772:: in the aftermath of the failed Norman invasion, Alexios I granted the first trading privileges to the Venetians in exchange for their naval aids against Norman fleets, such as immunity from taxation and the right to set up trade colonies in certain towns including Constantinople itself. In Hellas itself Euripus, Thebes, and Athens were among those towns. Alexios' successors tried to curb these privileges with successes in part — and leading to the Venetian sacking of Euripus in 1171 in retaliation - but in 1198
52:
474:(στρατηγία, "generalcy") instead, it is almost certain that it was established from the outset as a full administrative entity, controlling those lands of the old province of Achaea that still remained under imperial control. The original extent of the theme is unclear and debated, but based on the (assumed) extent of Byzantine control, its territory must have comprised the eastern coast of the mainland (eastern Central Greece with
867:, in 1204 he captured Athens, before taking over Boeotia and Thessaly without a fight. Having become the master of a quasi-independent realm encompassing much of southern Greece he then tried to legitimize his position by marrying the daughter of the deposed Alexios III Angelos at Larissa. Following the
583:
to strengthen imperial rule and subdue the new settlers, while in the
Peloponnese it probably involved actual fighting against the Slavs. Although the local Slavs of the Peloponnese were not fully subdued at this time, the gradual strengthening of imperial authority eventually led to the splitting
640:
that reached even into the
Peloponnese and may have destroyed Thebes. Nevertheless, from the late 9th century on Hellas, along with the rest of Greece, shows evidence of increased prosperity, such as the increase in coinage, foundation of new towns and the establishment of new industries (most
413:, with the fortified towns largely remaining in the hands of the native Greek population. Nevertheless, in the first decades of the 7th century the Slavs were free to raid Thessaly and the south relatively unhindered; according to the
825:), whose costly military ventures led to a hike in taxation. Coupled with the corruption and autocratic behaviour of officials, this led to a decline in industry and the impoverishment of the peasantry, eloquently lamented by the
531:
in Hellas, who provided garrisons and crews for local naval squadrons. The number of land troops on the other hand remained rather low throughout the theme's existence, numbering perhaps 2,000, according to the estimates of
575:) was able to call upon 500 artisans from "Hellas and the islands" to Constantinople suggests a secured and regular contact between the province and the imperial centre. The anti-Slavic expedition of the minister
767:
first and foremost, began to establish their presence in the region towards the end of the century, signalling the beginning of the
Italians' ascendancy in maritime commerce and their gradual takeover of the
527:) that major land operations are recorded, and not until the early 9th century that the re-establishment of imperial control in the hinterland was completed. Thus Justinian II settled several thousand
879:, but his soldiers ran away, and he retreated to his fortress bases in the Peloponnese, from where he resisted for a few more years. Boniface divided the captured lands among his followers; the main
470:, and who thereupon rebelled against Justinian and overthrew him. Although the contemporary sources do not apply the term "theme" to Hellas until after the 8th century, using the term
579:
in 783 restored and extended imperial control once again, especially in the
Peloponnese and northern Greece. In Central Greece and Thessaly, the campaign seems to have been mostly a
700:
of Thebes and
Euripus after the middle of the 12th century. By the end of the 11th century, the joint administration of Hellas and the Peloponnese came under the control of the
338:
peninsula. It was established in the late 7th century, and was broken up into smaller districts in the late 11th/early 12th century. The theme fell to the
Crusader army led by
2805:
2769:
718:. Increasingly, however, smaller jurisdictions appeared within the boundaries of both themes. These eventually evolved into the smaller fiscal districts variously termed
494:
was the province's original capital; most likely Thebes, as it certainly filled this role in the early 10th century. In the second half of the 10th century, however, the
430:
and raided the coasts of
Thessaly and many Aegean islands, depopulating many of them. Some of the native Greeks fled to the fortified cities, to off-shore islands, or to
1563:
802:
describe central Greece during the middle of the 12th century as densely populated and prosperous, while
Benjamin records the presence of Jewish communities in Thebes,
257:
243:
229:
215:
201:
176:
162:
1444:
2795:
2749:
401:
in the north, the Slavs raided and settled almost at will. The Slavic settlement that followed the raids in the late 6th and early 7th centuries affected the
2336:
939:, and tasked with provisioning the imperial army with horses and pack animals, and seem to have functioned as military assembly points, similar to the old
706:, the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy. Due to the latter's absence from the province, however, the local administration remained under the local
783:) was forced to concede even more extensive ones, allowing the Venetians to create trade stations virtually in all cities situated close to the coast.
1556:
803:
355:
The ancient term "Hellas" was already in use in the 6th century to designate southern Greece in an administrative context, being employed in the
2432:
1493:
Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 2: South of the Balkans, the Islands, South of Asia Minor
543:. During the course of the 8th century, however, imperial authority was gradually extended to the interior. The local Slavic inhabitants were
2346:
1833:
1549:
748:
in particular are only attested for Greece, and appear to have been based at
Larissa, Thebes and Euripus, Athens, Corinth, and Patras.
653:, who occupied Thessaly in 986 and launched several devastating raids into Central Greece and the Peloponnese until his defeat at the
2482:
744:) in the 12th century, while the old themes of Hellas and the Peloponnese gradually withered away as administrative entities. The
2800:
2415:
2714:
2504:
2170:
1452:
2492:
2467:
2642:
2356:
863:
and Corinth, and launched raids into Attica. Taking advantage of the preoccupation of the imperial authorities with the
2657:
410:
320:
794:. The local silk industry survived, however, and was revived, partly if not mostly with Jewish workers as attested by
2175:
1541:
1531:
1501:
1476:
1427:
339:
2326:
2140:
851:
At the turn of the 13th century the Byzantine Empire's decay was in full swing. In the northwestern Peloponnese,
437:
The creation of the theme of Hellas is dated to sometime between 687 and 695, during the first reign of Emperor
2509:
2388:
1826:
1418:
645:
in Thebes). The Saracen threat receded during the 10th century and was practically ended as the result of the
2599:
2519:
2514:
868:
646:
512:, the theme was originally probably oriented mostly towards the sea and comprised the coastal areas that the
2437:
2361:
2105:
2055:
925:
were large domains allocated for the support of individuals, noble houses or churches and monasteries. The
660:
During the 10th and 11th centuries, Hellas was often governed jointly with the Peloponnese under a single
2669:
2562:
2403:
751:
The 11th century was largely a period of peace for southern Greece, interrupted only by raids during the
710:, a position often held during this period by senior and distinguished officials like the legal scholars
415:
390:
34:
478:
and parts of Thessaly), possibly including the eastern Peloponnese, as well as some Aegean islands like
2541:
2499:
2457:
2204:
2155:
2095:
2040:
1883:
1572:
760:
664:, and as the civilian administration rose in importance, the same practice appears there as well, with
613:
312:
181:
682:
being appointed for both themes. Thessaly appears to have been detached from Hellas and joined to the
2810:
2610:
2398:
2050:
2020:
1819:
756:
715:
2135:
2060:
2045:
2025:
752:
564:; imperial possessions appear not to have been greatly affected, and the fact that in 766, Emperor
2754:
2487:
2366:
2145:
1858:
892:
888:
366:
208:
194:
167:
2584:
2383:
2311:
2306:
2110:
900:
872:
826:
561:
540:
467:
250:
2744:
2734:
2684:
2674:
2472:
2422:
2160:
2000:
834:
2130:
2634:
2552:
2447:
2351:
2120:
2115:
2030:
1990:
1898:
1738:
683:
654:
637:
537:
517:
8:
2462:
2452:
2427:
2341:
2296:
2194:
1908:
1903:
1768:
1756:
1750:
1655:
1643:
1487:
773:
585:
576:
636:
in 911/2. In 918 and again in 923, the area was subjected to Bulgarian raids under Tsar
553:. This process was interrupted, but not halted, by another wave of Slavic settlement in
2442:
2189:
2165:
2100:
1863:
1703:
1608:
896:
795:
787:
764:
650:
633:
632:. Ten ships from Hellas also participated in the failed attempt to recover Crete under
406:
222:
1571:
875:
led a crusader army into Thessaly. Leo Sgouros tried to confront the Crusaders at the
2729:
2652:
2594:
2557:
2316:
2229:
2184:
2070:
2005:
1913:
1888:
1762:
1726:
1685:
1667:
1637:
1527:
1497:
1472:
1448:
1423:
1413:
830:
815:
769:
711:
431:
1804:
Thrace and Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes
871:
by the Crusaders in April 1204, however, the situation changed: in the same autumn,
547:
and subjected to Byzantine authority, often in autonomous districts under their own
448:), probably as a direct result of his 688/689 campaign against the Slavs. The first
2739:
2647:
2393:
2376:
2371:
2301:
2150:
1842:
1792:
1679:
1661:
1619:
1576:
929:
were districts tasked with the maintenance of warships and crews for the navy. The
625:
621:
609:
544:
533:
382:
370:
304:
57:
38:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2664:
2589:
2572:
2547:
2255:
2219:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
1970:
1893:
1868:
1786:
1732:
1521:
1491:
1466:
1438:
884:
398:
394:
236:
2774:
2410:
2270:
2224:
2209:
2199:
2090:
2035:
1774:
1720:
1691:
1604:
1598:
1462:
864:
642:
513:
491:
463:
362:
288:
2125:
2789:
2764:
2759:
2694:
2604:
2577:
2537:
1939:
1878:
1697:
1581:
935:
860:
666:
580:
565:
51:
389:
and southern Greece. Aided by the Byzantine Empire's preoccupation with the
2275:
2245:
2214:
1980:
1965:
880:
811:
755:(1040–1041), a raid by the Turkic Uzes tribe in 1064, and the unsuccessful
483:
438:
117:
2709:
2629:
2015:
2010:
1955:
1780:
876:
852:
402:
335:
2719:
1918:
1612:
1237:
1235:
1233:
736:
702:
690:
valley remained part of Hellas—until sometime in the 12th century. The
687:
509:
357:
1960:
1631:
799:
629:
528:
450:
1230:
2476:
2280:
1995:
1975:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1811:
1673:
1625:
1116:
947:
807:
455:
427:
386:
369:. During the late 6th and early 7th centuries, the collapse of the
324:
1496:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
1104:
1058:
1056:
951:. They also apparently correspond with areas of Slavic settlement.
2724:
2704:
2260:
1985:
1649:
941:
856:
814:). The situation began to change towards the end of the reign of
791:
672:
617:
597:
502:
1378:
694:
of Hellas is still attested for much of the 11th century, and a
2265:
2250:
1053:
678:
549:
487:
479:
475:
374:
316:
275:
68:
1092:
596:
During the 9th and early 10th centuries, Hellas suffered from
536:. The fleet of Hellas played a prominent role during the anti-
605:
601:
378:
293:
72:
1390:
798:
in his visit in 1165. Both Benjamin and the Arab geographer
649:
in 960–961, but the Bulgarian threat was renewed under Tsar
2567:
1259:
1247:
466:, who had fallen into disgrace following his defeat at the
1515:(in Italian). Rome, Italy: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
1368:
1366:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1220:
1218:
1179:
1157:
1155:
1140:
1128:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1008:
996:
696:
1283:
1445:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
1363:
1351:
1324:
1312:
1295:
1271:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1167:
1152:
2750:
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
1440:
Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 1: Hellas und Thessalia
1020:
984:
2806:
States and territories established in the 7th century
1080:
1041:
883:
states formed in the former area of Hellas were the
612:. Among the major such events, in the 880s the Arab
1526:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
790:plundered Thebes, carrying off its silk workers to
516:was able to control. It was not until the reign of
1485:
1241:
1122:
1062:
454:(military governor) of Hellas is attested in 695:
2787:
1422:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
381:invasions and settlements to occur all over the
844:), who sent the capable Nikephoros Prosouch as
60:c. 900, with the themes and major settlements.
2796:States and territories disestablished in 1205
1827:
1557:
624:, and in 902 the Saracens under the renegade
833:. This decline was temporarily halted under
24:
1834:
1820:
1564:
1550:
1468:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180
106:• Dissolution into smaller districts
50:
1519:
1471:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1461:
1437:Koder, Johannes; Hild, Friedrich (1976).
1436:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1146:
1134:
1110:
1098:
1035:
1014:
1002:
990:
608:in the 820s and the establishment of the
1513:Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus
600:raids, especially after the conquest of
2416:Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras
1510:
1086:
1074:
1047:
848:, but resumed after Andronikos' fall.
686:from the early 11th century—though the
409:in the north far more than Thessaly or
2788:
2715:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
2171:Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
1815:
1545:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
591:
1841:
350:
981:, "Hellas" (T. E. Gregory), p. 911.
588:around or soon after the year 800.
13:
1419:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
963:
14:
2822:
2505:Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)
2483:Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)
2176:Byzantine scholars in Renaissance
584:off of the Peloponnese to form a
385:. From 578, Slavic raids reached
319:. The theme encompassed parts of
2493:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
2468:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
1523:Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081
759:into Thessaly in 1082–1083. The
255:
241:
227:
213:
199:
174:
160:
16:Province of the Byzantine Empire
2357:Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)
2141:Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
1412:
978:
839:
820:
778:
570:
522:
508:Given its lack of depth in the
443:
361:as an alternative name for the
2801:Themes of the Byzantine Empire
2510:Battle of the Echinades (1427)
2389:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
1242:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994
1123:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994
1068:
1063:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994
933:were districts placed under a
1:
2600:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
2520:Ottoman conquest of the Morea
2433:Under the Palaiologos dynasty
2377:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
1520:Treadgold, Warren T. (1995).
957:
647:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
554:
426:the Slavic tribes even built
420:
377:frontier allowed large-scale
328:
2438:Reconquest of Constantinople
2362:Siege of Patras (805 or 807)
2056:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
913:
446: 685–695, 705–711
307:military-civilian province (
7:
2670:Church of the Parigoritissa
2643:Church of the Holy Apostles
2563:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
2404:Sack of Thessalonica (1185)
2347:Under the Heraclian dynasty
786:In 1148, the Normans under
416:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
26:Ἑλλάς, Ἑλλάδα, θέμα Ἑλλάδος
10:
2827:
2458:Battle of Pharsalus (1277)
2205:Eustathius of Thessalonica
2156:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2096:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2041:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
1713:Western or European themes
1405:
761:Italian maritime republics
397:in the east, and with the
345:
294:
182:Macedonia (Roman province)
2622:
2530:
2515:Morea revolt of 1453–1454
2325:
2289:
2238:
2051:John I Doukas of Thessaly
2021:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
1948:
1851:
1802:
1712:
1590:
1113:, pp. 26, 66–69, 72.
859:, had already taken over
716:Nicholas Hagiotheodorites
292:
271:
139:
135:
131:
127:
114:
104:
94:
90:
82:
78:
64:
49:
44:
33:
25:
21:
2770:Saints Theodoroi, Serres
2372:Muslim conquest of Crete
2061:Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
2046:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2026:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
1904:Theme of the Peloponnese
906:
753:uprising of Petar Delyan
628:sacked the port city of
501:seat was transferred to
486:. It is unclear whether
2755:Panagia Ekatontapiliani
2735:Old Metropolis of Veria
2488:Zealots of Thessalonica
2337:Persecution of paganism
2290:Greek states after 1204
2146:Theodore II Palaiologos
1591:Eastern or Asian themes
1387:, pp. 162ff., 234.
893:Kingdom of Thessalonica
889:Marquisate of Bodonitsa
209:Marquisate of Bodonitsa
195:Kingdom of Thessalonica
168:Achaia (Roman province)
2585:Byzantine architecture
2500:Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
2384:Macedonian Renaissance
2312:Despotate of the Morea
2307:Empire of Thessalonica
2111:Stephen Gabrielopoulos
901:Triarchy of Negroponte
873:Boniface of Montferrat
869:sack of Constantinople
827:Metropolitan of Athens
468:Battle of Sebastopolis
340:Boniface of Montferrat
315:) located in southern
251:Triarchy of Negroponte
2745:Panagia Kontariotissa
2675:Didymoteicho Fortress
2473:Hesychast controversy
2423:Battle of Klokotnitsa
2399:Byzantine–Norman wars
2161:Demetrios Palaiologos
2136:Esau de' Buondelmonti
2001:Nikephoros Melissenos
1899:Theme of Thessalonica
1852:Provinces and regions
1443:(in German). Vienna:
1373:Koder & Hild 1976
1358:Koder & Hild 1976
1346:Koder & Hild 1976
1334:Koder & Hild 1976
1319:Koder & Hild 1976
1307:Koder & Hild 1976
1278:Koder & Hild 1976
1266:Koder & Hild 1976
1254:Koder & Hild 1976
1225:Koder & Hild 1976
1210:Koder & Hild 1976
1198:Koder & Hild 1976
1186:Koder & Hild 1976
1174:Koder & Hild 1976
1162:Koder & Hild 1976
1147:Koder & Hild 1976
1135:Koder & Hild 1976
1101:, pp. 57, 59–60.
1099:Koder & Hild 1976
1036:Koder & Hild 1976
1015:Koder & Hild 1976
1003:Koder & Hild 1976
991:Koder & Hild 1976
835:Andronikos I Komnenos
684:theme of Thessalonica
2635:Angelokastro (Corfu)
2553:Byzantine literature
2448:Battle of Makryplagi
2352:Byzantine Iconoclasm
2121:Manuel Kantakouzenos
2116:Nikephoros II Orsini
2031:Demetrios Chomatenos
1991:Nikephoros II Phokas
1909:Theme of Cephallenia
1511:Pertusi, A. (1952).
1488:Oikonomides, Nicolas
655:Battle of Spercheios
518:Leo III the Isaurian
391:long and bloody wars
2463:Battle of Demetrias
2453:Battle of Neopatras
2428:Battle of Pelagonia
2367:Arab–Byzantine wars
2342:Barbarian invasions
2297:Despotate of Epirus
2195:Nicephorus Gregoras
1864:Theme of the Aegean
1399:, pp. 234–235.
774:Alexios III Angelos
96:• Established
2443:Battle of Prinitza
2190:George Akropolites
2166:Thomas Palaiologos
2131:Thomas Preljubović
2101:Michael Monomachos
1914:Theme of Nicopolis
1889:Theme of Macedonia
1884:Macedonia Province
1414:Kazhdan, Alexander
1268:, pp. 62, 66.
1256:, pp. 61, 66.
1244:, pp. 22, 62.
897:Lordship of Salona
796:Benjamin of Tudela
788:Roger II of Sicily
765:Republic of Venice
616:attacked Euripos (
592:9th–12th centuries
223:Lordship of Salona
2783:
2782:
2730:Nea Moni of Chios
2658:Soteira Lykodemou
2653:Little Metropolis
2595:Byzantine cuisine
2558:Alexander romance
2230:George Sphrantzes
2185:Niketas Choniates
2071:Demetrios Kydones
2006:Michael Choniates
1809:
1808:
1686:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
1638:Bucellarian Theme
1454:978-3-7001-0182-6
1348:, pp. 65–66.
1188:, pp. 60–61.
1149:, pp. 58–59.
1137:, pp. 57–58.
1125:, pp. 22–24.
1017:, pp. 55–56.
1005:, pp. 54–55.
831:Michael Choniates
816:Manuel I Komnenos
770:Byzantine economy
712:Alexios Aristenos
405:in the south and
351:7th–8th centuries
281:
280:
267:
266:
263:
262:
187:
186:
2818:
2811:Byzantine Greece
2740:Panagia Episkopi
2648:Daphni Monastery
2394:East-West Schism
2329:
2302:Empire of Nicaea
2151:Gemistos Plethon
1894:Theme of Strymon
1845:
1844:Byzantine Greece
1836:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1620:Thracesian Theme
1577:Byzantine Empire
1566:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1516:
1507:
1482:
1458:
1433:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
916:
843:
842: 1182–1185
841:
824:
823: 1143–1180
822:
782:
781: 1195–1203
780:
626:Damian of Tarsus
610:Emirate of Crete
574:
572:
559:
556:
534:Warren Treadgold
526:
524:
500:
447:
445:
425:
422:
383:Balkan peninsula
371:Byzantine Empire
333:
330:
298:
297:
296:
259:
258:
245:
244:
231:
230:
217:
216:
203:
202:
191:
190:
178:
177:
164:
163:
157:
156:
141:
140:
58:Byzantine Greece
54:
39:Byzantine Empire
28:
27:
19:
18:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2700:Kassiopi Castle
2690:Hexamilion wall
2680:Feraklos Castle
2665:Castle of Chios
2618:
2590:Byzantine dress
2573:Greek Anthology
2548:Byzantine music
2526:
2327:
2321:
2285:
2234:
2220:Joannes Zonaras
2086:Andronikos Asen
2081:Nicholas Orsini
2076:Catalan Company
2066:Gregory Palamas
1971:Irene of Athens
1944:
1874:Theme of Hellas
1859:Achaea Province
1847:
1843:
1840:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1787:Cherson/Klimata
1708:
1586:
1570:
1540:
1534:
1504:
1490:, eds. (1994).
1486:Nesbitt, John;
1479:
1463:Magdalino, Paul
1455:
1430:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
964:
960:
955:
952:
909:
891:, parts of the
885:Duchy of Athens
838:
819:
810:, and Zetouni (
777:
594:
569:
557:
541:revolt of 726/7
521:
498:
442:
423:
395:Sassanid Persia
353:
348:
331:
285:Theme of Hellas
256:
242:
237:Duchy of Athens
228:
214:
200:
175:
161:
120:
107:
97:
55:
29:
22:Theme of Hellas
17:
12:
11:
5:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2775:Trikala Castle
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Gardiki Castle
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2542:Macedonian art
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2411:Fourth Crusade
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:George Kodinos
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:Michael Glykas
2207:
2202:
2200:John Scylitzes
2197:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:John II Orsini
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:John Apokaukos
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Theme of Samos
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1626:Opsician Theme
1622:
1616:
1605:Armeniac Theme
1601:
1599:Anatolic Theme
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1434:
1428:
1416:, ed. (1991).
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:Magdalino 2002
1389:
1385:Magdalino 2002
1377:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1323:
1311:
1294:
1292:, p. 234.
1290:Magdalino 2002
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1229:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1111:Treadgold 1995
1103:
1091:
1089:, p. 172.
1079:
1077:, p. 171.
1067:
1052:
1050:, p. 170.
1040:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:
910:
908:
905:
865:Fourth Crusade
757:Norman attacks
732:chartoularaton
614:emir of Tarsus
593:
590:
586:separate theme
573: 741–775
525: 717–741
514:Byzantine navy
464:Anatolic Theme
411:Central Greece
399:Avar Khaganate
363:Roman province
352:
349:
347:
344:
321:Central Greece
301:Thema Hellados
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
253:
247:
246:
239:
233:
232:
225:
219:
218:
211:
205:
204:
197:
188:
185:
184:
179:
171:
170:
165:
153:
152:
147:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:Latin Conquest
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:Historical era
80:
79:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
47:
46:
45:687/695 – 1205
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2823:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Porta Panagia
2763:
2761:
2760:Patras Castle
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Hosios Loukas
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:Byzantine law
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:Acritic songs
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:Byzantine art
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:Major centres
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1940:Great Vlachia
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:De Thematibus
1579:according to
1578:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1535:
1533:0-8047-3163-2
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1503:0-88402-226-9
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:0-521-52653-1
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1429:0-19-504652-8
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1375:, p. 69.
1374:
1369:
1367:
1360:, p. 68.
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1336:, p. 65.
1335:
1330:
1328:
1321:, p. 64.
1320:
1315:
1309:, p. 67.
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1280:, p. 66.
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1227:, p. 63.
1226:
1221:
1219:
1212:, p. 62.
1211:
1206:
1200:, p. 61.
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1176:, p. 60.
1175:
1170:
1164:, p. 59.
1163:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1065:, p. 22.
1064:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1038:, p. 57.
1037:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
993:, p. 52.
992:
987:
980:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
962:
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
937:
936:chartoularios
932:
931:chartoularata
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
911:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
836:
832:
828:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
775:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
728:chartoularata
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
674:
669:
668:
667:protonotarioi
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:silk industry
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
589:
587:
582:
581:show of force
578:
567:
566:Constantine V
563:
552:
551:
546:
545:Christianized
542:
539:
535:
530:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
440:
435:
433:
429:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
343:
341:
337:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
290:
286:
277:
274:
272:Today part of
270:
254:
252:
249:
248:
240:
238:
235:
234:
226:
224:
221:
220:
212:
210:
207:
206:
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
183:
180:
173:
172:
169:
166:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
113:
109:
103:
99:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
20:
2609:
2246:Thessaloniki
2215:Anna Komnene
2180:
2106:John Angelos
1981:Nikephoros I
1966:Justinian II
1873:
1744:
1739:Thessalonica
1580:
1522:
1512:
1492:
1467:
1439:
1417:
1392:
1380:
1353:
1341:
1314:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1087:Pertusi 1952
1082:
1075:Pertusi 1952
1070:
1048:Pertusi 1952
1043:
1010:
998:
986:
946:
940:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
850:
845:
785:
750:
745:
741:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
707:
701:
695:
691:
677:
671:
665:
661:
659:
641:notably the
622:was defeated
595:
558: 746/7
548:
507:
495:
471:
459:
449:
439:Justinian II
436:
414:
356:
354:
308:
300:
295:θέμα Ἑλλάδος
284:
282:
150:Succeeded by
149:
144:
110:12th century
2710:Mount Athos
2630:Acrocorinth
2126:Simeon Uroš
2016:Leo Gabalas
2011:Leo Sgouros
1956:Justinian I
1781:Longobardia
1769:Dyrrhachium
1757:Cephallenia
1751:Peloponnese
1656:Mesopotamia
1644:Paphlagonia
923:episkepseis
877:Thermopylae
855:, ruler of
853:Leo Sgouros
806:, Euripus,
763:, with the
737:episkepseis
458:, formerly
403:Peloponnese
336:Peloponnese
327:and, until
145:Preceded by
86:Middle Ages
2790:Categories
2720:Monemvasia
2611:Hexabiblos
2181:Historians
1919:Sclaviniae
1791:(omitted:
1704:Aegean Sea
1613:Charsianon
1609:Cappadocia
958:References
921: The
899:, and the
742:episkepsis
703:megas doux
688:Spercheios
577:Staurakios
538:iconoclast
510:hinterland
424: 615
358:Synekdemos
332: 800
2623:Monuments
1961:Heraclius
1763:Nicopolis
1727:Macedonia
1668:Sebasteia
1632:Optimates
1465:(2002) .
800:al-Idrisi
692:strategos
673:praetores
662:strategos
657:in 997.
630:Demetrias
550:archontes
529:Mardaites
496:strategos
472:strategia
460:strategos
451:strategos
407:Macedonia
342:in 1205.
305:Byzantine
2477:Palamism
2317:Thessaly
2281:Ioannina
1996:Basil II
1976:Danielis
1935:Tsakonia
1928:Ezeritai
1924:Melingoi
1793:Dalmatia
1680:Seleucia
1674:Lykandos
1662:Koloneia
1585:(c. 950)
808:Ravenica
634:Himerios
562:Bulgaria
456:Leontios
428:monoxyla
387:Thessaly
325:Thessaly
303:) was a
2725:Mystras
2705:Meteora
2639:Athens
2531:Culture
2328:History
2261:Mystras
2256:Corinth
1986:Basil I
1733:Strymon
1650:Chaldia
1607:(incl.
1575:of the
1406:Sources
948:aplekta
857:Nauplia
846:praetor
792:Palermo
740:(sing.
734:), and
730:(sing.
722:(sing.
708:praetor
618:Chalcis
604:by the
598:Saracen
503:Larissa
462:of the
346:History
116:•
100:687/695
65:Capital
56:Map of
37:of the
2271:Thebes
2266:Patras
2251:Athens
1949:People
1775:Sicily
1745:Hellas
1721:Thrace
1692:Cyprus
1573:Themes
1530:
1500:
1475:
1451:
1426:
942:metata
917:
895:, the
887:, the
724:horion
679:kritai
651:Samuel
638:Simeon
620:) but
492:Thebes
488:Athens
480:Skyros
476:Euboea
379:Slavic
375:Danube
367:Achaea
334:, the
317:Greece
276:Greece
73:Thebes
69:Athens
1869:Crete
1698:Samos
927:horia
907:Notes
881:Latin
861:Argos
812:Lamia
804:Krisa
746:horia
720:horia
606:Arabs
602:Crete
560:from
499:'
432:Italy
419:, in
393:with
313:theme
309:thema
289:Greek
35:Theme
2568:Suda
2276:Arta
1926:and
1785:12.
1779:11.
1773:10.
1702:17.
1696:16.
1690:15.
1684:14.
1678:13.
1672:12.
1666:11.
1660:10.
1611:and
1528:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1424:ISBN
945:and
714:and
697:doux
676:and
482:and
283:The
123:1205
1767:9.
1761:8.
1755:7.
1749:6.
1743:5.
1737:4.
1731:3.
1725:2.
1719:1.
1654:9.
1648:8.
1642:7.
1636:6.
1630:5.
1624:4.
1618:3.
1603:2.
1597:1.
979:ODB
726:),
490:or
484:Kea
373:'s
365:of
71:or
2792::
2183::
1447:.
1365:^
1326:^
1297:^
1232:^
1217:^
1154:^
1055:^
1022:^
965:^
919:a:
903:.
840:r.
829:,
821:r.
779:r.
670:,
571:r.
555:c.
523:r.
505:.
444:r.
434:.
421:c.
329:c.
323:,
311:,
299:,
291::
2544:)
2540:(
2479:)
2475:(
1835:e
1828:t
1821:v
1795:)
1615:)
1565:e
1558:t
1551:v
1536:.
1506:.
1481:.
1457:.
1432:.
837:(
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520:(
441:(
287:(
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