697:. Von Schlieffen himself had spotted a flaw in his plan but had not suggested a solution. He saw that if the German right wing had made for the west side of Paris they would have been out of touch with the rest of the German army weak and unsupplied. If they had made for the east of the city they would have been attacked by the French. On 27 August 1914 Moltke instructed General von Kluck (in command of the right wing) to go west of Paris. The next day Kluck decided to move south eastward instead, Moltke acquiesced and not only were Kluck's forces attacked on the flank by the French but also by the British at their rear. Everywhere the Germans rolled back. Some critics contend that Moltke's weakening of the Schlieffen Plan by sending troops to the Eastern Front led to German defeat on the Marne. The records show that Moltke, who was concerned about Russia, moved 180,000 men east before the war. Many thousands more men were transported from the crucial right wing to the left wing facing France in Alsace and Lorraine. Most controversially, on 28 August, Moltke sent two corps and a cavalry division to reinforce Ludendorff and Hindenburg, just before the victory at the
49:
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316:
662:, however, the Kaiser believed that Britain would remain neutral if Germany did not attack France. Whichever is true, the Kaiser, seeing that a two-front war could be avoided, told Moltke to divert forces from the western to the eastern front against Russia. Moltke refused, arguing that such a drastic alteration of a long-planned major mobilization could not be done without throwing the forces into organizational chaos, and the original plan now in motion had to be followed through. Years later, General
709:'s 2nd Army, thus creating a gap near Paris that was exploited by the French, is a more direct cause than any planning foibles on Moltke's part. The Schlieffen School disagrees and argues that Moltke lost control of the invading armies during the month of August and thus was unable to react when the First Battle of the Marne developed in September. While Moltke had lost touch with his field commanders, German operational doctrine had always stressed
2486:
603:), with whom he was certainly far closer than were the other candidates. Historians argue that Beseler was too close to Schlieffen to have succeeded him, while Bülow and Goltz were too independent for William II to have accepted them. Moltke's friendship with the Emperor permitted him a latitude that others could not have enjoyed. Goltz, at least, saw nothing wrong with Moltke's performance as Chief.
786:), which his widow Eliza intended to publish in 1919. She was dissuaded from doing so because of the problems it might cause. The pamphlet was designed to show the "chaotic" nature of events leading up to the war, to counter Allied accusations of warmongering by Germany. Army chiefs and the German Foreign Ministry were disturbed by its contents. General Wilhelm von Dommes was sent to advise
677:. He said, "Today the last forts of Liège will be shot to pieces," expressing his confidence in the German victory of the Battle. Further, he assessed the Austro-Hungarian Army to be strong enough to fend the Russians. Even Josef von Stürgkh, the military attache onboard with Moltke regarded this as a wishful thought.
724:
Although earlier in the campaign, German generals and the press had been proclaiming the campaign as good as won, on 4 September, Moltke was found despondent that the lack of prisoners and captured guns meant that the
Germans had not yet really won a decisive victory. Moltke may well have been overly
814:
von Moltke was one of the older commanders of 1914 and in poor health, having suffered a stroke shortly before the outbreak of the war. These factors negatively affected his determination when he was under stress. His personal interests included music, painting and literature. While often assertive
764:
After Moltke handed over authority to
Falkenhayn in September 1914, he was entrusted in Berlin with the office of Chief of the Home Substitute for the General Staff, which had the task of organising and forwarding the reserves together with controlling the territorial army corps while corresponding
732:
Whether
General von Moltke actually said to the Emperor, "Majesty, we have lost the war," we do not know. We know anyhow that with a prescience greater in political than in military affairs, he wrote to his wife on the night of the 9th, "Things have not gone well. The fighting east of Paris has not
637:
In 1913, Moltke discarded the
Germany's sole alternative to the Schlieffen Plan, the Eastern Deployment Plan, which confined hostilities to Russia alone in the event of a Russo-German conflict. Thus, by the time of the July Crisis, there was no way for Germany to go to war to with Russia without
666:, head of the German railway division, disagreed, in a book detailing a contingency plan that the German army had for such a situation. Grey's offer turned out to be a wishful misinterpretation by Lichnowsky and the Kaiser told Moltke to proceed as originally planned.
624:" was based on the likelihood that Germany would be forced to fight both France and Russia in a two-front war. As the succeeding Chief of the Great General Staff, Moltke adhered to Schlieffen's plans yet made some modifications such as excluding Holland from the plan.
562:
Regiment and was cited for bravery. He attended the War
Academy between 1875 and 1878 and joined the General Staff in 1880. In 1882 he became personal adjutant to his uncle, who was then Chief of the General Staff. In 1891, on the death of his uncle, Moltke became
701:. The series of moves has been viewed by some historians as responsible for much of the strategic failure of the Schlieffen Plan as enacted in 1914. A number of historians, notably Zuber and S. L. A. Marshall, contend that the failure of
830:
connected his personal beliefs with his resigned approach to the possibility of a general war in the lead-up to the First World War. Like many of his colleagues on the German
General Staff, he was heavily influenced by
680:
Moltke's health, already stressed from this argument with his ruler, would break down as a consequence of
Germany's subsequent defeat at the first battle of the Marne, and on 14 September 1914 he was succeeded by
717:(personal initiative) on the part of subordinate officers, more so than in other armies. Other historians argue that the multitude of strategic options Moltke faced and the danger of the Russian invasion of
725:
preoccupied with the unsuccessful German offensive in
Lorraine, and he issued no orders to the First, Second and Third Armies between 2 and 5 September whilst the Battle of the Marne was in progress.
627:
Therefore, in the event of conflict with Russia, it simultaneously called for a decisive offensive against France. In order to outflank French defenses, the offensive would entail an invasion of the
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669:
Over the course of his term during the war, Motlke was confident about the victory of his forces. On 16 August 1914, in the train heading towards
Koblenz, Moltke expressed his opinions regarding
2756:
2065:
571:, thus becoming part of the Emperor's inner circle. In 1898 he became commander of the 1st Guards Infantry Brigade and in 1902, being promoted to Lieutenant General, received command of the
520:. His legacy remains a matter of controversy, due to his involvement in Germany's decision to go to war and in the execution of the invasion of France and Belgium that culminated in the
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835:. His view of international relations as merely a struggle for survival led him to believe that the longer the start of the war was delayed the worse things would be for Germany.
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Eliza von Moltke against its publication. Having read the pamphlet, he confided to his diary that it "contains nasty stuff". Instead, Eliza published the more bland
2359:
Helmuth von Moltke, Light for the new millennium: Rudolf
Steiner's association with Helmuth and Eliza von Moltke: letters, documents and after-death communications
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2796:
2726:
2766:
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2751:
620:, Moltke devoted much of his time reviewing and fine-tuning the war plans set in place by his predecessor, Count Schlieffen. What came to be known as the "
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2490:
2292:
Foley, Robert T. "Preparing the German Army for the First World War: The Operational Ideas of Alfred von Schlieffen and Helmuth von Moltke the Younger."
765:
to those at the front. Moltke's health continued to deteriorate, and he died in Berlin on 18 June 1916 (aged 68) during the state memorial ceremony for
247:
631:, thereby theoretically enabling German forces to swing behind Paris and decisively defeat the whole of France's armies in a battle of encirclement
2721:
2587:
1005:
2711:
693:
It is a matter of debate whether the "failure" of the Marne Campaign can be placed at Moltke's feet. The German actions had been based on the
516:
Upon becoming the head of the General Staff, Moltke led the German Army from 1 January 1906 to 14 September 1914 during the opening months of
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2198:
2701:
1264:
583:
In 1904 Moltke was made Quartermaster-General; in effect, Deputy Chief of the General Staff. In 1906, he became chief on the retirement of
572:
399:
2580:
634:
In December 1911, Moltke lectured the General Staff: "All are preparing themselves for the great war, which all sooner or later expect."
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2042:
599:. Critics charge that Moltke gained the position on the strength of his name and his friendship with the Emperor (who liked to call him
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1985:
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1411:
48:
728:
Following the German retreat from the Marne, Moltke allegedly reported to the Kaiser, "Your Majesty, we have lost the war."
2691:
2506:
1822:
942:
2176:. Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 13–14
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2134:
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537:
166:
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796:, a collection of her husband's letters and documents. Other material was archived. Some was later destroyed during the
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993:
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510:
450:
268:
162:
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969:
587:. His appointment was controversial then and remains so today. The other likely candidates for the position were
1353:, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (
948:
918:
1253:
1223:
826:, which taught that humanity was an endless, unchanging cycle of civilizations rising and falling. Historian
771:
596:
103:
26:
2716:
2615:
1335:. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (
1273:
1243:
1238:
1189:
872:
22:
1795:
2502:
1173:
928:
887:
698:
651:
2041:(in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1915. pp.
1359:). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine form is
1403:
1145:
1130:
1104:
959:
568:
2006:
2002:
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551:
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658:, had offered French neutrality under guarantee of Great Britain. According to the historian
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2529:
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2375:
Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (New Studies in European History)
767:
682:
546:
501:
492:
170:
130:
64:
8:
2640:
2269:
1329:
was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as
702:
555:
415:
252:
2468:
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2419:
2394:
1898:
1735:
1608:
1285:
965:
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1258:
1213:
955:
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208:
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592:
438:
2281:
1041:
Schaumburg-Lippe: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class
832:
797:
2650:
2645:
2564:
2498:
2414:
2314:
The Marne, 1914: the opening of World War I and the battle that changed the world
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694:
621:
2210:
2185:
904:
712:
1932:
Biggar, Nigel (September 2013). "Why Britain Was Right To Go To War In 1914".
1705:
1452:
1294:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Knight Commander of the
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2434:
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1230:
628:
496:
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355:
334:
198:
1947:
1908:
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1024:
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gone in our favour, and we shall have to pay for the damage we have done".
1577:
978:
659:
517:
420:
2459:(in German), vol. 18, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 17–18
650:
in September 1914, Moltke was called to the Kaiser who had been told by
2285:
1219:
859:
276:
85:
2062:
Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
513:, who is commonly called "Moltke the Elder" to differentiate the two.
2039:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1915
559:
1684:(Penguin ed.). Harmondsworth(London): Penguin. pp. 31–34.
1362:
788:
2602:
1766:(Penguin ed.). Harmondsworth (London): Penguin. p. 34.
2127:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
2687:
Military personnel from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2485:
186:
2757:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1428:"Moltke, Helmuth Johannes Ludwig, Graf von | Encyclopedia.com"
1341:). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (
2439:
Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning, 1871–1914
1331:
654:, prince Lichnowsky, that the British Foreign Secretary, Sir
1538:
Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (13 December 2004).
21:
For the German military strategist of the 19th century, see
1804:, Bertelsmann Lexikon-Verlag (1977) p. 18.] jellepeters.com
1323:
810:
646:
Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War and the
506:
36:
1509:
1507:
1454:
Herfried Münkler - Irrtümer und Illusionen im großen Krieg
2772:
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class
2270:"The Limits of Envelopment: The Invasion of Serbia, 1915"
1400:
Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War
800:
and the original pamphlet has been lost since that time.
2499:
Newspaper clippings about Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
2307:
Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?
2170:
State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1912
819:
as being essentially that of a self-doubting introvert.
25:. For the German resistance figure of the Nazi era, see
2822:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
2747:
Commanders Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
1619:
1567:, 37, 4 (1994), pp. 885–889, Cambridge University Press
1504:
1006:
Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
815:
in manner, his character was assessed by the historian
2827:
Military personnel from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
1492:
638:
simultaneously opening hostilities against the West.
2697:
German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
2022:(in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p.
2737:
Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
2165:
Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1912
2102:
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg
1519:
1480:
606:
2393:
2341:A World Undone: A Story of the Great War 1914-1918
2162:Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1912) .
2104:(in German), Stuttgart: Landesamt, 1907, pp.
1734:
1468:
843:He received the following decorations and awards:
578:
2792:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
2787:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
2782:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
2732:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
2161:
1948:"Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke, der Jüngere"
2817:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
2663:
1999:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
2080:Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901
2812:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo
2797:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
2727:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class
2448:
1537:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
2588:
1972:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.)",
1728:
1726:
487:; 25 May 1848 – 18 June 1916), also known as
16:Chief of the German General Staff (1848–1916)
2767:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
2762:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
2018:"Verdienst-Orden Philipps des Großmütigen",
1603:
1601:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1231:Royal Military Order of St. Benedict of Aviz
710:
436:
292:
2777:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
2752:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
2324:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
2259:The politics of the Prussian army 1640-1945
2064:(in German), Weimar: Böhlau, 1900, p.
2011:
1381:
77:1 January 1906 – 14 September 1914
2742:Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph
2595:
2581:
2471:Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dokumente 1877-1916.
2322:The Road to 1914: The War That Ended Peace
2037:"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen".
1904:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
1723:
1544:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
943:Grand Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Crown
641:
47:
2556:Quartermaster-General of the German Army
2319:
1897:
1891:
1598:
1513:
1169:Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1048:Knight of Honour of the Württemberg Crown
2722:19th-century Prussian military personnel
2391:
2372:
2288:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
2095:
2093:
2082:(in German). Dresden: Heinrich. p.
1787:"Majestät, wir haben den Krieg verloren"
1732:
1625:
1394:
747:
2400:. London: Wordsworth Military Library.
2267:
2192:
2077:
1940:
1741:. London: Wordsworth Military Library.
1637:
1607:
1498:
1280:Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
760:), Berlin (restitution stone from 2007)
493:Chief of the Great German General Staff
476:Helmuth Johannes Ludwig Graf von Moltke
2664:
2361:. Rudolf Steiner Press, London, 1997.
1931:
1859:
1834:
1761:
1679:
1576:
1229:Kingdom of Portugal: Commander of the
2576:
2338:
2090:
2001:(1910), "Großherzogliche Orden", pp.
1525:
1486:
1474:
482:
2559:16 February 1904 – 31 December 1905
2469:Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke:
2020:Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste
1965:
1638:Crowley, Robert (1 September 2001).
611:
2702:German Army generals of World War I
2078:Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden".
1244:Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania
752:Grave of Helmuth von Moltke in the
538:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
167:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
13:
2604:Chiefs of the German General Staff
2491:Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke
2251:
1837:The First Battle of the Marne 1914
1670:Keegan, John source cited 116-117
1286:Commander Grand Cross of the Sword
1239:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
705:'s 1st Army to keep position with
150:Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke
14:
2838:
2712:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
2478:
1174:Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy
919:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion
688:
618:Chief of the German General Staff
540:, and was named after his uncle,
2484:
1864:. Hutchinson. pp. 176–177.
1706:"Who's Who – Helmuth von Moltke"
1274:Commander of the Cross of Takovo
1206:Netherlands: Grand Cross of the
994:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown
803:
607:Chief of the Great General Staff
550:(Field Marshal) and hero of the
542:Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke
511:Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke
451:House Order of the Wendish Crown
348:
327:
314:
269:Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke
2807:Grand Crosses of Military Merit
2802:Commanders of the Order of Aviz
2227:
2215:(in Swedish), 1915, p. 674
2203:
2155:
2115:
2071:
2053:
2030:
1992:
1925:
1878:
1853:
1828:
1807:
1780:
1755:
1698:
1673:
1664:
1631:
1584:. London: Pimlico. p. 76.
1570:
1558:
1531:
1119:Military Order of Maria Theresa
970:Order of Philip the Magnanimous
794:Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dokumente
579:Rise to the Great General Staff
532:Helmuth von Moltke was born in
527:
230:
2682:People from Rostock (district)
2631:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
2377:. Cambridge University Press.
1445:
1420:
1313:
1254:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
1184:Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun
1031:; Grand Cross with Golden Star
985:Grand Commander of the Griffon
886:Commander's Star of the Royal
778:. He left a pamphlet entitled
41:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
1:
2320:MacMillan, Margaret (2014) .
2060:"Großherzogliche Hausorden",
1374:
1356:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
1338:Graf Helmuth James von Moltke
1224:Order of the Lion and the Sun
1129:Belgium: Grand Cordon of the
1012:Commander of the White Falcon
743:
597:Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
558:, Moltke served with the 7th
104:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
27:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
2616:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2396:Mons, The Retreat to Victory
2268:Dinardo, Richard L. (2016).
1737:Mons, The Retreat to Victory
1642:. In Crowley, Robert (ed.).
1541:Decisions for War, 1914-1917
1153:Grand Cross of the Dannebrog
1137:Grand Cross of St. Alexander
866:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle
721:clouded Moltke's judgement.
573:1st Guards Infantry Division
499:. He was also the nephew of
484:[ˈhɛlmuːtfɔnˈmɔltkə]
400:1st Guards Infantry Division
23:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
7:
2692:Colonel generals of Prussia
2503:20th Century Press Archives
2086:– via hathitrust.org.
1815:The World Crisis, 1911–1918
929:Order of Berthold the First
888:House Order of Hohenzollern
868:, with Oak Leaves and Crown
491:, was a German general and
396:1st Guards Infantry Brigade
10:
2843:
2530:Chief of the General Staff
2343:. New York: Bantam Books.
2026:– via hathitrust.org
1888:, Four Square, 1964, p. 99
1646:. Penguin Group. pp.
1404:Cambridge University Press
1319:Regarding personal names:
1198:Grand Cross of St. Charles
1146:Order of the Double Dragon
1135:Principality of Bulgaria:
960:Saxe-Ernestine House Order
838:
220:Eliza von Moltke-Huitfeldt
65:German Great General Staff
20:
2611:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2536:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2373:Mombauer, Annika (2016).
1105:Imperial Order of Leopold
972:, 2nd Class with Swords,
968:: Commander of the Merit
893:Knight of the Black Eagle
822:Moltke was a follower of
648:First Battle of the Marne
522:First Battle of the Marne
469:
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389:
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81:
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62:
58:
46:
34:
2456:Neue Deutsche Biographie
2223:– via runeberg.org
1974:Preussische Ordens-Liste
1402:. Cambridge / New York:
1306:
1265:Knight of St. Stanislaus
1085:Knight of the Iron Crown
589:Hans Hartwig von Beseler
2449:Heinrich Walle (1997),
2443:Oxford University Press
2392:Terraine, John (1960).
1733:Terraine, John (1960).
1261:, 1st Class in Diamonds
1035:Knight of the Rue Crown
642:Outbreak of World War I
191:Province of Brandenburg
2235:The Knights of England
2212:Sveriges statskalender
1839:. Osprey. p. 14.
1791:Otto-Ernst Schüddekopf
1640:"The What Ifs of 1914"
1565:The Historical Journal
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1322:
1208:Order of Orange-Nassau
1010:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach:
780:Die 'Schuld' am Kriege
761:
741:
711:
552:Unification of Germany
446:Order of the Red Eagle
437:
385:7th Grenadier Regiment
293:
2626:Alfred von Schlieffen
2357:Meyer, Thomas (Ed.).
2339:Meyer, G.J. (2015) .
2263:Online free to borrow
1884:Tuchman, Barbara W.,
1860:Keegan, John (1998).
1296:Royal Victorian Order
1095:Order of Franz Joseph
996:, with Golden Crown,
784:The Blame for the War
751:
730:
675:Austro-Hungarian Army
585:Alfred von Schlieffen
456:Royal Victorian Order
362:Years of service
119:Alfred von Schlieffen
2636:Erich von Falkenhayn
2621:Alfred von Waldersee
2540:Erich von Falkenhayn
2493:at Wikimedia Commons
2429:Macmillan Publishers
2423:, also published as
2233:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)
2100:"Königliche Orden",
1952:the Prussian Machine
1835:Summer, Ian (2010).
1817:, Free Press, 2005,
1813:Churchill, Winston.
1762:Taylor, AJP (1966).
1680:Taylor, AJP (1966).
1432:www.encyclopedia.com
1235:Kingdom of Romania:
1188:Grand Cordon of the
949:Military Merit Order
939:Kingdom of Bavaria:
768:Generalfeldmarschall
699:Battle of Tannenberg
683:Erich von Falkenhayn
547:Generalfeldmarschall
502:Generalfeldmarschall
171:German Confederation
131:Erich von Falkenhayn
2717:German Theosophists
2641:Paul von Hindenburg
2296:22.2 (2004): 1-25.
1899:MacMillan, Margaret
1862:The First World War
1802:Der Erste Weltkrieg
1764:The First World War
1682:The First World War
1615:. Ballantine Press.
1582:The First World War
1272:Kingdom of Serbia:
1148:, Class I Grade III
1103:Grand Cross of the
1093:Grand Cross of the
1020:Kingdom of Saxony:
958:: Commander of the
947:Grand Cross of the
927:Grand Cross of the
901:Service Award Cross
703:Alexander von Kluck
556:Franco-Prussian War
416:Franco-Prussian War
2420:The Guns of August
2312:Herwig, Holger H.
2286:10.1111/hisn.12247
1886:The Guns of August
1613:The Guns of August
1457:, 25 November 2015
1259:Knight of St. Anna
1165:Kingdom of Italy:
966:Hesse and by Rhine
828:Margaret MacMillan
817:Barbara W. Tuchman
762:
754:Invalids' Cemetery
664:Hermann von Staabs
569:Emperor Wilhelm II
495:, a member of the
489:Moltke the Younger
461:Order of the Sword
322:Kingdom of Prussia
294:Moltke der Jüngere
289:Moltke the Younger
195:Kingdom of Prussia
99:Bernhard von Bülow
2659:
2658:
2571:
2570:
2562:Succeeded by
2537:Succeeded by
2515:Military offices
2489:Media related to
2350:978-0-553-38240-2
2331:978-0-8129-8066-0
2294:War & Society
2257:Craig, Gordon A.
2199:Journal de Monaco
2129:, 1916, pp.
1918:978-1-4000-6855-5
1907:. New York City:
1846:978-1-84603-502-9
1710:Firstworldwar.com
1551:978-0-521-54530-3
1413:978-0-521-79101-4
1214:Order of Osmanieh
1180:Empire of Japan:
1159:; in Brilliants,
1117:Commander of the
1111:; in Brilliants,
1057:Commander of the
1023:Commander of the
998:10 September 1911
956:Ernestine duchies
881:19 September 1901
877:12 September 1896
873:Royal Crown Order
862:(1870), 2nd Class
758:Invalidenfriedhof
612:Preparing for war
473:
472:
209:Invalidenfriedhof
2834:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2547:Preceded by
2523:Count Schlieffen
2520:Preceded by
2512:
2511:
2488:
2463:full text online
2460:
2451:"Moltke Helmuth"
2415:Tuchman, Barbara
2411:
2399:
2388:
2354:
2335:
2289:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1609:Tuchman, Barbara
1605:
1596:
1595:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1396:Mombauer, Annika
1392:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1317:
1250:Russian Empire:
1212:Ottoman Empire:
1161:10 November 1906
1131:Order of Leopold
989:15 November 1904
833:Social Darwinism
798:Second World War
739:
716:
486:
481:
442:
354:
352:
351:
333:
331:
330:
320:
318:
317:
302:Military service
296:
256:
248:Adolf von Moltke
234:
232:
183:
159:
157:
141:Personal details
127:
115:
75:
51:
32:
31:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2651:Hans von Seeckt
2646:Wilhelm Groener
2607:
2601:
2567:
2565:Fritz von Below
2558:
2552:
2542:
2533:
2525:
2481:
2408:
2385:
2351:
2332:
2254:
2252:Further reading
2249:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1997:
1993:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:. p. 258.
1896:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1812:
1808:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:, pp. 343.
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:, pp. 107.
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1393:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1157:29 October 1902
1079:Austria-Hungary
1072:Foreign honours
1069:
1059:Friedrich Order
895:, with Collar,
841:
806:
746:
740:
737:
695:Schlieffen Plan
691:
671:Battle of Liège
644:
622:Schlieffen Plan
616:After becoming
614:
609:
581:
530:
497:House of Moltke
479:
465:
425:
404:
349:
347:
339:
328:
326:
315:
313:
290:
260:
250:
236:
233: 1878)
228:
224:
221:
185:
181:
161:
155:
153:
152:
151:
125:
113:
108:
76:
71:
54:
42:
39:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2553:
2550:Karl von Bülow
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2495:
2494:
2480:
2479:External links
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:Stuttgart 1922
2466:
2446:
2435:Zuber, Terence
2432:
2412:
2406:
2389:
2383:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2336:
2330:
2317:
2310:
2303:Fromkin. David
2300:
2290:
2280:(3): 486–503.
2265:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2226:
2202:
2191:
2186:da:DIS Danmark
2154:
2123:"Ritter-Orden"
2114:
2089:
2070:
2052:
2029:
2010:
1991:
1964:
1939:
1924:
1917:
1890:
1877:
1870:
1852:
1845:
1827:
1806:
1779:
1773:0-14-00-2481-6
1772:
1754:
1747:
1722:
1697:
1690:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1630:
1628:, p. 233.
1618:
1597:
1590:
1569:
1557:
1550:
1530:
1528:, p. 109.
1518:
1514:MacMillan 2014
1503:
1501:, p. 487.
1491:
1479:
1467:
1444:
1419:
1412:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
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1247:
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1241:
1233:
1227:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:Order of Meiji
1186:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1149:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1101:
1091:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1050:, with Crown,
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1018:
1008:
1002:
1001:
1000:
991:
976:
963:
953:
952:
951:
945:
937:
936:
935:
925:
913:
912:
911:
905:Pour le Merite
902:
899:
890:
884:
871:Knight of the
869:
863:
850:
849:
848:
847:German honours
840:
837:
808:At sixty-six,
805:
802:
745:
742:
735:
713:Auftragstaktik
707:Karl von Bülow
690:
689:Marne Campaign
687:
643:
640:
613:
610:
608:
605:
593:Karl von Bülow
580:
577:
529:
526:
471:
470:
467:
466:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
439:Pour le Mérite
433:
431:
427:
426:
424:
423:
418:
412:
410:
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
393:
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386:
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344:Branch/service
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340:
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337:
324:
310:
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303:
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298:
287:
283:
282:
279:
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244:
242:
238:
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201:
184:(aged 68)
178:
174:
173:
149:
147:
143:
142:
138:
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134:
133:
128:
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121:
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106:
101:
95:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
60:
59:
56:
55:
53:Moltke in 1906
52:
44:
43:
40:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2839:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
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2775:
2773:
2770:
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2748:
2745:
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2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Moltke family
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
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2610:
2605:
2598:
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2557:
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2532:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
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2496:
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2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2407:1-84022-240-9
2403:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2384:9780521791014
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2367:1-85584-051-0
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:The Historian
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:(in German),
1975:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1823:0 7432 8343 0
1820:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1748:1-84022-240-9
1744:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1691:014-00-2481-6
1687:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1657:9780425176429
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1626:Mombauer 2016
1622:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1591:0-7126-6645-1
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1477:, p. 94.
1476:
1471:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
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1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:14 April 1907
1199:
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1191:
1187:
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1182:
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1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
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1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:, 2nd Class,
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1061:, 2nd Class,
1060:
1056:
1054:; Grand Cross
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:Württemberg:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:, 2nd Class,
1026:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
990:
986:
983:
982:
980:
977:
975:
971:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
924:
920:
917:
916:
914:
910:
909:7 August 1915
906:
903:
900:
898:
894:
891:
889:
885:
882:
879:; with Star,
878:
875:, 2nd Class,
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
855:
852:
851:
846:
845:
844:
836:
834:
829:
825:
820:
818:
813:
812:
804:Personal life
801:
799:
795:
791:
790:
785:
781:
777:
776:von der Goltz
775:
770:
769:
759:
755:
750:
734:
729:
726:
722:
720:
715:
714:
708:
704:
700:
696:
686:
684:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
639:
635:
632:
630:
629:Low Countries
625:
623:
619:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
554:. During the
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
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346:
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2019:
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1994:
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1909:Random House
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1885:
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1871:0-09-1801788
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1709:
1700:
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1666:
1643:
1633:
1621:
1612:
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1578:Keegan, John
1572:
1564:
1560:
1540:
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1499:Dinardo 2016
1494:
1482:
1470:
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1431:
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1122:
1112:
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1025:Albert Order
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932:
922:
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907:(military),
896:
880:
876:
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719:East Prussia
692:
679:
668:
645:
636:
633:
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615:
600:
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565:aide-de-camp
545:
531:
528:Early career
515:
505:
500:
488:
475:
474:
409:Battles/wars
373:
182:(1916-06-18)
180:18 June 1916
126:Succeeded by
72:
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2677:1916 deaths
2672:1848 births
2606:(1871–1919)
2425:August 1914
1794: [
1300:28 May 1901
1267:, 1st Class
1226:, 1st Class
1216:, 1st Class
1004:Oldenburg:
979:Mecklenburg
962:, 2nd Class
883:; 1st Class
660:John Keegan
656:Edward Grey
518:World War I
421:World War I
286:Nickname(s)
281:War Academy
251: [
160:25 May 1848
114:Preceded by
2666:Categories
2534:1906–1914
2241:, London,
1980:, Berlin:
1934:Standpoint
1526:Meyer 2015
1487:Meyer 2015
1475:Meyer 2015
1375:References
974:6 May 1892
860:Iron Cross
744:Later life
307:Allegiance
277:Alma mater
156:1848-05-25
92:Chancellor
86:Wilhelm II
1715:2 January
1461:3 October
1151:Denmark:
824:theosophy
738:Churchill
560:Grenadier
544:, future
365:1868–1916
265:Relatives
73:In office
2261:(1955).
2180:30 April
1901:(2013).
1825:, p.168.
1644:What If?
1611:(1962).
1580:(1999).
1398:(2001).
1284:Sweden:
1196:Monaco:
774:Freiherr
736:—
673:and the
652:Karl Max
534:Biendorf
390:Commands
257:(father)
163:Biendorf
2505:of the
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2431:, 1962.
2316:(2011).
2219:9 April
2148:9 April
1957:9 April
1437:18 July
1278:Spain:
915:Baden:
854:Prussia
839:Honours
772:Colmar
480:German:
271:(uncle)
235:
227:
223:
82:Monarch
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2309:(2005)
2298:online
2243:p. 440
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1220:Persia
789:Gräfin
601:Julius
430:Awards
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241:Parent
215:Spouse
187:Berlin
2174:(PDF)
2168:[
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1332:Count
1307:Notes
1142:China
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229:(
225:
2402:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2221:2021
2182:2020
2150:2021
1959:2021
1913:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1717:2007
1686:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1463:2022
1439:2023
1408:ISBN
1324:Graf
1290:1908
1123:1914
1113:1909
1109:1906
1099:1900
1089:1892
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595:and
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382:Unit
370:Rank
177:Died
146:Born
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2139:109
2110:134
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