262:
270:
503:
your mother and how anxious she is." Her daughters described her in positive terms, Emilie saying that her "dear mother enjoyed life and was an angel in going without if necessary and in dealing with family bereavement", while Sophie described her as "small and delicate, and very intelligent. After all, she was a good housekeeper, who knew how to manage her inheritance and left her children with a greater sum than she herself inherited. She handled money better than her famous son Karl Marx.’’
476:
373:. Henriette became concerned with his lifestyle away from home, including his membership of a local drinking society in Bonn. The health of her other children exacerbated Henriette's worries. While Karl was at University, her son Eduard, aged 11, died of tuberculosis, Karl showing signs of similar symptoms. Her regular letters to Karl emphasised the importance of healthy living, she advised:
335:, followed by their children in August 1824. Henriette was baptised in November 1825. These conversions resulted in a complete break with Heinrich's family – his father was the rabbi of Trier – although Henriette continued to maintain close contact with her family in the Netherlands, her fourth child Hermann being born during a return visit to Nijmegen in August 1819.
351:
598:
Marx: His Life and
Environment, p 40. Oxford University Press, 1965.); "not exactly an intellectual" (Arnold KĂĽnzli, Karl Marx. Eine Psychographie, p 53. Europa Verlag, Vienna 1966.); "she was an uneducated - indeed only semi-literate - woman whose interests began and ended with her family." (Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, p 12. Fourth Estate, London, 2000.)
574:
To Arnold Ruge "I have fallen out with my family and, as long as my mother lives, I have no right to my inheritance"; to Engels on the sudden death of Engels’ mistress Mary Burns in
January 1856, "If only, instead of Mary, it had been my mother, who is full of physical infirmities anyway now, and has
511:
Henriette Marx continued to live in Trier, where she died on 30 November 1863, aged 75. She was buried at the
Protestant cemetery after a service at the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. She left her four surviving children substantial legacies, although much of Karl's share was paid to his uncle Lion
406:
Exiled from
Germany during the 1850s, Karl again visited Germany in 1861. While there, he spent two days with Henriette in Trier, who agreed to cancel several of his older debts, although on his next short visit in August 1862 she refused to give him anything. This was the last time Henriette saw her
398:
Over the years he complained repeatedly that his mother did not want to help him out of his financial distress, complaining to friends that while she lived he could not enjoy his inheritance. Henriette's view was that he should do more to earn money, commenting "if only Karl had made
Capital, instead
597:
For example: "a good mother without special intellectual gifts" (Otto RĂĽhle, Karl Marx. Life and work, p 17. Avalun-Verlag. Dresden 1928.); an "uneducated woman entirely concerned for her large household, who did not have the least understanding of her son's gift or inclination" (Isaiah Berlin, Karl
402:
She did however pass funds to him from time to time, although things did not always go smoothly. In 1848, while Karl was living in
Brussels, she paid him 6,000 francs. Suspecting that the funds might be intended to finance the revolutionary movement, the Belgian police asked the Trier authorities to
386:
While his lifestyle and profligacy with money had already created tensions with his parents, Karl's relationship with his mother deteriorated further in the years after his father's death in 1838, with his requests for advances on his expected inheritance dominating their relationship, which became
379:
After Karl wrote to his father admitting his lifestyle was affecting his health, she wrote: "you must avoid everything that could make things worse, you must not get over-heated, not drink a lot of wine or coffee, and not eat anything pungent, a lot of pepper or other spices. You must not smoke any
502:
Clearly
Henriette's main preoccupation was the care of her large family which, over the years, suffered illness and a number of bereavements, five of her nine children predeceasing her. She admitted to having "excessive mother love", confirmed by Heinrich who wrote to their son Karl that "you know
554:
McLellan's biography states: " Marx seems to have suffered quite severely from the tendency to tuberculosis that killed so many of his family (Four of Karl Marx’s siblings eventually died of tuberculosis). The following year his military service was put off 'because of weakness of the lungs and
498:
was her mother tongue, while her speech also reflected the fact that she grew up in the
Netherlands and only moved to a German speaking city in her mid-twenties. Indeed, she always felt something of a stranger in Trier, being both closely attached to her own family and the country of her birth.
486:
Henriette was the last of the family to be baptised, in
November 1825, more than a year after her children and about eight years after her husband. Brought up in an orthodox Jewish household, she appeared to be more attached to Jewish culture than her husband and may have maintained some Jewish
390:
Karl stayed in Trier for six weeks during 1842, after the death of his brother
Hermann, and for the wedding of his sister Sophie. Things did not go well, with Karl referring to “the most disagreeable of family controversies. My family has put difficulties in my way which, despite their own
648:
Of Henriette's children, Mauritz died at the age of three in 1819, and Eduard aged eleven in 1837. By 1842, with the death of Hermann at the age of 22, Karl was his sole surviving son. Two daughters, Henriette and Caroline, also died in their twenties. Four of the five deaths were due to
376:"you must never regard cleanliness and order as something secondary, for health and cheerfulness depend upon them. Insist strictly that your rooms are scrubbed frequently and fix a definite time for it – and you, my dear Karl, have a weekly scrub with sponge and soap."
324:, where Heinrich worked successfully as a lawyer. Here they had nine children, four sons and five daughters, two sons dying when children. Karl, their third child, was born on 5 May 1818. In 1819 the family moved to a ten-room property opposite the ancient Roman
564:
In November 1837 Heinrich wrote to his son Karl at Berlin University "As though we were made of gold, my gentleman son disposes of almost 700 thalers a single year … whereas the richest spend no more than 500." See McLellan, Karl Marx, A Biography, page
285:. She was the second of the five children of Isaac Heymans Pressburg (1747–1832) and Nanette Salomons Cohen (1754–1833). The Pressburgs were a prosperous family, with Isaac working as a textile merchant. They were prominent members of Nijmegen's growing
494:, and biographers of Marx often describe Henriette as uneducated, and perhaps of modest intellect, a view partly based on her surviving letters written in ungrammatical German with little punctuation. However this flawed German may suggest that
440:
The Philips’ family got on well with Karl Marx, their nephew. He occasionally stayed with them in Zaltbommel, regularly corresponded with Lion Philips and often borrowed money against his legacy, particularly after he moved to London in 1849.
634:
For example, Henriette's children had frequent contact - both visits and correspondence - with her sister Sophie and her Dutch husband in the Dutch town of Zaltbommel. Of the four of her daughters who married, two - Sophie and
658:
On hearing the news of his mother's death, Karl commented "Fate laid claim to one of our family. I myself already have one foot in the grave. Circumstances being what they were, I, presumably, was needed here more than my
437:. After the death of their mother in June 1833, Henriette agreed that Lion Philips would act as trustee for their parents' legacy for the benefit of the whole family. Lion was also executor of Henriette's will.
882:
Marx family documents: Henriette Presburg (1814) & Sophia Schmalhausen (née Marx) 1883. (Manfred Schöncke: Karl und Heinrich Marx und ihre Geschwister. pp 140–1 & 554. Köln 1993.
487:
customs and practices within the Protestant family. She clearly remained more religious than her husband, telling friends "Yes, I believe in God, not for God's sake, but for my own."
391:
prosperity, subject me to the most straitened circumstances.” Disagreements led to Karl moving mid-stay from the family home to a guest house nearby. The following year Karl married
422:
575:
had her fair span of life"; and to Engels in May 1861 "My mother, with whom any discussion about cash is out of the question, but who is rapidly nearing her end, destroyed some
316:(later Heinrich Marx; 1777–1838) on 22 November 1814 in the Nijmegen Synagogue, she receiving a twenty thousand guilder dowry. The couple moved to Heinrich's home town of
380:
tobacco, not stay up too late in the evening and always rise early. Be careful, also not to catch cold and, dear Karl, do not dance until you are quite well again."
342:
and died in May 1838, when Henriette still had six of their children living at home. Although quite wealthy due to her inheritance, the family lived quite frugally.
762:
403:
question Henriette, they accepted her explanation that "her son had long been asking for money for his family and this was an advance on his inheritance".
607:
While Yiddish grammar has many similarities to German, many elements originate from Slavic languages, Hebrew and Aramaic. It uses a variant of the
1058:
MECW, Collected Works, Vol. 41, Marx and Engels Letters 1860–1864, Marx to Engels in Manchester, 7 May 1861, International Publishers 1975, p. 279
1608:
1613:
1252:
Emile Conradi (née Marx) to Babette Blum, 9 November 1865. (Bernhard Wachstein: Die Abstammung von Karl Marx, p 278. Copenhagen 1923.)
1465:
710:
1517:
1395:
1296:
770:
1266:
1194:
1169:
1149:
1119:
1094:
1072:
1031:
1009:
992:
972:
918:
887:
749:
623:
1388:
536:
The number of Jews in the Nijmegen area: 1784: 270; 1809: 359; 1840: 506. Source: Jewish History Museum, Amsterdam.
1402:
812:
321:
70:
301:. There had been rabbis in the family for at least a century. The Cohens were also leading merchants based in
1623:
1482:
370:
1528:
612:
1228:
1534:
331:
In about 1817 Henriette's husband changed his name from Hirschel to Heinrich and was baptised into the
1213:
482:
in 1863. One of Henriette's surviving children, she emigrated to South Africa with her husband in 1853
1379:
588:
Recalled by Karl Marx in a letter to Engels in 1868. See McLellan, Karl Marx, A Biography, page 356
289:
community, living first in Nonnenstraat then, when Henriette was 19, in Grotestraat. Isaac was the
1489:
1289:
684:
235:
1496:
934:
464:
1579:
491:
429:
In 1820 Henriette's younger sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married the tobacco merchant
361:
was the third child and second son of Heinrich and Henriette Marx. Graduating from the Trier
1603:
1598:
1329:
392:
8:
1568:
1443:
449:
362:
261:
1618:
1282:
1229:"Heinrich Marx & Henrietta Marx Married, Children, Joint Family Tree & History"
366:
245:
20 September 1788 – 30 November 1863) was a Dutch-born woman who was the mother of the
1541:
1523:
1413:
1262:
1261:
Manfred Schöncke: Karl und Heinrich Marx und ihre Geschwister. p. 762 ff. Köln 1993.
1190:
1165:
1145:
1115:
1090:
1068:
1027:
1005:
988:
968:
914:
883:
853:"Westdeutsche Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V. Sitz Köln - Bezirksgruppe Krefeld (
852:
808:
745:
619:
306:
170:
1558:
1460:
416:
714:
1354:
608:
305:, with Nanette's father Shlomo developing a large business alongside his brother
407:
son, as she died fifteen months later. Karl travelled to Trier for the funeral.
383:
Karl rarely seems to have replied to his family's letters or even visited them.
1563:
1364:
445:
269:
212:
48:
1592:
1429:
1422:
1369:
1359:
1334:
1319:
1215:
Famous Affinities of History: The Romance of Devotion. The Story of Karl Marx
453:
313:
297:
in Nonnenstraat where his father, Hirschl (or Chaim) Pressburg, had been the
206:
188:
108:
855:
A walk through Nijmegen: A communist and founder of Philips have same roots.
1510:
1503:
1344:
430:
339:
218:
200:
182:
433:(1794–1866) in the Nijmegen synagogue, before moving to the Dutch town of
1349:
636:
479:
459:
Of Henriette's brothers, David became a lawyer in Amsterdam and later in
395:, neither Henriette, nor any other member of the Marx family, attending.
332:
325:
282:
139:
490:
Henriette was never completely at ease either in writing or in speaking
1339:
475:
460:
434:
194:
176:
857:
West German Family Research Society, Krefeld Journal nr 23, 1.1.2008)"
328:
gateway, where Henriette lived with her family for the next 23 years.
1436:
1305:
358:
294:
250:
246:
135:
96:
1164:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, pp 297-8. London 1973/1995
1067:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, pp 173-4. London 1973/1995
278:
44:
421:
744:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, pp 3-7. London 1973/1995
495:
1004:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, p 40. London 1973/1995
987:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, p 22. London 1973/1995
576:
302:
290:
286:
317:
298:
66:
1274:
350:
467:
and Martin remained in Nijmegen in the tobacco trade.
365:
in 1835 at the age of seventeen, Karl enrolled in the
685:"Henriette Marx (PreĂźburg) (1788 - 1863) - Genealogy"
277:
Henriette Pressburg was born on 20 September 1788 in
410:
273:
8, Simeonstrasse, Trier: home of Marx family 1819–42
265:
Synagogue in Nonnenstraat, Nijmegen, built in 1756.
1184:
1590:
837:(revised ed.). Fontana. pp. 115, 119.
345:
1290:
545:Some sources say Isaac was Rabbi of Nijmegen.
444:Lion and Sophie's son Frederik and grandson
1180:
1178:
1158:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1061:
1046:Karl Marx to Arnold Ruge, 25 January 1843.
878:
876:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
456:joined the running of the company in 1912.
1297:
1283:
998:
981:
958:
956:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
452:Company in 1891. Gerard's younger brother
1221:
846:
844:
1185:Goedkoop, Hans; Zandvliet, Kees (2015).
1175:
1128:
1103:
1078:
935:"Hermann Marx (1819 - 1842) - Genealogy"
873:
828:
826:
824:
807:. Oxford University Press: 57–58. 2004.
755:
729:
474:
420:
349:
268:
260:
953:
893:
123: 1814; died 1838)
1591:
1466:International Workingmen's Association
1208:
1206:
841:
832:
679:
677:
675:
470:
1609:German people of Dutch-Jewish descent
1278:
1139:
1109:
1084:
1021:
962:
908:
850:
821:
794:
792:
790:
788:
763:"De 14e maart en de familie Presburg"
234:
1614:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism
927:
512:Philips in settlement of his debts.
1396:Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
1203:
672:
13:
1048:Marx-Engels-Werke. Vol 27, p. 415.
785:
14:
1635:
1144:. Fourth Estate. pp. 265–6.
411:Sophie Pressburg and Lion Philips
1518:The Philosophers' Football Match
1389:Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
913:. Fourth Estate. pp. 8–15.
801:Dictionary of National Biography
579:'s I had given her in the past".
153:Isaac Heymans Pressburg (father)
1403:Karl Marx: His Life and Thought
1255:
1246:
1052:
1040:
1015:
769:. 19 March 2016. Archived from
652:
642:
628:
615:Grammar of the Yiddish Language
601:
591:
582:
568:
558:
555:periodical vomiting of blood'."
548:
527:Also spelt Presburg or PreĂźburg
156:Nanette Salomons Cohen (mother)
120:
16:Mother of Karl Marx (1788–1863)
1114:. Fourth Estate. p. 253.
1089:. Fourth Estate. p. 248.
703:
539:
530:
521:
506:
387:increasingly icy and distant.
1:
1304:
1026:. Fourth Estate. p. 52.
967:. Fourth Estate. p. 29.
665:
711:"Nijmegen Synagogue website"
354:Karl Marx as a student, 1836
312:Henriette Pressburg married
7:
399:of just writing about it".
346:Relationship with Karl Marx
10:
1640:
1535:World Forum/Communist Quiz
1483:Assassin's Creed Syndicate
1189:. Zutphen: Walburg Press.
414:
1577:
1551:
1475:Other cultural depictions
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1453:
1412:
1378:
1312:
617:, Duckworth, London, 1987
163:
146:
130:
102:
91:
77:
55:
30:
23:
851:Klaus (1 January 2008).
515:
1140:Wheen, Francis (1999).
1110:Wheen, Francis (1999).
1085:Wheen, Francis (1999).
1022:Wheen, Francis (1999).
963:Wheen, Francis (1999).
909:Wheen, Francis (1999).
833:Wilson, Edmund (1972).
369:, before moving to the
256:
1497:Karl Marx in Kalbadevi
835:To the Finland Station
483:
426:
355:
274:
266:
478:
424:
353:
272:
264:
1624:People from Nijmegen
1330:Jenny von Westphalen
393:Jenny von Westphalen
371:University of Berlin
338:Heinrich contracted
84:Dutch, then Prussian
1569:Opium of the people
1444:The Young Karl Marx
1325:Henriette Pressburg
691:. 20 September 1788
471:Beliefs and outlook
450:Philips Electronics
25:Henriette Pressburg
639:- married Dutchmen
484:
427:
367:University of Bonn
356:
322:Prussian Rhineland
275:
267:
71:Prussian Rhineland
1586:
1585:
307:Levy Barent Cohen
228:
227:
171:Levy Barent Cohen
41:20 September 1788
1631:
1559:Friedrich Engels
1461:Communist League
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941:. 12 August 1819
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713:. Archived from
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425:Sophie Pressburg
417:Philips (family)
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221:(great-grandson)
203:(brother-in-law)
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59:30 November 1863
40:
38:
21:
20:
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1355:Charles Longuet
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773:on 9 April 2023
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609:Hebrew alphabet
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333:Lutheran Church
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191:(granddaughter)
185:(granddaughter)
179:(granddaughter)
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1564:2807 Karl Marx
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1365:Edward Aveling
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717:on 7 July 2017
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231:Henriette Marx
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215:(great-nephew)
213:Gerard Philips
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63:(aged 75)
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61:(1863-11-30)
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1604:1863 deaths
1599:1788 births
1454:Memberships
1380:Biographies
1350:Louise Juta
1238:19 November
945:19 November
865:19 November
777:19 November
721:18 November
695:19 November
507:Later years
492:high German
480:Louise Juta
326:Porta Nigra
283:Netherlands
140:Louise Juta
78:Nationality
49:Netherlands
1593:Categories
1542:Young Marx
1490:The Leader
1340:Laura Marx
814:0198613873
666:References
461:Paramaribo
435:Zaltbommel
415:See also:
197:(grandson)
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177:Laura Marx
95:Mother of
37:1788-09-20
1619:Karl Marx
1437:Miss Marx
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1233:FameChain
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363:Gymnasium
295:synagogue
251:Karl Marx
247:communist
240:Pressburg
164:Relatives
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1580:Timeline
939:geni.com
689:geni.com
659:mother."
279:Nijmegen
131:Children
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1552:Related
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454:Anton
318:Trier
299:rabbi
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257:Life
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463:in
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