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market.) This arrangement provided a stable supply of food and goods which encouraged population growth. Measures were also taken to guard against the flooding which had plagued the residents of
Nagaoka-kyō. Although there was no natural river in the center of Heian-kyō, two artificial canals (the present day Horikawa and Nishi Horikawa) were dug whose water level could be adjusted, simultaneously securing a supply of water and guarding against flooding. Similar to the previous capital of Nagaoka-kyō, the construction of Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō was formally forbidden, with the sole exception of the East and West temples, with the thought that their power might protect the city from natural disaster and disease, and priests such as
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779:, Edo was re-christened Tokyo (becoming the new capital of Japan). Although Heian-kyō lost its status as capital city, it became a backup capital while the emperor was away in Tokyo. Since that time the emperor has not returned to Kyoto. However, at the direction of the Emperor Meiji, the imperial residences have been preserved and the
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system was almost at an end, the district had become so dilapidated that it began to be used as farmland, something which had previously been forbidden within the city limits. With the exception of an area in the north of the Right
Capital near to the palace, the residential areas which housed the
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were set up along the river next to the city. These ports acted as a transit base for collecting in goods from all over the country and for forwarding them on to the city. The goods which arrived in Heian-kyō reached the people by way of one of the two large markets (the East market and the West
632:
It is thought that the construction of Heian-kyō began from the palace, with the construction of the remainder of the city following afterwards. As a display of the emperor's authority the
Daigokuden (main building of the palace) was constructed at the far north of the central thoroughfare,
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were welcomed, being able men, well versed in
Buddhist scripture and with no interest in political power. On 22 October 794 AD, Emperor Kammu arrived at the new city and on 8 November proclaimed, "I hereby name this city Heian-kyō." On 8 November, he changed the second
619:.) The location for the new capital was to be Kadono located between two rivers in the north of Yamashiro, ten kilometers to the northeast of Nagaoka-kyō. It is said that the Emperor Kammu had previously looked out on Kadono from the Shōgun Tsuka in
728:, beyond the eastern limits of the city, and on the eastern banks of the river temples and country homes sprung up. So started a tendency for the city to extend out to the east. In 980 AD, at the southern tip of Suzaku-oji the
732:(the grandest of the two city gates) collapsed never to be rebuilt. In this way the original borders of Heian-kyō extended out to the east, forming the streets of first medieval and then modern-day Kyoto.
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as follows: "Kadono has beautiful mountains and rivers as well as good transport links by sea and land making it convenient for people to assemble there from all four corners of the country."
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The Cho which shared the same Jo and Bo were each given a number from 1 to 16. In this way addresses could be identified as follows: "Right
Capital, Jō Five, Bō Two, Chō Fourteen"
683:("castle") because the capital looked like a naturally formed "mountain castle" surrounded by the Eastern (Higashiyama), Northern (Kitayama), and Western (Nishiyama) mountains.
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faction. However, only 9 years later in
January 793 AD, Emperor Kammu assembled his retainers and announced another relocation of the capital (for the reason see the entry on
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thought that keeping the capital in Heian-kyō would be best for the stability of the country and resisted this movement, naming Heian-kyō "The
Eternal City"
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with the exception that Heian-kyō had no city walls. It is thought that the site for the city was selected according to the principles of
Shijinsōō
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998:
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280:. The city boundaries formed a rectangle measuring 4.5 km from east to west and 5.2 km from north to south. The city layout followed
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The gates of the
Daidairi are marked in Japanese Kanji in the above grid, below are the romanization of said gate names alongside the kanji:
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A movement in favor of returning the capital to Heijō-kyō arose in 810 AD, during a standoff over the emperor's succession. However,
1241:. Oxford: Oxbow Books : Orca Book Services : Oxford University Press Southern Africa : David Brown Book Company.
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296:(Suzaku-ōji), the main thoroughfare extending from the palace down through the center of the city, dividing it into the Right (
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405:(Teramachi-dōri). The location of Nishi-kyōgoku-ōji at the western limit is estimated as a line running north to south from
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304:) (the eastern side being the Left and the western side being the Right from the emperor's viewpoint.) The design followed
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of Kyoto City, deciding then that it was a suitable location for the capital. Emperor Kammu's words are recorded in the
65:
1399:
1279:
105:
224:, Heian remained the site of the Imperial Court and seat of Imperial power, and thus remained the official capital.
131:, palace in the center) and the cityscape of Heian-kyō (miniature model at the Kyoto City Life-long Learning Center)
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and even by the 9th century little progress had been made in developing the area. By the 10th century when the
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794:—a special throne whose location traditionally marked the seat of the emperor—remains at the palace in Kyoto.
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The green areas in the diagram are markets, temples and a garden. There were two large markets, West Market
767:) cities each becoming places of little note. However, the two were to be reunited into one city during the
468:. Four lines of chō running east to west (excepting the first 2 rows in the north) were together called a jō
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of
Japanese history. According to modern scholarship, the city is thought to have been modelled after the
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aristocracy were all situated in the Left Capital, with the highest echelon of aristocrats such as the
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gathering in the northernmost part of the district. The poor of Heian-kyō began to set up home by the
240:
Heian-kyō was built in what is now the central part of Kyoto city covering an area spanning the Kadono
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747:, Heian-kyō began to lose its significance as a seat of power. The greatest decline was during the
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Though political power would be wielded by the samurai class over the course of three different
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Suzaku-oji, making the building visible from anywhere in the city. Ports such as Yodonotsu
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Note that there were more paths cut short by residences straddling multiple blocks.
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The boundaries of Heian-kyō were smaller than those of modern Kyoto, with Ichijō-ōji
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1192:, a visual novel interactive computer game for Windows 3.1 set in 900 AD Heian-kyō
603:, moving the capital from Heijō-kyō. It is thought that he wished to build a new,
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built on the southern edge of the capital. An imperial garden called Shinsenen
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Pre-modern East Asia, to 1800 : a cultural, social, and political history
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Archaeology of East Asia: the Rise of Civilisation in China, Korea and Japan
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for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180.
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which was the power base for the temples and aristocrats who supported the
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The layout of Heian-kyō was plotted in accordance with the principles of
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The land of the Right Capital overlapped the wetlands formed by the
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and four lines of chō running from north to south were called a bō
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and Higashi-kyōgoku-ōji in the east corresponding to present-day
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International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken)
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at the northern limit corresponding to present-day Ichijō-dōri
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when almost half the city was burnt to the ground during the
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was one of several former names for the city now known as
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was the basic unit of measurement. 40 sq. jō made a chō
1274:(3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. pp. 79, 111.
382:, Kyūjō-ōji in the south corresponding to Kujō-dōri
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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165:established it as the capital in 794, moving the
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236:Miniature model of the ancient capital Heian-kyō
1415:Populated places established in the 8th century
1214:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 516–17.
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901:" erroneously listed twice in the diagram.
118:Former name of the city now known as Kyoto
1270:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2014) .
579:Perspective Pictures of Places in Japan:
394:slightly to the south of the present-day
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1172:Heian Palace
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1029:Tsuchimikado
931:Street name
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1298:Nagaoka-kyō
974:Kōgamon-ōji
925:(direction)
617:Nagaoka-kyō
601:Nagaoka-kyō
286:Nara period
228:Description
171:Nagaoka-kyō
55:"Heian-kyō"
1384:Categories
1340:Tokyo City
1257:1118490353
1221:0521223571
1197:References
1106:Nakamikado
1100:Taiken-mon
1035:North side
1005:Nakamikado
999:Sōheki-mon
986:Datten-mon
961:Suzaku-ōji
955:Suzaku-mon
942:Bifuku-mon
936:South side
781:takamikura
726:Kamo River
523:Suzaku-ōji
409:on the JR
357:, between
253:Kadono-gun
222:shogunates
207:Genpei War
125:Daidairi (
66:newspapers
1137:元禄九年京都大絵図
1113:Ikuhō-mon
1089:Yōmei-mon
1070:East side
1061:Tachi-mon
1023:Jōsai-mon
980:West side
928:Gate name
749:Muromachi
739:centered
647:and Ōitsu
493:右京五条二坊十四町
326:Feng shui
282:Heijō-kyō
271:Otagi-gun
136:Heian-kyō
1357:135°46′E
1177:Chiteiki
1166:See also
1144:Archived
1119:Ōimikado
1076:Jōtō-mon
1051:Ikan-mon
1041:Anka-mon
1012:Impu-mon
992:Ōimikado
968:Kōga-mon
824:Shichijō
765:Shimogyō
757:Ōnin war
741:Kamakura
717:Ritsuryō
587:Toyoharu
583:in Kyoto
426:geomancy
290:Daidairi
211:Kamakura
199:Minamoto
191:Chang'an
185:for the
1354:35°00′N
893:Note: "
761:Kamigyō
730:Rajōmon
562:History
417:on the
310:Changan
80:scholar
1278:
1255:
1245:
1218:
1094:Konoe
1017:Konoe
871:ja:神泉苑
851:Sai-ji
641:, now
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
913:Gates
862:were
838:Tō-ji
826:-ōji
737:Kanto
665:kanji
660:Kūkai
553:西堀川小路
302:Sakyō
203:Taira
195:Xi'an
153:Kyoto
87:JSTOR
73:books
1276:ISBN
1253:OCLC
1243:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1115:郁芳門
1102:待賢門
1091:陽明門
1078:上東門
1063:達智門
1053:偉鑒門
1043:安嘉門
1025:上西門
1014:殷富門
1001:藻壁門
988:談天門
970:皇嘉門
957:朱雀門
948:Mibu
944:美福門
923:Side
897:七条大路
849:and
831:七条大路
751:and
743:and
643:Yodo
543:堀川小路
376:丸太町通
365:今出川通
340:一条大路
318:四神相応
298:Ukyō
147:lit.
59:news
1127:Map
788:高御座
695:万代宮
652:大井津
413:to
388:九条通
351:一条通
306:Sui
276:of
264:愛宕郡
246:葛野郡
142:平安京
128:大内裏
42:by
1386::
1251:.
1154:.
857:西寺
844:東寺
836:.
817:東市
807:西市
708:.
698:,
638:淀津
591:c.
589:,
558:.
498:.
463:小路
453:大路
421:.
396:JR
268:,
250:,
217:.
145:,
1284:.
1259:.
1224:.
1141:)
874:)
868:(
854:(
841:(
834:)
828:(
820:)
814:(
810:)
804:(
792:)
784:(
705:)
692:(
679:城
671:背
655:)
649:(
645:)
635:(
556:)
550:(
546:)
540:(
530:丈
527:(
516:丈
513:(
506:丈
503:(
496:)
490:(
486:)
483:坊
480:(
476:)
473:条
470:(
466:)
460:(
456:)
450:(
443:町
440:(
433:丈
430:(
392:)
384:(
380:)
372:(
368:)
362:(
355:)
347:(
343:)
337:(
314:(
274:)
260:(
256:)
242:(
139:(
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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