1022:, arguing that the conversation with the reporter was a private conversation, and also that his statements did not meet the test for wilfully promoting hatred. In 2006, the Queen's Bench allowed the appeal, holding that the statement to the reporter was a public statement, noting that Ahenakew was an experienced politician who had given many interviews, and the reporter had begun the conversation by saying he wished to conduct an interview. However, the Queen's Bench held that the trial judge had not properly considered the context of the interview, where Ahenakew was responding to questions posed to him, and in the context he may not have had the intention of wilfully promoting hatred. The Queen's Bench therefore set aside the conviction and ordered a new trial. The Crown appealed the decision to the
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1518:, leader of a small group called the Christian Truth Activists, distributed four different flyers in Regina and Saskatoon that had controversial comments about homosexuals. Four individuals filed human rights complaints with the Commission against Whatcott, alleging that the flyers breached the Code. The Commission referred the complaints to the Saskatchewan Human Rights Tribunal. In 2005, the Tribunal ruled that flyers infringed the Code, because they characterized homosexuals as "sodomites and pedophiles" who prey on children. The Tribunal ordered Whatcott to pay damages to each of the four complainants, totalling $ 17,500, and ordered him to stop distributing the flyers.
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643:"identifiable group", used in the three offences in s. 318 and s. 319, is defined by s. 318(4) as "any section of the public distinguished by colour, race, religion, ethnic origin or sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or mental or physical disability." (When originally enacted in 1970, the definition was limited to "colour, race, religion or ethnic origin", but it has been expanded over the years, most recently in 2017 by the addition of gender identity and expression.
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interfering with the free expression of opinion on any subject. The Act defines "prohibited ground" to include: "race, colour, ancestry, discrimination nationality, ethnic origin, place of origin, creed, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital status, family status, family affiliation, political belief, political association, social condition and a conviction that is subject to a pardon or record suspension."
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Code. Whatcott then appealed to the
Saskatchewan Court of Appeal. That Court allowed the appeal and overturned the decisions of the Tribunal and the Queen's Bench. The Court held that the context of the flyers was important, namely that they dealt with issues of morality, and that anything that limits debate on the morality of behaviour is an intrusion on the right to freedom of expression.
790:. During a heated debate in their municipality about the construction of a school to be operated in French, they circulated a pamphlet containing anti-French-Canadian statements. Upon being charged with the offence of wilfully promoting hatred, their defence was that they circulated the pamphlet to expose prejudice in the community against French-Canadians. The
1227:. Muslim and Palestinian organizations and their supporters filed a complaint about the editorial to the Alberta Human Rights and Citizenship Commission. The complainants said the editorial was likely to incite hatred and contempt toward Palestinian Arabs and Muslims. On September 21, 2009, the director of the Commission dismissed the complaints.
625:), section 319(1) (publicly inciting hatred likely to lead to a breach of the peace), and section 319(2) (wilfully promoting hatred). In addition to the three offences, there are provisions which authorize the courts to order the seizure of hate propaganda, either in physical formats (section 320) or in electronic formats (section 320.1).
1468:. The advertisement gave the citations for four different passages from the Bible, and an illustration of two male stick figures holding hands, with a red circle and slash mark superimposed. The advertisement indicated that bumper stickers with the same text and images were available for sale. Three gay men, including
1491:. That Court allowed Owens' appeal. It held that the advertisement had to be considered in the context of the ongoing debate over sexual orientation which was occurring in the 1990s in Canada. As well, the image of the stickmen and the red circle and slash did not contain the same sort of caricature as was found in
1535:, the Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the Code provision relating to hate speech and publications. However, the Court found that some of the language of the Code provision, relating to "ridicule, belittlement and affront to dignity" did not meet the strict standard required by section 1 of the
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freedom of expression under the law on any subject. The "prohibited grounds" are defined to include religion; creed; marital status; family status; sex; sexual orientation; disability; age; colour; ancestry; nationality; place of origin; race or perceived race; receipt of public assistance; or gender identity.
1171:. If the Commission believes the complaint has merit, the Commission refers the complaint to the Alberta Human Rights Tribunal for a hearing. If the Tribunal upholds the complaint, it can order remedies of a civil nature, which may include monetary damages. The Tribunal's decision can be appealed to the
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whether
Ahenakew intended to promote hatred in his initial statement to the conference. However, with respect to the interview Ahenakew gave to the reporter, the Provincial Court found that Ahenakew did intend to promote hatred. The Provincial Court convicted him of the offence and fined him $ 1,000.
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person or group will seek to abuse, denigrate or delegitimize them, to render them lawless, dangerous, unworthy or unacceptable in the eyes of the audience. Expression exposing vulnerable groups to detestation and vilification goes far beyond merely discrediting, humiliating or offending the victims.
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Whatcott appealed the decision to the
Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench, which dismissed his appeal. The Queen's Bench ruled that the contents of the pamphlets met the rigorous standard required by the earlier decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Tribunal correctly held that they violated the
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In 1991, the
Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission applied for an injunction under the Code against a motorcycle parts shop, to prevent the sale of a series of stickers. The shop had been selling stickers which depicted caricatures of a person of Chinese origin, a person of East Indian origin and of
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Section 319(2): Promoting hatred—makes it an offence to wilfully promote hatred against any identifiable group, by making statements (other than in private conversation). The Crown prosecutor can proceed either by indictment or by summary process. The maximum penalty is imprisonment of not more than
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In my view, "detestation" and "vilification" aptly describe the harmful effect that the Code seeks to eliminate. Representations that expose a target group to detestation tend to inspire enmity and extreme ill-will against them, which goes beyond mere disdain or dislike. Representations vilifying a
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Hatred is predicated on destruction, and hatred against identifiable groups therefore thrives on insensitivity, bigotry and destruction of both the target group and of the values of our society. Hatred in this sense is a most extreme emotion that belies reason; an emotion that, if exercised against
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and was therefore unconstitutional. The provision was to be read as simply containing the prohibition on hatred. Applying the Code with that restriction, the Court found that two of the four pamphlets met the strict test of the Code, and two did not. It therefore allowed the commission's appeal, in
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The shop owner appealed to the
Saskatchewan Court of Appeal, which dismissed the appeal. The Court held that the stickers infringed the Code's prohibition on hate publication based on race and religion, and would tend to encourage others to engage in discriminatory practices against the members of
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Any person or group of individuals who believes that they have been the target of a hate publication may lodge a complaint with the
Northwest Territories Human Rights Commission. If the Commission concludes the complaint may have merit, it can refer the matter to an adjudicator appointed under the
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of the
Northwest Territories provides that no person is to publish or display any statement, notice, sign, emblem that is "likely to expose any individual or class of individuals to hatred or contempt" on the basis of a prohibited ground. The provision also states that it shall not be construed as
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people. Some Roma individuals who were seeking refugee status in Canada were staying in a motel. A crowd of people gathered outside the motel with signs, chanting and displaying statements against "gypsies", including statements of "White power". Some participants were seen giving the "Sieg Heil"
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agreed that the offence of promoting hatred infringed the guarantee of freedom of expression, but upheld the infringement as a reasonable limit under s. 1 of the
Charter. He also agreed that the reverse onus of proof in s. 319(a) infringed the presumption of innocence, but that placing the onus on
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prohibits hate signs, notices, publications and statements which are "likely to expose a person or a class of persons to hatred or contempt", based on their "race, religious beliefs, colour, gender, gender identity, gender expression, physical disability, mental disability, age, ancestry, place of
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covering the defendant's torso, in his decision to give jail time: "The harm that he has done to his own body to leave a lasting impression of his beliefs clearly shows that he has unresolved issues and is filled with racist feelings and hate." The judge also cited
Presseault's criminal record for
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The trial judge acquitted the accused on the basis that there was no evidence that "gypsies" were the same as Roma people. The
Supreme Court unanimously allowed the appeal and set aside the acquittals, on the basis that the trial judge should have relied on ordinary dictionary meanings and accept
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The accused was charged with promoting hatred against the Jewish people. He challenged the constitutionality of the offence of promoting hatred under s. 319(2), arguing that it infringed his freedom of expression under s. 2(b) of the Charter. He also challenged the requirement under s. 319(3)(a)
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provides that no person is to publish or display any publication, statement, emblem or other representation that "exposes or tends to expose to hatred any person or class of persons on the basis of a prohibited ground." The provision also states that nothing in the section restricts the right to
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is the major Supreme Court decision on the offence of promoting hatred. The accused was a high school teacher. In his social studies class, he taught his students extreme anti-Semitic views. The students were expected to repeat this material on their examinations. If they failed to do so, their
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published the letter, which said it was aimed at anyone who "supports the homosexual machine that has been mercilessly gaining ground in our society since the 1960s." Dr. Darren Lund filed a complaint about Boissoin's remarks to the commission. Although a human rights panel found that the letter
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The Commission referred the complaint to a board of inquiry, which conducted an inquiry and heard evidence. Hellquist testified that the Bible passages indicated that homosexuals should be put to death. The board of inquiry held that the combination of the universal symbol for "not allowed" or
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provides that no-one is to publish any publication, statement, emblem or other representation that "is likely to expose a person or a group or class of persons to hatred or contempt", based on "race, colour, ancestry, place of origin, religion, marital status, family status, physical or mental
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In 1966, the committee made its report. It recommended that Parliament enact legislation to combat hate speech and genocide. The Pearson government promptly introduced the legislation, proposing three new offences: advocating genocide; publicly inciting hatred in a way likely to lead to a
1472:, a local activist, filed complaints with the Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission against Owens and the publisher of the newspaper, alleging that the combination of the four bible passages and the image under the red circle and slash infringed the Code's prohibition on hate publications.
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was a speaker at a conference in Saskatoon. Based on two sets of comments he made that day, first during his speech to the conference, and a second set of comments made to a reporter afterwards, he was charged with promoting hatred against people of the Jewish faith. In 2005, the
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sentenced him to six months in jail, rejecting the defence position that the sentence be served in the community. The sentencing judge called Presseault's remarks "despicable, evil, and nauseating". The judge also referred to Pressault's more than 20 tattoos, including several
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After the conviction was overturned on appeal, the Crown brought the matter back for a re-trial in Provincial Court, which acquitted Ahenakew in 2009. The Court stated that remarks were "revolting, disgusting, and untrue", but they did not constitute "promoting hatred".
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Section 318 makes it an offence to advocate or promote genocide, which is defined as killing members of an identifiable group, or inflicting conditions of life on a group which are calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group. The offence is
1484:. The board of inquiry ordered Owens to pay damages of $ 1,500 to each complainant, and not place a similar advertisement in the future. It also held that the publisher was to pay $ 1,500 to each complainant, and not accept such advertisements in the future.
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guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in the Charter, but also recognizes that the rights and freedoms are subject to reasonable limits, provided the limits are prescribed by law and "can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."
646:"hate propaganda", used in s. 320 and s. 320.1, is defined by s. 320(8) to mean "any writing, sign or visible representation that advocates or promotes genocide or the communication of which by any person would constitute an offence under section 319."
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origin, marital status, source of income, family status or sexual orientation." There are then several qualifications to that prohibition, including a provision that it is not to "interfere with the free expression of any opinion on any subject.
1325:, which must hold a hearing into the complaint. If the Tribunal upholds the complaint, it can award remedies of a civil nature, which can include a monetary award of dignity damages. The Tribunal's decision is subject to judicial review by the
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responded by appointing a committee in January 1965 to study the issue and make recommendations about legislation: the Special Committee on Hate Propaganda in Canada, commonly referred to as the "Cohen Committee" after its chair, Maxwell Cohen.
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Act. The adjudicator shall conduct a hearing, and if the adjudicator concludes the complaint has merit, may order civil remedies, including damages for injurty to dignity and self-respect. An appeal lies from the adjudicator's decision to the
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to contribute to hatred. Third, the Bible passages, although blunt in isolation, had to be considered in the overall context of the Bible. Taking those factors together, the Court concluded that the advertisement did not infringe the Code.
985:, Ontario, answered a question at a high school by saying "homosexuals should be executed". He was subsequently charged with wilful promotion of hatred and stated during the trial that his views were consistent with the Bible. In 2009, the
885:, and Robert Wayne Smith, the secretary of the party. The police seized written material which was anti-Semitic and anti-black. The accused were convicted at trial and the convictions were upheld on appeal to the Ontario Court of Appeal.
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found Popescu guilty and sentenced him to 18 months of probation. Popescu was investigated again in 2015, based on election pamphlets which made similar statements about the gay community. However, these charges were later dropped.
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Section 320.1 allows a judge to make similar orders with respect to confiscation of hate propaganda stored electronically, and to order that hate propaganda which is made available to the public by electronic means be taken down.
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Section 320 allows a judge to confiscate publications which appear to be hate propaganda, after due notice to the apparent owner of the material and the owner of the premises where the material is found, and after a hearing.
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have created civil sanctions for hate speech and hate publications in their human rights legislation. Those claims are resolved through administrative tribunals or the civil courts, and can involve civil remedies such as
850:(as she then was) agreed with the Chief Justice that the two provisions infringed s. 2(b) and s. 11(d). However, she did not think that the provisions could be justified under s. 1. She would have dismissed the appeal.
401:, and has also rejected challenges to the hate publication provisions in human rights legislation. The Court has ruled that while the provisions restrict freedom of expression, the restrictions are justifiable under
1353:. The representation had a circle of fire with modern artifacts, such as a hamburger. The Tribunal rejected the claim that the image would make it "acceptable for others to express hatred and contempt for Hindus."
660:, and carries a maximum penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five years. There is no minimum punishment. The consent of the provincial Attorney General is required for a charge to be laid under this section.
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creates criminal offences with respect to different aspects of hate propaganda, although without defining the term "hatred". Those offences are decided in the criminal courts and carry penal sanctions, such as
1139:. In its report on June 17, 2019, it made several recommendations for government actions to counter online hate, including adding a provision for a civil remedy similar to the former s. 13 of the Code.
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1124:, dealing with communication of hate messages in matters under federal jurisdiction, such as telecommunications. Although the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the constitutionality of the provision in
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for a hearing. If the Queen's Bench upholds the complaint, it can order remedies of a civil nature, which may include monetary damages for injury to dignity or self-respect. An appeal lies to the
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ethnic group. The Court found that would constitute the offence of advocating genocide under s. 318, if it had occurred in Canada, and therefore met the legal standard for deporting the individual.
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Section 319(1): Publicly inciting hatred—makes it an offence to communicate statements in a public place which incite hatred against an identifiable group, where it is likely to lead to a
599:; and wilfully promoting hatred. The bill then took four years to wend its way through Parliament. The bill finally passed in 1970, under the government of Pierre Trudeau, by that time
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the statements were relevant to any subject of public interest, the discussion of which was for the public benefit, and if on reasonable grounds the person believed them to be true; or
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1476:"forbidden", coupled with the text of the four Bible passages, amounted to a breach of the Code provision. The board of inquiry applied the reasoning of the Court of Appeal in the
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1049:, were charged with willful promotion of hatred against women and Jews. This was the first case in which a court found that women were the target of hate speech. The newsletter,
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members of an identifiable group, implies that those individuals are to be despised, scorned, denied respect and made subject to ill-treatment on the basis of group affiliation.
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in good faith, the person intended to point out, for the purpose of removal, matters producing or tending to produce feelings of hatred toward an identifiable group in Canada.
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held that in the unusual circumstances, it was not clear if they had "wilfully" intended to promote hatred. The Court set aside their convictions and ordered a new trial.
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all have enacted provisions relating to hate speech and publication, from a civil remedy perspective. There are some variants in the scope of each of the provisions.
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Federal human rights laws formerly included a restriction on hate publications on matters coming within federal jurisdiction, but the provision was repealed in 2014.
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2511:""Taking Action to End Online Hate", Report of the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights, June 2019, 42nd Parliament, 1st Session: List of Recommendations"
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in good faith, the person expressed or attempted to establish by an argument an opinion on a religious subject or an opinion based on a belief in a religious text;
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There are two important phrases which are used in the different provisions: "identifiable group" and "hate propaganda". The terms have the following meanings:
1345:, the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal considered a complaint about an image on the cover of a magazine. The image was a representation of the Hindu god
621:, which has exclusive constitutional jurisdiction over the criminal law in Canada. There are three separate hatred-related offences: section 318 (advocating
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1293:. The Commission dismissed the complaint on August 5, 2008. Levant said that he spent "tens of thousands of dollars" defending himself from the complaint.
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the accused to prove the truth of his statements was a reasonable restriction under s. 1. He therefore set aside the acquittal and ordered a new trial.
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948:, Jean-Sebastien Presseault, pled guilty to a charge of willfully promoting hatred toward blacks and Jews on his website, contrary to s. 319(2). The
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the three groups. The Court acknowledged that the Code provision infringed the guarantee of freedom of expression set out in section 2 of the
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on the subject of terrorism. The editorial said the meeting would "no doubt be a farce". The editorial went on to disparage the behaviour of
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violent offences in concluding that the safety of the public would be jeopardised by allowing him to serve his sentence in the community.
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3184:""The Whatcott case: Drawing a line between free speech and hate — The Supreme Court struggles to find a compromise", Emmett Macfarlane,
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disability, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or age." This prohibition does not apply to private communications.
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1069:, noting "both men were fully aware of the unrelenting promotion of hate." Both were found guilty on January 24, 2019. The office of the
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For all three offences, there is no minimum punishment. Although imprisonment is a possible sentence, so too are punishments such as
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Owens appealed. The Court of Queen's Bench agreed with the board of inquiry and dismissed the appeal. Owens then appealed to the
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Section 319(3): Four defences—provides specific defences to the offence of promoting hatred. A person will not be convicted if:
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The Supreme Court of Canada considered the meaning of the offence of advocating genocide (section 318) in a deportation case,
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1401:, which then investigates the complaint. If the Commission believes the complaint has merit, the Commission applies to the
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Cara Faith Zwibel, "Reconciling Rights: The Whatcott Case as Missed Opportunity" (2013), 63 SCLR 313, 2013 CanLIIDocs 607.
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An individual or group who believe they have been the target of a hate publication can file a complaint with the
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Mark Freiman, "Hate Speech and the Reasonable Supreme Court of Canada" (2013), 63 SCLR 295, 2013 CanLIIDocs 606.
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Three provinces and one territory have provisions relating to hate speech laws in their human rights laws.
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450:, speaking for the unanimous court, explained the meaning of "hatred" in similar terms, in relation to the
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By a 4–3 majority, the Supreme Court dismissed his constitutional challenges. Speaking for the majority,
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has explained the meaning of the term in various cases that have come before the Court. For example, in
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An individual who believes they have been the target of hate publications can file a complaint with the
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2716:""Former publisher to sue Muslim leader who filed human rights complaint", CBC News, February 13, 2008"
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343:, as well as statutory provisions relating to hate publications in three provinces and one territory.
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1433:(a red circle and slash) superimposed on the caricatures. The Queen's Bench granted the injunction.
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680:. The maximum penalty is imprisonment of not more than two years. There is no minimum punishment.
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Walker, Julian. 2018 June 29. "Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression: Legal Boundaries in Canada".
2315:"Your Ward News editor, publisher charged with promoting hatred against women and Jews, police say"
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noted that this was the first charge and conviction in Ontario for promoting hate against women.
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and LeRoy St. Germaine, the editor and publisher of a newsletter promoting rape legalization and
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William Kaplan, "Maxwell Cohen and the Report of the Special Committee on Hate Propaganda", in
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Judge Richard Blouin disagreed with the defendants' claim that the publication was meant to be
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was one of the first cases to consider this offence had unusual facts. The accused were both
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1128:, Parliament repealed section 13 in 2013, with the repeal coming into force one year later.
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529:) about the rise of hate publications in Canada. The federal government of Prime Minister
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Cohen, Maxwell. 1971. "The Hate Propaganda Amendments: Reflections on a Controversy". 9
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The decision generated considerable attention in the media and by legal commentators.
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case involved quotations from the Bible, it attracted considerable public attention.
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that he was required to prove the truth of his statements, arguing that placing the
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2411:(Toronto: Thomson Reuters (looseleaf, updated to March 2021), pp. 13A-2 to 13A-3).
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was a decision of the Supreme Court concerning charges of promoting hatred against
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591:, Chief Justice Dickson described this group as "a particularly strong committee".
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3158:""Top court upholds key part of Sask. anti-hate law", CBC News, February 27, 2013"
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Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Bell (c.o.b. Chop Shop Motorcycle Parts)
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Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v Bell (c.o.b. Chop Shop Motorcycle Parts)
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In the early 1960s, concerns were raised by various public groups (such as the
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3130:"Supreme Court twists the Charter of Rights in its haste to limit free speech"
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has rejected constitutional challenges to the hate propaganda offences in the
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appointed the seven members of the committee: Maxwell Cohen, Dean of Law at
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2591:"Complaints against Alberta newspapers dismissed by human-rights commission"
874:, heard and decided by the Supreme Court at the same time. The accused were
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1441:, but held that the infringement could be justified under section 1 of the
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Against Judicial Activism: The Decline of Freedom and Democracy in Canada
2349:"Your Ward News duo found guilty of peddling hate against women and Jews"
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Law, Policy, and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen
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for the majority explained the meaning of "hatred" in the context of the
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Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights
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published cartoons that were featured first in Denmark in the magazine
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The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, by the same 4–3 majority as in
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831:. He was successful in those arguments at trial and on appeal to the
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This article is about Hate speech laws in Canada. For other uses, see
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that the references to "gypsies" were reference to the Roma people.
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An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code
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1350:
1216:
622:
2073:, 2007 QCCQ 384 (CanLII) (Court of Quebec), paras. 51, 52, 53, 56"
1178:
691:
the person establishes that the statements communicated were true;
2018:"Hate Promotion in a Free and Democratic Society: R. v. Keegstra"
1412:
1374:. A breach of the hate publication provision is not an offence.
1085:
1054:
383:
366:
1826:, SC 1969–70, c. 39, adding s. 267A, s. 267B and s. 267C to the
1480:
case and concluded that the Code provision did not infringe the
1329:. Breach of the hate publications provision is not an offence.
565:, QC, executive vice-president of the Canadian Jewish Congress;
3025:"Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission: 2005–2006 Annual Report"
1409:. Breach of the hate publication provision is not an offence.
1220:
1066:
749:
1445:, for the reasons given by the Supreme Court of Canada in the
419:
The various laws that refer to "hatred" do not define it. The
3294:" (revised). Parliamentary Information and Research Service,
2958:(Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2006), pp. 92–101
1346:
1147:
761:
2690:"Human rights panel dismisses complaint against Ezra Levant"
1965:
Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
1211:
published an editorial which reported that a meeting of the
767:
746:
Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
663:
557:; Father GĂ©rard Dion, professor of industrial relations at
753:
740:
Mugesera v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
732:
Mugesera v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
521:), by some media outlets, and by some politicians (such as
1332:
463:
2461:"Hate speech no longer part of Canada's Human Rights Act"
1076:
470:
Laws dealing with hatred have to be measured against the
1739:, published January 24, 2008; updated December 14, 2013"
1274:
1163:
Any person who believes there has been a breach of the
504:
752:. The Court found that he was a member of a hard-line
1175:. Breach of the hatred provision is not an offence.
725:
1550:
1460:
In June 1997, Hugh Owens placed an advertisement in
705:
Sections 320, 320.1: Confiscation of hate propaganda
3684:
Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society
2289:"Judge finds Ahenakew not guilty in 2nd hate trial"
2235:. The Vancouver Sun. March 31, 2008. Archived from
2149:"David Popescu hate crime charges dropped by Crown"
772:
760:, calling for his listeners to kill members of the
650:
3244:"CanLII Connects: "Whatcott Reactions, Continued""
3216:Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Whatcott
1666:Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Whatcott
1026:, which upheld the decision of the Queen's Bench.
3441:
1429:the Sikh faith, and a Black person, all with the
3753:
3103:Whatcott v. Saskatchewan (Human Rights Tribunal)
3073:Whatcott v. Saskatchewan (Human Rights Tribunal)
1795:"Memorable Manitobans: Shane MacKay (1926-2001)"
1532:Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission v. Whatcott
1279:In 2006, the Muslim Council of Edmonton and the
1244:was based on a letter-to-the-editor sent to the
756:party, and that he had made a speech during the
717:
414:
3342:
2938:Owens v. Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission)
2910:Owens v. Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission)
1508:Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission v Whatcott
3017:
2866:Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Bell
2419:
2417:
1765:"GĂ©rard Dion | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
1660:
1658:
3427:
3328:
2997:Owens v. Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission
315:
2342:
2340:
2233:"Ahenakew reinstated by first nations group"
1454:Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission v Owens
835:. The Crown appealed to the Supreme Court.
606:
2414:
1655:
1110:Section 13 of the Canadian Human Rights Act
512:
3434:
3420:
3335:
3321:
2177:, 2005 SKPC 76 (CanLII), paras. 10, 20-23.
1635:
1633:
1631:
1372:Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories
1126:Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Taylor
768:Section 319(2): Wilfully promoting hatred
322:
308:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2439:Canada (Human Rights Commission) v Taylor
2433:
2431:
2337:
2307:
1931:
1929:
1283:filed a complaint to the Commission when
1230:
664:Section 319: Inciting or promoting hatred
573:; Shane MacKay, executive editor of the
3496:Canadian Association for Free Expression
2950:
2852:The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code, 2018
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2191:, 2006 SKQB 272 (CanLII), paras. 20, 32.
2098:"Montreal man jailed for racist website"
1391:The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code, 2018
1356:
1033:
932:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1872:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:from the original on September 29, 2021
1689:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1628:
1343:Khanna v Common Ground Publishing Corp.
899:
748:. The individual was an immigrant from
676:can proceed either by indictment or by
473:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
465:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
408:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3754:
3250:from the original on November 10, 2021
3224:from the original on November 10, 2021
3194:from the original on November 10, 2021
3164:from the original on November 10, 2021
3111:from the original on February 13, 2021
3081:from the original on December 24, 2022
2975:from the original on November 30, 2023
2918:from the original on February 11, 2021
2804:
2670:from the original on November 12, 2021
2588:
2428:
2389:from the original on November 12, 2020
2346:
2295:from the original on September 5, 2023
1926:
1830:(now s. 318, s. 319 and s. 320 of the
1323:British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal
1271:confirmed the Queen's Bench decision.
1213:Organisation of the Islamic Conference
1077:Human rights laws and hate publication
1057:before the federal government ordered
993:
797:
3705:FAST – Fighting Antisemitism Together
3536:Generation Identity Canada / IDCanada
3415:
3316:
2831:
2734:
2722:from the original on November 8, 2021
2696:from the original on February 5, 2018
2517:from the original on November 6, 2021
2359:from the original on January 25, 2019
2325:from the original on January 25, 2019
1857:from the original on November 6, 2021
1745:from the original on November 9, 2021
1464:, the local newspaper in the city of
1267:overturned the ruling on appeal. The
1103:
965:
853:
16:Canadian laws relating to hate speech
2589:Kleiss, Karen (September 23, 2009).
2529:
2458:
2155:from the original on October 2, 2018
2123:"Popescu guilty of promoting hatred"
1909:
1886:
1869:
1805:from the original on January 8, 2020
1709:
1525:The Commission then appealed to the
1399:Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission
1275:Complaint against Ezra Levant (2008)
1053:, was delivered monthly to homes in
2640:from the original on April 12, 2015
2471:from the original on March 28, 2015
2120:
1735:""Maxwell Cohen" by Edward Kaplan,
1403:Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench
1296:
1020:Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench
617:is a federal statute passed by the
13:
3777:Human rights legislation in Canada
3725:Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee
3694:Canadian Race Relations Foundation
3305:2018-25-E. Library of Parliament.
3290:Rosen, Philip. 2000 January 24. "
2798:Khanna v. Common Ground Publishing
2570:from the original on July 17, 2011
2347:Perkel, Colin (January 24, 2019).
2079:from the original on April 9, 2019
1415:The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code
1385:The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code
337:include provisions in the federal
47:
14:
3798:
3767:Anti-discrimination law in Canada
3516:Canadian Nationalist Party (2017)
3511:Canadian Nationalist Party (1933)
2459:News, Postmedia (June 27, 2013).
2269:from the original on May 30, 2012
1824:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
1775:from the original on May 16, 2020
1281:Islamic Supreme Council of Canada
583:, then a professor of law at the
569:, then a professor of law at the
3626:Laws combatting hateful rhetoric
2951:Leishman, Rory (April 5, 2006).
2560:"Edmonton Journal - Media Watch"
2213:from the original on May 1, 2021
2028:from the original on May 4, 2024
1724:, McGill-University Press, 1993.
1595:
1581:
1567:
1553:
1008:Provincial Court of Saskatchewan
726:Section 318: Advocating genocide
651:Section 318: Advocating genocide
289:
3277:
3262:
3236:
3206:
3176:
3150:
3123:
3093:
3063:
3049:
2987:
2961:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
2944:
2930:
2900:
2886:
2872:
2858:
2790:
2776:
2762:
2748:
2708:
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2582:
2552:
2503:
2452:
2401:
2371:
2281:
2251:
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2195:
2181:
2167:
2151:. CBC News. December 30, 2015.
2141:
2114:
2091:
2061:
2040:
2010:
1989:
1975:
1957:
1943:
1611:Freedom of expression in Canada
1377:
1169:Alberta Human Rights Commission
1061:to cease distribution in 2016.
3556:National Unity Party of Canada
2995:"Centre for Cultural Renewal:
2125:. Sudbury Star. Archived from
1940:, RSC 1985, c. C-46, s. 320.1
1839:
1817:
1787:
1769:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1757:
1727:
1679:
1327:British Columbia Supreme Court
1265:Alberta Court of Queen's Bench
1173:Alberta Court of Queen's Bench
1167:may file a complaint with the
452:Saskatchewan Human Rights Code
1:
3059:, 2005 CanLII 80912 (SK HRT).
2896:, 2001 CanLII 39087 (SK HRT).
2409:Law of Human Rights in Canada
2121:May, Steve (August 8, 2009).
1621:
3612:École Polytechnique massacre
2787:, RSBC 1996, c. 210, s. 48.
2773:, RSBC 1996, c. 210, s. 37.
2759:, RSBC 1996, c. 210, s. 21.
1923:, RSC 1985, c. C-46, s. 320
1906:, RSC 1985, c. C-46, s. 319
1883:, RSC 1985, c. C-46, s. 318
1407:Saskatchewan Court of Appeal
1024:Saskatchewan Court of Appeal
7:
3782:Hate speech laws by country
3678:Battle at Old Market Square
3617:Quebec City mosque shooting
3561:Nationalist Party of Canada
3479:Organizations and movements
2882:, 1994 CanLII 4699 (SK CA).
2868:, 1991 CanLII 7733 (SK QB).
2745:, RSBC 1996, c. 210, s. 7.
1985:, 1979 CanLII 1927 (ON CA).
1546:
1071:Attorney General of Ontario
883:Nationalist Party of Canada
10:
3803:
3638:Hate speech laws in Canada
3551:National Citizens Alliance
3526:Canadian Union of Fascists
3501:Canadian Heritage Alliance
2800:, 2005 BCHRT 398 (CanLII).
2381:R v Sears and St. Germaine
2291:. CBC. February 23, 2009.
2003:November 10, 2021, at the
1983:R v. Buzzanga and Durocher
1676:, 2013 SCC 11, 1 SCR 467.
1649:November 10, 2021, at the
1142:
1120:formerly had a provision,
1107:
906:
860:
846:Speaking for the dissent,
804:
737:
335:Hate speech laws in Canada
18:
3720:Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre
3665:
3633:Hate crime laws in Canada
3625:
3604:
3506:Canadian League of Rights
3478:
3450:
3399:
3351:
3075:, 2007 SKQB 450 (CanLII)"
2912:, 2002 SKQB 506 (CanLII)"
2664:, 2012 ABCA 300 (CanLII)"
2634:, 2009 ABQB 592 (CanLII)"
2445:November 9, 2021, at the
2383:, 2019 ONCJ 104 (CanLII)"
2050:, 1 SCR 101, 2005 SCC 7.
1672:November 6, 2021, at the
1117:Canadian Human Rights Act
1018:Ahenakew appealed to the
783:R v Buzzanga and Durocher
774:R v Buzzanga and Durocher
607:Outline of the provisions
269:Law School Admission Test
3689:Canadian Arab Federation
3218:, 2013 SCC 11 (CanLII)""
3105:, 2010 SKCA 26 (CanLII)"
2618:, 2007 AHRC 11 (CanLII).
2546:Alberta Human Rights Act
2263:, 2009 SKPC 10 (CanLII)"
2007:, 3 SCR 870, at p. 874.
1589:Freedom of speech portal
1261:Alberta Human Rights Act
1181:Alberta Human Rights Act
1157:Alberta Human Rights Act
1150:Alberta Human Rights Act
1063:Ontario Court of Justice
987:Ontario Court of Justice
870:was a companion case to
825:presumption of innocence
601:Prime Minister of Canada
527:Leader of the Opposition
519:Canadian Jewish Congress
513:Origin of the provisions
498:Section 1 of the Charter
482:Section 2 of the Charter
159:Immigration and refugees
2940:, 2006 SKCA 41 (CanLII)
2692:. CBC. August 7, 2008.
2207:, 2008 SKCA 4 (CanLII)"
1527:Supreme Court of Canada
1269:Alberta Court of Appeal
1010:found that there was a
833:Alberta Court of Appeal
829:s. 11(d) of the Charter
792:Ontario Court of Appeal
505:Hatred offences of the
476:, which is part of the
395:Supreme Court of Canada
3541:Ku Klux Klan in Canada
2855:, SS 2018, c. S-24.2 .
2549:, RSA 2000, c. A-25.5
2108:July 24, 2015, at the
2055:July 17, 2018, at the
1849:Constitution Act, 1867
1836:, RSC 1985, c. C-46 ).
1199:On April 2, 2002, the
1188:Complaint against the
585:Université de Montréal
581:Pierre-Elliott Trudeau
478:Constitution of Canada
461:
444:
149:Civil and human rights
52:
3772:Canadian criminal law
3296:Library of Parliament
2321:. November 15, 2017.
1737:Canadian Encyclopedia
1357:Northwest Territories
1098:Northwest Territories
975:2008 federal election
878:, the leader of the
840:Chief Justice Dickson
823:on him infringed the
571:University of Toronto
486:freedom of expression
456:
439:
431:Chief Justice Dickson
379:Northwest Territories
191:Labour and employment
164:Intellectual property
51:
3787:Censorship in Canada
3188:, February 27, 2013"
3147:, February 27, 2013.
3135:May 4, 2024, at the
2104:, January 24, 2007.
1616:Censorship in Canada
1529:. In its decision,
1215:was taking place in
1135:launched a study on
940:In the 2007 case of
619:Parliament of Canada
490:freedom of the press
3736:Roots of Resistance
3596:Western Guard Party
3521:Canadian Nazi Party
3443:Far-right extremism
3214:"CanLII Connects: "
3057:Wallace v. Whatcott
2828:, SNWT 2002, c. 18
1315:of British Columbia
979:perennial candidate
977:, David Popescu, a
670:breach of the peace
597:breach of the peace
576:Winnipeg Free Press
539:Minister of Justice
494:freedom of religion
429:, decided in 1990,
415:Meaning of "hatred"
76:Provincial statutes
3699:Christie Pits riot
3673:Anti-Racist Action
3576:Québec Identitaire
3458:Far-right politics
3285:Alberta Law Review
3005:on August 31, 2009
2894:Hellquist v. Owens
2495:has generic name (
2239:on August 31, 2009
2022:McGill Law Journal
1853:. August 7, 2020.
1693:. August 7, 2020.
1514:In 2001 and 2002,
1306:(British Columbia)
1302:Provisions of the
1254:in June 2002. The
1148:Provisions of the
1104:Former federal law
555:Queen's University
551:Dr. James A. Corry
53:
3749:
3748:
3409:
3408:
2968:978-0-7735-6001-7
2784:Human Rights Code
2770:Human Rights Code
2756:Human Rights Code
2742:Human Rights Code
2564:ceppal.tripod.com
2129:on March 23, 2018
1954:, SC 2017, c. 13
1335:Human Rights Code
1313:Human Rights Code
1304:Human Rights Code
1247:Red Deer Advocate
1223:, especially the
880:white supremacist
848:Justice McLachlin
547:McGill University
448:Justice Rothstein
388:injunctive relief
332:
331:
296:Canada portal
3794:
3468:Racism in Quebec
3463:Racism in Canada
3451:General concepts
3436:
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3303:Background Paper
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3030:. Archived from
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3001:. Archived from
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2632:Boissoin v. Lund
2626:
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2616:Lund v. Boissoin
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1462:The Star Phoenix
1363:Human Rights Act
1297:British Columbia
1252:Stephen Boissoin
1202:Edmonton Journal
1190:Edmonton Journal
1179:Cases under the
1165:Human Rights Act
1090:British Columbia
1047:Holocaust denial
1012:reasonable doubt
815:marks suffered.
758:Rwandan genocide
718:Cases under the
674:Crown prosecutor
559:Université Laval
523:John Diefenbaker
371:British Columbia
357:probation orders
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236:Courts of Appeal
71:Federal statutes
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3137:Wayback Machine
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3037:on July 6, 2011
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3284:
3278:Bibliography
3264:
3254:November 10,
3252:. Retrieved
3238:
3228:November 10,
3226:. Retrieved
3215:
3208:
3198:November 10,
3196:. Retrieved
3185:
3178:
3168:November 10,
3166:. Retrieved
3152:
3144:
3141:Andrew Coyne
3125:
3115:November 10,
3113:. Retrieved
3102:
3095:
3085:November 10,
3083:. Retrieved
3072:
3065:
3056:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:the original
2996:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2957:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2932:
2922:November 10,
2920:. Retrieved
2909:
2902:
2893:
2888:
2879:
2874:
2865:
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2850:
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2797:
2792:
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2750:
2740:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:November 10,
2672:. Retrieved
2661:
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2644:November 10,
2642:. Retrieved
2631:
2624:
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2610:
2600:December 22,
2598:. Retrieved
2594:
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2572:. Retrieved
2563:
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2519:. Retrieved
2505:
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2464:
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2391:. Retrieved
2380:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2352:
2327:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2299:February 23,
2297:. Retrieved
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2261:R v Ahenakew
2260:
2253:
2243:February 23,
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2205:R v Ahenakew
2204:
2197:
2189:R v Ahenakew
2188:
2183:
2175:R v Ahenakew
2174:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:the original
2116:
2101:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2070:
2063:
2047:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1977:
1972:, 2 SCR 100
1963:
1959:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1918:
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1878:
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1851:, s. 91(27)"
1848:
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1807:. Retrieved
1798:
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1768:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1736:
1729:
1721:
1701:November 10,
1699:. Retrieved
1688:
1681:
1665:
1643:, 3 SCR 697
1641:R v Keegstra
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1997:R v Andrews
1970:2005 SCC 40
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3666:Opposition
3657:Motion 103
3581:Rebel News
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3403:Hate crime
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