464:
27:
6343:
489:
1060:, and in regions with poor hygiene standards, the rates of infection with this virus are high and the illness is usually contracted in early childhood. As incomes rise and access to clean water increases, the incidence of HAV decreases. In developed countries, though, the infection is contracted primarily by susceptible young adults, most of whom are infected with the virus during trips to countries with a high incidence of the disease or through contact with infectious persons.
1206:
6354:
6374:
6384:
1069:
6364:
6333:
78:
1297:
of whom were hospitalized. In
Australia in February 2015, a recall of frozen berries was issued after at least 19 people contracted the illness following their consumption of the product. In 2017, California (particularly around San Diego), Michigan, and Utah reported outbreaks of hepatitis A that have led to over 800 hospitalizations and 40 deaths.
1515:
saunas and dark rooms. Acute icteric hepatitis appears after an incubation period of 15–45 days, symptoms last for about 6 weeks, and it is only rarely fatal. Most infections are asymptomatic (but severity increases with age). Infectivity lasts from approximately 2 weeks before the onset of jaundice to 1 week after.
1247:
The most widespread hepatitis A outbreak in the United States occurred in 2018, in the state of
Kentucky. The outbreak is believed to have started in November 2017. By July 2018 48% of the state's counties had reported at least one case of hepatitis A, and the total number of suspected cases was 969
1167:
In the United States, vaccination of children is recommended at 1 and 2 years of age; hepatitis A vaccination is not recommended in those younger than 12 months of age. It is also recommended in those who have not been previously immunized and who have been exposed or are likely to be exposed due to
1296:
and purchased by around 240,000 people were the subject of a recall, after at least 158 people were infected with HAV, 69 of whom were hospitalized. In April 2016, frozen berries sold by Costco were once again the subject of a recall, after at least 13 people in Canada were infected with HAV, three
1193:
for hepatitis A was estimated to be 0.015% for the general population, but ranged up to 1.8–2.1% for those aged 50 and over who were hospitalized with icteric hepatitis. The risk of death from acute liver failure following HAV infection increases with age and when the person has underlying chronic
734:
One serotype and six different genotypes (three human and three simian) have been described. The human genotypes are numbered I–III. Six subtypes have been described (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB). The simian genotypes have been numbered IV–VI. A single isolate of genotype VII isolated from a human
2109:
van
Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego. p672
1514:
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted faeco-orally. There is evidence for sexual transmission between homosexual men with several outbreaks reported. The specific risk factors are not well defined but probably relate to oro-anal or digital-rectal contact, particularly in settings such as public
1231:
Globally, symptomatic HAV infections are believed to occur in around 1.4 million people a year. About 114 million infections (asymptomatic and symptomatic) occurred all together in 2015. Acute hepatitis A resulted in 11,200 deaths in 2015. Developed countries have low circulating levels of
1163:
The vaccine was introduced in 1992 and was initially recommended for persons at high risk. Since then, Bahrain and Israel have embarked on elimination programmes. In countries where widespread vaccination has been practised, the incidence of hepatitis A has decreased dramatically.
903:. Aragonès et al. (2010) theorize that the virus has evolved a naturally highly deoptimized codon usage with respect to that of its cellular host in order to negatively influence viral protein translation kinetics and allow time for capsid proteins to fold optimally.
1232:
hepatovirus A, while developing countries have higher levels of circulation. Most adolescents and adults in developing countries have already had the disease, thus are immune. Adults in midlevel countries may be at risk of disease with the potential of being exposed.
5963:
1180:
No specific treatment for hepatitis A is known. Recovery from symptoms following infection may take several weeks or months. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhea.
1847:
250:. Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the young. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is two–six weeks. When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
265:
are relatively common sources. It may also be spread through close contact with an infectious person. While children often do not have symptoms when infected, they are still able to infect others. After a single infection, a person is
357:
The risk for symptomatic infection is directly related to age, with more than 80% of adults having symptoms compatible with acute viral hepatitis and the majority of children having either asymptomatic or unrecognized infections.
322:, about 90% of children have been infected by age 10, thus are immune by adulthood. It often occurs in outbreaks in moderately developed countries where children are not exposed when young and vaccination is not widespread. Acute
746:
nucleotide substitutions per site per year. The human strains appear to have diverged from the simian about 3600 years ago. The mean age of genotypes III and IIIA strains has been estimated to be 592 and 202 years, respectively.
317:
Globally, around 1.4 million symptomatic cases occur each year and about 114 million infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic). It is more common in regions of the world with poor sanitation and not enough safe water. In the
1159:
The vaccine is given by injection. An initial dose provides protection lasting one year starting 2–4 weeks after vaccination; the second booster dose, given six to 12 months later, provides protection for over 20 years.
1151:
or a live but attenuated virus. Both provide active immunity against a future infection. The vaccine protects against HAV in more than 95% of cases for longer than 25 years. In the United States, the vaccine developed by
1843:
3941:
2335:
297:
is effective for prevention. Some countries recommend it routinely for children and those at higher risk who have not previously been vaccinated. It appears to be effective for life. Other preventive measures include
1872:
4117:
4102:
4087:
1822:
2656:
Kulkarni MA, Walimbe AM, Cherian S, Arankalle VA (December 2009). "Full length genomes of genotype IIIA Hepatitis A Virus strains (1995–2008) from India and estimates of the evolutionary rates and ages".
3711:
1641:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1587:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1197:
Young children who are infected with hepatitis A typically have a milder form of the disease, usually lasting 1–3 weeks, whereas adults tend to experience a much more severe form of the disease.
3900:
5958:
1029:), drying, and temperatures up to 60 °C. It can survive for months in fresh and salt water. Common-source (e.g., water, food) outbreaks are typical. Infection is common in children in
354:) after the initial infection. About 90% of children do not have symptoms. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is two–six weeks, with an average of 28 days.
3741:
3374:
Arankalle VA, Chadha MS, Chitambar SD, Walimbe AM, Chobe LP, Gandhe SS (21 December 2001). "Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in urban and rural India (1982-98)".
3922:
2219:
Drexler JF, Corman VM, Lukashev AN, van den Brand JM, Gmyl AP, Brünink S, Rasche A, Seggewiß N, Feng H, Leijten LM, Vallo P, Kuiken T, Dotzauer A, Ulrich RG, Lemon SM (2015-12-08).
1091:
antibodies in the blood means the acute stage of the illness has passed and the person is immune to further infection. IgG antibodies to HAV are also found in the blood following
717:
1156:
and his team was licensed in 1995, and the vaccine was first used in 1996 for children in high-risk areas, and in 1999 it was spread to areas with elevating levels of infection.
2286:
Anthony SJ, St Leger JA, Liang E, Hicks AL, Sanchez-Leon MD, Jain K, Lefkowitch JH, Navarrete-Macias I, Knowles N, Goldstein T, Pugliares K, Ip HS, Rowles T, Lipkin WI (2015).
3963:
3937:
3856:
2347:
1868:
2567:
de Paula VS, Baptista ML, Lampe E, Niel C, Gaspar AM (January 2002). "Characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from subgenotypes IA and IB in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil".
3997:
3167:
1818:
310:
recommended on an as-needed basis. Infections usually resolve completely and without ongoing liver disease. Treatment of acute liver failure, if it occurs, is with
6126:
4823:
861:. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Translation takes place by viral initiation. The virus exits the host cell by lysis and
3707:
4059:
1932:
2546:
270:
for the rest of their life. Diagnosis requires blood testing, as the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other diseases. It is one of five known
6091:
2082:
857:(liver macrophages). Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates
3892:
899:, unlike other picornaviruses. The virus must then inefficiently compete for the cellular translational machinery, which may explain its poor growth in
6121:
5577:
4246:
869:
are secreted into the bile and released in stool. HAV is excreted in large numbers about 11 days prior to the appearance of symptoms or anti-HAV
6081:
2743:"Low efficiency of the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis A virus RNA in directing cap-independent translation in permissive monkey kidney cells"
6518:
1017:
is caused by HAV. Infected individuals are infectious prior to onset of symptoms, roughly 10 days following infection. The virus is resistant to
699:
5258:
3878:
6477:
6013:
4837:
4023:
1076:
Although HAV is excreted in the feces towards the end of the incubation period, specific diagnosis is made by the detection of HAV-specific
6266:
5980:
3733:
705:
3914:
3309:
2792:"Hepatitis A virus mutant spectra under the selective pressure of monoclonal antibodies: codon usage constraints limit capsid variability"
254:, fever, and abdominal pain. Around 10–15% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the 6 months after the initial infection.
6204:
3606:
1804:
2114:
4503:
4334:
3419:"Impact of Hepatitis A vaccination with a two-dose schedule in Panama: Results of epidemiological surveillance and time trend analysis"
1241:
4035:
6042:
4374:
3848:
1466:
3971:
1087:
hepatitis A infection. It is detectable from 1–2 weeks after the initial infection and persists for up to 14 weeks. The presence of
6086:
5948:
6056:
2020:
1906:
1306:
3681:
2140:
1105:(ALT) is present in the blood at levels much higher than is normal. The enzyme comes from the liver cells damaged by the virus.
3585:
2979:"Hepatitis A." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.
95:
6556:
6047:
5995:
5900:
4239:
3993:
3350:
3269:
2050:
1798:
1700:
1256:
1010:
of the HAV virus; no known insect or other animal vectors can transmit the virus. A chronic HAV state has not been reported.
910:
occurs, presumably because of the virus' own requirement for an intact eIF4G, and liver pathology is likely immune-mediated.
6387:
6250:
6061:
5990:
5915:
5734:
4467:
3155:
2931:
1397:
735:
has also been described but has been reclassified as subgenotype IIB. Genotype III has been isolated from both humans and
6238:
6116:
4524:
3642:
Jacobsen KH, Wiersma, ST (24 September 2010). "Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence by age and world region, 1990 and 2005".
3556:
786:. In the region that codes for the HAV capsid, highly conserved clusters of rare codons restrict antigenic variability.
5251:
3531:
1252:). By July 2019 the outbreak had reached 5,000 cases and 60 deaths, but had slowed to just a few new cases per month.
978:, and infections often occur in conditions of poor sanitation and overcrowding. Hepatitis A can be transmitted by the
6255:
6214:
6179:
6164:
6146:
6071:
5850:
4843:
4369:
4326:
3163:
2858:"Fine-tuning translation kinetics selection as the driving force of codon usage bias in the hepatitis A virus capsid"
2167:
1992:
895:(eIF4G) for the initiation of translation. The requirement for this factor results in an inability to shut down host
1724:
6260:
6096:
6027:
6022:
4829:
4758:
4232:
4056:
3788:
2197:
1928:
350:, but some people, especially children, exhibit no symptoms at all. Symptoms typically appear two–six weeks (the
6482:
6199:
6106:
5970:
5885:
5648:
2510:
892:
2433:
Cristina J, Costa-Mattioli M (August 2007). "Genetic variability and molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus".
2369:
Yu JM, Li LL, Zhang CY, Lu S, Ao YY, Gao HC, Xie ZP, Xie GC, Sun XM, Pang LL, Xu JG, Lipkin WI, Duan ZJ (2016).
6228:
6101:
5938:
5905:
4428:
4414:
991:
163:
2067:
6004:
5394:
5244:
4789:
3772:
726:. This virus appears to have had a common ancestor with the primate-infecting species around 1000 years ago.
4866:
3417:
Estripeaut D, Contreras R, Tinajeros O, Castrejón MM, Shafi F, Ortega-Barria E, Deantonio R (22 June 2015).
6367:
6233:
4633:
4627:
4538:
4532:
4422:
783:
261:
It is usually spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces. Undercooked or raw
6287:
5985:
5943:
5297:
4996:
4922:
4916:
4589:
2511:"Characterization of the complete genomic sequence of genotype II hepatitis A virus (CF53/Berne isolate)"
1745:
Bellou M, Kokkinos P, Vantarakis A (March 2013). "Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review".
444:
are very uncommon. If they occur, they show an acute onset and disappear upon resolution of the disease.
3458:
Cui F, Hadler SC, Zheng H, Wang F, Zhenhua W, Yuansheng H, Gong X, Chen Y, Liang X, et al. (2009).
488:
6282:
3224:
2843:
Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S. & Pfaller, M.A. (2005). Medical
Microbiology 5th ed., Elsevier Mosby.
1844:"Viral hepatitis could cause liver cancer: Here's what you need to know about prevention and treatment"
767:
739:. Most human isolates are of genotype I. Of genotype I isolates, subtype IA accounts for the majority.
6312:
6032:
5053:
4660:
4047:
1169:
838:
Vertebrates such as humans serve as the natural hosts. Transmission routes are fecal-oral and blood.
3870:
6174:
5535:
5527:
5370:
4762:
4674:
4579:
4409:
4382:
4354:
4287:
4136:
1462:"Part 2: Testing guidelines for individual sexually transmitted infections — Hepatitis A, B, and C"
361:
Symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months:
2700:
Costa-Mattioli M, Di Napoli A, Ferré V, Billaudel S, Perez-Bercoff R, Cristina J (December 2003).
1584:
6551:
6442:
6154:
6066:
5507:
5382:
4558:
3938:"Utah's hepatitis A outbreak among the homeless is one of three big flare-ups around the country"
3026:"The effects of socioeconomic development on worldwide hepatitis A virus seroprevalence patterns"
2612:"Bayesian coalescent inference of hepatitis A virus populations: evolutionary rates and patterns"
982:, but very rarely by blood and blood products. Food-borne outbreaks are common, and ingestion of
120:
4224:
3549:"Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
3298:
1244:
in the US in 1997, but the number has since dropped to less than 2,000 cases reported per year.
849:
or intestine. The blood carries the virus to its target, the liver, where it multiplies within
6523:
6404:
6222:
6142:
6037:
5860:
5739:
4952:
4930:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4752:
4690:
4584:
4545:
4348:
3994:"Grim conditions in public restrooms hurt fight to halt deadly hepatitis outbreak in San Diego"
4187:
3765:"Hepatitis A outbreak associated with green onions at a restaurant—Monaca, Pennsylvania, 2003"
3613:
1788:
6244:
6194:
6189:
5933:
5681:
4937:
4518:
4388:
4359:
2111:
311:
302:
and properly cooking food. No specific treatment is available, with rest and medications for
211:
4032:
6546:
6464:
6357:
5671:
5500:
5355:
5201:
5033:
4668:
4497:
2666:
2386:
2288:"Discovery of a novel hepatovirus (Phopivirus of seals) related to human hepatitis A virus"
2232:
1275:
1249:
975:
483:
151:
3578:"Men Who Have Sex with Men | Populations and Settings | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
8:
6317:
6076:
5774:
4619:
4340:
4121:
4111:
3081:
2610:
Moratorio G, Costa-Mattioli M, Piovani R, Romero H, Musto H, Cristina J (November 2007).
1128:
1121:
1102:
782:
use within the genome is biased and unusually distinct from its host. It also has a poor
471:
327:
294:
255:
192:
125:
6373:
2989:
Steffen R (October 2005). "Changing travel-related global epidemiology of hepatitis A".
2670:
2390:
2236:
389:
40:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6561:
5975:
5928:
5870:
5754:
5426:
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3484:
3459:
3399:
3280:
3261:
3249:
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2857:
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2791:
2592:
2407:
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2312:
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2016:
1902:
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1640:
1611:
1586:
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1500:
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1057:
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1030:
722:
608:
267:
106:
4130:
4126:
3677:
2958:
2767:
2742:
1966:
1656:
1602:
1095:, and tests for immunity to the virus are based on the detection of these antibodies.
6451:
6302:
6111:
5797:
5431:
5416:
5398:
5312:
5186:
5137:
5118:
5099:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4794:
4699:
4403:
4281:
4147:
3829:
3780:
3659:
3523:
3489:
3440:
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3198:
3137:
3085:
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3006:
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2923:
2889:
2821:
2772:
2723:
2682:
2633:
2584:
2538:
2530:
2491:
2450:
2412:
2317:
2268:
2250:
2136:
2046:
1970:
1794:
1762:
1696:
1670:
1616:
1585:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1562:
1505:
1487:
1435:
1389:
896:
877:
365:
351:
179:
90:
3577:
3210:
2758:
2596:
2509:
Lu L, Ching KZ, de Paula VS, Nakano T, Siegl G, Weitz M, Robertson BH (2004-10-01).
1774:
1638:
6456:
5953:
5865:
5845:
5693:
5663:
5279:
5161:
4871:
4551:
4483:
4364:
4295:
3819:
3811:
3651:
3479:
3471:
3430:
3403:
3383:
3338:
3275:
3257:
3190:
3127:
3119:
3077:
3037:
2998:
2954:
2879:
2869:
2811:
2803:
2762:
2754:
2713:
2674:
2623:
2576:
2522:
2481:
2446:
2442:
2402:
2394:
2307:
2299:
2258:
2240:
1962:
1754:
1660:
1652:
1606:
1598:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1495:
1479:
1427:
1153:
1084:
979:
425:
319:
99:
4198:
3655:
3435:
3418:
6427:
6169:
5875:
5837:
5807:
5653:
5586:
5451:
5436:
5360:
5327:
5085:
4990:
4910:
4899:
4770:
4734:
4654:
4440:
4301:
4141:
4063:
4051:
4039:
3337:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 304. pp. 95–114.
3002:
2874:
2678:
2118:
1431:
1014:
987:
549:
433:
331:
247:
207:
6377:
3762:
3678:"Hepatitis A Information for Health Professionals — Statistics and Surveillance"
6509:
6292:
5456:
5421:
5317:
4321:
3708:"Hepatitis A numbers down in Kentucky; health officials still urge vaccination"
3548:
2911:
1953:
Ciocca M. (2000). "Clinical course and consequences of hepatitis A infection".
1378:
1190:
1112:) and feces of infected people up to 2 weeks before clinical illness develops.
1046:
1007:
999:
763:
657:
651:
573:
561:
437:
171:
4212:
4201:
4152:
2486:
2469:
1758:
1292:) from a contaminated river. In June 2013, frozen berries sold by US retailer
6540:
6297:
5817:
5625:
5486:
5466:
5377:
5342:
4316:
4311:
4259:
3764:
3508:
3194:
2856:
Aragonès L, Guix S, Ribes E, Bosch A, Pintó RM (March 2010). Andino R (ed.).
2534:
2254:
1491:
1022:
854:
525:
380:
4096:
3342:
2245:
1534:"Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A."
1483:
1120:
For information about the vaccine, its properties, and its application, see
990:
is associated with a high risk of infection. HAV can also be spread through
6347:
6307:
5822:
5643:
5635:
5605:
5476:
5461:
5307:
5177:
5027:
4705:
4566:
3833:
3784:
3663:
3527:
3493:
3475:
3444:
3395:
3360:
3202:
3141:
3051:
3010:
2966:
2927:
2893:
2825:
2727:
2686:
2637:
2588:
2542:
2495:
2454:
2416:
2321:
2272:
1988:
1974:
1766:
1674:
1620:
1566:
1509:
1439:
1393:
1271:
1264:
1099:
1050:
907:
900:
759:
694:
537:
441:
429:
299:
196:
3460:"Hepatitis A surveillance and vaccine use in China from 1990 through 2007"
3089:
2776:
2718:
2701:
2628:
2611:
2526:
2303:
2163:
1869:"Indian Immunologicals unveils indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine"
709:) has been isolated from a seal. This virus shared a common ancestor with
6436:
6337:
5923:
5880:
5812:
5792:
5769:
5744:
5548:
5521:
5514:
5471:
5441:
5411:
5267:
5217:
5166:
5154:
5149:
5142:
5104:
5074:
4976:
4815:
4727:
4710:
4645:
4306:
4182:
3824:
3806:
3042:
3025:
2807:
1716:
1092:
858:
850:
663:
585:
287:
283:
279:
275:
3123:
690:. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a rodent origin for human Hepatitis A.
6138:
5890:
5855:
5784:
5571:
5446:
5406:
5275:
5236:
5067:
4851:
4608:
4207:
1639:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1136:
1026:
884:
873:
846:
842:
736:
463:
421:
4079:
2470:"Genetic characterization of wild-type genotype VII hepatitis A virus"
2468:
Ching KZ, Nakano T, Chapman LE, Demby A, Robertson BH (January 2002).
2398:
1205:
887:
is released from the protein coat and is translated by the cell's own
6184:
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5802:
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5721:
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3416:
2741:
Whetter LE, Day SP, Elroy-Stein O, Brown EA, Lemon SM (August 1994).
2699:
2580:
1475:
1418:
Connor BA (2005). "Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler".
1083:
in the blood. IgM antibody is only present in the blood following an
1018:
995:
983:
880:
is 15–50 days and risk of death in those infected is less than 0.5%.
862:
667:. Humans and other vertebrates serve as natural hosts of this genus.
513:
347:
323:
271:
262:
167:
6398:
4045:
Virus
Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Picornaviridae
2609:
6503:
6421:
6159:
5749:
5698:
5554:
5494:
5322:
5292:
5210:
4857:
4599:
4455:
3333:
André FE (2006). "Universal Mass
Vaccination Against Hepatitis A".
1279:
1268:
1080:
1042:
1038:
888:
683:
404:
385:
307:
251:
112:
3893:"Recalled Costco frozen berries linked to 13 cases of Hepatitis A"
3763:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 2003).
3068:
Stapleton JT (1995). "Host immune response to hepatitis A virus".
2218:
6469:
5615:
5332:
5302:
4963:
4254:
4163:
1819:"Hepatitis A outbreaks bring back focus on vaccination in Kerala"
1132:
1109:
866:
775:
3805:
Wheeler C, Vogt TM, Armstrong GL, et al. (September 2005).
1068:
5759:
5717:
5287:
4572:
4091:
4027:
3877:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 October 2013.
3373:
2655:
2189:
1293:
1003:
771:
679:
375:
303:
77:
3964:"San Diego is struggling with a huge hepatitis A | Word Range"
3509:"Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis — United States, 2007"
3250:"Maurice Hilleman: Creator of Vaccines That Changed the World"
1259:, affected at least 640 people (killing four) in northeastern
258:
may rarely occur, with this being more common in the elderly.
5713:
5365:
5223:
4982:
4614:
1168:
travel. The CDC recommends vaccination against infection for
1033:, reaching 100% incidence, but following infection, lifelong
891:. Unlike other picornaviruses, this virus requires an intact
779:
687:
646:
500:
398:
388:, a yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes owing to
370:
239:
159:
6332:
3734:"Officials: Kentucky's hepatitis A outbreak now worst in US"
2221:"Evolutionary origins of hepatitis A virus in small mammals"
841:
Following ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the
1283:
1260:
778:
of the virus has been found, but multiple genotypes exist.
394:
2740:
2112:
https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
2040:
5610:
4449:
3807:"An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions"
3335:
Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects — Progress and Obstacles
2566:
2285:
1088:
1077:
1072:
Serum IgG, IgM, and ALT following hepatovirus A infection
870:
742:
The mutation rate in the genome has been estimated to be
675:
3849:"118 sickened in hepatitis A outbreak linked to berries"
1744:
2467:
1049:(2%, 4 hours), beta-propiolactone (0.25%, 1 hour), and
2855:
2432:
1790:
The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases
1255:
Another widespread outbreak in the United States, the
1240:
Over 30,000 cases of hepatitis A were reported to the
3225:"Hepatitis A: Vaccine Licensed | History of Vaccines"
2839:
2837:
2835:
2508:
2344:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
2079:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1147:
The two types of vaccines contain either inactivated
4069:
3804:
3506:
3105:
1531:
397:
is removed from the bloodstream and excreted in the
6092:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
3701:
3699:
3641:
2909:
3457:
3181:Nothdurft HD (July 2008). "Hepatitis A vaccines".
2832:
2789:
2371:"A novel hepatovirus identified in wild woodchuck
2196:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
330:occurs each year on July 28 to bring awareness to
154:, eating food or drinking water contaminated with
2041:Mauss S, Berg T, Rockstroh J, Sarrazin C (2012).
1267:in late 2003. The outbreak was blamed on tainted
221:114 million symptomatic and nonsymptomatic (2015)
6538:
3726:
3696:
2945:Lees D (2000). "Viruses and bivalve shellfish".
3101:
3099:
3023:
2905:
2903:
2851:
2849:
2790:Aragonès L, Bosch A, Pintó RM (February 2008).
2651:
2649:
2647:
2428:
2426:
2225:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3680:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
3063:
3061:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1376:
436:are the possible extrahepatic manifestations.
416:
5252:
4240:
3935:
2603:
2045:. Germany: Flying publisher. pp. 29–30.
1695:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 541–4.
1282:, China, were infected with HAV after eating
1098:During the acute stage of the infection, the
409:Light or clay-colored faeces (acholic faeces)
6267:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
6082:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
5981:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
3798:
3756:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3299:"Hepatitis A Vaccine: What you need to know"
3180:
3096:
3067:
3017:
2982:
2938:
2900:
2846:
2783:
2693:
2644:
2423:
2131:
2129:
2127:
1946:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1532:Irving GJ, Holden J, Yang R, Pope D (2012).
6205:United Kingdom food information regulations
3507:Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A (May 2009).
3500:
3293:
3291:
3058:
2734:
2560:
2368:
2279:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1459:
1446:
1404:
5259:
5245:
4504:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
4247:
4233:
3247:
3106:Musana KA, Yale SH, Abdulkarim AS (2004).
2702:"Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus"
2059:
2011:
2009:
1991:. Center for Disease Control. 2009-09-17.
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1377:Matheny SC, Kingery JE (1 December 2012).
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
462:
76:
6043:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
4375:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
3823:
3630:
3483:
3434:
3326:
3279:
3131:
3041:
2988:
2883:
2873:
2815:
2766:
2717:
2627:
2485:
2461:
2406:
2311:
2262:
2244:
2124:
1952:
1686:
1684:
1664:
1610:
1573:
1556:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1499:
1417:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
6087:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
5949:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
5266:
3288:
2105:
2103:
1989:"Hepatitis A Information for the Public"
1905:. World Health Organization. July 2013.
1627:
1204:
1067:
111:Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dark urine,
85:A case of jaundice caused by hepatitis A
6057:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
3451:
2065:
2006:
1886:
1690:
1307:2019 United States hepatitis A outbreak
1278:. In 1988, more than 300,000 people in
1108:Hepatovirus A is present in the blood (
720:– has been isolated from the woodchuck
6539:
6072:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
5649:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
4000:from the original on 25 September 2017
3944:from the original on November 21, 2017
3925:from the original on 19 February 2015.
3170:from the original on 22 February 2009.
2944:
2362:
2328:
1681:
1520:
1319:
6403:
6402:
5240:
4228:
3846:
3714:from the original on October 27, 2020
3705:
3332:
2100:
1909:from the original on 21 February 2014
1220: Intermediate: between 2% and 7%
1214: High: prevalence higher than 8%
674:are recognized. These species infect
337:
326:A resulted in 11,200 deaths in 2015.
16:Acute infectious disease of the liver
6363:
6251:Institute for Food Safety and Health
5991:Australian meat substitution scandal
5959:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
5735:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
3881:from the original on 12 August 2013.
3859:from the original on 2 January 2017.
3684:from the original on 3 February 2014
2910:Brundage SC, Fitzpatrick AN (2006).
2182:
2155:
2088:from the original on 18 October 2022
1460:Gilson R, Brook MG (December 2006).
1037:results. HAV can be inactivated by
833:
768:positive-sense, single-strand of RNA
20:
6383:
6239:Food Information and Control Agency
4525:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
3936:Ramseth, Luke (November 19, 2017).
3903:from the original on 17 March 2017.
3744:from the original on August 9, 2020
3740:. Associated Press. June 28, 2018.
1006:are the only natural reservoir and
974:The virus primarily spreads by the
13:
3262:10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00003-2
3082:10.1093/infdis/171.Supplement_1.S9
1400:from the original on 9 March 2014.
1189:In the United States in 1991, the
883:Within the liver hepatocytes, the
14:
6573:
6256:International Food Safety Network
6180:International Food Safety Network
5901:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
5851:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
5578:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
4844:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
4370:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
4016:
3991:
3915:"Frozen berries Heptitus A scare"
3164:National Health Service (England)
2200:from the original on 4 March 2018
2170:from the original on 10 July 2015
2143:from the original on 17 June 2015
1721:U.S. National Library of Medicine
6382:
6372:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6341:
6331:
6261:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
6097:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
6028:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
6023:ICA meat repackaging controversy
4830:Middle East respiratory syndrome
3794:from the original on 2011-10-18.
3537:from the original on 2012-05-19.
3388:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00279.x
3024:Jacobsen KH, Koopman JS (2005).
2934:from the original on 2014-03-09.
2161:
1807:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1127:Hepatitis A can be prevented by
487:
238:is an infectious disease of the
25:
6200:Quality Assurance International
6107:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
6077:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
5971:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
5886:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3985:
3956:
3929:
3907:
3885:
3863:
3840:
3670:
3599:
3588:from the original on 2008-07-26
3570:
3559:from the original on 2016-03-06
3541:
3410:
3367:
3315:from the original on 2007-11-20
3241:
3217:
3174:
3148:
2973:
2759:10.1128/JVI.68.8.5253-5263.1994
2549:from the original on 2024-04-17
2502:
2212:
2043:Hepatology: A clinical textbook
2034:
2023:from the original on 2014-02-21
1995:from the original on 2011-05-22
1981:
1935:from the original on 2007-06-02
1931:. eMedicineHealth. 2007-05-17.
1921:
1875:from the original on 2024-03-20
1861:
1850:from the original on 2024-03-20
1836:
1825:from the original on 2024-03-20
1811:
1793:. Infobase. 2006. p. 105.
1781:
1727:from the original on 2016-11-11
1467:Sexually Transmitted Infections
1388:(11): 1027–34, quiz 1010–1012.
1200:
1045:(0.35%, 37 °C, 72 hours),
1021:, acid (pH 1), solvents (e.g.,
969:
893:eukaryotic initiation factor 4G
6229:European Food Safety Authority
6102:Food safety incidents in China
5939:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
5906:Water fluoridation controversy
4429:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
4415:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
2447:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.005
2190:"Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release"
2164:"Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release"
1903:"Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328"
1738:
1709:
1691:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1549:10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2
1248:with six deaths (482 cases in
1209:Hepatitis A distribution 2005
1142:
718:Marmota himalayana hepatovirus
401:, giving it a dark amber color
346:infection can be mistaken for
1:
5125:
3773:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.
3706:Wymer G (December 11, 2019).
3656:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.037
3436:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.100
3306:Vaccine Information Statement
3254:Case Studies in Public Health
2959:10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00248-8
1967:10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00470-3
1657:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1603:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1312:
1226: Low : less than 2%
1115:
6557:Vaccine-preventable diseases
6234:Food and Drug Administration
5916:Food contamination incidents
4634:Tropical spastic paraparesis
4539:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
3003:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.016
2875:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000797
2679:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.08.009
1693:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1432:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018
1235:
1184:
1175:
1063:
1041:treatment (drinking water),
784:internal ribosome entry site
750:
729:
7:
6288:Food and drink prohibitions
6062:Bihar school meal poisoning
5986:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
5944:1900 English beer poisoning
5298:Antibiotic use in livestock
4997:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
4917:Human parainfluenza viruses
4590:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
3429:(28). Elseiver: 3200–3207.
2515:Journal of General Virology
1300:
906:No apparent virus-mediated
637:
447:
417:Extrahepatic manifestations
10:
6578:
6283:Curing (food preservation)
5356:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
3376:Journal of Viral Hepatitis
3156:"Hepatitis A — Prevention"
1871:. theeconomictimes. 2024.
1846:. theeconomictimes. 2023.
1537:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1257:2003 US hepatitis outbreak
1119:
6493:
6411:
6326:
6313:Genetically modified food
6275:
6213:
6165:Food labeling regulations
6137:
6033:2008 Chinese milk scandal
5914:
5836:
5783:
5712:
5662:
5634:
5596:
5485:
5393:
5341:
5274:
5200:
5176:
5084:
5007:
4962:
4951:
4780:
4742:
4721:
4689:
4661:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
4644:
4598:
4477:
4466:
4439:
4266:
4173:
4073:
3940:. The Salt Lake Tribune.
3229:www.historyofvaccines.org
2487:10.1099/0022-1317-83-1-53
2066:Knowles N (7 July 2014).
1759:10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6
1170:men who have sex with men
951:Cell receptor endocytosis
614:
607:
482:
470:
461:
454:
225:
217:
203:
188:
178:
147:
139:
135:2–6 weeks after infection
131:
119:
105:
89:
84:
75:
67:
62:
34:This article needs to be
6175:Food safety in Australia
5371:High-fructose corn syrup
4763:Infectious mononucleosis
4580:Chandipura vesiculovirus
4410:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4355:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4288:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4057:Human hepatitis A virus
3847:Weise E (18 June 2013).
3195:10.1586/14760584.7.5.535
628:Simian hepatitis A virus
6155:Acceptable daily intake
6067:2013 horse meat scandal
5508:Clostridium perfringens
4559:Encephalitis lethargica
4260:viral systemic diseases
4033:CDC's hepatitis A links
3343:10.1007/3-540-36583-4_6
3108:"Tests of Liver Injury"
2246:10.1073/pnas.1516992112
1717:"Hepatitis MedlinePlus"
1484:10.1136/sti.2006.023218
1013:About 40% of all acute
623:Human hepatitis A virus
246:(HAV); it is a type of
199:, properly cooking food
115:, fever, abdominal pain
6223:Centre for Food Safety
6038:2008 Irish pork crisis
5740:Benzene in soft drinks
4931:Human orthopneumovirus
4585:Herpesviral meningitis
4546:Arbovirus encephalitis
3476:10.2188/jea.JE20080087
3248:Tulchinsky TH (2018).
2997:(Suppl 10A): 46S–49S.
2947:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1929:"Hepatitis A Symptoms"
1426:(Suppl 10A): 58S–62S.
1228:
1073:
770:packaged in a protein
716:Another hepatovirus –
713:about 1800 years ago.
6245:Food Standards Agency
6195:Organic certification
6190:Nutrition facts label
5934:Esing Bakery incident
5722:environment pollution
4389:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2719:10.1099/vir.0.19532-0
2629:10.1099/vir.0.83038-0
2527:10.1099/vir.0.80304-0
2304:10.1128/mBio.01180-15
1208:
1071:
807:Genomic segmentation
312:liver transplantation
212:liver transplantation
6014:2006 North American
5672:Acesulfame potassium
5501:Campylobacter jejuni
5395:Intestinal parasites
5268:Consumer food safety
5034:Adenovirus infection
4498:Human polyomavirus 2
4327:Oropharyngeal cancer
3921:. 17 February 2015.
3825:10.1056/NEJMoa050855
2808:10.1128/JVI.01842-07
1651:(10053): 1459–1544.
1597:(10053): 1545–1602.
1276:Monaca, Pennsylvania
1250:Louisville, Kentucky
1058:developing countries
1031:developing countries
484:Virus classification
412:Abdominal discomfort
71:Infectious hepatitis
6318:Conspiracy theories
5871:Heterocyclic amines
5775:Shellfish poisoning
4620:Post-polio syndrome
4256:Infectious diseases
3308:. CDC. 2006-03-21.
3183:Expert Rev Vaccines
3124:10.3121/cmr.2.2.129
2712:(Pt 12): 3191–201.
2671:2009InfGE...9.1287K
2659:Infect. Genet. Evol
2391:2016NatSR...622361Y
2237:2015PNAS..11215190D
2231:(49): 15190–15195.
2194:talk.ictvonline.org
1122:Hepatitis A vaccine
1103:alanine transferase
945:Humans; vertebrates
804:Genomic arrangement
472:Electron micrograph
328:World Hepatitis Day
295:hepatitis A vaccine
256:Acute liver failure
193:Hepatitis A vaccine
164:sexual transmission
126:Acute liver failure
5976:Toxic oil syndrome
5929:Swill milk scandal
5755:Diethylstilbestrol
5427:Diphyllobothriasis
4753:Epstein–Barr virus
4723:Respiratory system
4360:Burkitt's lymphoma
4174:External resources
4062:2021-04-28 at the
4050:2022-10-31 at the
4038:2008-06-05 at the
3919:ABC News Australia
3897:The Canadian Press
3516:MMWR Surveill Summ
3076:(Suppl 1): S9–14.
3043:10.1093/ije/dyi062
2622:(Pt 11): 3039–42.
2373:Marmota himalayana
2117:2023-02-16 at the
1821:. thehindu. 2024.
1747:Food Environ Virol
1289:Anadara subcrenata
1229:
1074:
963:Oral-fecal; blood
876:in the blood. The
723:Marmota himalayana
390:hyperbilirubinemia
342:Early symptoms of
338:Signs and symptoms
96:Infectious disease
6534:
6533:
6495:Hepatitis A virus
6405:Taxon identifiers
6396:
6395:
6303:Food preservation
6112:Foodborne illness
5664:Sugar substitutes
5417:Cryptosporidiosis
5399:parasitic disease
5313:HGH controversies
5280:food contaminants
5234:
5233:
5196:
5195:
4947:
4946:
4878:Influenza virus A
4795:Human coronavirus
4685:
4684:
4675:Herpes of the eye
4222:
4221:
3899:. 19 April 2016.
3352:978-3-540-29382-8
3271:978-0-12-804571-8
3166:. 21 March 2012.
2521:(10): 2943–2952.
2399:10.1038/srep22361
2350:on August 1, 2020
2052:978-3-924774-73-8
1800:978-0-8160-6990-3
1702:978-0-8385-8529-0
1263:and southwestern
967:
966:
897:protein synthesis
878:incubation period
834:Replication cycle
831:
830:
635:
634:
618:Hepatitis A virus
352:incubation period
233:
232:
180:Diagnostic method
57:Medical condition
55:
54:
6569:
6527:
6526:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6486:
6485:
6473:
6472:
6460:
6459:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6400:
6399:
6386:
6385:
6376:
6366:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6348:Drink portal
6346:
6345:
6344:
6336:
6335:
6247:(United Kingdom)
5996:Jack in the Box
5967:
5954:Minamata disease
5866:Food irradiation
5846:4-Hydroxynonenal
5694:Sodium cyclamate
5537:Escherichia coli
5529:Escherichia coli
5261:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5237:
4960:
4959:
4955:digestive system
4872:Orthomyxoviridae
4838:SARS coronavirus
4824:MERS coronavirus
4740:
4739:
4552:Orthomyxoviridae
4475:
4474:
4441:Immune disorders
4365:Hodgkin lymphoma
4341:Kaposi's sarcoma
4249:
4242:
4235:
4226:
4225:
4071:
4070:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3970:. Archived from
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3871:"Outbreak Cases"
3867:
3861:
3860:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3812:N. Engl. J. Med.
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3769:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3639:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3612:. Archived from
3611:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3303:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2916:Am Fam Physician
2907:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2853:
2844:
2841:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2581:10.1002/jmv.2106
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2346:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2298:(4): e01180–15.
2283:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2248:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2122:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1503:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1382:Am Fam Physician
1374:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1154:Maurice Hilleman
980:parenteral route
976:fecal–oral route
931:Replication site
913:
912:
789:
788:
745:
670:Nine members of
645:is a species of
492:
491:
466:
452:
451:
432:and generalized
426:red cell aplasia
320:developing world
152:Fecal–oral route
100:gastroenterology
80:
60:
59:
50:
47:
41:
29:
28:
21:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6522:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6489:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6463:
6455:
6450:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6407:
6397:
6392:
6342:
6340:
6338:Food portal
6330:
6322:
6271:
6209:
6170:Food libel laws
6133:
5961:
5910:
5876:Modified starch
5838:Food processing
5832:
5779:
5708:
5658:
5654:Sodium benzoate
5630:
5592:
5587:Vibrio cholerae
5481:
5452:Gnathostomiasis
5437:Fasciolopsiasis
5389:
5337:
5328:Mercury in fish
5270:
5265:
5235:
5230:
5192:
5172:
5080:
5054:Gastroenteritis
5012:
5009:Gastroenteritis
5003:
4991:Cytomegalovirus
4954:
4943:
4911:Paramyxoviridae
4900:Avian influenza
4776:
4771:Cytomegalovirus
4735:viral pneumonia
4733:
4730:nasopharyngitis
4729:
4726:
4717:
4681:
4655:Cytomegalovirus
4640:
4594:
4482:
4469:
4462:
4435:
4302:Cervical cancer
4262:
4253:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4169:
4168:
4082:
4068:
4064:Wayback Machine
4052:Wayback Machine
4040:Wayback Machine
4019:
4014:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3934:
3930:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3875:Viral Hepatitis
3869:
3868:
3864:
3845:
3841:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3704:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3584:. 31 May 2015.
3576:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3456:
3452:
3415:
3411:
3372:
3368:
3353:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3272:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3179:
3175:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3104:
3097:
3066:
3059:
3030:Int J Epidemiol
3022:
3018:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2953:(1–2): 81–116.
2943:
2939:
2908:
2901:
2868:(3): e1000797.
2854:
2847:
2842:
2833:
2802:(4): 1688–700.
2788:
2784:
2739:
2735:
2698:
2694:
2654:
2645:
2608:
2604:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2507:
2503:
2480:(Pt 1): 53–60.
2466:
2462:
2431:
2424:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2284:
2280:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2119:Wayback Machine
2108:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2074:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1689:
1682:
1637:
1628:
1583:
1574:
1543:(7): CD009051.
1530:
1521:
1458:
1447:
1416:
1405:
1375:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1272:at a restaurant
1238:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1194:liver disease.
1187:
1178:
1145:
1125:
1118:
1066:
1053:(2 μW/cm/min).
1015:viral hepatitis
994:, specifically
972:
928:Release details
836:
766:and contains a
753:
743:
732:
640:
603:
551:Pisoniviricetes
486:
450:
434:lymphadenopathy
419:
340:
332:viral hepatitis
248:viral hepatitis
208:Supportive care
58:
51:
45:
42:
39:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6575:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6552:Picornaviridae
6549:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6515:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6474:
6461:
6448:
6433:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6350:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6293:Food marketing
6290:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6276:Related topics
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5861:Food additives
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5533:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5487:Microorganisms
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5457:Paragonimiasis
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5422:Cyclosporiasis
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5343:Food additives
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5318:Lead poisoning
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5214:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4972:
4970:
4957:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4748:
4746:
4737:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4695:
4693:
4691:Cardiovascular
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4472:
4470:nervous system
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4322:Vaginal cancer
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4252:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4144:
4133:
4114:
4099:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:Classification
4067:
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4017:External links
4015:
4012:
4011:
3984:
3955:
3928:
3906:
3884:
3862:
3839:
3797:
3779:(47): 1155–7.
3755:
3725:
3695:
3669:
3650:(41): 6653–7.
3629:
3598:
3569:
3555:. 2018-07-27.
3540:
3499:
3470:(4): 189–195.
3450:
3409:
3382:(4): 293–303.
3366:
3351:
3325:
3287:
3270:
3240:
3216:
3173:
3147:
3095:
3070:J. Infect. Dis
3057:
3016:
2981:
2972:
2937:
2922:(12): 2162–8.
2899:
2845:
2831:
2782:
2753:(8): 5253–63.
2733:
2692:
2665:(6): 1287–94.
2643:
2602:
2559:
2501:
2460:
2422:
2361:
2327:
2278:
2211:
2181:
2154:
2123:
2099:
2058:
2051:
2033:
2005:
1980:
1945:
1920:
1885:
1860:
1835:
1810:
1799:
1780:
1737:
1708:
1701:
1680:
1626:
1572:
1519:
1445:
1403:
1379:"Hepatitis A."
1317:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1199:
1191:mortality rate
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1144:
1141:
1117:
1114:
1065:
1062:
1047:peracetic acid
1008:disease vector
1000:digital–rectal
992:sexual contact
988:polluted water
986:cultivated in
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
939:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
922:Tissue tropism
920:
917:
835:
832:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
752:
749:
744:1.73–9.76 × 10
731:
728:
658:Picornaviridae
652:Picornavirales
639:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
625:
620:
612:
611:
605:
604:
597:
595:
591:
590:
583:
579:
578:
575:Picornaviridae
571:
567:
566:
563:Picornavirales
559:
555:
554:
547:
543:
542:
535:
531:
530:
523:
519:
518:
511:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:
480:
479:
468:
467:
459:
458:
449:
446:
438:Kidney failure
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
407:
402:
392:
383:
378:
373:
368:
339:
336:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
205:
201:
200:
190:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
172:digital–rectal
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
109:
103:
102:
93:
87:
86:
82:
81:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
56:
53:
52:
46:September 2020
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6574:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6443:Hepatovirus A
6438:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6413:Hepatovirus A
6410:
6406:
6401:
6389:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6369:
6361:
6359:
6351:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6298:Food politics
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:(South Korea)
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6128:
6127:United States
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6048:2011 Germany
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6005:1996 Odwalla
6003:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5636:Preservatives
5633:
5627:
5626:Methamidophos
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5467:Toxoplasmosis
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:Vegetable oil
5376:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:Parainfluenza
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4759:EBV infection
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Poliomyelitis
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Vulvar cancer
4315:
4313:
4312:Penile cancer
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3974:on 2017-09-25
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3759:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3619:on 2020-10-30
3615:
3608:
3602:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:(5): 535–45.
3188:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:(2): 129–31.
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:"Hepatitis A"
2906:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:J. Gen. Virol
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:J. Gen. Virol
2613:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:J. Med. Virol
2563:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:J. Gen. Virol
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2022:
2018:
2017:"Hepatitis A"
2012:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1233:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:Hepatovirus A
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:sexual acts.
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
940:
937:Transmission
936:
934:Assembly site
933:
930:
927:
925:Entry details
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
911:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Kupffer cells
852:
848:
844:
839:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Hepatovirus A
748:
740:
738:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
712:
711:Hepatovirus A
708:
707:
702:
701:
700:hepatovirus B
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
665:
660:
659:
654:
653:
649:in the order
648:
644:
643:Hepatovirus A
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
613:
610:
606:
602:
601:
600:Hepatovirus A
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
527:Orthornavirae
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
476:Hepatovirus A
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
456:Hepatovirus A
453:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
411:
408:
406:
403:
400:
396:
393:
391:
387:
384:
382:
381:Appetite loss
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Hepatovirus A
241:
237:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:Hepatovirus A
153:
150:
146:
142:
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121:Complications
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6308:Food quality
6215:Institutions
6049:
6015:
6006:
5997:
5881:Nitrosamines
5644:Benzoic acid
5606:Chlorpyrifos
5585:
5579:
5570:
5553:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5477:Trichuriasis
5462:Toxocariasis
5432:Enterobiasis
5308:Formaldehyde
5216:
5209:
5185:
5178:Pancreatitis
5160:
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4706:Pericarditis
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4479:Encephalitis
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4004:25 September
4002:. Retrieved
3996:. LA Times.
3987:
3976:. Retrieved
3972:the original
3968:wordrange.us
3967:
3958:
3948:November 21,
3946:. Retrieved
3931:
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3737:
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3718:September 1,
3716:. Retrieved
3686:. Retrieved
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3614:the original
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2438:
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2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2343:
2337:
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2281:
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2224:
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2202:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2137:"Viral Zone"
2090:. Retrieved
2078:
2070:Picornavirus
2069:
2061:
2042:
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
1997:. Retrieved
1983:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1877:. Retrieved
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1813:
1789:
1783:
1753:(1): 13–23.
1750:
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1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1720:
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1381:
1287:
1269:green onions
1265:Pennsylvania
1254:
1246:
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1230:
1201:Epidemiology
1196:
1188:
1179:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1126:
1107:
1100:liver enzyme
1097:
1075:
1055:
1051:UV radiation
1012:
973:
970:Transmission
919:Host details
908:cytotoxicity
905:
901:cell culture
882:
840:
837:
827:Monopartite
821:Nonenveloped
762:; it is not
760:picornavirus
755:
754:
741:
733:
721:
715:
710:
704:
698:
695:member virus
692:
671:
669:
662:
656:
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627:
622:
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599:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
539:Pisuviricota
538:
526:
514:
507:
497:(unranked):
475:
455:
442:pericarditis
430:pancreatitis
420:
360:
356:
343:
341:
316:
300:hand washing
292:
274:viruses: A,
260:
243:
235:
234:
197:hand washing
174:sexual acts.
155:
63:Hepatitis A
43:
35:
18:
6547:Hepatitis A
6437:Wikispecies
6388:WikiProject
6225:(Hong Kong)
5962: [
5924:Devon colic
5798:Breast milk
5770:Nonylphenol
5745:Bisphenol A
5682:controversy
5549:Hepatitis E
5544:Hepatitis A
5522:Enterovirus
5515:Cronobacter
5472:Trichinosis
5442:Fasciolosis
5412:Anisakiasis
5383:controversy
5276:Adulterants
5075:Coronavirus
4816:Common cold
4728:acute viral
4711:Myocarditis
4555:(probable)
4307:Anal cancer
4213:Hepatitis A
4183:MedlinePlus
4024:Hepatitis A
3582:www.cdc.gov
3553:www.cdc.gov
3522:(3): 1–27.
3464:J Epidemiol
3256:: 443–470.
3160:NHS Choices
2862:PLOS Pathog
2575:(1): 22–7.
2338:Hepatovirus
1913:20 February
1143:Vaccination
1129:vaccination
1093:vaccination
942:Hepatovirus
859:endocytosis
851:hepatocytes
815:Icosahedral
812:Hepatovirus
774:. Only one
737:owl monkeys
672:Hepatovirus
664:Hepatovirus
587:Hepatovirus
422:Joint pains
344:hepatitis A
236:Hepatitis A
184:Blood tests
132:Usual onset
68:Other names
6541:Categories
6139:Regulation
6122:death toll
5891:Shortening
5856:Acrylamide
5785:Food fraud
5765:Mycotoxins
5598:Pesticides
5572:Salmonella
5447:Giardiasis
5407:Amoebiasis
5351:Flavorings
5202:Urogenital
5068:Astrovirus
5028:Adenovirus
4852:SARS-CoV-2
4609:Poliovirus
4484:meningitis
4208:Patient UK
4148:DiseasesDB
3992:Smith JE.
3978:2017-09-25
3688:28 January
3623:2017-09-22
3592:2017-12-13
3563:2018-08-15
3319:2007-03-12
3234:2021-02-06
2991:Am. J. Med
2553:2024-04-17
2139:. ExPASy.
2068:"Rename12
2027:2014-02-20
1999:2011-01-08
1939:2007-05-18
1879:2024-03-20
1854:2024-03-20
1829:2024-03-20
1731:2020-06-19
1645:The Lancet
1591:The Lancet
1420:Am. J. Med
1313:References
1137:sanitation
1116:Prevention
1081:antibodies
1027:chloroform
885:RNA genome
874:antibodies
863:viroporins
847:oropharynx
843:epithelium
818:Pseudo T=3
706:Phopivirus
242:caused by
189:Prevention
6562:Hepatitis
6428:Q24722353
6185:ISO 22000
6147:watchdogs
6143:standards
6117:outbreaks
6018:outbreaks
5896:Trans fat
5808:Olive oil
5730:Aflatoxin
5704:Sucralose
5689:Saccharin
5677:Aspartame
5621:Malathion
5566:Rotavirus
5561:Norovirus
5113:RNA virus
5094:DNA virus
5086:Hepatitis
5061:Norovirus
5049:Rotavirus
5043:RNA virus
5022:DNA virus
4968:Esophagus
4896:Influenza
4782:RNA virus
4744:DNA virus
4513:RNA virus
4492:DNA virus
4398:RNA virus
4276:DNA virus
4268:Oncovirus
4194:eMedicine
4159:SNOMED CT
3853:USA Today
2535:0022-1317
2435:Virus Res
2385:: 22361.
2255:0027-8424
1492:1472-3263
1478:: 35–39.
1476:BMJ Group
1236:Countries
1185:Prognosis
1176:Treatment
1064:Diagnosis
1019:detergent
984:shellfish
960:Cytoplasm
957:Cytoplasm
889:ribosomes
795:Structure
764:enveloped
751:Structure
730:Genotypes
684:hedgehogs
655:, family
594:Species:
522:Kingdom:
515:Riboviria
348:influenza
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272:hepatitis
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218:Frequency
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6524:11459942
6510:Q4112120
6504:Wikidata
6470:46698503
6422:Wikidata
6378:Cookbook
6358:Category
6160:E number
6052:outbreak
6009:outbreak
6000:outbreak
5750:Dieldrin
5699:Sorbitol
5555:Listeria
5495:Botulism
5323:Melamine
5293:Aldicarb
5211:BK virus
5014:diarrhea
4858:COVID-19
4600:Myelitis
4164:40468003
4060:Archived
4048:Archived
4036:Archived
3998:Archived
3942:Archived
3923:Archived
3901:Archived
3879:Archived
3857:Archived
3834:16135833
3789:Archived
3785:14647018
3748:June 30,
3742:Archived
3712:Archived
3710:. WKYT.
3682:Archived
3664:20723630
3586:Archived
3557:Archived
3532:Archived
3528:19478727
3494:19561383
3445:25981490
3396:11454182
3361:16989266
3310:Archived
3211:22452932
3203:18564009
3168:Archived
3142:15931347
3052:15831565
3011:16271541
2967:10946842
2932:Archived
2928:16848078
2894:20221432
2826:18057242
2796:J. Virol
2747:J. Virol
2728:14645901
2687:19723592
2638:17947528
2597:42775132
2589:11748654
2547:Archived
2543:15448357
2496:11752700
2455:17328982
2417:26924426
2354:12 March
2336:"Genus:
2322:26307166
2273:26575627
2198:Archived
2168:Archived
2141:Archived
2115:Archived
2092:12 March
2083:Archived
2072:species"
2021:Archived
1993:Archived
1975:10683554
1961:: 71–4.
1933:Archived
1907:Archived
1873:Archived
1848:Archived
1823:Archived
1805:Archived
1775:16273385
1767:23412719
1725:Archived
1675:27733281
1621:27733282
1567:22786522
1510:17151052
1440:16271543
1398:Archived
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1301:See also
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1039:chlorine
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5718:poisons
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5539:O157:H7
5531:O104:H4
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5303:Cyanide
4964:Pharynx
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3644:Vaccine
3485:3924108
3423:Vaccine
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3281:7150172
3133:1069083
3090:7876654
2885:2832697
2817:2258700
2777:8035522
2667:Bibcode
2408:4770319
2387:Bibcode
2379:Sci Rep
2313:4550696
2264:4679062
2233:Bibcode
2174:15 June
2147:15 June
1955:Vaccine
1666:5388903
1612:5055577
1558:6823267
1501:2563900
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680:rodents
582:Genus:
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546:Class:
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36:updated
5823:Shrimp
5760:Dioxin
5714:Toxins
5288:3-MCPD
4628:HTLV-I
4573:Rabies
4423:HTLV-I
4188:000278
4028:Curlie
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1004:Humans
824:Linear
801:Capsid
688:shrews
686:, and
376:Nausea
304:nausea
286:, and
268:immune
229:11,200
226:Deaths
148:Causes
6519:IRMNG
6483:12092
6457:3KW2L
5966:]
5813:Prawn
5793:Bread
5366:Sugar
5224:Mumps
4983:Mumps
4953:Human
4383:MCPyV
4131:070.1
4127:070.0
4112:B15.9
4107:10-CM
3792:(PDF)
3768:(PDF)
3617:(PDF)
3610:(PDF)
3535:(PDF)
3512:(PDF)
3400:S2CID
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3207:S2CID
2593:S2CID
2086:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
1771:S2CID
1474:(4).
1284:clams
1085:acute
1023:ether
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792:Genus
780:Codon
772:shell
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371:Fever
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4810:OC43
4806:HKU1
4802:NL63
4798:229E
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4335:KSHV
4153:5757
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3830:PMID
3781:PMID
3750:2018
3738:WKYT
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3660:PMID
3524:PMID
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3441:PMID
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3357:PMID
3347:ISBN
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3138:PMID
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2773:PMID
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2634:PMID
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2539:PMID
2531:ISSN
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2451:PMID
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170:and
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5828:Tea
5803:Egg
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5218:MuV
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5150:HDV
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5119:CBV
5100:HBV
4977:MuV
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4669:HSV
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