotland 3406: 3267: 3235:other languages 3223: 3214: 3188: 3175: 3158: 3146: 3126: 3114: 3093: 2985: 2973: 2964: 2951: 2942: 2921:Volksverhetzung 2909: 2901: 2892: 2843: 2830: 2814: 2779: 2766: 2747: 2735: 2724: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2678: 2669: 2649:that Convention 2641: 2636: 2634:Europe and Asia 2594: 2585: 2498: 2448:minority groups 2396: 2274:, lynchings of 2221: 2164:, or offensive 2127:gender identity 2060: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 1902:Polyculturalism 1798:Civil liberties 1770: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1739:Reappropriation 1639: 1638:Countermeasures 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1556:Racial steering 1522:Numerus clausus 1426: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1141:Ethnic conflict 1076:Corrective rape 1031: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 656: 645: 644: 643: 642: 641: 596:minority Muslim 484: 474: 473: 472: 471: 470: 362:HIV/AIDS stigma 234: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 171:Mental disorder 113: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 74: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14930: 14920: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14868: 14858: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14765: 14764: 14762:Reverse racism 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14732:Prisoner abuse 14729: 14724: 14722:Power distance 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14640:Ethnic penalty 14637: 14636: 14635: 14633:Neurodiversity 14630: 14620: 14618:Dehumanization 14615: 14610: 14608:Cisnormativity 14605: 14600: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14586:Related topics 14583: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14466: 14464: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14444:State religion 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14383: 14382: 14380:Nuremberg Laws 14377: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14322:Ghetto benches 14319: 14317:Gerrymandering 14314: 14309: 14304: 14302:Gender pay gap 14299: 14298: 14297: 14292: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14261: 14259: 14256:Discriminatory 14253: 14252: 14250: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14085:Lavender scare 14082: 14080:Kill Haole Day 14077: 14075:Indian rolling 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14040: 14035: 14034: 14033: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13961:Eliminationism 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13896:Cancel culture 13893: 13888: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13870: 13868: 13867:Manifestations 13864: 13863: 13861: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13753:Middle Eastern 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13587: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13503: 13501: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13490: 13488:Zoroastrianism 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13464: 13463: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13410:Untouchability 13407: 13397: 13392: 13391: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13339: 13337: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13288: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13231:Leprosy stigma 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13097: 13095: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13050: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12953: 12951: 12947: 12946: 12943:Discrimination 12939: 12938: 12931: 12924: 12916: 12907: 12906: 12904: 12903: 12891: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12808: 12806: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12666: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12618: 12616: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12594: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12470: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12424:Gay liberation 12421: 12415: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12387:United Nations 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12352: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12319: 12318: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12251: 12249: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12178: 12172: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12133:Operation Soap 12130: 12125: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12061: 12055: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12027: 12025: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11997:Ancient Greece 11994: 11989: 11987:Adelphopoiesis 11983: 11981: 11980:Pre-modern era 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11920: 11918: 11908: 11907: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11883: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11816: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11694: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11638:Heteroflexible 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11603: 11593: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11564: 11562: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11463: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11303: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11218: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11204:Rainbow plaque 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11179:Black triangle 11175: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11027:Film festivals 11024: 11023: 11022: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11005: 10998:Cross-dressing 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10948: 10942: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10851:Gender studies 10848: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10830: 10817: 10816: 10785: 10784: 10777: 10770: 10762: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10737:Victim blaming 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10667:Discrimination 10664: 10659: 10654: 10652:Dehumanization 10649: 10644: 10642:Child grooming 10639: 10634: 10632:Abuse of power 10629: 10623: 10621: 10620:Related topics 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10559:Physical abuse 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10489: 10487:Domestic abuse 10484: 10483: 10482: 10480:military draft 10472: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10424: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10408: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10385: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10362: 10352: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10327:Reverse racism 10324: 10323: 10322: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10300:Racial figleaf 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10221: 10219: 10218:Related topics 10215: 10214: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10177:Middle Eastern 10174: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10140: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10060: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9969:United Kingdom 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9911: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9830: 9824: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9721:Manifestations 9718: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9599: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9560: 9548: 9541: 9536:, part of the 9527: 9507: 9482: 9477: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433:External links 9431: 9428: 9427: 9412: 9383: 9370: 9343: 9334: 9325: 9282: 9273: 9261: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9217: 9200: 9183: 9170: 9146: 9132: 9125: 9107: 9098: 9091: 9056: 9034: 9022: 8989: 8971: 8953: 8950:on 2007-10-12. 8935: 8913: 8891: 8869: 8860: 8842: 8824: 8791: 8758: 8732: 8705: 8698: 8676: 8669: 8649: 8642: 8620: 8606: 8584: 8551: 8534: 8513: 8501: 8486: 8477: 8465: 8453: 8441: 8429: 8417: 8398: 8363: 8338: 8305: 8279: 8242:(3): 441–461. 8222: 8211:. 28 June 2019 8196: 8174: 8148: 8131:New York Times 8115: 8090: 8075: 8056: 8032: 8016: 7992: 7971: 7960:on 17 May 2013 7945: 7915: 7893: 7870: 7847: 7824: 7805: 7786: 7760: 7737: 7711: 7685: 7659: 7633: 7608: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7572: 7551: 7524: 7497: 7471: 7445: 7438: 7415: 7408: 7390: 7383: 7360: 7329: 7303: 7277: 7251: 7248:. 3 June 2009. 7233: 7207: 7189: 7171: 7151: 7127: 7101: 7075: 7057: 7039: 7013: 6995: 6984:. 27 June 2016 6969: 6953: 6926: 6908: 6890: 6879:Verkhovna Rada 6865: 6846:Verkhovna Rada 6832: 6800: 6771: 6747: 6722: 6708: 6684: 6672: 6660:Garda Síochána 6643: 6616: 6589: 6559: 6532: 6511: 6474: 6451: 6439:No. 19 of 1989 6430: 6408: 6390: 6370: 6361: 6335: 6313: 6287: 6278: 6256: 6243: 6211: 6202: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6132: 6106: 6084: 6075: 6062: 6060:, 9 June 1999. 6043: 6031: 6013: 5989: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5853: 5844: 5832: 5786: 5780:978-1433832819 5779: 5758: 5751: 5728: 5710: 5675: 5650: 5636: 5591: 5566: 5529: 5517: 5496: 5471: 5446: 5422: 5395: 5367: 5353: 5333: 5314:(2): 113–129. 5298: 5287:(2): 207–225. 5271: 5246: 5227:(1): 113–125. 5208: 5190: 5172: 5146: 5128: 5088: 5028: 5016:Dictionary.com 5002: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4781:Discrimination 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4688:Karen Franklin 4665:In their book 4660:thought crimes 4650: 4647: 4598:Reginald Denny 4574:disempowerment 4570:dehumanization 4563: 4562: 4521: 4519: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4489: 4486: 4472: 4469: 4454:discrimination 4400: 4397: 4389: 4386: 4365: 4362: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3941: 3938: 3877:In June 2009, 3742:marital status 3648:Main article: 3645: 3642: 3598: 3595: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3487: 3484: 3457: 3454: 3431:Patrick Harvie 3405: 3402: 3379:Law Commission 3266: 3265:United Kingdom 3263: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3187: 3184: 3174: 3171: 3157: 3154: 3145: 3142: 3138:Hizb-ut-Tahrir 3125: 3122: 3113: 3110: 3092: 3089: 3010:Garda Síochána 2984: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2842: 2839: 2829: 2826: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2778: 2777:Czech Republic 2775: 2765: 2762: 2746: 2743: 2734: 2731: 2723: 2720: 2712: 2709: 2700: 2697: 2688: 2685: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2611: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2509:Thrill-seeking 2497: 2494: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2444: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2420: 2395: 2392: 2302:; assaults on 2300:Reconstruction 2296:cross burnings 2220: 2217: 2189:hate crime law 2135:bias incidents 2070:(also known a 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1947:Reverse racism 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917:Prisoner abuse 1914: 1909: 1907:Power distance 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1825:Ethnic penalty 1822: 1821: 1820: 1818:Neurodiversity 1815: 1805: 1803:Dehumanization 1800: 1795: 1793:Cisnormativity 1790: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1769:Related topics 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1613:State religion 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1549:Nuremberg Laws 1546: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1491:Ghetto benches 1488: 1486:Gerrymandering 1483: 1478: 1473: 1471:Gender pay gap 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248:Lavender scare 1245: 1243:Kill Haole Day 1240: 1238:Indian rolling 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1126:Eliminationism 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1061:Cancel culture 1058: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030:Manifestations 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 910:Middle Eastern 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 876: 875: 865: 860: 855: 850: 849: 848: 843: 838: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 744: 743: 738: 733: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 706: 701: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 659: 658: 657: 651: 650: 647: 646: 640: 639: 637:Zoroastrianism 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 613: 612: 602: 601: 600: 599: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 563: 562: 561: 559:Untouchability 556: 546: 541: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 509: 504: 499: 494: 488: 487: 486: 485: 480: 479: 476: 475: 469: 468: 463: 458: 457: 456: 451: 446: 436: 435: 434: 429: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372:Leprosy stigma 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 238: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 189: 188: 183: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 56:Discrimination 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14929: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14892:Crime by type 14890: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14867: 14859: 14857: 14849: 14848: 14845: 14839: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14828: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14816:Social stigma 14814: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14759: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14439:State atheism 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14375:Jim Crow laws 14373: 14372: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14360:One-drop rule 14358: 14356: 14354: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14275:Blood quantum 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14254: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14222:Victimisation 14220: 14218: 14217:Trans bashing 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14187:Religious war 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14167:Racialization 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14038:Glass ceiling 14036: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13981:Ethnic hatred 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13916:Counter-jihad 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13865: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13689:United States 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13553: 13552:United States 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13495: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13473:Protestantism 13471: 13469: 13466: 13462: 13459: 13458: 13457: 13454: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13418: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13402: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13383:LDS or Mormon 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13336: 13332: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13308:Transmisogyny 13306: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13299: 13296: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13211:Gerontophobia 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13141:Anti-intersex 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13116:Anti-albinism 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12979: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12957:Institutional 12955: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12944: 12937: 12932: 12930: 12925: 12923: 12918: 12917: 12914: 12902: 12901: 12892: 12890: 12889: 12878: 12877: 12874: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12789:Transmisogyny 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12601: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12586: 12582: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12471: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12223: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12203:Rainbow Night 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12076:Cadet scandal 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12066: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12019: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11992:Ancient Egypt 11990: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11916:LGBTQ history 11913: 11909: 11905: 11900: 11896: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11862:Straight ally 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11817: 11815: 11814: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11792:Hermaphrodite 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11757:Gender binary 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11703: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11606:Demisexuality 11604: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11365:Gender bender 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11308: 11304: 11290: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11199:Pink triangle 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11168: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11084:Organizations 11082: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10904: 10903:Transfeminism 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10893:Queer studies 10891: 10889: 10886: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10778: 10776: 10771: 10769: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10742:Victimisation 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10401: 10399: 10394: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10371: 10363: 10361: 10353: 10351: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10197:Wine industry 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10025:South America 10023: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10013:United States 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10003:North America 10001: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9790:Racialization 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9755:Ethnic hatred 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9672:Laissez-faire 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9657:Institutional 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9642:Environmental 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9590: 9585: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9495:– The Hague: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9424: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9398: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9374: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9338: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9286: 9277: 9268: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9241: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9142: 9136: 9128: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9102: 9094: 9092:9781405133456 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9060: 9044: 9038: 9025: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8994: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8923: 8917: 8901: 8895: 8879: 8873: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8795: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8701: 8699:9780415944076 8695: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8672: 8670:9781452256627 8666: 8662: 8661: 8653: 8645: 8643:9780815325208 8639: 8635: 8631: 8624: 8616: 8610: 8594: 8588: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8548: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8531: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8510: 8505: 8498: 8493: 8491: 8481: 8474: 8469: 8462: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8438: 8433: 8426: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8379:(5): 980–95. 8378: 8374: 8367: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8310: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8184: 8178: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8119: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8086: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8060: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7988: 7981: 7975: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7741: 7726: 7722: 7721:"Hate Crimes" 7715: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7603: 7594: 7585: 7576: 7568: 7561: 7555: 7539: 7535: 7528: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7460: 7456: 7449: 7441: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7161: 7155: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6732: 6726: 6718: 6712: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6662: 6661: 6653: 6647: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6620: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6463: 6455: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6419:. Althingi.is 6418: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6374: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6323: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6282: 6267:. Iuscomp.org 6266: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6206: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6186: 6177: 6168: 6149: 6142: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6094: 6088: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6027: 6026:Treaty Office 6023: 6017: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5990:0-9753150-2-1 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5848: 5842:Walters, 2010 5839: 5837: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5752:9780123739858 5748: 5741: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5691:(4): 409–21. 5690: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5645:"Hate Crimes" 5640: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5609:(5): 427–49. 5608: 5604: 5603: 5595: 5576: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5547:(6): 945–51. 5546: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5356: 5354:9780822376149 5350: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5255:"Hate Crimes" 5250: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5169: 5168:0-8160-4879-7 5165: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5137:"Methodology" 5132: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811:Ethnocentrism 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4559: 4556: 4548: 4545:February 2015 4538: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4522:This section 4520: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4497: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4395: 4388:South America 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4345:In May 2018, 4343: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3852:Ahmaud Arbery 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800:United States 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3644:United States 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3528:North America 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3183: 3180: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3101:Legge Mancino 3097: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:thought crime 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000:, meeting at 2999: 2994: 2991: 2980: 2978: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2946: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2896: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2849:Criminal Code 2847: 2838: 2835: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2705: 2696: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2551:Strain Theory 2547: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2400:psychological 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349:Charles Lynch 2346: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2335:ethnic groups 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:United States 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 2001:Social stigma 1999: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1608:State atheism 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1544:Jim Crow laws 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1529:One-drop rule 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1444:Blood quantum 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1385:Victimisation 1383: 1381: 1380:Trans bashing 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1350:Religious war 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1330:Racialization 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1203:Glass ceiling 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1146:Ethnic hatred 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1081:Counter-jihad 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 847: 846:United States 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 710: 709:United States 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 655: 649: 648: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 622:Protestantism 620: 618: 615: 611: 608: 607: 606: 603: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 568: 567: 564: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 533: 532:LDS or Mormon 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 483: 478: 477: 467: 464: 462: 459: 455: 452: 450: 449:Transmisogyny 447: 445: 442: 441: 440: 437: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Gerontophobia 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 282:Anti-intersex 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 257:Anti-albinism 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 230: 229: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 109: 108: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 82:Institutional 80: 79: 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 57: 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 39: 35: 34: 19: 14650:Gender-blind 14537:Human rights 14365:Racial quota 14352: 14332:Jewish quota 14312:Gerontocracy 14307:Gender roles 14285:Disabilities 14270:Blood purity 14242:Wife selling 14232:White flight 14212:Slut-shaming 14192:Scapegoating 14110:Murder music 14042: 13773:Palestinians 13716:Anti-Zionism 13584:South Africa 13569:Black people 13547:South Africa 13363:Christianity 13353:Baháʼí Faith 13276:Sectarianism 13216:Heterosexism 13181:Ephebiphobia 13151:Anti-Masonry 13018:Hair texture 12898: 12879: 12779:Riddle scale 12747:Heterosexism 12686:Queerbaiting 12541:Neuroscience 12531:Kinsey scale 12506:Demographics 12322: 12198:Rainbow wave 12180: 12168:21st century 12120: 12063: 12051:20th century 12023:19th century 12007:Ancient Rome 11968: 11818: 11811: 11777:Gender roles 11717:Detransition 11690: / 11591:Aromanticism 11109:Pride parade 11037:Gay-friendly 10898:Queer theory 10697:Minimisation 10692:Manipulation 10672:Exaggeration 10608: 10604:Verbal abuse 10584:Sexual abuse 10564:Social abuse 10534:Intimidation 10320:in Australia 10310:Racial quota 9954:Soviet Union 9897:Saudi Arabia 9838:South Africa 9774: 9765:Ethnic slurs 9760:Ethnic jokes 9662:Internalized 9564: 9510: 9443: 9421: 9415: 9407: 9400:. 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Retrieved 5111:the original 5104: 5091: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5021: 5020:Also called 5019: 5015: 5012:"Hate crime" 5006: 4961:Thoughtcrime 4841:Hate studies 4716:Antisemitism 4691: 4685: 4681: 4666: 4664: 4652: 4643: 4635: 4615: 4604: 4602: 4566: 4551: 4542: 4531:Please help 4526:verification 4523: 4491: 4474: 4462: 4435: 4417:death squads 4402: 4378:George Floyd 4370:Donald Trump 4367: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4321: 4312:Gordon Smith 4301: 4271: 4254:148,197,858 4184:223,553,265 3982: 3966:Ku Klux Klan 3964:such as the 3958:ethnic group 3943: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3910:Medgar Evers 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3860: 3837: 3804:Barack Obama 3797: 3781:intimidation 3754: 3750:civil rights 3746:armed forces 3707: 3683:Ku Klux Klan 3668: 3660:Barack Obama 3621: 3615: 3600: 3584: 3576: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3508: 3495: 3479:The Scotsman 3477: 3466:Murdo Fraser 3459: 3439: 3407: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3376: 3355: 3349: 3341:Essex Police 3338: 3327: 3316: 3309: 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502:Baháʼí Faith 417:Sectarianism 357:Heterosexism 322:Ephebiphobia 292:Anti-Masonry 151:Hair texture 32: 14552:Nonviolence 14547:LGBT rights 14512:Empowerment 14480:Anti-racism 14402:Segregation 14347:No kid zone 14147:Persecution 14060:Hate speech 14011:Gay bashing 13986:Ethnic joke 13941:Dog whistle 13886:Blood libel 13564:Azerbaijani 13468:Neopaganism 13461:Persecution 13422:Persecution 13405:Persecution 13368:Catholicism 13348:Exclusivism 13298:Transphobia 13281:Supremacism 13236:Lesbophobia 13156:Aporophobia 13121:Anti-autism 12972:Taste-based 12967:Statistical 12822:Gay bashing 12794:Transphobia 12727:AIDS stigma 12642:Pinkwashing 12516:Environment 12501:Birth order 12036:Section 377 12031:Molly house 11668:Questioning 11492:Femminiello 11422:Trans woman 11417:Transsexual 11400:Transgender 11289:Transgender 11214:Pride flags 11104:Pride Month 11072:Periodicals 11032:Gay village 10881:Transgender 10861:Linguistics 10801:transgender 10747:Victimology 10722:Psychopathy 10544:Persecution 10519:Humiliation 10509:Gaslighting 10492:Elder abuse 10443:Child abuse 10235:Anti-racism 9976:Middle East 9870:South Korea 9865:North Korea 9780:Hate speech 9702:Substantive 9682:Neocolonial 9497:SOVA Center 9474:Hate crimes 9402:1 September 9363:14 November 8189:14 November 8167:14 November 8141:18 December 8108:18 December 7987:ucr.fbi.gov 7908:14 November 7779:November 2, 7774:The Forward 7730:November 2, 7567:ucr.fbi.gov 7120:12 December 6423:14 November 6354:14 November 6348:Der Spiegel 6328:14 November 6306:14 November 6300:Der Spiegel 6271:14 November 6157:11 November 6125:14 November 6099:14 November 5825:January 15, 5415:14 November 5160:Hate Crimes 5059:: 143–168. 4936:Supremacism 4866:Racial hoax 4836:Hate speech 4706:Anti-racism 4620:free speech 4586:Rodney King 4582:Los Angeles 4488:Middle East 4425:nationality 4374:transgender 4286:Emmett Till 4232:17,598,496 4206:67,924,018 4162:15,214,265 4136:50,477,594 4092:38,929,319 4048:11,343,000 3970:segregation 3922:hung juries 3902:Mississippi 3789:trespassing 3585:During the 3578:Pride Week. 3502:during the 3468:threatened 3287:aggravation 3106:Mancino law 3081:Green Party 3069:Paul Murphy 3042:Irish Times 3038:upper house 2977:hate speech 2917:hate speech 2657:hate speech 2540:individuals 2521:Retaliatory 2428:self-esteem 2374:Due to the 2316:transgender 2197:hate speech 2103:nationality 1729:Nonviolence 1724:LGBT rights 1689:Empowerment 1657:Anti-racism 1571:Segregation 1516:No kid zone 1310:Persecution 1223:Hate speech 1207:Hate crime 1176:Gay bashing 1151:Ethnic joke 1106:Dog whistle 1051:Blood libel 721:Azerbaijani 617:Neopaganism 610:Persecution 571:Persecution 554:Persecution 517:Catholicism 497:Exclusivism 439:Transphobia 422:Supremacism 377:Lesbophobia 297:Aporophobia 262:Anti-autism 97:Taste-based 92:Statistical 33:Message Man 18:Hate crimes 14907:Aggression 14887:Hate crime 14881:Categories 14826:Stereotype 14821:Speciesism 14702:Oppression 14697:Oikophobia 14593:Allophilia 14577:Toleration 14434:Sodomy law 14327:Internment 14247:Witch-hunt 14125:Blackhawks 14055:Hate group 14043:Hate crime 14016:Gendercide 14006:Freak show 13996:Excellence 13956:Employment 13926:Defamation 13853:Vietnamese 13848:Venezuelan 13733:Lithuanian 13395:Falun Gong 13325:Xenophobia 13320:Vegaphobia 13303:Non-binary 13261:Pedophobia 13226:Homophobia 13048:Skin color 13008:Disability 12981:Attributes 12962:Structural 12752:Homophobia 12536:Klein Grid 12444:Separatism 12148:Section 28 12086:Sea queens 11813:Androgynos 11787:Healthcare 11722:Effeminacy 11648:Monosexual 11623:Bi-curious 11596:Asexuality 11578:Homosexual 11532:Two-spirit 11517:Mukhannath 11482:Faʻafafine 11449:Xenogender 11267:Non-binary 11047:Literature 11008:Drag queen 10988:Coming out 10983:Businesses 10888:Psychology 10866:Literature 10702:Narcissism 10524:Incivility 10514:Harassment 10114:Vietnamese 9887:Arab world 9785:Hate group 9775:Hate crime 9712:Xenophobia 9692:Scientific 9677:Linguistic 9444:Hate crime 9397:Here Media 9379:Interviews 9049:12 October 9029:2021-05-01 8928:21 January 8906:21 January 8884:21 January 8818:2021-05-01 8785:2021-05-01 8746:ProPublica 8577:2 December 8331:2 December 8050:2021-04-30 8010:2021-05-19 7964:21 January 7699:The Nation 7544:August 16, 7517:August 16, 7484:Al Jazeera 7226:21 January 7165:2024-06-02 7145:2024-06-02 6988:13 October 6858:10 January 6825:21 January 6765:2023-03-14 6736:. Wipo.int 6666:2023-08-02 6637:2023-08-02 6610:2023-08-02 6583:2023-08-02 6553:2023-08-02 6504:8 November 6481:7 November 6443:Oireachtas 6228:HE 55/2007 6191:(excerpts) 6007:Q104631957 5490:2021-09-28 5465:2021-09-28 5440:2021-09-28 5022:bias crime 4998:References 4991:Xenophobia 4831:Hate group 4692:hate crime 4649:Opposition 4438:Penal Code 4358:ProPublica 4353:ProPublica 4348:ProPublica 4293:synagogues 4250:Protestant 4114:2,932,248 4110:Aboriginal 4070:1,852,473 4026:5,248,674 3824:disability 3726:disability 3710:California 3626:homophobia 3518:San Marino 3435:parliament 3413:Common law 3345:Chelmsford 3291:sentencing 3166:incitement 3130:Kyrgyzstan 3124:Kyrgyzstan 3118:Kazakhstan 3112:Kazakhstan 2930:punishment 2925:motivation 2754:xenophobia 2704:Azerbaijan 2699:Azerbaijan 2619:war crimes 2502:Jack Levin 2496:Motivation 2474:depression 2405:depression 2384:xenophobia 2340:The verb " 2328:xenophobic 2324:synagogues 2322:on Jewish 2162:mate crime 2150:harassment 2095:disability 2072:bias crime 2068:hate crime 2011:Stereotype 2006:Speciesism 1887:Oppression 1882:Oikophobia 1778:Allophilia 1754:Toleration 1603:Sodomy law 1496:Internment 1410:Witch-hunt 1288:Blackhawks 1218:Hate group 1181:Gendercide 1171:Freak show 1161:Excellence 1121:Employment 1091:Defamation 1010:Vietnamese 1005:Venezuelan 890:Lithuanian 544:Falun Gong 466:Xenophobia 461:Vegaphobia 444:Non-binary 402:Pedophobia 367:Homophobia 181:Skin color 141:Disability 112:Attributes 87:Structural 14799:Christian 14727:Prejudice 14675:Masculism 14623:Diversity 14417:religious 14392:Redlining 13991:Ethnocide 13951:Education 13838:Ukrainian 13768:Pakistani 13758:Mongolian 13679:Australia 13661:Hungarian 13616:Colombian 13596:Bulgarian 13478:Rastafari 13427:Ahmadiyya 13335:Religious 13313:Trans men 13271:Pregnancy 13206:Gayphobia 13201:Fatphobia 13106:Acephobia 13101:Arophobia 13085:Viewpoint 12737:Gayphobia 12717:Acephobia 12712:Arophobia 12596:Prejudice 12419:Homophile 12372:Socialism 11964:Pederasty 11944:Migration 11737:Ex-ex-gay 11658:Pansexual 11487:Fakaleitī 11412:Trans man 11405:Akava'ine 11360:Cisgender 11350:Androgyny 11272:Pansexual 11222:Aromantic 11151:Takatāpui 11077:Portrayal 11003:Drag king 10924:Community 10833:Discourse 10677:Isolation 10497:Financial 10295:Race card 10230:Alt-right 10030:Argentina 9991:Palestine 9909:Australia 9735:Apartheid 9723:of racism 9514:, annual 8813:0362-4331 8780:0362-4331 8393:145147987 8373:Sociology 8256:1066-2316 7800:USA Today 7490:2 January 7464:2 January 7291:The Times 6466:(MS Word) 6403:unhchr.ch 6324:. Fbi.gov 6224:Rikoslaki 5820:147697229 5705:146687317 5484:France 24 5388:5 October 5360:5 October 5328:144669214 5241:143546829 5083:246832210 5075:1753-9161 4941:Terrorism 4458:prejudice 4442:ethnicity 4411:, racial 3978:Civil War 3769:vandalism 3734:ethnicity 3638:Michoacán 3634:Chihuahua 3611:femicides 3390:Newsnight 3328:In 2013, 3248:grounds". 3177:In 2023, 3062:Elon Musk 3002:UN Geneva 2990:Traveller 2956:Hungarian 2870:overt act 2816:Although 2750:Bulgarian 2603:criminal 2535:following 2515:Defensive 2424:affective 2388:Alt-Right 2320:swastikas 2276:Europeans 2264:lynchings 2242:began to 2240:Europeans 2201:penalties 2170:hate mail 2129:, and/or 2091:ethnicity 1984:Christian 1912:Prejudice 1860:Masculism 1808:Diversity 1586:religious 1561:Redlining 1156:Ethnocide 1116:Education 995:Ukrainian 925:Pakistani 915:Mongolian 836:Australia 818:Hungarian 773:Colombian 753:Bulgarian 627:Rastafari 576:Ahmadiyya 482:Religious 454:Trans men 412:Pregnancy 347:Gayphobia 342:Fatphobia 247:Acephobia 242:Arophobia 218:Viewpoint 14856:Category 14838:The talk 14774:Snobbery 14692:Net bias 14522:Feminism 14449:Ugly law 14290:Catholic 14258:policies 14105:Mortgage 14100:Lynching 14031:examples 14026:Genocide 13946:Economic 13931:Democide 13891:Bullying 13803:Scottish 13798:Romanian 13763:Nigerian 13706:Japanese 13641:Georgian 13626:Filipino 13559:Assyrian 13532:Armenian 13522:American 13517:Albanian 13499:National 13483:Yazidism 13400:Hinduism 13358:Buddhism 13256:Nepotism 13251:Misogyny 13246:Misandry 13171:Clannism 13166:Biphobia 13111:Adultism 13028:Language 12900:Category 12732:Biphobia 12600:Violence 12360:Timeline 12343:Adoption 12260:Americas 12021:16th to 11807:Intersex 11712:Acronyms 11573:Bisexual 11527:Travesti 11427:Mak nyah 11252:Intersex 11237:Bisexual 10956:Literary 10797:bisexual 10589:Stalking 10502:Marriage 10463:marriage 10458:military 10438:Bullying 10350:Category 10265:Lynching 10240:Casteism 10085:Japanese 9944:Portugal 9875:Thailand 9843:Zimbabwe 9707:Symbolic 9697:Societal 9687:Romantic 9652:Gendered 9632:Cultural 9622:Colorism 9617:Aversive 9554:Archived 9489:Archived 9320:41221014 9312:29295032 9249:Archived 8725:16 March 8719:Archived 8663:. Sage. 8599:29 March 8356:16 March 8274:33437139 8135:Archived 7886:Archived 7863:Archived 7840:Archived 7748:Archived 7673:ABC News 7353:25 March 7322:25 March 7296:28 March 7270:13 March 7246:BBC News 7115:BBC News 7089:BBC News 7052:BBC News 6942:. 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