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319:. The box in which Brown was shipped was 3 by 2.67 by 2 feet (0.91 by 0.81 by 0.61 m) and displayed the words "dry goods" on it. It was lined with baize, a coarse woolen cloth, and he carried only a small portion of water and a few biscuits. There was a single hole cut for air, and it was nailed and tied with straps. Brown later wrote that his uncertain method of travel was worth the risk: "if you have never been deprived of your liberty, as I was, you cannot realize the power of that hope of freedom, which was to me indeed, an anchor to the soul both sure and steadfast."
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2169:, which required cooperation from law enforcement officials to capture refugee slaves even in free states, Brown moved to England for safety, as he had become a known public figure. He toured Britain with his antislavery panorama for the next ten years, performing several hundred times a year. To earn a living, Brown also entered the British show circuit for 25 years, until 1875, after leaving the abolitionist circuit following the start of the
240:, he describes his owner: "Our master was uncommonly kind, (for even a slaveholder may be kind) and as he moved about in his dignity he seemed like a god to us, but not with standing his kindness although he knew very well what superstitious notions we formed of him, he never made the least attempt to correct our erroneous impression, but rather seemed pleased with the reverential feelings which we entertained towards him."
359:, "the role of government and private express mail delivery is central to the story and the contemporary record suggests that Brown's audience celebrated his delivery as a modern postal miracle." The government postal service had dramatically increased communication and, despite southern efforts to control abolitionist literature, mailed pamphlets, letters and other materials reached the South.
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At Aquia
Landing, on the Potomac River in Stafford Co., Virginia, and the 19th Century rail head from Richmond, there is a marker about the journey of Brown. At Aquia, the crate would have been transferred from a railroad car to a steamboat, then on to Washington, where the shipping process would be
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had an "immense moral bearing". As long as federal and state governments respected the privacy of the mails, everyone and anyone could mail letters and packages; almost anything could be inside. In short, the power of prepaid postage delighted the increasingly middle-class and commercial-minded North
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The Varteg Board School was close to overflowing on
Thursday evening, when one of the grandest of entertainment was given on behalf of Mr. George Selby. . . . The programme was as follows:—Pianoforte solo, Miss Jessie Pope; duet, Misses Esse Short and A. Brace; dialogue, “Mrs. Pert and visitors,” by
277:, and worked in a tobacco factory. He rented a house, where he and his wife lived with their children. Brown had also been paying his wife's master to not sell his family, but the man betrayed Brown by selling Nancy, who was pregnant at the time, and their three children to a different slave owner.
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Douglass wished that Brown had not revealed the details of his escape, so that others might have used it. When Samuel Smith attempted to free other slaves in
Richmond in 1849, they were arrested. The year of his escape, Brown was contacted by his wife's new owner, who offered to sell his family to
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During the trip, which began on March 29, 1849, Brown's box was transported by wagon, railroad, steamboat, wagon again, railroad, ferry, railroad, and finally delivery wagon, being completed in 27 hours. Despite the instructions on the box of "handle with care" and "this side up," several times
233:. Henry was religious from an early age, stating that his mother was the one to instill Christian values into him. He is believed to have had at least two siblings, because he mentioned a brother and a sister in his autobiography. At age 15 he was sent to work in a tobacco factory in Richmond.
216:
Brown married and started a family with an
English woman, Jane Floyd. Brown's first wife, Nancy, remained in slavery. Brown returned to the United States with his English family in 1875, where he continued to earn a living as an entertainer. He toured and performed as a magician, speaker, and
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Brown's escape highlighted the power of the mail system, which used a variety of modes of transportation to connect the East Coast. The Adams
Express Company, a private mail service founded in 1840, marketed its confidentiality and efficiency. It was favored by abolitionist organizations and
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on March 30, 1849, attesting to the improvements in express delivery services. When Brown was released, one of the men remembered his first words as "How do you do, gentlemen?" He sang a song modeled after Psalm 40, which he had earlier chosen to celebrate his release into freedom.
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While in
England in 1855, Brown married Jane Floyd, a White Cornish tin worker's daughter, and began a new family. In 1875, he returned with his new family to the U.S., with a group magic act. A later report documented the Brown Family Jubilee Singers.
1911:
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Brown returned to the US in 1875, and ultimately settled in Canada in the
Toronto area, where he lived and worked for over a decade. Tax and Housing records indicate that he still may have been performing in the last years of his life.
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Samuel
Alexander Smith attempted to ship more enslaved people from Richmond to liberty in Philadelphia, but was discovered and arrested. As for James C. A. Smith, he too was arrested for attempting another shipment of slaves.
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As the scholar Martha J. Cutter first documented in 2015, Henry Box Brown died in
Toronto on June 15, 1897. The last known performance by Brown is a newspaper account of a performance with his daughter Annie and wife Jane in
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As part of Black
History Month celebrations, a Lane in Toronto was named after Brown on February 1, 2024 . “Henry Box Brown Lane” is situated in the Corktown area of Toronto between Bright Street and St. Paul Street.
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This information is not definitive, however, because passenger records in this period of ships returning to Canada contain few specific details about their occupants beyond first and last name and gender.
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With the help of James C. A. Smith, a free black man, and a sympathetic white shoemaker named Samuel A. Smith (no relation), Brown devised a plan to have himself shipped in a box to a free state by the
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2180:(2017), Brown acted in several plays written expressly for him by a British playwright – E.G. Burton – but his acting career appears to have been short-lived. In the 1860s, he began performing as a
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2162:, he offers a cure for slavery, suggesting that slaves should be given the vote, a new president should be elected, and the North should speak out against the "spoiled child" of the South.
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For a short time, Brown became a noted abolitionist speaker in the northeast United States. As a public figure and fugitive slave, Brown felt extremely endangered by the passage of the
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and the fictionalized narrative of Eliza who escapes slavery through an icy river. He says of Brown, "Henry Brown, boxed himself up to Boston! (a reference to the north)".
2135:. He was nicknamed "Box" at a Boston antislavery convention in May 1849, and thereafter used the name Henry Box Brown. He published two versions of his autobiography,
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308:, and Cyrus Burleigh. He corresponded with them to work out the details after returning to Richmond. They advised him to mail the box to the office of Quaker merchant
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nine friends; organ recital, Professor Box Brown. . . . The organ recital by Prof. Box Brown has left a marked impression on the minds and ears of the people.
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Brown was first married to a fellow slave named Nancy, but their marriage was not recognized legally. They had three children born into slavery under the
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with his partner James C. A. Smith which detailed both Brown's journey as well as the daily life of free and enslaved people. They separated in 1851.
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If the performance by Brown at the Varteg school is valid, this would be the last known performance by Brown, because he died just one year later.
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Martha Cutter also recently (2022) found two possible performances by Box Brown in England in 1896, one of which was at the Varteg School in
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him. Brown declined the offer. This was an embarrassment within the abolitionist community, which tried to keep the information private.
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Spencer, Suzette. "Henry Box Brown (1815 or 1816 – after February 26, 1889)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
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principle, according to which, children born to enslaved women were themselves enslaved. Brown was hired out by his master in
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The Illustrated Slave: Empathy, Graphic Narrative, and the Visual Culture of the Transatlantic Abolition Movement, 1800–1852
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The Illustrated Slave: Empathy, Graphic Narrative, and the Visual Culture of the Transatlantic Abolition Movement, 1800-1852
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Brown is known for speaking out against slavery and expressing his feelings about the state of America. In his
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Untold Histories: Black People in England and Wales During the Period of the British Slave Trade, c. 1660-1807
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carriers placed the box upside-down or handled it roughly. Brown remained still and avoided detection.
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until at least 1889. The last decade of his life (1886–97) was spent in Toronto, where he died in 1897.
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Caldecott Medal & Honor Books, 1938–Present | Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC)
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In 2012, Louisa County set a historical marker honoring Henry Box Brown and his escape from slavery.
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NEH's EDSITEment lesson plan Henry "Box" Brown's Narrative: Creating Original Historical Fiction
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Narrative of Henry Box Brown, Who Escaped from Slavery, Enclosed in a Box 3 Feet Long and 2 Wide
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University of North Carolina Press, 2008, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9780807888858_ernest.
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Visualizing Equality: African American Rights and Visual Culture in the Nineteenth Century
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In 2014, Illustrator and historian Joel Christian Gill published a comic novel called
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Playwright Mike Wiley wrote a one-man show about the life of Henry Box Brown entitled
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3245:"Fugitive Mail: The Deliverance of Henry 'Box' Brown and Antebellum Postal Politics"
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Another "Resurrection of Henry Box Brown" published with an account of the story in
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To get out of work the day he was to escape, Brown burned his hand to the bone with
289: (equivalent to $ 3,150 in 2023) (out of his savings of $ 166) to Samuel Smith.
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and lived there for 25 years, touring with an anti-slavery panorama, and becoming a
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Pontypool Free Press (Wales), March 20, 1896; from British Newspaper Archives.
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Henry Brown was born into slavery in 1815 on a plantation called Hermitage in
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A monument to Henry "Box" Brown is located along the Canal Walk in downtown
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album in 2015, he interweaves the slave narratives of Henry "Box" Brown,
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3050:"'Strange Fruit' Shares Uncelebrated, Quintessentially American Stories"
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2012:
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News from Sean Qualls: Another *Starred Review (BCCB) for Freedom Song
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On the song "Diasporal Histories" by Professor A.L.I. released on the
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who escaped to freedom at the age of 33 by arranging to have himself
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genre, was published in Boston in 1849. The second was published in
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Strange Fruit, Volume I: Uncelebrated Narratives from Black History
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Doug Peterson wrote a historical novel based on Henry Brown called
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Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
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at The National Great Blacks in Wax Museum, Baltimore, Maryland
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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
3328:"When special delivery meant deliverance for a fugitive slave"
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In addition to celebrating Brown's inventiveness, as noted by
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Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown, Written by Himself.
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Let thy love, and kindness, and thy truth, always preserve me
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Common-Place: The Journal of Early American Life, Fall 2015.
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Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown, Written by Himself
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Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown, Written by Himself
3024:"Niagara Life Magazine - Lighting the spark of imagination"
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285:, known for its confidentiality and efficiency. Brown paid
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183:
3102:"Forbidden Fruit a Flavor Has (2021) Full Cast & Crew"
2945:"An Unlikely Tony Kushner World Premiere, Courtesy of NYU"
2921:. Newsplex.com (May 22, 2012). Retrieved December 7, 2013.
2597:"Henry 'Box' Brown Freedom Marker: Courage and Creativity"
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The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
2805:"Henry Box Brown (1815 or 1816–after February 26, 1889)"
3154:"Song, sung by Mr. Brown on being removed from the box"
2703:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
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I have not kept back thy love, and kindness, and truth,
2390:
Netflix Original “Kevin Hart’s Guide To Black History”.
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on how to accomplish the escape, meeting with minister
3013:, Robunderhill.wix.com. Retrieved on December 7, 2013.
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Historical Marker Honors Local Man Who Escaped Slavery
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2290:(2007) based upon Brown's life. It was illustrated by
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Ellen Levine wrote a children's picture book entitled
380:"promised never to look inside the boxes it carried."
51:
American slave, later abolitionist speaker and showman
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Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
2423:), sung by Mr. Brown on being removed from the Box:
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Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
3356:
NPR interview with Brown biographer Jeffrey Ruggles
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2249:
The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia
248:
The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia
5259:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
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3212:McFarland & Company, Inc, Jefferson, NC, 2020.
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2546:"Will the Real Henry 'Box' Brown Please Stand Up?"
3310:African American History; Henry Box Brown webpage
2828:"Henry 'Box' Brown, escaped slave turned showman"
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2443:O Lord! my God! great, great is the wondrous work
2200:Last years, possible return to England, and death
375:and increasingly worried the slave-holding South.
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3361:Will the Real Henry "Box" Brown Please Stand Up?
3236:Will the Real Henry "Box" Brown Please Stand Up?
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2461:Let all those that seek thee be joyful and glad!
1897:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
5213:List of last surviving American enslaved people
2365:Brown is the subject of a sequence of poems in
312:, who was active with the Vigilance Committee.
4803:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
3209:Henry Box Brown: From Slavery to Show Business
3203:Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010.
3052:. NPR News: Code Switch. National Public Radio
2454: From the great congregation!
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2450:They would be more than I am able to express.
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1986:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
3189:(2nd ed.). Manchester: Lee & Glynn.
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2448:If I should declare them — and speak of them
2441:That has set his hope, his hope in the Lord!
2386:Brown and his story is featured on the 2019
2320:Freedom Song: The Story of Henry "Box" Brown
1902:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2430:And he, in kindness to me, heard my calling
2176:In 1857, as Cutter documented in her book,
343:The box was received by Williamson, McKim,
15:
5350:American expatriates in the United Kingdom
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3230:. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022.
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2393:Brown was portrayed by Ade Otukoya in the
2127:Brown became a well-known speaker for the
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178:– June 15, 1897) was an enslaved man from
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16:
5227:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
3227:The Many Resurrections of Henry Box Brown
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2992:. Seanqualls.blogspot.com. March 5, 2012.
2888:"Box Brown Plaza – Riverfront Canal Walk"
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2520:
2318:Sally M. Walker wrote a children's book,
2283:(2003) is a biography by Jeffrey Ruggles.
5208:Treatment of slaves in the United States
4982:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
4296:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
2961:
2696:
2509:Fugitive slave laws in the United States
2432:And he hath put a new song into my mouth
2137:Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown
1907:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1772:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1752:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
347:, and other members of the Philadelphia
325:
242:
224:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
3275:
3242:
2862:The National Great Blacks in Wax Museum
2751:
2717:
2660:
2562:
2472: The Lord be praised!
2445: Which thou hast done!
2399:episode "Forbidden Fruit a Flavor Has."
160:First wife – Nancy (sold by slaveowner)
14:
5282:
5145:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
4966:Queen: The Story of an American Family
4886:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
3194:website, University of North Carolina.
3179:website, University of North Carolina.
2933:. Ala.org. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
2775:
2581:
2543:
2457:Withdraw not thou thy mercies from me,
4918:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
4747:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
4183:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
3966:
3880:Burning of Winchester Medical College
3818:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
3802:An act concerning Servants and Slaves
3370:
3342:Union or Secession: Virginians Decide
3182:
3151:
2942:
2825:
2776:Cutter, Martha J. (August 15, 2017).
2763:
2684:
2672:
2625:
2463: Be joyful and glad!
2434:Even thanksgiving — even thanksgiving
2325:Brown is the subject of a 2012 film,
1794:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1471:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
152:, public speaker, magician, mesmerist
5355:Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania
5330:African-American history of Virginia
4763:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
4258:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
3992:
3221:. University of Georgia Press, 2017.
2504:Fugitive slaves in the United States
1991:Slave marriages in the United States
1590:Human trafficking in the Middle East
5310:People from Louisa County, Virginia
3156:. Boston, MA: Laing's Stream Press.
2826:Green, Jeffrey (February 6, 2015).
2802:
2726:
2402:Jarrett King wrote a play entitled
2322:(2012), illustrated by Sean Qualls.
2213:, Canada, dated February 26, 1889.
1325:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
48:
5102:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
4974:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
4252:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
4205:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
3940:Virginia in the American Civil War
3920:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
3078:. January 19, 2015. Archived from
2943:Healy, Patrick (October 4, 2010).
2796:
2466:And let such as love thy salvation
2129:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
1979:last survivors of American slavery
383:
49:
5386:
5203:Songs of the Underground Railroad
5163:Abolitionism in the United States
4671:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
4302:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
3900:District of Columbia retrocession
3297:
3175:Boston: Brown and Stearns, 1849.
2594:
2499:Abolitionism in the United States
940:Field slaves in the United States
807:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
298:Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
5251:Slave Songs of the United States
4755:The Underground Railroad Records
4665:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
3895:Indentured servitude in Virginia
3543:Presidents of the United States
817:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
812:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
641:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
411:
73:The Narrative of Henry Box Brown
4631:(19th century Indian Territory)
4605:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
3783:List of plantations in Virginia
3163:
3145:
3119:
3064:
3048:NPR Staff (February 14, 2015).
3041:
3016:
2995:
2982:
2955:
2936:
2924:
2905:
2880:
2850:
2841:
2819:
2782:. University of Georgia Press.
2769:
2544:Cutter, Martha J. (Fall 2015).
2436: Unto our God!
2428:I waited patiently for the Lord
2343:, which included Brown's story.
1767:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1318:East, Southeast, and South Asia
5320:African-American abolitionists
5235:Slave-Trading in the Old South
4289:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
3952:White House of the Confederacy
3870:African American Burial Ground
3398:History of slavery in Virginia
3192:Documenting the American South
3177:Documenting the American South
2988:Qualls, Sean. (March 5, 2012)
2690:
2568:
1466:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
4910:The Confessions of Nat Turner
4875:
4868:
4699:The Narrative of Robert Adams
4113:
3930:Memorial to Enslaved Laborers
3915:Human trafficking in Virginia
3594:(1728–1804), freed 450 slaves
3318:, Virginia Historical Society
2514:
2373:. The poems are adapted from
186:in a wooden crate in 1849 to
172:
88:
5360:19th-century American slaves
5315:American emigrants to Canada
5243:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
5198:Slavery in the United States
4555:Greensbury Washington Offley
3844:Franklin and Armfield Office
3322:Henry "Box" Brown Wax Figure
2494:Slavery in the United States
2329:, by director Rob Underhill.
1757:Temporary Slavery Commission
1418:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
5365:People enslaved in Virginia
5345:Writers of slave narratives
5340:African-American Christians
5305:Activists from Philadelphia
5267:The Hemingses of Monticello
5168:African-American literature
3656:Randolph family of Virginia
3312:, African American Registry
3279:The Unboxing of Henry Brown
2477:
2281:The Unboxing of Henry Brown
2261:Virginia Historical Society
1777:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
822:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
5391:
5083:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
4189:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
4005:Slave Narrative Collection
3925:Liberation and Freedom Day
3910:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
3890:First Africans in Virginia
3824:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
3813:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
3009:September 9, 2013, at the
2917:December 12, 2013, at the
2439:Blessed-blessed is the man
2308:, which premiered in 2010.
2167:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
1962:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1799:Anti-Slavery International
1564:North Africa and West Asia
296:to consult members of the
203:Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
115:June 15, 1897 (aged 81–82)
5155:
5128:
5093:
5076:To a Southern Slaveholder
5067:
5032:
4864:The Bondwoman's Narrative
4813:
4739:My Bondage and My Freedom
4723:The Life of Josiah Henson
4707:American Slavery as It Is
4682:
4649:
4309:
4265:
4240:
4214:
4167:
4150:
4135:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
4024:
4013:
4000:
3857:
3834:
3791:
3693:
3536:
3422:
3404:
3306:, Digital History website
3276:Ruggles, Jeffrey (2003).
3183:Brown, Henry Box (1851).
2238:
2063:Emancipation Proclamation
1730:Opposition and resistance
1488:Sex trafficking in Europe
1476:Blackbirding in Polynesia
1039:Trans-Saharan slave trade
262:
156:
145:
130:
104:
80:
65:
58:
5325:Fugitive American slaves
5300:American autobiographers
5022:The Underground Railroad
4787:The Peculiar Institution
4432:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
3505:(fl. 1630s, living 1640)
3491:Mary and Anthony Johnson
3480:(Greenstead) (1630–1665)
3243:Robbins, Hollis (2009).
2697:Gonzalez, Aston (2020).
2414:
1838:Compensated emancipation
1049:Indian Ocean slave trade
337:The Underground Railroad
162:Second wife – Jane Floyd
31:latest accepted revision
5193:Films featuring slavery
4657:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
4581:William Henry Singleton
4386:Ellen and William Craft
3478:Elizabeth Key Grinstead
3334:blog, February 26, 2010
3304:African American Voices
3282:. Library of Virginia.
2962:Peterson, Doug (2011).
2807:. Encyclopedia Virginia
2468:Say always — say always
1762:1926 Slavery Convention
1518:Germany in World War II
1135:North and South America
657:Contract of manumission
270:partus sequitur ventrem
231:Louisa County, Virginia
97:Louisa County, Virginia
5041:Amos Fortune, Free Man
4275:Juan Francisco Manzano
4250:Marie-Joseph Angélique
4158:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
4141:Johann Georg Wolffgang
4123:Guðríður Símonardóttir
4062:James Leander Cathcart
3946:Virginia v. John Brown
3935:Nat Turner's Rebellion
3028:www.niagaralifemag.com
2574:ERNEST, JOHN, editor.
2475:
2304:wrote a play entitled
1243:British Virgin Islands
795:Circassian slave trade
761:Safavid imperial harem
756:Ottoman Imperial Harem
377:
340:
259:
236:In his autobiography,
4990:Walk Through Darkness
4926:Underground to Canada
4539:Jermain Wesley Loguen
4484:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
4411:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
4227:Konstantin Mihailović
4175:Lovisa von Burghausen
3885:Coastwise slave trade
3661:William Barton Rogers
3261:10.1353/ams.2011.0045
3152:Brown, Henry (1849).
3072:"Diasporal Histories"
2892:www.rvariverfront.com
2425:
2178:The Illustrated Slave
2165:After passage of the
1482:Europe and North Asia
1442:Australia and Oceania
1142:Pre-Columbian America
714:Slave raid of Suðuroy
646:Slavery in al-Andalus
568:Black Sea slave trade
497:21st-century jihadism
361:
329:
283:Adams Express Company
246:
225:Childhood and slavery
5188:Caribbean literature
5178:Atlantic slave trade
4731:Twelve Years a Slave
4624:Booker T. Washington
4426:Jordan Winston Early
3586:Robert "King" Carter
3527:Booker T. Washington
3082:on December 25, 2015
2965:The Disappearing Man
2470:The Lord be praised!
2419:Song (modeled after
2313:The Disappearing Man
2294:and was awarded the
1937:Indentured servitude
1865:Underground Railroad
1665:United Arab Emirates
1054:Zanzibar slave trade
1021:By country or region
834:Atlantic slave trade
736:Ma malakat aymanukum
620:Venetian slave trade
5370:American hypnotists
5183:Captivity narrative
5014:The Book of Negroes
4795:The Slave Community
4659:(1845–1847, Brazil)
4586:James Lindsay Smith
4493:John Andrew Jackson
4428:(1814 – after 1894)
4382:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
4375:William Wells Brown
4334:Jared Maurice Arter
4329:William J. Anderson
4222:Johann Schiltberger
3905:Gabriel's Rebellion
3667:George Henry Thomas
3610:Robert M. T. Hunter
3598:Thomas Roderick Dew
3414:History of Virginia
3346:Library of Virginia
3131:toronto.citynews.ca
2968:. Kingstone Media.
2868:on January 27, 2022
2288:Henry's Freedom Box
2028:Slave Route Project
1154:Americas indigenous
1044:Red Sea slave trade
1034:Contemporary Africa
897:Topics and practice
667:Crimean slave trade
662:Bukhara slave trade
615:Genoese slave trade
492:Contemporary Africa
472:Forced prostitution
349:Vigilance Committee
310:Passmore Williamson
21:Page version status
5375:American lecturers
5335:American magicians
5137:Unchained Memories
4642:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
4416:Frederick Douglass
4187:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
4086:Maria ter Meetelen
3466:William D. Gibbons
3438:(c. 1620s-d. 1673)
3233:Cutter, Martha J.
3224:Cutter, Martha J.
3215:Cutter, Martha J.
2949:The New York Times
2803:Spencer, Suzette.
2727:Spencer, Suzette.
2356:Frederick Douglass
2268:Richmond, Virginia
2211:Brantford, Ontario
2171:American Civil War
2133:Frederick Douglass
1804:Blockade of Africa
1111:Somali slave trade
1027:Sub-Saharan Africa
719:Turkish Abductions
677:Khivan slave trade
672:Khazar slave trade
625:Balkan slave trade
583:Prague slave trade
365:Frederick Douglass
341:
302:James Miller McKim
275:Richmond, Virginia
260:
135:Toronto Necropolis
27:
5277:
5276:
5049:I, Juan de Pareja
5033:Young adult books
4840:Uncle Tom's Cabin
4683:Non-fiction books
4678:
4677:
4635:Harriet E. Wilson
4519:Elizabeth Keckley
4365:Henry "Box" Brown
4283:(1860–1965, Cuba)
4277:(1797–1854, Cuba)
4232:George of Hungary
4207:(1792 – fl. 1828)
3960:
3959:
3621:Richard Bland Lee
3592:Robert Carter III
3497:Dangerfield Newby
3483:Left, husband of
3338:"Henry Box Brown"
3316:"Henry Box Brown"
3206:Chater, Kathleen
3197:Chater, Kathleen
2858:"Henry Box Brown"
2766:, pp. 66–90.
2729:"Henry Box Brown"
2710:978-1-4696-5998-5
2334:One Noble Journey
2125:
2124:
2075:Freedmen's Bureau
1892:Third Servile War
1887:International law
1454:Human trafficking
1216:Human trafficking
891:Thirteen colonies
709:Sack of Baltimore
477:Human trafficking
258:published in 1850
166:
165:
18:
5382:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4848:The Heroic Slave
4603:Pierre Toussaint
4598:(1793 VA – 1860)
4562:(1827 VA – 1900)
4294:Pierre Toussaint
4129:Antoine Qaurtier
4118:
4115:
4022:
4021:
3994:Slave narratives
3987:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3865:The 1619 Project
3858:Related articles
3460:Isabella Gibbons
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3293:
3272:
3249:American Studies
3190:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3076:ProfessorALI.com
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2864:. Archived from
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2603:. Archived from
2592:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2131:and got to know
2117:
2110:
2103:
2087:Emancipation Day
1915:
1882:Slave Trade Acts
573:Byzantine Empire
415:
388:
387:
288:
177:
174:
114:
112:
93:
90:
70:
56:
55:
39:9 September 2024
5390:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5219:Book of Negroes
5173:Anti-Tom novels
5151:
5124:
5089:
5063:
5028:
4998:The Known World
4878:
4871:
4809:
4771:Up from Slavery
4674:
4663:Miguel de Buría
4645:
4614:Wallace Turnage
4550:Solomon Northup
4482:Fountain Hughes
4324:Jordan Anderson
4311:
4305:
4281:Esteban Montejo
4267:
4261:
4242:
4236:
4210:
4181:Olaudah Equiano
4163:
4146:
4116:
4080:Elizabeth Marsh
4068:Ólafur Egilsson
4056:Felice Caronni
4017:
4015:
4009:
3996:
3991:
3961:
3956:
3875:Atlantic Creole
3853:
3830:
3787:
3742:enslaved people
3689:
3532:
3509:Gabriel Prosser
3487:(fl. 1704–1727)
3454:Olaudah Equiano
3442:Henry Box Brown
3436:Emanuel Driggus
3432:(fl. 1619–1625)
3423:Enslaved people
3418:
3400:
3395:
3300:
3290:
3166:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3133:. February 2024
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3011:Wayback Machine
3000:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2960:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2919:Wayback Machine
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2607:on May 22, 2020
2593:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2542:
2521:
2517:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2417:
2380:The Dream Songs
2352:Solomon Northup
2306:Henry Box Brown
2296:Caldecott Honor
2241:
2202:
2184:with acts as a
2149:moving panorama
2141:slave narrative
2121:
2092:
2091:
1996:Slave narrative
1947:Fugitive slaves
1927:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1877:Slave rebellion
1732:
1722:
1721:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1492:United Kingdom
1428:Yankee princess
1022:
1014:
1013:
741:Avret Pazarları
687:Avret Pazarları
556:Medieval Europe
522:
512:
511:
450:Forced marriage
425:
386:
384:Life in freedom
363:Cheap postage,
286:
265:
227:
175:
169:Henry Box Brown
161:
126:
116:
110:
108:
100:
94:
91:
87:
86:
76:
61:
60:Henry Box Brown
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
5388:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5079:
5071:
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5061:
5053:
5045:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4958:Middle Passage
4954:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4819:
4817:
4815:Fiction/novels
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4632:
4629:Wallace Willis
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Harriet Tubman
4606:
4599:
4596:Austin Steward
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:William Parker
4563:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4536:
4534:J. Vance Lewis
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4498:Harriet Jacobs
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4474:
4472:William Grimes
4469:
4464:(19th century
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:Kate Drumgoold
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:Solomon Bayley
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4310:North America:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4266:North America:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4256:John R. Jewitt
4253:
4246:
4244:
4241:North America:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4215:Ottoman Empire
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4193:Jean Marteilhe
4190:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4076:(late 19th c.)
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4050:Isaac Brassard
4047:
4041:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4018:of enslavement
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3849:Lumpkin's Jail
3846:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3798:Virginia laws
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:Stratford Hall
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3672:William Tucker
3669:
3664:
3658:
3653:
3651:Thomas Prosser
3648:
3642:
3639:James M. Mason
3636:
3630:
3627:William Mahone
3624:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3515:William Tucker
3512:
3506:
3500:
3499:(c. 1820–1859)
3494:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3462:(c. 1836–1890)
3457:
3456:(c. 1745–1797)
3451:
3445:
3444:(c. 1815–1897)
3439:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3335:
3332:New York Times
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3298:External links
3296:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3273:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3180:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3144:
3118:
3093:
3063:
3040:
3015:
2994:
2981:
2974:
2954:
2935:
2923:
2904:
2879:
2849:
2840:
2818:
2795:
2788:
2768:
2756:
2741:
2716:
2709:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2630:
2618:
2595:Walls, Bryan.
2580:
2567:
2555:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:List of slaves
2479:
2476:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2384:
2363:
2360:Harriet Tubman
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2240:
2237:
2201:
2198:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:List of slaves
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Dutch Republic
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
985:
984:
980:
979:
974:
972:Child soldiers
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
948:
947:
937:
932:
927:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
899:
898:
894:
893:
888:
883:
881:Spanish Empire
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Middle Passage
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
836:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
691:
690:
689:
682:Ottoman Empire
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
637:
636:
630:
629:
628:
627:
617:
612:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
558:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
530:
529:
523:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
502:Sexual slavery
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
468:
467:
462:
460:Child marriage
457:
447:
442:
437:
435:Child soldiers
432:
426:
421:
420:
417:
416:
408:
407:
397:
396:
385:
382:
370:The North Star
357:Hollis Robbins
292:Smith went to
264:
261:
226:
223:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
147:
143:
142:
132:
128:
127:
117:
106:
102:
101:
95:
84:
82:
78:
77:
71:
63:
62:
59:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5387:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:Documentaries
5127:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:South America
4648:
4641:
4640:Zamba Zembola
4638:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:Bethany Veney
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Venture Smith
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:James Roberts
4569:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Lunsford Lane
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4513:Paul Jennings
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Omar ibn Said
4486:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Josiah Henson
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4462:William Green
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4437:Peter Fossett
4435:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Lucinda Davis
4394:
4392:
4391:Hannah Crafts
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:James Bradley
4357:
4355:
4354:Leonard Black
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:United States
4308:
4301:
4300:Marcos Xiorro
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4104:Thomas Pellow
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4074:Petro Kilekwa
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:Federal laws
3808:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Poplar Forest
3751:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3684:Henry A. Wise
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:Andrew Hunter
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3580:Landon Carter
3578:
3575:
3574:John Armfield
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:(living 1641)
3473:
3472:John Graweere
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3450:(living 1655)
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3289:9780884902003
3285:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3169:Brown, Henry
3168:
3167:
3155:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3051:
3044:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2975:9781936164332
2971:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2829:
2822:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2789:9780820351162
2785:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2675:, p. 60.
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
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2643:
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2408:
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2401:
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2397:
2392:
2389:
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2382:
2381:
2376:
2375:John Berryman
2372:
2371:Tyehimba Jess
2368:
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2036:
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2031:
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2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Slave catcher
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Forced labour
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
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1903:
1900:
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1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:Abolitionists
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:comfort women
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:Chukri System
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
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1266:
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1261:
1260:Latin America
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:interregional
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:prison labour
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:United States
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1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
981:
978:
977:White slavery
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:Slave raiding
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
935:Corvée labour
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
831:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Abbasid harem
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:Barbary Coast
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
631:
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623:
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621:
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616:
613:
611:
608:
604:
601:
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590:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
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574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
524:
521:
516:
515:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
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490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
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475:
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461:
458:
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453:
452:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
419:
418:
414:
410:
409:
406:
402:
401:Forced labour
399:
398:
394:
390:
389:
381:
376:
373:
371:
366:
360:
358:
353:
350:
346:
345:William Still
339:
338:
334:'s 1872 book
333:
332:William Still
328:
324:
320:
318:
317:sulfuric acid
313:
311:
307:
306:William Still
303:
299:
295:
290:
284:
278:
276:
272:
271:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
239:
234:
232:
222:
220:
214:
213:and showman.
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
188:abolitionists
185:
181:
170:
159:
155:
151:
148:
146:Occupation(s)
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
124:
120:
107:
103:
98:
83:
79:
74:
69:
64:
57:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
5290:1810s births
5265:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5143:
5135:
5116:
5110:The Octoroon
5108:
5100:
5081:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4503:Thomas James
4452:Moses Grandy
4447:David George
4406:Lucy Delaney
4380:Peter Bruner
4364:
4319:Sam Aleckson
4199:Roustam Raza
4110:Joseph Pitts
4032:Robert Adams
4016:by continent
3944:
3738:Mount Vernon
3633:George Mason
3537:Slave owners
3441:
3341:
3331:
3278:
3252:
3248:
3235:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3176:
3171:
3164:Bibliography
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3130:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3105:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:the original
3075:
3066:
3056:February 15,
3054:. Retrieved
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2938:
2926:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:
2882:
2872:November 18,
2870:. Retrieved
2866:the original
2861:
2852:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2798:
2778:
2771:
2759:
2752:Ruggles 2003
2732:. Retrieved
2699:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2661:Robbins 2009
2628:, p. 5.
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2600:
2575:
2570:
2565:, p. 5.
2563:Robbins 2009
2558:
2549:
2427:
2418:
2403:
2394:
2378:
2366:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2302:Tony Kushner
2292:Kadir Nelson
2287:
2280:
2263:in Richmond.
2257:Samuel Rowse
2248:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2177:
2175:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2136:
2126:
2023:Slave patrol
1855:Freedom suit
1831:Sierra Leone
1821:Colonization
1737:Abolitionism
1717:Baháʼí Faith
1690:Christianity
1640:Saudi Arabia
1496:Penal Labour
1461:Blackbirding
1367:Debt bondage
1355:penal system
1181:Contemporary
1171:Field slaves
1159:U.S. Natives
1118:South Africa
989:Galley slave
962:Slave market
952:House slaves
925:Blackbirding
903:Conscription
827:21st century
790:Umm al-walad
634:Muslim world
603:Emancipation
507:Wage slavery
487:Penal labour
465:Wife selling
455:Bride buying
440:Conscription
430:Child Labour
423:Contemporary
378:
368:
367:observed in
362:
354:
342:
335:
321:
314:
294:Philadelphia
291:
279:
268:
266:
256:Samuel Rowse
247:
237:
235:
228:
215:
200:
196:Pennsylvania
192:Philadelphia
168:
167:
150:Abolitionist
131:Burial place
72:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
5295:1897 deaths
4879: 1861
4872: 1853
4576:Moses Roper
4560:John Parker
4546:(1790–1880)
4524:Boston King
4515:(1799–1874)
4344:Polly Berry
4287:Mary Prince
4201:(1783–1845)
4195:(1684-1777)
4177:(1698–1733)
4160:(1684–1736)
4143:(1644–1744)
4137:(1660–1736)
4131:(1632–1702)
4125:(1598–1682)
4117: 1735
4100:(1708–1754)
4092:Mende Nazer
4082:(1735–1785)
4070:(1564–1639)
4064:(1767–1843)
4058:(1747–1815)
4052:(1620–1702)
4044:Francis Bok
4040:(1714-1761)
4038:Marcus Berg
4034:(c. 1790–?)
4014:Individuals
3695:Plantations
3686:(1806–1876)
3680:(1715–1773)
3678:John Wayles
3674:(died 1642)
3663:(1804–1882)
3647:(1628–1692)
3641:(1798–1871)
3635:(1725–1792)
3629:(1826–1895)
3623:(1761–1827)
3616:Eppa Hunton
3612:(1809–1887)
3606:(1804–1888)
3600:(1802–1846)
3588:(1663–1732)
3582:(1710–1778)
3576:(1797–1871)
3529:(1856–1915)
3523:(1800–1831)
3517:(born 1624)
3511:(1776–1800)
3493:(1600–1670)
3468:(1825–1886)
3137:February 3,
3111:January 20,
2550:Commonplace
2489:Ellen Craft
2038:court cases
1910: [
1860:Slave Power
1848:Manumission
1695:Catholicism
1570:Afghanistan
1311:Puerto Rico
1223:The Bahamas
1201:Slave codes
1004:Shanghaiing
994:Impressment
886:Slave Coast
766:Qajar harem
726:Concubinage
699:slave trade
176: 1815
92: 1815
85:Henry Brown
5284:Categories
5057:Copper Sun
5006:Unburnable
4942:Dessa Rose
4669:Osifekunde
4601:Venerable
4544:James Mars
4457:Lear Green
4441:Monticello
4401:Noah Davis
4370:John Brown
4349:Henry Bibb
4292:Venerable
4098:Hark Olufs
3836:Slave pens
3733:Mount Airy
3728:Montpelier
3723:Monticello
3713:Brookfield
3708:Berry Hill
3547:Washington
3521:Nat Turner
3503:John Punch
3448:John Casor
3255:(1/2): 6.
2811:August 10,
2764:Brown 1851
2685:Brown 1851
2673:Brown 1851
2626:Brown 1851
2611:August 29,
2515:References
2388:Kevin Hart
2369:(2016) by
2253:lithograph
2145:Manchester
2053:J.Q. Adams
2043:Washington
2013:Slave name
1957:convention
1932:Common law
1305:Encomienda
1101:Seychelles
1086:Mauritania
1009:Slave ship
876:Panyarring
871:New France
520:Historical
252:lithograph
111:1897-06-15
4782:(1936–38)
4268:Caribbean
4094:(b. 1982)
4046:(b. 1979)
3703:Beall-Air
3645:John Page
3552:Jefferson
3485:Jane Webb
3269:142902898
3086:April 29,
3003:Box Brown
2833:March 11,
2396:Dickinson
2327:Box Brown
2274:reversed.
2186:mesmerist
2160:Narrative
2048:Jefferson
1700:Mormonism
1635:Palestine
1449:Australia
1379:Indonesia
1270:Lei Áurea
1253:Code Noir
1233:Caribbean
1206:Treatment
945:Treatment
918:Devshirme
780:Odalisque
598:In Russia
539:Babylonia
527:Antiquity
219:mesmerist
157:Spouse(s)
5078:" (1848)
4824:Oroonoko
4508:John Jea
4112:(1663 –
4106:(1705–?)
4088:(1704–?)
3778:Woodlawn
3773:Westover
3768:Tuckahoe
3748:Oatlands
3033:July 13,
3007:Archived
2915:Archived
2897:July 13,
2734:March 8,
2478:See also
2421:Psalm 40
2218:England:
2190:conjuror
2182:magician
2080:Iron bit
2070:40 acres
2033:breeding
1843:Freedman
1678:Religion
1538:Portugal
1423:Thailand
1413:Maldives
1408:Malaysia
1401:Kwalliso
1345:Booi Aha
1297:Restavek
1277:Colombia
1248:Trinidad
1238:Barbados
1128:Zanzibar
1076:Ethiopia
957:Saqaliba
851:Database
802:Saqaliba
563:Ancillae
393:a series
391:Part of
211:magician
180:Virginia
141:, Canada
125:, Canada
35:reviewed
5156:Related
4950:Beloved
4934:Kindred
4902:Jubilee
4894:Our Nig
3758:Shirley
3718:Kenmore
3557:Madison
2552:(16.1).
2348:XFactor
2315:(2011).
2058:Lincoln
1926:Related
1826:Liberia
1712:Judaism
1650:Tunisia
1625:Morocco
1615:Lebanon
1580:Bahrain
1575:Algeria
1543:Romania
1508:Denmark
1501:Slavery
1435:Vietnam
1106:Somalia
1096:Nigeria
1071:Comoros
999:Pirates
908:Ghilman
841:Bristol
731:history
704:pirates
593:History
482:Peonage
405:slavery
207:England
139:Ontario
123:Ontario
119:Toronto
5270:(2008)
5262:(2002)
5254:(1867)
5246:(2008)
5238:(1931)
5230:(1847)
5222:(1783)
5148:(2008)
5140:(2003)
5121:(2022)
5113:(1859)
5105:(1858)
5086:(1853)
5068:Essays
5060:(2006)
5052:(1965)
5044:(1951)
5025:(2016)
5017:(2007)
5009:(2006)
5001:(2003)
4993:(2002)
4985:(2001)
4977:(1996)
4969:(1993)
4961:(1990)
4953:(1987)
4945:(1986)
4937:(1979)
4929:(1977)
4921:(1976)
4913:(1967)
4905:(1966)
4897:(1859)
4889:(1856)
4859:(1853)
4856:Clotel
4851:(1852)
4843:(1852)
4835:(1841)
4827:(1688)
4806:(2018)
4798:(1972)
4790:(1956)
4774:(1901)
4766:(1881)
4758:(1872)
4750:(1861)
4742:(1855)
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