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and his companions also stopped in this "exceeding ancient city," and he described how "we came forth from our inn, and passed through the long street of the city, in which work-people of divers crafts dwelt, but more particularly workers in glass; for at this place glass is made, not clear glass,
1798:
Travels
Through Syria and Egypt, in the Years 1783, 1784, and 1785: containing the Present Natural and Political State of Those Countries, Their Productions, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce : with Observations on the Manners, Customs, and Government of the Turks and Arabs :
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coastline, the industry migrated inland, to Hebron in particular. Glass artifacts from Hebron dating to the 1st and 2nd centuries have been found, and are on exhibit as part of the Drake
Collection. Stained glass windows made of Hebron glass dating to the 12th century are found in the
657:
visited the city, he described passing "through the long street of the city, in which work-people of divers crafts dwelt, but particularly workers in glass; for at this place glass is made, not clear glass, but black, and of the colours between dark and light."
976:, they were grounded on the edges to make round beads fit together on a strand more suitably. There, they picked up the name "Kano Beads", although they were not originally produced in Kano. By the 1930s, their value had decreased; in 1937,
1070:
861:, though archaeologists and historians of glass agree that glassblowing was not common until the last few centuries BCE. Molten glass is withdrawn from a furnace on the end of an iron pipe, which is blown into as a metal tool called a
1414:
759:
Later in the century, the production declined due to competition from imported
European glass-ware. However, the products of Hebron continued to be sold, particularly among the poorer populace, particularly by travelling
134:
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in the 1780s, wrote that: "They make there great quantity of coloured rings, bracelets for the wrists and legs, and for the arm above the elbows, besides a variety of other trinkets, which are sent even to
768:, Hebron was represented with glass ornaments. A report from the French consul in 1886 suggests that glass-making remained an important source of income for Hebron with four factories making 60,000
1074:
775:
The tradition of glassblowing continues in the 21st century in three factories located outside of the traditional quarter of the Old City, north of Hebron and south of the neighboring town of
842:
The precise production process is a trade secret maintained by the few
Palestinian families who run the factories which continue to produce Hebron glass today, passed through generations by
630:"Hebron's medieval reputation in glassmaking is corroborated by some of the many Christian pilgrims who visited the city over the centuries. Between 1345 and 1350, Franciscan friar
779:
which generally produce functional household souvenirs. Two of the factories are owned by the
Natsheh family. These are displayed in large halls close to each of the factories.
222:
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is used to shape the glass. It is returned to the furnace and reshaped by the same process before being detached from the pipe and placed into a cooling chamber.
782:
Hebron glass is an attraction for both domestic and foreign tourists. Today, however, due to ongoing export problems, the decline in tourism, and restrictions on
1792:
736:
649:, contends that the practices of today's glass industry in Hebron most likely emerged in the 13th century CE. This corresponds to what foreigners observed, like
171:
217:
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1520:
207:
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or earlier. Besides necklaces made of blue and green beads, and 'eyes' beads, there are examples of beads of small hands, also called a
680:
Glass produced by these factories were typically functional items including drinking and eating vessels, as well as olive oil and later
1889:
550:
is often used instead. Glass production in Hebron is a family trade, the secrets of which have been preserved and passed down by a few
727:
The glass industry was a principal employer and a generator of wealth for its owners. Well known for glass production throughout the
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1361:
1148:
83:
1622:
1315:
1186:
1884:
459:
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travellers to
Palestine in the 18th and 19th century provided descriptions of the Hebron glass industry as well. For example,
1736:
The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical
Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy Land
1701:
Ulrich Jasper
Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten
1006:
1095:
1561:
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noted during his travels in
Palestine in 1807–1809 that 150 persons were employed in the glass industry in Hebron, while
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753:
1144:
500:
1818:
1720:
1670:
1541:
158:
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While acknowledging that the production of glass in
Palestine dates back to Roman period, Nazmi Ju'beh, director of
1879:
1618:
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1835:
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were the primary purchasers of jewellery, but large exports of expensive Hebron glass items were sent by guarded
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237:
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112:
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rule in Palestine. As the ancient Phoenician glass industry shrank from the exposed cities along the eastern
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229:
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who around 1080 mentioned Acre and Tyre, (but not Hebron), as glass-producing cities, while by 1483, when
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78:
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families who operate the glass factories located just outside the city. The products made include glass
1681:
1642:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
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mentioned the production of "Coarse glass beads...called Hersh and Munjir" in Palestine; The "Munjir" (
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452:
141:
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era in Palestine. Another example of stained glass windows produced in Hebron are those adorning the
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visited a glass lamp factory in Hebron in 1818, and were told the lamps were exported to Egypt.
822:. Instead of sand, recycled glass is the primary raw material used to make Hebron glass today.
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tradition and that still other researchers claim they were already extant at the time of the
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A New and Complete History of the Holy Bible as Contained in the Old and New Testaments
1514:
1459:
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Glass beads for jewellery have traditionally been made in Hebron. Blue beads and glass
794:, under these circumstances, the survival of the Hebron glass industry is in question.
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512:
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71:
1712:
Nurturing Yesterday's Child: A Portrayal of the Drake Collection of Paedeatric History
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1716:
1666:
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collections, there exist several glass necklaces that were made in Hebron during the
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47:
928:) made in Hebron would be considered a necessary part of the jewellery of a bride's
1764:
1590:
Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor; during the years 1817 & 1818
1471:
920:. Most of a woman's jewellery was given to her at marriage; in the early 1920s, in
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650:
620:
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363:
348:
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790:, industry production has suffered. According to Nazmi al-Ju'bah, the director of
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noted that "they make great works of art in glass." In the late 15th century, the
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1808:
1734:
1710:
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at any age, but unless you begin as a child, you will never become a master..."
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684:-based lamps, although the factories also produced jewellery and accessories.
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523:) and Hebron glass continues to serve as a tourist attraction for the city.
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still contains a quarter named the "Glass-Blower Quarter" (Haret Kezazin,
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Traditionally, the glass was melted using local raw materials, including
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Ju'beh notes that an alternate theory assigns today's techniques to the
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Hebron glass was traditionally produced using sand from the village of
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children. As one master of the craft said, "You can learn to play the
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Carefully moving molten glass as part of the modern production process
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1593:. London: Printed for Private Distribution by T. White & Co.
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According to the Holy Land Handicraft Cooperative Society, the
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In the 19th hundred, it was reported that Arabs cut and burned
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717:
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since they were considered particularly effective against the
839:, and afterwards sold the ashes to the glass-makes of Hebron.
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Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria From the year 1792 to 1798
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712:. Marketing communities of Hebron glass were established in
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1073:. Holy Land Handicraft Cooperative Society. Archived from
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technique employed is the same as was used by the ancient
1836:
Naomi Shihab Nye and Hebron Glass: A poem on Hebron glass
761:
1568:
1506:
Les Juifs d´Alexandrie, de Jaffa et de Jérusalem en 1865
956:) were smaller. These Hebron glass beads were used for
1609:
964:
from the early to mid-19th century. Spread throughout
880:
beads and Hebron glass bracelets, Jerusalem 1900-1920.
642:
but black, and of the colors between dark and light."
1844:
Saudi Aramco World. January/February 2013. Pages 3–9.
1743:
1151:(Original in This Week in Palestine). Archived from
598:
The glass industry in Hebron was established during
1142:
1557:Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol II, part II
1210:Saudi Aramco World. January/February 2013. Page 5.
1851:
1624:History of Art in Phœnicia and Its Dependencies
1708:
980:recorded the beads being sold "for a song" by
566:windows, and glass lamps. However, due to the
208:Politics of the Palestinian National Authority
1631:
453:
1704:(in German). Vol. 3. Berlin: G. Reimer.
1440:
792:RIWAQ: Centre for Architectural Conservation
647:RIWAQ: Centre for Architectural Conservation
1579:
1040:
1038:
1036:
570:, glass production has suffered a decline.
1783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1519:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1145:"Hebron glass: A centuries' old tradition"
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1498:. T. Cadell junior and W. Davies, Strand.
1729:
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1345:
1314:Perrot, Chipiez and Armstrong, 1885, p.
1185:Perrot, Chipiez and Armstrong, 1885, p.
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872:
801:
589:
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507:, but its origin goes back to the older
499:industry established in the city during
18:
1694:
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1149:Institute for Middle East Understanding
1138:
1136:
1054:
23:A display of Hebron glass at a shop in
1852:
1791:
1709:Spaulding, Mary; Welch, Penny (1994).
1662:Palestine in Transformation, 1856-1882
1572:Wahrhaftige Beschreibung der Meerfahrt
1488:
1296:. Quoted in Schölch, 1993, pp. 161-162
1134:
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582:Glass Works, photo taken 1900-1920 by
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952:) were large beads, while the Hersh (
935:
673:from Hebron, possibly originating in
594:Hebron glass blowing, 9 December 1945
1806:
1477:The people's dictionary of the Bible
1305:Quoted in Schölch, 1993, pp. 161-162
1191:
1167:
1143:Nazmi al-Ju'bah (January 25, 2008).
1007:Mother-of-pearl carving in Bethlehem
1813:. British Museum Publications Ltd.
1665:. Institute for Palestine Studies.
1113:
562:, bracelets, and rings, as well as
520:
480:
296:Religion / religious sites
16:Glass produced in Hebron, Palestine
13:
538:), and coloring additives such as
14:
1901:
1890:Economy of the State of Palestine
1829:
1569:Gumppenberg, Stephan von (1561).
1562:Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
1098:. Dphjewelry.com. Archived from
46:
1770:History of Jerusalem, A.D. 1180
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1407:
1384:
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1308:
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1044:Spaulding and Welch, 1994, pp.
784:Palestinian freedom of movement
1530:Who's who in the Old Testament
1213:
1200:
1179:
1088:
764:traders from the city. At the
724:in Egypt by the 16th century.
238:Governorates of the Gaza Strip
1:
1885:History of Palestine (region)
1744:Tunisi, or el-Tounsy (1845).
1360:Weir, 1989, p. 194. See also
1027:
797:
868:
766:World Fair of 1873 in Vienna
568:Palestinian–Israeli conflict
530:from neighbouring villages,
329:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
7:
1659:Schölch, Alexander (1993).
1268:Irby and Mangles, 1823, p.
1255:Seetzen, 1855, vol. 3, pp.
995:
912:, representing the hand of
10:
1906:
960:, and export primarily to
584:American Colony, Jerusalem
573:
142:All-Palestine Protectorate
1842:"Hebron's Glass History."
1351:Weir, 1989, pp. 192, 193.
1259:-6. Schölch, 1993, p. 161
1243:Volney, 1788, vol II, p.
1208:"Hebron's Glass History."
669:and were carried back to
495:as part of a flourishing
250:Legislative Council (PLC)
1688:Harvard University Press
1503:Delpuget, David (1866).
833:Arthrocnemium fruticosum
786:in the aftermath of the
164:National Authority (PNA)
1880:Palestinian handicrafts
1645:. Vol. 2. Boston:
1451:Sudan Notes and Records
1446:"Hebron beads in Dafur"
1017:Palestinian handicrafts
892:) were made for use as
1807:Weir, Shelagh (1989).
1680:Sears, Robert (1849).
1647:Crocker & Brewster
1603:La Syrie d'aujourd'hui
881:
814:, east of Hebron, and
807:
595:
587:
392:Costume and embroidery
334:Church of the Nativity
324:Cave of the Patriarchs
245:National Council (PNC)
230:Gaza Strip governance
28:
1840:Simmons, Gail. 2013.
1715:. Dundurn Press Ltd.
1362:Palestinian Jewellery
1206:Simmons, Gail. 2013.
946:William George Browne
876:
805:
746:Ulrich Jasper Seetzen
632:Niccolò da Poggibonsi
625:Old City of Jerusalem
593:
581:
129:Arab Higher Committee
22:
1739:. Harper & Bros.
1528:Comay, Joan (2001).
1155:on December 25, 2010
924:, a glass bracelet (
828:Salicornia fruticosa
611:, which served as a
511:glass industry. The
436:List of Palestinians
344:Great Mosque of Gaza
135:Depopulated villages
1810:Palestinian Costume
1627:. Chapman and Hall.
1419:Hebron as Beadmaker
1396:Hebron as Beadmaker
1381:Weir, 1989, p. 230.
1372:Weir, 1989, p. 201.
1292:Delpuget, 1866, p.
1197:Comay, 2001, p. 13.
716:(Crac) in southern
34:Part of a series on
1424:2019-04-12 at the
1413:Arkell, 1937, pp.
1401:2019-04-12 at the
1339:Thomson, 1861, p.
936:Hebron trade beads
916:, the daughter of
882:
835:), growing by the
808:
596:
588:
513:Old City of Hebron
29:
1747:Voyage au Darfour
1482:Oxford University
1390:Browne, 1799, p.
1219:Vitry, 1896, pp.
902:Museum of Mankind
886:beads with 'eyes'
708:, Syria, and the
470:
469:
172:political parties
152:Fedayeen militias
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1860:History of glass
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1480:. Vol. 2.
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1802:. Vol. 2.
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1575:. Rab und Han.
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1434:Bibliography
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1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1090:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1012:Nabulsi soap
978:A. J. Arkell
953:
949:
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844:apprenticing
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546:. Nowadays,
544:copper oxide
525:
491:produced in
487:) refers to
484:
473:Hebron glass
472:
471:
402:
304:Christianity
218:Governorates
180:
121:
56:Demographics
40:Palestinians
1865:Glass types
1799:Illustrated
1615:Chipiez, C.
1605:. Hachette.
1585:Mangles, J.
1509:. Bordeaux.
1472:Beard, J.R.
1417:; cited on
1394:; cited on
1022:Roman glass
988:traders in
966:West Africa
859:Phoenicians
772:per annum.
710:Transjordan
655:Felix Fabri
639:Felix Faber
615:during the
552:Palestinian
481:زجاج الخليل
412:Handicrafts
359:Nabi Samwil
65:Definitions
1854:Categories
1611:Perrot, G.
1581:Irby, C.L.
1106:2012-08-18
1081:2008-04-13
1028:References
944:traveller
922:Bayt Dajan
812:Bani Na'im
798:Production
754:J. Mangles
729:Arab world
558:, such as
540:iron oxide
534:(from the
509:Phoenician
501:Roman rule
422:Literature
354:Lot's Tomb
281:Gaza Strip
147:Government
1779:cite book
1637:Smith, E.
1599:Loret, L.
1552:Fabri, F.
1534:Routledge
1515:cite book
1159:March 31,
1002:Glass art
984:women to
940:In 1799,
930:trousseau
926:ghwayshat
900:. In the
869:Jewellery
750:C.J. Irby
556:jewellery
505:Palestine
276:West Bank
270:Palestine
72:Palestine
1875:Beadwork
1795:(1788).
1773:. Paris.
1767:(1896).
1750:. Paris.
1733:(1861).
1698:(1855).
1639:(1841).
1621:(1885).
1601:(1884).
1587:(1823).
1554:(1893).
1492:(1799).
1474:(1862).
1464:41716267
1444:(1937).
1422:Archived
1399:Archived
996:See also
982:Sudanese
918:Muhammad
898:evil-eye
878:Evil eye
863:kammasha
837:Dead Sea
820:Dead Sea
714:al-Karak
686:Bedouins
667:Crusades
617:Crusader
536:Dead Sea
417:Language
213:Enclaves
122:Previous
113:Politics
104:Diaspora
1415:300-305
1071:"Vases"
974:Nigeria
942:English
914:Fatimah
894:amulets
890:owayneh
855:blowing
733:Western
688:of the
623:in the
574:History
406:(dance)
397:Cuisine
373:Culture
319:Al-Aqsa
314:Judaism
232:(Hamas)
181:Current
79:History
1870:Hebron
1817:
1719:
1669:
1540:
1462:
962:Africa
954:Harish
950:Mongur
831:(syn.
777:Halhul
770:francs
762:Jewish
737:Volney
718:Jordan
696:, and
682:petrol
671:Europe
613:church
517:Arabic
493:Hebron
477:Arabic
387:Cinema
223:Cities
94:Origin
89:People
25:Hebron
1752:(pp.
1651:(p.
1460:JSTOR
1221:92-93
990:Dafur
986:Hausa
968:, in
958:trade
910:Hamsa
722:Cairo
706:Egypt
698:Sinai
690:Negev
675:Syria
636:friar
600:Roman
560:beads
489:glass
427:Music
403:Dabke
309:Islam
193:Hamas
188:Fatah
99:Nakba
1815:ISBN
1785:link
1717:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1521:link
1161:2012
970:Kano
848:'oud
752:and
720:and
542:and
528:sand
258:Flag
198:PFLP
84:Name
1758:209
1754:41n
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704:to
503:in
497:art
382:Art
263:Law
159:PLO
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