Heruli - Knowledge

1996:, p. 5. "The Germani may be split into groups in a variety of ways. Tacitus speaks of Ingaevones, Herminones and Istaevones, which philologists have tried to associate with tribal and linguistic subdivisions. Other distinctions, based on the supposed geographical origins of various tribal groups, divided them into Nordgermanen (who would develop into the various Scandinavian peoples) and Oder-Weichsel-Germanen (those originating around the Oder and the Vistula, and including Goths and a number of tribes with un-or only scantily recorded languages, such as the Burgundians, Herulians, Rugians, Vandals and Gepids). The languages of these two broad groups are usually referred to as North and East Germanic, and are linked more closely with each other than with the third, West Germanic group, made up of Elbgermanen (Lombards, Bavarians and Alemanni or Alemans — again the spelling varies), Nordseegermanen (Angles, Frisians, Saxons) and Weser- Rhein-Germanen (Saxons and Franks)." 1151: 945:

argues that the poetic references of Sidonius linking the Heruli to the sea, might be "nothing more than a bookish reference to 3rd-century accounts of Herules" who attacked form the Black Sea. Recent scholars such as Steinacher and Halsall have furthermore pointed out that this evidence of Heruli in Visigothic territory is consistent with the conflicts within the Roman empire during this period, and therefore do not prove that these Heruli were not from the Black Sea or Danube. Halsall, for example, writes that it "must at least be a possibility" that the Herulian raids in Spain during this period "constituted part of a Romano-Visigothic offensive against the

1984:, p. 42: "It may be granted that the Heruls apparently were Germanic despite the fact that most of the personal names of their leaders baffle German philologist"; " We find among the Heruls an Ochus, which appears Iranian; an Aordus which appears to be based on the name of the Sarmatian Aorsi; and even a Verus, which is quite Roman. Names which "sound" perhaps Dacian were Andonnoballus, Datius, Faras, Alvith, for which neither Forstemann nor Schoenfeld offers a Germanic etymology or can offer one only on the supposition that Greek sources misspelled the name. Only Halaricus, Rodvulf, and Fulcaris yield results to Germanic etymology" 1238:, and to Singidunum some decades later, by Justinian. This area had been re-acquired by the empire from the Goths, who now ruled Italy from Ravenna. Justinian integrated them into the empire as a buffer between the Romans and the more independent Lombards and Gepids to the north. Under his encouragement, the Herule king Grepes converted to Orthodox Christianity in 528 together with some nobles and twelve relatives. Procopius who felt that this made them somewhat gentler, also showed in his account of the wars against the African Vandals, that some of them were 1277:

they had come to the country of the Dani, and a second choice was made. The new king Datius arrived with his brother Aordus and 200 young men. The Heruli who were sent against Suartuas defected with him and were supported by the empire. The supporters of Datius, two thirds of the Heruli, submitted to the Gepids. This period of rebellion against Rome lasted approximately 545–548, the period immediately before conflict between their larger neighbours the Gepids and Lombards broke out, but this rebellion was repressed by Justinian.

743: 1972:, pp. 468–469: "Aufschluß über die Sprache der H. geben nur die Namen, von denen die lat. und griech. Qu. eindeutig berichten, daß sie von H.n geführt wurden. Diejenigen, die problemlos etymologisierbar sind, lassen sich im Hinblick auf diagnostische Dialektmerkmale nicht von got. Namen derselben Zeit unterscheiden. Dies kann jedoch auf einer sekundären Gotisierung in S-Europa sowie auf lat. und griech. Schreibgewohnheiten beruhen und braucht eine skand. Herkunft nicht auszuschließen." 137:, attacking not only by land, but notably also by sea. The equation of these "ELuRi" with the "ERuLi" was made by several Byzantine authors, and is still widely accepted. However, some scholars such as Ellegård consider this uncertain, and have proposed that the Heruli homeland may be have actually been near the Middle Danube. In contrast, because a group of 6th century Heruli moved from the Danube to Scandinavia, some scholars believe that the Heruli had their earliest origins in 5686: 204:(starting in 568). Under Roman command they played important roles in Balkan, African, and Italian conflicts. With their last known kingdom in the Balkans eventually dominated by Rome however, and smaller groups integrated into larger political entities such as the Gepids and Lombards, the Heruli disappeared from history around the time of the conquest of Italy by the Lombards. In this period the Middle Danube was coming under the control of the 31: 1336:

Romans are better known. Based mainly on the remarks of Procopius it appears they did not necessarily make all decisions, but they were expected to play a partly symbolic role in leading their people in battle, and representing them in dealings with other peoples and empires. Procopius suggests that the Herulian kings were often challenged and could be deposed if they failed to meet the expectations of their people.

1948:... offers Germanic etymologies not only for Faras and Alvith but also for Fanotheus, Filimuth, Hariso, Sindval, Svartva, Uligangus, and Visandus. Other Germanic names of the Heruli, not listed in Schönfeld, are Sindila, Batemodus, and Cunthia. Like the Heruli the Rugi were... most certainly a Germanic tribe... The Heruli and Rugians were Germans. So were the Scirians as proved by the names of their leaders." 1293:

on opposing sides. After c.540, we still find small groups called Heruli fighting for the East Romans in Italy, and it is noticeable that the Roman commanders were careful to appoint for them leaders of their own race. Thus some sense of identity probably remained. That said, we are clearly dealing with a few fragments of the original group, and, in the prevailing circumstances, Herule identity had no future.

819:, who then had command of forces in Gaul, to send some of his best units including the Heruli, Batavi, and others, for fighting against the Parthians in the Middle East.The records about this imply that the Heruli were a unit who had left their homes east of the Rhine, which Ellegård thinks is consistent with a base near Passau, while Liccardo emphasizes that it implies that they now lived west of the Rhine. 4382: 379: 983: 466:

ancestors". In contrast, in 2021 Prostko-Prostyński argued that there is "no doubt" about Scandinavian origins. Even though Procopius does not explicitly mention it, "it is hard to assume they ventured so far north without a reason of such nature". In his review of Prostko-Prostyński, Roland Steinacher asserts that this is debatable.

953:, themselves from central Europe, had recently established a kingdom on the northern coast of Spain, and the Visigoths coordinated with Rome against them. On the other hand, scholars such as Liccardo emphasize that Sidonius lists the Herulians with Saxons, Franks and Burgundians as if they were subjects or supplicants from Gaul. 319:) implying that it was an honorific military title. (This etymology is associated with the speculation that the Heruli were not a normal tribal group but a brotherhood of mobile warriors, though there is no consensus for this old proposal, which is based only on the name etymology and the reputation of Heruli as soldiers.) 853:. However, this list is sometimes thought to have drawn on historical lists for literary effect. Furthermore the list included many of the Middle Danubian peoples from the East, including Roman provincials from Pannonia, and was already in the period where the Huns were causing major movements of such peoples. 1534:

Scholars remark that the historian Procopius had a notable fascination with the Herules, which colors his descriptions of them. As Steinacher remarks, "Procopius's Herul excursus is full of stereotypes and negative attitudes towards this primitive people and its archaic conventions". This means that

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related that in the 540s the Heruli who had been settled in the Roman Balkans killed their own king Ochus and, not wanting the one assigned by the emperor, Suartuas, they made contact with the Heruli who had gone to Thule decades earlier, seeking a new king. Their first choice fell sick and died when

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Sarantis however shows that the Belgrade-region Heruli continued to be recruited, and to play a role in local conflicts involving the Gepids and Lombards, into the 550s. Suartas, a Herule general for the Romans, led Herule forces against the Gepids in 552 for example. However it appears that by this

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does not give any information about the location of the homeland of the Heruli kingdom. This leaves open the possibility that the recipient of the letter was the Middle Danubian kingdom of the Heruli. Proponents of a distinct Western Herulian kingdom near the Rhine note that the letter was also sent

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More controversially, Ellegård proposed that the evidence makes it most likely that the Heruli were "a loose group of Germanic warriors which came into being in the late 3rd century in the region north of the Danube limes that extends roughly from Passau to Vienna". This proposal has not been widely

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by c.540 being a Herule had ceased to be the main determinant of individual behaviour; the Heruli had ceased to operate together on the basis of that shared heritage, and different Heruli were adopting different strategies for survival in the new political conditions which even caused them to fight

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in 476 AD came to be seen as king over several of the Danubian peoples including the Heruli, and the Heruli were strongly associated with his Italian kingdom. The Heruli on the Danube also took control of the Rugian territories, as they had become competitors to Odoacer and been defeated by him in

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At least two much later mentions of Heruli in southwestern Europe, after the Heruli were established on the Middle Danube, and in parts of Italy, can be connected to the Visigoths who had been granted a kingdom by the Romans in what is now southwestern France, but have also been taken to imply the

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as one of the barbarian peoples living within the Roman empire. Ellegård argues that this and other 4th century sources indicate that several of Attila's future allies in the Middle Danube were already established in the 4th century. He proposes that the Heruli were already based somewhere between

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over a group of Heruli and Chaibones (known only from this one report) attacking Gaul. Further reports of the Heruli in the west continue in the 4th century and based on this there is a proposal that there was a distinct Western kingdom of Heruli living near the Lower Rhine, who were not descended

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While there is very little detailed information available, historical sources name six kings of the Danubian Herules, from the first half of the 6th century. Unlike their neighbours the Goths and Gepids, they appear to have had a limited role, and some of the military leaders who fought under the

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quite far to the north of the Danube, and more directly threatened by the Franks who are discussed in the letter, while opponents emphasize that Theoderic was clearly concerned with a large part of central Europe, and that the Franks did in reality quickly make inroads towards the Middle Danubian

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Particularly striking in this passage is the implication that the Heruli homeland is on the "Ocean". More generally the connection of these Heruli with the sea, so far to the west, is sometimes taken as evidence that these Heruli were not from the Danube or Black Sea. Steinacher on the other hand

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Though appreciative of their military qualities, he goes out of his way to blacken their character - "they are the basest of all men and utterly abandoned rascals," "no men in the world are less bound by convention or more unstable." His low opinion may result from the "special relationship" the

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in 480. The Heruli are listed by Jordanes as having fought at the Battle of Nedao, but we do not know if they took the Gepid or Ostrogothic side. However, they benefited from the subsequent downfall of Odoacer's people the Sciri, and were able established control on the Roman (south) side of the

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In 267/268 and 269/270 Graeco-Roman writers described two major campaigns by the "Eluri" into the Balkans and Aegean, which were among the last and biggest such seaborne raids from the northern Black Sea coast starting in the 250s. They are normally equated to the later Danubian Heruli. Although

462:") from the Middle Danube, where their kingdom had been destroyed by the Lombards. Apparently aligning with the story of Jordanes, when other expatriates from the Danubian established themselves in the Balkans and needed a king they sent embassy to the Scandinavian Heruli and returned with one. 1473:

It is of course far from clear exactly what Procopius had in mind when writing about Herul 'slaves'. But he surely provided plenty of evidence that any gens was open to newcomers. As in any other human community, both in the past and in the present, such newcomers had to prove themselves worthy

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What happened to the main part of the Danubian Heruli has been difficult to reconstruct from Procopius, but according to Steinacher they first moved downstream on the Danube to an area where the Rugii had sought refuge in 488. Here they suffered famine. They sought refuge among the Gepids, but

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This expulsion from Scandinavia was not long before Jordanes, and at least some of the expelled Heruli were themselves recent immigrants to Scandinavia, from the Danube. (Historians also note that Jordanes also mentions Rugii in the same passage about Scandinavia. The Rugii on the Danube, old

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While a migration to Scandinavia can itself be seen as evidence of an old and continuous connection between the Heruli and Scandinavia, some scholars are sceptical of this interpretation, noting that Procopius specifically says that the Heruli who moved to Scandinavia left the "home of their

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Ellegård, one of the scholars who argued that the expulsion involved immigrants whose real homeland was on the Danube, wrote that "the only thing we can say with reasonable certainty is that a small group of Eruli lived there for some 38-40 years in the first half of the 6th century AD".

658:) in 269. This was apparently a distinct battle from that at the Nessos. A Herulian chieftain named Andonnoballus is said to have switched to the Roman side, and this was once again a case where Heruli appear to have joined the Roman military. The second group sailed south and raided 297:

In the earliest mentions of them in 4th century records, they were called Eluri ('Ερουλοι), with the "L" and "R" reversed compared to later records. This has led to doubts about whether these first "Erouli" from the Sea of Azov were the same people as the later Eruli from the Danube.

414:, are both believed to have had their origins on the southern Baltic shore, and there are proposals that their ultimate origins were in Scandinavia. The idea that they came from regions near the Baltic is consistent with the fact that many of these peoples, such as the Goths, spoke 1564:

Procopius was not mollified. The Herules were part of the panorama of an entire "West" that, owing to Justinian's neglect, had come into the possession of the barbarians by the late 540s. The crowning irony, in the historian's view, was that, because some Herules served as Roman

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Like the Goths, soon after first being noted in contemporary records as Eastern European raiders, Heruli also began entering the Roman empire and serving in its military, where they developed a particularly notable reputation already in the 4th century, at first mainly in the

885:) on the Danube, not far from where the Heruli would later have their kingdom. Liccardo argues that even though "units were moved around and over time tended to lose any ethnic or geographical homogeneity" they could still give hints about the origins of ethnic groups. 1027:, and open conflict between the Western and Eastern empires in the Balkans. In 405/6, large numbers of "ferocious" peoples including the Heruli, Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Saxons, Burgundians, and Alemanni, together with provincial inhabitants of Roman 1022:

and the Roman empire. The Huns and their allies also moved east and began established themselves near the Danube around 400. The Roman military was weakened and increased reliant upon barbarian forces. They were also internally divided with a rebel emperor in Gaul,

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In 549, when the Gepids fought the Romans, and Heruli fought on both sides. In any case after one generation in the Belgrade area, the Herulian federate polity in the Balkans disappears from the surviving historical records, apparently replaced by the incoming

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As with their neighbours the Goths, Heruli were already seen in western Europe before the empire of Attila, both as raiders and as soldiers working under Roman authority. They first appear at the time of their first ambitious campaigns in the east. In 286

1411:, and since they are given to avarice, they are eager to do violence to their neighbours, feeling no shame at such conduct. And they mate in an unholy manner, especially men with asses, and they are the basest of all men and utterly abandoned rascals. 141:. Connected to this idea, there also proposals that there were Heruli kingdoms in several parts of Europe, already in the 3rd and 4th century. One proposal, based upon indirect evidence, is that there was a "Western Heruli" settlement based near the 1448:

The Heruli were famous for the quality of their infantry, who were recruited as mercenaries by all other peoples. They were known particularly for their speed, and were perhaps used for the stabbing cavalry. Procopius described the Heruli in the

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was extremely influential for later writers. Jordanes also made specific remarks concerning the Heruli, but these have been more difficult to interpret. He said that the Heruli had been driven out of their own settlements in Scandinavia by the

2008:, p. 149. "Gothic is associated with other so-called East Germanic languages spoken by tribes such as the Burgundians, the Vandals and the Gepids (classical historians group them with the Goths), the Herulians, and the Rugians." 876:

Ellegård argues that the association with the Batavi in this period should be seen not as a connection to the Lower Rhine, the original home of the Batavi unit centuries earlier, but to their quarters in this period which were at

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Recent researchers such as Steinacher now have increased confidence that there was a distinct second campaign which began in 269, and ended in 270. Later Roman writers reported that thousands of ships left from the mouth of the

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one, but "clearly not as militarily powerful, say, as the Gothic, Lombard, or Gepid confederations which generated much longer-lived political entities, and into which elements of the Rugi and Heruli were eventually absorbed".

157:. A new Heruli unit was stationed in northern Italy. Heruli living near the Roman frontiers were among the many groups which caused disruption to the empire in this period. In 409 Heruli were among the "ferocious" nations who 1487:

of the Heruli on the Middle Danube in the early 6th century are very similar to contemporary tumuli built in southern Sweden. At this time, the Heruli appears to have had close trade relations with peoples living near the

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Passau and Vienna. Liccardo has however criticized Ellegård's interpretation of the evidence, noting that they are placed (together with the Rugii) between the northern British Barbarians and the tribes of the Lower Rhine.

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In the late 4th century, large groups of Eastern European peoples including most notably the Goths and Alans, crossed the Lower Danube into the Roman empire, while others entered the Middle Danubian region, between the

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Already before the time of Attila the Romans established a Herulian auxiliary unit in the Western Roman Empire, and it has been argued that this implies that they were already settled somewhere within the empire. The

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Herulian slaves are known to have accompanied the Herules into combat. Slaves were forbidden from donning a shield until having proven themselves brave on the battlefield. This practice might be a relic of ancient

1205:. Peter Heather considers this account to be "entirely plausible" although he notes that others have labelled it a "fairy story", and given that it only appears in one source it is possible to deny its validity. 1089:. They ruled over a mixed population including Suevi, Huns and Alans. Compared to other Middle Danubian kingdoms in this period, Peter Heather has described this Heruli kingdom as "middle-sized", similar to the 425:, who was based in Constantinople. He believed that the Goths and Gepids both came from Scandinavia many centuries before his time, which he described as "like a workshop or even better the womb of nations" ( 4156:

Schwarcz, Andreas (2020), "Gotische und herulische maritime Einfälle in das Imperium Romanum in der zweiten Hälfte des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.", in Mitthof, Fritz; Martin, Gunther; Grusková, Jana (eds.),

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in modern Hungary when they were apparently able to take over the kingdoms of the Suevi and Sciri, who had been under pressure from the Ostrogoths, who continued to press their old allies from the south.

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neighbours of the Heruli, had also been recently lost their kingdom there to the Lombards.) This possibility still leaves debate open about whether the ultimate origins of the Heruli were in Scandinavia.

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Na obzorju novega: območje severnega Jadrana ter vzhodnoalpski in balkansko-podonavski prostor v obdobju pozne antike in zgodnjega srednjega veka: posvečeno Rajku Bratožu ob njegovi sedemdesetletnici

1920:, p. 469. "Heruli – Germanic-speaking group originally from north central Europe, some of whom migrated to regions north of the Black Sea in company with Goths and others in the 3rd century." 263:(12.24.20) stated that the Heruli were of Gothic stock, and he suggests this might be why Latin authors did not distinguish the early Heruli from the Goths as carefully as Greek authors did. 1062:

listed the subject peoples who Attila could call upon in addition to the better known Goths and Gepids: "Marcomanni, Suebi, Quadi, and alongside them the Herules, Thuringi and Rugii".

1039:. Several of these such as the Vandals, Alans, Saxons and Burgundians are known to have permanently settled in different parts of Roman Gaul and Iberia. Also in 405/6, the Gothic king 1440:

It appears that Procopius disliked the Heruli and wanted to present them in as negative light as possible. His description of bestiality among the Heruli is almost certainly untrue.

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tradition. Steinacher has pointed out that, while this remark has reasonably been seen as evidence of an "initiation rite", initiation rites are so common that caution is required:

2044:, p. 131. "he Heruli who in the course of their migrations sent a party back to Scandinavia for a king from amongst the members of their royal family who had remained behind." 4160:

Empire in Crisis: Gothic Invasions and Roman Historiography. Beiträge einer internationalen Tagung zu den Wiener Dexipp-Fragmenten (Dexippus Vindobonensis) in Wien, 3.–6. Mai 2017

1793:, p. 87. "ome of the territory covered by the Sîntana de Mureş–Černjachov culture may have been controlled not by Goths but by related Germanic peoples, such as the Heruli." 889:

existence of Heruli based on the North Sea coast, for example near the Lower Rhine. Firstly, two sea raids were made by Heruli around coastal Spain in the 450s, as reported by

330:, and there have also been proposals that the word is connected to Germanic words for werewolves and beings with magic powers. None of these proposals can be verified. 309:

According to modern scholars the etymology of the name is uncertain but it is thought to be Germanic. More speculatively, it is possibly related to the English word

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were moving west and establishing an empire based in the Danubian region. The Danubian Heruli kingdom known from later probably already existed in some form within

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whose writings about these early "Eluri" only survive in fragments, gave their name a Greek etymology, claiming that that they were named after the swamps (ἕλη,

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In English, the plural "Heruli" can also be spelled as Heruls, Herules, or Herulians. The name can be written without "h" in Greek (Ἔρουλοι, 'Erouloi'), Latin (

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Although contemporary records locate the Heruli first near the Sea of Azov, and later on the Middle Danube, their ultimate origins are traditionally sought in

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using a new mobile cavalry, but as part of the surrender a Herulian chief named Naulobatus became the first barbarian known from written records to receive

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also mentions Heruli living in Italy under Ostrogothic rule. Peter Heather estimates that the Herulian kingdom could muster an army of 5,000-10,000 men.

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who are known from many records to have lived until the 4th century in the region north of the Danube, where the Herule kingdom would later be found.

145:. One reason for this is that in 286 AD, only a few years after the eastern raids, the Heruli were listed as one of the peoples who were defeated in 188:

in 454, although it is not certain which side they took among his various former allies. They also participated in successive conquests of Italy by

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in northern Italy, but he was executed by Narses. Sinduald was said to be a descendant of the Herules who had already entered Italy under Odoacer.

1059: 512:. Although some historians in the past doubted whether there were really two invasions so close together, these invasions began in the reign of 994:

shows that Heruli and Rugii were already present somewhere in western Europe in about 314. Similar listings from later in the 4th century, the

3921: 86:. It was a neighbour to several more small and short-lived kingdoms in the late 5th century AD and early 6th century, including those of the 4459: 1054:. Although they were not specifically listed by Sidonius or Jordanes, Heruli are believed to have been among the peoples who fought at the 3422:

Banfi, Jaka (2022), "Kralji Herulov: vladarji ljudstva, ki ni »spisalo« zgodovine, in njihov regnum", in Cedilnik; Lovenjak (eds.),

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who were initially under Herule hegemony. The Herulian king Rodulph lost his kingdom to the Lombards at some point between 494 and 508.

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Theoderic's efforts to build a system of alliances in Western Europe were made difficult both by counter diplomacy, for example between

4596: 3379: 78:, known from records in the third to sixth centuries AD. The best recorded group of Heruli established a kingdom north of the Middle 1453:

against Persians, carrying no protective armor save a shield and thick jacket. This form of warfare has been compared to that of the

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allowed them to resettle depopulated "lands and cities" in the empire in 512. Modern scholars debate whether they were moved then to

793:, then it is possible it was based in the Eastern Roman empire and it may have been one of the units which ceased to exist after the 5643: 446:

The expulsion happened centuries before Jordanes, and the Heruli origins are ultimately in present-day Denmark or southern Sweden.

5661: 1024: 1393:. Procopius also states that, following the death of their husbands, Herulian women were expected to commit suicide by hanging. 5720: 270:" by Roman ethnographers at the time. However, in modern scholarship the Heruli, like other peoples presumed to have spoken a 4076: 4016: 3205: 3110: 2177: 1474:

before receiving full membership in that community. This must have been even truer for a community geared towards warfare.

342:. Personal names are one of the only direct sources of evidence for this. Some attested Heruli names are almost certainly 1073:, were subsequently among the several peoples now able to consolidate a kingdom on the Danube. It lay north of modern 361:. Alternatively however, given their proposed connections to Scandinavia, it has also been proposed that they spoke a 4742: 4352: 4296: 4239: 4218: 4146: 4057: 3938: 3930: 3900: 3860: 3832: 3804: 3750: 3722: 3690: 3630: 3552: 3496: 3468: 3405: 1552:

Although Procopius praised the Herule named Pharas who brought about the surrender of the north African Vandal king

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before the 3rd century AD. In line with this, their Black Sea neighbours the Goths, and their Danubian neighbours

5715: 5666: 4874: 4428: 4103: 3995: 3887: 1249:, who used them in his extensive military campaigns in many countries including Italy, Syria, and North Africa. 5656: 4924: 4729: 4589: 4344: 4324: 4316: 4186: 4094: 4029: 3986: 3773: 3658: 3524: 3329: 2020:, p. 12. "East Germanic languages (those of the Burgundians, Gepids, Heruli, Rugians, Sciri and Vandals)." 125:

during the late 3rd or early 4th century, where they are generally equated to the "Elouri", who lived near the

893:. Secondly, shortly after 475 Sidonius Apollinaris reported the presence of Heruli at the Visigothic court of 4437: 1253:

was a notable Herulian commander during this period. Several thousand Heruli served in the personal guard of

251:") peoples, and modern historians generally consider the Heruli to be one of these. While historians such as 232:, most of whose work is now lost. The use of this term does not give us any clear linguistic classification. 1193:, which for Procopius meant Scandinavia. Procopius noted that these Heruli first traversed the lands of the 1140: 1132:

488. However Heruli suffered badly in Italy, as loyalists of Odoacer, when he was defeated by the Ostrogoth

129:. In 267-270 they took part together with Goths and others in two massive raids into Roman provinces in the 4805: 4368:

Antiquitas istro-pontica : Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienneofferts à Alexandru Suceveanu

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In 267, a Heruli fleet departed from the Sea of Azov, past the Danube delta, and into the straits of the

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The source of the idea that such peoples specifically came from Scandinavia is the 6th century historian

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In 435 the Heruli are mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris (Letter 7, lines 23-240) among the troops which

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After the death of Attila in 453, his sons lost power over the various peoples of his empire after the

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in Bordeaux. They are listed in a poetic way together with other barbarians, from places as distant as

4401: 1514:. Jordanes further writes that all the peoples of Scandza "surpassed the Germans in size and spirit". 716:. Before being conquered by Ermanaric, Jordanes says that the Heruli were led by a king named Alaric. 458:, a contemporary of Jordanes, recounted a migration by sixth-century Heruli noblemen to Scandinavia (" 5689: 4869: 4776: 4769: 4747: 4582: 1374: 1046:

By 450 AD, the Heruli and the other peoples still in the Middle Danube area, including Gepids, Rugi,

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Christians. In any case, Justinian appears to have pursued a policy of converting them to orthodox

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Steinacher, Roland (2022), "Jan Prostko-Prostyński, A History of the Herules. Poznań, UAM 2021",

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Jordanes reports that these Heruli of the Azov area in the late 4th century AD were conquered by

576: 575:, where local militias had to defend the city. It seems to have been the Heruli specifically who 354: 247:, and not only the Goths themselves, were all classified by Roman ethnographers as "Gothic" (or " 17: 4528: 5426: 4859: 4854: 4781: 4676: 1223: 1198: 1154:

Polities in southeastern Europe c.500 AD before the Lombard destruction of the Herulian kingdom

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wanting to avoid being mistreated by them crossed the Danube came under East Roman authority.

4724: 4614: 4089: 3361: 1466: 1058:

between the Romans and Attila, possibly on both sides. As indirect evidence, centuries later

1032: 846: 803: 1636: 602:. It is highly likely that these defeated Heruli were then made part of the Roman military. 4815: 4786: 4689: 4553: 4196: 3981: 3534: 3397: 1515: 1124: 1098: 946: 849:, entering Roman Gaul, and the Heruli appear in the list of peoples given by the historian 794: 154: 115: 3596: 1301:

In 566, Sinduald, a Herule military leader under Narses, was declared a king of Heruli in

8: 5651: 4864: 4538: 4518: 4021: 3700: 3668: 3640: 3460: 1269: 1250: 1209: 816: 762: 753: 678: 255:

have pointed out that the Herules are never included in the lists of "Gothic peoples" of

193: 4395: 1832:, p. 13. "Goths and other East Germanic tribes attracted to this region (including 1318:

Along with the Rugii and Sciri, the Heruli may have contributed to the formation of the

228:

and allied tribes. The use of this term for Heruli and Goths probably began as early as

165:. An important influence upon the movements of such peoples in this period was that the 5034: 4886: 4825: 4714: 4646: 4622: 4563: 4468: 4168: 4115: 4085: 3999: 3583: 1599: 1579: 1429: 1086: 583:’s reign only a generation earlier. This was the occasion for a famous defense made by 580: 564: 415: 339: 271: 4411: 1389:, having a non-relative kill the sick and elderly and burning the remains on a wooden 322:

There have been proposals which connected this etymology with Germanic words found in

4810: 4661: 4636: 4548: 4348: 4320: 4292: 4288: 4235: 4214: 4182: 4142: 4072: 4053: 4049: 4025: 3934: 3896: 3856: 3828: 3800: 3769: 3746: 3718: 3686: 3654: 3626: 3587: 3548: 3520: 3516: 3492: 3464: 3401: 1268:

Grepes and most of his family had apparently died by the early 540s, possibly in the

647: 646:, and against this group the Romans, led by Claudius now, had a major victory at the 595: 517: 350:

names, but a large number are not easily attributed to any specific language family.

274:, are usually classified as a Germanic people. On account of having likely spoken an 857: 5233: 4605: 4472: 4257: 4107: 4011: 3968: 3878: 3792: 3575: 3566:(Heruli) in Beowulf, Line 6a: Setting the Poem in 'The Named Lands of the North'". 3437: 3429: 3393: 1604: 1450: 1166: 1128: 681:, which, although dominated by the Goths and other Germanic peoples, also included 494: 485: 267: 71: 5710: 4842: 4820: 4764: 4734: 4618: 4503: 4432: 4338: 4310: 4282: 4268:

Taylor, Marvin Hunter (1990). "The Etymology of the Germanic Tribal Name Eruli".

4229: 4204: 4174:

Ancient Germanic Warriors: Warrior Styles from Trajan's Column to Icelandic Sagas

4172: 4132: 4043: 3846: 3818: 3761: 3736: 3708: 3676: 3616: 3538: 3510: 3482: 3454: 3383: 3344: 1614: 1363: 1355: 1308: 1282: 1144: 1066: 999: 748: 742: 568: 358: 347: 279: 205: 185: 1315:

in their eventual conquest of Italy from the empire in the late 6th century AD.

1139:

By 500 the Herulian kingdom on the Danube, apparently by now under a king named

801:

In about 314, the Heruli (like the Scirii and Rugii) were already listed in the

504:

Greek cities, and gained a fleet that they used to launch raids starting in the

282:, the Heruli are often more specifically classified as an East Germanic people. 5516: 5300: 4964: 4651: 4558: 4523: 4334: 4306: 3882: 3612: 3450: 1536: 1082: 1050:

and many Goths, Alans and Sarmatians, were firmly part of the Hunnic empire of

861: 812: 717: 690: 591: 500:

During these raids, Goths, Eluri, and other "Scythian" peoples took control of

362: 252: 236: 75: 4467: 3766:

Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of the Ethnic Communities, 300-800

1820:, p. 715. "Heruli. Germanic tribe with possible origins in Scandinavia... 1569:, they both plundered Roman subjects and collected pay from the Roman emperor. 1169:, and also the arrival of a new Germanic people into the Danubian region, the 294:), and English. Whether or not the h-sound was an organic sound is uncertain. 5704: 5275: 5238: 5198: 5064: 4793: 4752: 3917: 3870: 3842: 3814: 3782: 3672: 3506: 1535:

caution is required when using his descriptions as evidence. In the words of

1397: 610:, manned by a large force of various different "Scythian" peoples, including 343: 5377: 1721:, p. 43 n22: "the term, of course, had no classificatory significance". 4969: 4959: 4942: 4759: 4261: 4200: 4128: 3704: 1507: 1298:

period the semi-independent Heruli near Belgrade became Roman provincials.

1159: 1107: 956:

Finally the 6th century correspondence of Theoderic the Great preserved in

701: 643: 599: 532: 442:). This is interpreted by various scholars in at least two different ways. 217: 35: 3433: 1560:

being born a Herule, he did not drink excessively and was not unreliable.

1344:

The early religion of the Heruli is vividly described by Procopius in his

5451: 5409: 5332: 5245: 5113: 5103: 5014: 4798: 3732: 1019: 966: 961: 865: 700:, king of the Greuthungi Goths. Ermanaric's realm may also have included 693:. The Heruli are thus archaeologically indistinguishable from the Goths. 552: 399: 142: 138: 126: 3671:(2003). "Linguistic Evidence For The Early Migrations Of The Goths". In 3442: 2152: 2150: 1419:

is from the original Greek text (provided next to Dewing's translation)

5628: 5416: 5399: 5347: 5337: 5322: 5290: 5280: 5158: 5108: 4984: 4979: 4947: 4666: 4119: 4003: 3973: 3544: 1489: 1458: 1401: 1351: 1254: 1227: 1078: 1040: 1007: 869: 713: 639: 619: 509: 403: 174: 134: 4425: 3820:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

391: 353:

Given their association with the Goths, the Heruli may have spoken an

5623: 5618: 5608: 5541: 5446: 5342: 5305: 5295: 5255: 5208: 5203: 5153: 5093: 5019: 5009: 4989: 4952: 4937: 4488: 4483: 4178: 3956: 3423: 3351: 2147: 1589: 1523: 1519: 1454: 1273: 1246: 1235: 1186: 1133: 1119: 860:, who had spent time in exile with the Danubian Huns, used to defend 827: 721: 697: 682: 615: 528: 524: 513: 505: 501: 455: 407: 256: 221: 107: 4111: 3159: 1362:, and might have been responsible for the spread of such worship to 731: 670:

and many Goths and Heruli managed to return safely to harbor in the

520:, who subsequently took up the title "Gothicus" due to his victory. 184:

After the death of Attila in 453, the Danubian Heruli fought in the

5596: 5581: 5561: 5546: 5526: 5501: 5486: 5481: 5461: 5431: 5421: 5372: 5362: 5357: 5188: 5173: 5148: 5128: 5098: 5088: 5083: 5054: 5049: 5039: 4974: 4932: 4641: 4574: 4543: 4364:"A Crux in Bellum Scythicum. The Invasion of 267: Gothi or Heruli?" 4363: 3579: 3325: 2701: 2194: 1656: 1386: 1302: 1239: 1231: 1182: 1170: 1043:

invaded Italy itself from Pannonia, occupying Roman forces there.

1028: 890: 823: 766: 725: 623: 584: 516:(260-268 AD), and continued until at least 269 during the reign of 490: 422: 387: 299: 229: 201: 99: 30: 2410: 2408: 1369:

By the time of Justinian, Procopius reports that many Heruli were

497:

around 800 all equated them with the Heruli known in later times.

402:. The Heruli are thus commonly believed to have migrated from the 5613: 5601: 5591: 5566: 5556: 5551: 5531: 5521: 5496: 5436: 5394: 5367: 5285: 5218: 5213: 5193: 5183: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5059: 5044: 4994: 4498: 4210: 4138: 3703:(2014). "The Boii, Bohemia, Bavaria". In Fries-Knoblach, Janine; 3355: 2946: 2944: 1668: 1594: 1553: 1511: 1319: 1208:

Another Heruli group were assigned civil and military offices by

1114: 898: 839: 686: 611: 607: 560: 536: 383: 260: 220:

authors in the 3rd century AD, the "Elouri" were referred to as "

189: 130: 122: 43: 3848:

Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe

2137: 2135: 2103: 1899: 1851: 1181:

After the Middle Danubian Herulian kingdom was destroyed by the

539:, they subsequently entered the Aegean Sea, where they troubled 5633: 5586: 5571: 5536: 5511: 5476: 5471: 5404: 5389: 5265: 5250: 5228: 5178: 5168: 5163: 5076: 5071: 5029: 4999: 4508: 4394: 4381: 2405: 2093: 2091: 1624: 1619: 1609: 1584: 1545: 1502: 1484: 1312: 1258: 1162: 1102: 1074: 1070: 1051: 970: 878: 850: 671: 667: 659: 655: 631: 572: 556: 548: 544: 540: 316: 197: 178: 170: 158: 111: 103: 95: 87: 83: 79: 39: 4231:

Rom und die Barbaren. Völker im Alpen- und Donauraum (300-600)

3678:

The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century

2941: 1712: 1069:

in 454. Heruli who were possibly on the winning side with the

651: 5506: 5491: 5466: 5456: 5441: 5384: 5352: 5317: 5312: 5270: 5260: 5143: 5004: 4847: 4410: 3618:

Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire

2875: 2863: 2839: 2755: 2534: 2393: 2327: 2242: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2118: 1887: 1370: 1213: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1189:, in 512 a group including royalty went north and settled in 1090: 1047: 1011: 950: 894: 835: 831: 709: 705: 663: 635: 459: 411: 323: 248: 244: 240: 225: 91: 3149: 3147: 3145: 2956: 2718: 2716: 2088: 1544:

Herules appear to have had with Justinian's eunuch general,

5576: 5223: 4513: 2653: 2551: 2549: 2498: 2381: 2315: 2266: 2230: 1390: 1359: 1036: 901:, who Sidonius found looking for protection and patronage. 627: 311: 166: 162: 146: 102:

in 508, these Heruli split up and splinter groups moved to

4127:

Sarantis, Alexander (2010). "The Justinianic Herules". In

3285: 3261: 3239: 3237: 3222: 3183: 3132: 3130: 3081: 3079: 3028: 3016: 2892: 2890: 2115: 982: 938:

and is almost of one colour with its algae-filled depths.

638:", and Heruli. These forces divided into two parts in the 378: 3210: 3142: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2827: 2815: 2767: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2713: 2689: 2596: 2476: 2474: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2278: 1923: 1911: 1863: 1261:

also recruited from them. They were a participant in the

3115: 3004: 2992: 2968: 2546: 2522: 2290: 1396:

Furthermore, Procopius claims that the Heruli practiced

1185:

in or before 508, Herulian fortunes waned. According to

822:

In 366 the Batavian and Heruli units fought against the

590:

Further north, in 268, Gallienus defeated Heruli at the

42:

in AD 125, showing a proposed location of Heruli on the

4071:, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Poznań, 3710:

The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective

3249: 3234: 3171: 3127: 3076: 3040: 2980: 2887: 2851: 2791: 2665: 2620: 2573: 2486: 2459: 2359: 2357: 2254: 2218: 2066: 2064: 2062: 1143:, had made peace with Theoderic and become his allies. 326:

inscriptions in Scandinavia signifying a pronunciation

3453:(1992). "A Enigmatic Indo-European Rite: Paederasty". 2929: 2902: 2803: 2779: 2728: 2677: 2608: 2561: 2510: 2471: 2432: 2206: 2182: 2076: 1951: 1875: 782:

was a lightly-equipped unit often associated with the

427:

quasi officina gentium aut certe velut vagina nationum

394:

located in the south of Sweden or on the Danish isles.

3562:

Drout, M. D. C.; Goering, N. (2020). "The Emendation

3052: 2420: 2369: 2344: 2342: 2047: 2023: 1786: 1784: 1757: 1688: 1529: 1385:

Procopius writes that the Heruli practiced a form of

920:

Here wanders the Herulian with his blue-grey cheeks,

587:, whose writings were a source for later historians. 535:

before retreating to the Black Sea. Emerging to raid

3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 2354: 2059: 1700: 1506:, Jordanes writes that the Heruli claimed to be the 1245:

The Heruli were often mentioned during the times of

986:

Approximate territory under Hunnic control in 450 AD

121:

The Danubian Heruli are believed to have moved from

2169: 2167: 2165: 1935: 1813: 1811: 677:The Heruli are believed to have formed part of the 559:, the closest city to their landing site, but also 4199:(2010). "The Herules: Fragments of a History". In 4066: 3484:Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths 3064: 2707: 2339: 2200: 2156: 2109: 1905: 1857: 1781: 845:In 405 or 406, a large number of barbarian groups 3195: 3091: 1769: 1085:river, and possibly extending as far east as the 838:in Britain. They were subsequently sent to fight 454:The evidence for this second possibility is that 5702: 3916: 3738:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 3646:Language and history in the early Germanic world 2162: 2017: 1808: 1358:. The Heruli appear to have been worshippers of 1311:writes that many Heruli joined the Lombard king 373: 3980: 1941: 1796: 1408:They are still, however, faithless toward them 977: 930:colens recessus algoso prope concolor profundo. 579:despite the construction of a new wall, during 477: 266:None of these eastern peoples were considered " 3345:https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/iordanes1.html 1573: 1197:, then empty lands, and then the lands of the 1101:reports that the Heruli attacked Ioviaco near 728:may have been named after this Herulian king. 4590: 4453: 4084: 1981: 1718: 770:from the Heruli who lived in the Black Sea. 483:doubts have been raised about this link, the 3561: 1805:, p. 678. "Heruli, a Germanic people... 98:. After the conquest of this kingdom by the 4621:origin primarily identified as speakers of 4284:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 4092:(October 1946). "Odoacer: German or Hun?". 4045:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 4010: 3764:, in Pohl, Walter; Reimitz, Helmut (eds.), 3477: 2005: 1993: 868:. (At least some of his troops such as the 830:, who died in the battle, and then against 4597: 4583: 4460: 4446: 4247: 4227: 4195: 3291: 3267: 3228: 3189: 3034: 3022: 2950: 2923: 2881: 2869: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2722: 2695: 2647: 2643: 2602: 2555: 2540: 2528: 2453: 2399: 2387: 2333: 2321: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2248: 2236: 2188: 2141: 1893: 1869: 1735: 4361: 4340:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples 4281:Taylor, Marvin Hunter (1999). "Heruler". 3972: 3797:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001 3441: 3350: 3201: 3106: 2309: 2173: 2035: 1848:, p. 468. "ieses ostgerm. Ethnos..." 1751: 1706: 1201:, until finally settling down nearby the 338:The Heruli are believed to have spoken a 4426:Troels Brandt: The Heruls in Scandinavia 4155: 4126: 4042:(1999). "Heruler: § 1. Philologisches". 3954: 3594: 3533: 3505: 3324: 3243: 3165: 3136: 3121: 3085: 3010: 2998: 2974: 2962: 2896: 2857: 2797: 2659: 2639: 2626: 2579: 2567: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2465: 2414: 2260: 2224: 2097: 2070: 1149: 981: 934:who dwells in the uttermost retreats of 826:near the Rhine, under the leadership of 741: 418:, and these originated near the Baltic. 377: 259:, Mihail Zahariade has pointed out that 29: 5662:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4333: 4305: 4167: 4038: 3869: 3841: 3813: 3781: 3759: 3731: 3611: 3449: 3385:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 3377: 3360:. Translated by Dewing, Henry Bronson. 3303: 3279: 3255: 3216: 3177: 3153: 3046: 2986: 2935: 2911: 2809: 2785: 2737: 2683: 2671: 2614: 2441: 2426: 2375: 2212: 2126: 2082: 2053: 1957: 1917: 1881: 1845: 1817: 1802: 1790: 1775: 1763: 1747: 1731: 1694: 1031:, are reported by Saint Jerome to have 778:were stationed in northern Italy. This 732:The "western" Heruli of the 4th century 598:from the Romans, gaining the rank of a 508:itself, and going as far as Greece and 14: 5703: 4280: 4267: 2029: 1999: 1969: 1929: 1495: 789:. If there was ever a regiment called 674:. Lesser attacks continued until 276. 173:'s empire, as did the kingdoms of the 4578: 4441: 4017:Early Germanic Literature and Culture 3762:"Disappearing and reappearing tribes" 3699: 3667: 3639: 3421: 3070: 3058: 2363: 2348: 2041: 1829: 1778:, p. 592. "Heruli, Germanic tr." 872:apparently came from Eastern Europe.) 4604: 3398:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001 1987: 1836:, Burgundians, Vandals and Gepids)." 1330: 161:described as occupying all of Roman 1478: 1404:, depending on the interpretation: 1097:From this region the life story of 440:Herulos propriis sedibus expulerunt 24: 4315:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. 3957:"Who in the world are the Heruli?" 3456:Homosexuality in the Ancient World 3331:The Origins and Deeds of the Goths 3317: 1530:The negative excursus of Procopius 1006:, both listed the Heruli near the 916:hic glaucis Herulus genis vagatur, 25: 5737: 4375: 3540:Gods and Myths of Northern Europe 3370: 1288:Peter Heather has written that: 489:written in the late 4th century, 386:based upon one interpretation of 211: 5685: 5684: 4380: 4067:Prostko-Prostyński, Jan (2021), 3623:University of Pennsylvania Press 3428:, Založba Univerze v Ljubljani, 3297: 3273: 1673:Namenstudien zum Altgermanischen 1176: 1117:, the commander of the Imperial 1056:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 1035:and occupied all parts of Roman 571:. Still within 267 they reached 555:. There they plundered not only 5667:Christianization of Scandinavia 4104:American Historical Association 3996:American Historical Association 3984:(July 1947). "Communications". 3888:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 2632: 2585: 2302: 2011: 1975: 1963: 1839: 1823: 1661: 1649: 567:, and the sanctuary of Zeus at 5657:Christianization of the Franks 4730:Continental Germanic mythology 4345:University of California Press 4317:University of California Press 4095:The American Historical Review 4014:; Read, Malcolm Kevin (2004). 3987:The American Historical Review 3931:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 3382:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 1741: 1724: 1421:"ἂλλας τε καί ἀνδρῶν καί ὄνων" 1257:throughout the campaigns, and 974:region which threatens Italy. 720:has suggested that the future 239:, the Gepids, Vandals, Rugii, 13: 1: 5721:History of the western steppe 3791:. Oxford Scholarship Online. 1750:, pp. 205–206, 335) and 1682: 374:Possible Scandinavian origins 200:(554), and probably also the 3955:Liccardo, Salvatore (2024), 2018:Kaliff & Munkhammar 2011 1667:The Chaibones may have been 1123:troops who deposed the last 978:Kingdom on the Middle Danube 478:On the Pontic-Caspian steppe 82:, probably near present-day 38:and contemporary indigenous 7: 5672:Christianization of Iceland 4228:Steinacher, Roland (2017), 3920:; Munkhammar, Lars (2011). 3378:Angelov, Alexander (2018). 1630: 1574:Places sacked by the Heruli 1417:"especially men with asses" 1339: 815:ordered the future emperor 333: 149:trying to cross the Rhine. 10: 5742: 4362:Zahariade, Mihail (2010), 3743:Cambridge University Press 3651:Cambridge University Press 3343:. Also see Latin version: 3339:Princeton University Press 3312: 3168:, p. XXIII (117-118). 1518:wrote that the Heruli had 1443: 1380: 1354:society known to practice 1325: 990:As already mentioned, the 746:The shield pattern of the 735: 368: 306:) of their Azov homeland. 70:) were one of the smaller 5680: 5642: 4923: 4885: 4675: 4629: 4612: 4479: 2650:, pp. 328–330, 348). 2646:, pp. 73, 140), and 1982:Reynolds & Lopez 1946 1719:Reynolds & Lopez 1946 1548:, who Procopius disliked. 1375:Chalcedonian Christianity 1350:. He describes them as a 864:, a Roman province, from 4910:North Germanic languages 4895:Germanic parent language 4069:A History of the Herules 3788:Goths and Romans 332–489 3715:Boydell & Brewer Ltd 3683:Boydell & Brewer Ltd 3595:Ellegård, Alvar (1987). 1671:, according to Neumann, 1642: 1002:, and probably also the 765:reported the victory of 756:unit composed of Heruli. 551:, before landing in the 518:Marcus Aurelius Claudius 493:in the 6th century, and 216:When first mentioned by 4915:West Germanic languages 4905:East Germanic languages 4900:Proto-Germanic language 4720:Proto-Germanic folklore 4657:Romano-Germanic culture 4471:established around the 4418:Encyclopædia Britannica 4402:The American Cyclopædia 4250:Historische Zeitschrift 3893:Oxford University Press 3853:Oxford University Press 3825:Oxford University Press 3760:Heather, Peter (1998), 3489:Museum Tusculanum Press 3390:Oxford University Press 2708:Prostko-Prostyński 2021 2201:Prostko-Prostyński 2021 2157:Prostko-Prostyński 2021 2110:Prostko-Prostyński 2021 2006:Murdoch & Read 2004 1994:Murdoch & Read 2004 1906:Prostko-Prostyński 2021 1858:Prostko-Prostyński 2021 1263:Byzantine-Sasanian wars 527:. They took control of 285: 110:Italy, and present-day 5716:Early Germanic peoples 4421:(11th ed.). 1911. 4262:10.1515/hzhz-2022-1363 3707:; Hines, John (eds.). 3479:Christensen, Arne Søby 2417:, p. XXIII (116). 1571: 1550: 1476: 1427:is genitive plural of 1413: 1295: 1155: 987: 757: 738:Heruli (military unit) 395: 355:East Germanic language 276:East Germanic language 47: 4725:Anglo-Saxon mythology 4615:Ethnolinguistic group 4389:at Wikimedia Commons 4234:, Kohlhammer Verlag, 3982:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto 3961:Early Medieval Europe 3881:; Spawforth, Antony; 3597:"Who were the Eruli?" 3535:Davidson, Hilda Ellis 3434:10.4312/9789612970161 1944:, pp. 837–838. " 1562: 1541: 1471: 1406: 1290: 1153: 992:Laterculus Veronensis 985: 804:Laterculus Veronensis 745: 642:. One force attacked 381: 33: 27:Early Germanic people 4529:Kingdom of the Aurès 4489:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 4405:. Vol. 8. 1879. 4312:History of the Goths 4291:. pp. 468–473. 4206:Neglected Barbarians 4134:Neglected Barbarians 4022:Boydell & Brewer 3461:Taylor & Francis 1942:Maenchen-Helfen 1947 1516:Sidonius Apollinaris 1099:Severinus of Noricum 965:to the kings of the 795:Battle of Adrianople 155:Western Roman Empire 5652:Gothic Christianity 4539:Ostrogothic kingdom 4270:General Linguistics 4169:Speidel, Michael P. 4086:Reynolds, Robert L. 3357:History of the Wars 3282:, pp. 206–207) 2965:, pp. 393–397. 2953:, pp. 354–355. 2884:, pp. 351–352. 2872:, pp. 350–351. 2848:, pp. 144–145. 2662:, pp. 296–298. 2543:, pp. 326–328. 2507:, pp. 292–293. 2402:, pp. 331–333. 2336:, pp. 326–327. 2251:, pp. 322–327. 2159:, pp. 27, 186. 2144:, pp. 148–152. 2129:, pp. 205–209. 2100:, p. III (23). 1932:, pp. 468–469. 1896:, pp. 359–360. 1655:the area of modern 1496:Physical appearance 1347:History of the Wars 1270:Plague of Justinian 1210:Theoderic the Great 817:Julian the Apostate 763:Claudius Mamertinus 754:Late Roman military 679:Chernyakhov culture 243:, the non-Germanic 194:Theoderic the Great 5726:Barbarian kingdoms 5035:Germani cisrhenani 4743:Funerary practices 4647:Pre-Roman Iron Age 4623:Germanic languages 4564:Visigothic kingdom 4524:Kingdom of Odoacer 4494:Burgundian kingdom 4484:Alamannian kingdom 4469:Barbarian kingdoms 4431:2019-02-26 at the 4197:Steinacher, Roland 4163:, pp. 389–401 3974:10.1111/emed.12712 3717:. pp. 11–22. 3685:. pp. 11–40. 3336:Mierow, Charles C. 2764:, p. 338-345. 1734:, p. 77) and 1637:Järsberg Runestone 1156: 1087:Little Carpathians 1004:Liber Generationis 988: 758: 416:Germanic languages 396: 224:", along with the 114:, which was under 48: 5698: 5697: 4870:Gothic and Vandal 4662:Germanic Iron Age 4637:Nordic Bronze Age 4619:Northern European 4572: 4571: 4549:Sub-Roman Britain 4519:Kingdom of Altava 4385:Media related to 4289:Walter de Gruyter 4078:978-83-232-3902-4 4050:Walter de Gruyter 3950:on March 5, 2020. 3879:Hornblower, Simon 3219:, pp. 58–61. 3156:, pp. 58–59. 2710:, pp. 63–64. 2390:, pp. 77–80. 2324:, pp. 63–65. 2275:, pp. 58–60. 2239:, pp. 55–66. 2203:, pp. 32–34. 1331:Political culture 1224:Anastasius Caesar 1106:Danube, north of 1033:crossed the Rhine 942: 941: 847:crossed the Rhine 648:Battle of Naissus 596:imperial insignia 392:Herulian homeland 357:, related to the 346:, and similar to 340:Germanic language 272:Germanic language 16:(Redirected from 5733: 5688: 5687: 5644:Christianization 5234:Ripuarian Franks 4606:Germanic peoples 4599: 4592: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4499:Frankish kingdom 4473:Migration Period 4462: 4455: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4422: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4384: 4370: 4358: 4330: 4302: 4287:. Vol. 14. 4277: 4264: 4244: 4224: 4192: 4164: 4152: 4123: 4090:Lopez, Robert S. 4081: 4063: 4048:. Vol. 14. 4035: 4007: 3977: 3976: 3951: 3949: 3943:. Archived from 3928: 3923:Wulfila 311-2011 3913: 3911: 3909: 3866: 3838: 3810: 3778: 3756: 3728: 3696: 3669:Green, Dennis H. 3664: 3636: 3608: 3591: 3568:Modern Philology 3558: 3530: 3502: 3474: 3446: 3445: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3365: 3342: 3334:. Translated by 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2648:Steinacher (2010 2644:Steinacher (2017 2642:, p. 294), 2638:See for example 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2310:Zahariade (2010) 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2160: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1745: 1739: 1736:Steinacher (2017 1730:See for example 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1676: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1605:Heraclea Pontica 1556:, he noted that 1479:Material culture 1451:Battle of Anglon 1216:in north Italy. 1167:Byzantine empire 1129:Romulus Augustus 904: 903: 780:numerus Erulorum 495:George Syncellus 486:Augustan History 72:Germanic peoples 21: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5676: 5638: 4919: 4881: 4843:Gothic alphabet 4735:Norse mythology 4671: 4625: 4608: 4603: 4573: 4568: 4554:Suebian kingdom 4534:Lombard kingdom 4504:Frisian kingdom 4475: 4466: 4433:Wayback Machine 4409: 4393: 4378: 4373: 4355: 4335:Wolfram, Herwig 4327: 4307:Wolfram, Herwig 4299: 4242: 4221: 4189: 4149: 4112:10.2307/1845067 4079: 4060: 4052:. p. 468. 4040:Neumann, Günter 4032: 3947: 3941: 3926: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3895:. p. 715. 3883:Eidinow, Esther 3863: 3835: 3807: 3776: 3753: 3725: 3693: 3661: 3633: 3613:Goffart, Walter 3555: 3527: 3499: 3471: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3392:. p. 678. 3373: 3368: 3320: 3318:Ancient sources 3315: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3292:Steinacher 2017 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3268:Steinacher 2017 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3229:Steinacher 2010 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3200: 3196: 3190:Steinacher 2010 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3105: 3092: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3035:Steinacher 2017 3033: 3029: 3023:Steinacher 2010 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2951:Steinacher 2010 2949: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2924:Steinacher 2017 2922: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2888: 2882:Steinacher 2010 2880: 2876: 2870:Steinacher 2010 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2846:Steinacher 2017 2844: 2840: 2834:Steinacher 2010 2832: 2828: 2822:Steinacher 2017 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2774:Steinacher 2010 2772: 2768: 2762:Steinacher 2010 2760: 2756: 2750:Steinacher 2010 2748: 2744: 2736: 2729: 2723:Steinacher 2010 2721: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2696:Steinacher 2010 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2603:Steinacher 2010 2601: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2556:Steinacher 2017 2554: 2547: 2541:Steinacher 2010 2539: 2535: 2529:Steinacher 2017 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2454:Steinacher 2010 2452: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2406: 2400:Steinacher 2010 2398: 2394: 2388:Steinacher 2017 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2340: 2334:Steinacher 2010 2332: 2328: 2322:Steinacher 2017 2320: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2297:Steinacher 2017 2295: 2291: 2285:Steinacher 2010 2283: 2279: 2273:Steinacher 2017 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2249:Steinacher 2010 2247: 2243: 2237:Steinacher 2017 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2189:Steinacher 2022 2187: 2183: 2172: 2163: 2155: 2148: 2142:Steinacher 2017 2140: 2133: 2125: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1960:, pp. 335. 1956: 1952: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1894:Steinacher 2010 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1870:Steinacher 2010 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1752:Zahariade (2010 1746: 1742: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1633: 1576: 1532: 1498: 1481: 1446: 1415:The translated 1383: 1364:Northern Europe 1356:human sacrifice 1342: 1333: 1328: 1309:Paul the Deacon 1234:), or first to 1179: 1145:Paul the Deacon 1067:Battle of Nedao 1025:Constantine III 1000:Julius Honorius 980: 791:Heruli iuniores 787:Batavi seniores 776:Heruli seniores 749:Heruli seniores 740: 734: 480: 376: 371: 359:Gothic language 336: 288: 214: 206:Pannonian Avars 186:Battle of Nedao 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5739: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5301:Thracian Goths 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4652:Roman Iron Age 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4559:Vandal kingdom 4556: 4551: 4546: 4544:Rugian kingdom 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4423: 4412:"Heruli" 4407: 4396:"Heruli" 4377: 4376:External links 4374: 4372: 4371: 4359: 4353: 4331: 4325: 4303: 4297: 4278: 4265: 4256:(2): 477–478, 4245: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4193: 4187: 4165: 4153: 4147: 4124: 4082: 4077: 4064: 4058: 4036: 4030: 4012:Murdoch, Brian 4008: 3978: 3967:(3): 284–305, 3952: 3939: 3918:Kaliff, Anders 3914: 3901: 3871:Heather, Peter 3867: 3861: 3843:Heather, Peter 3839: 3833: 3815:Heather, Peter 3811: 3805: 3783:Heather, Peter 3779: 3774: 3757: 3751: 3729: 3723: 3697: 3691: 3673:Heather, Peter 3665: 3659: 3637: 3631: 3609: 3592: 3580:10.1086/707097 3574:(3): 285–300. 3559: 3553: 3531: 3525: 3507:Christie, Neil 3503: 3497: 3475: 3469: 3447: 3419: 3406: 3374: 3372: 3371:Modern sources 3369: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3306:, p. 208) 3296: 3294:, p. 168. 3284: 3272: 3270:, p. 349. 3260: 3258:, p. 423. 3248: 3233: 3231:, p. 360. 3221: 3209: 3202:Procopius 1914 3194: 3192:, p. 353. 3182: 3180:, p. 136. 3170: 3158: 3141: 3126: 3124:, p. 148. 3114: 3107:Procopius 1914 3090: 3075: 3063: 3061:, p. 321. 3051: 3049:, p. 240. 3039: 3037:, p. 159. 3027: 3025:, p. 355. 3015: 3013:, p. 402. 3003: 3001:, p. 385. 2991: 2989:, p. 109. 2979: 2977:, p. 394. 2967: 2955: 2940: 2938:, p. 225. 2928: 2926:, p. 147. 2916: 2914:, p. 209. 2901: 2899:, p. 372. 2886: 2874: 2862: 2860:, p. 369. 2850: 2838: 2836:, p. 350. 2826: 2824:, p. 144. 2814: 2812:, p. 430. 2802: 2800:, p. 366. 2790: 2788:, p. 251. 2778: 2776:, p. 347. 2766: 2754: 2752:, p. 341. 2742: 2740:, p. 242. 2727: 2725:, p. 340. 2712: 2700: 2698:, p. 334. 2688: 2686:, p. 208. 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640:Liccardo (2024 2631: 2629:, p. 294. 2619: 2617:, p. 260. 2607: 2605:, p. 329. 2595: 2584: 2582:, p. 292. 2572: 2560: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2495:, p. 297. 2485: 2470: 2468:, p. 291. 2458: 2456:, p. 328. 2446: 2444:, p. 206. 2431: 2419: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2366:, p. 137. 2353: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2301: 2289: 2287:, p. 324. 2277: 2265: 2263:, p. 393. 2253: 2241: 2229: 2227:, p. 394. 2217: 2215:, p. 124. 2205: 2193: 2181: 2174:Procopius 1914 2161: 2146: 2131: 2114: 2102: 2087: 2085:, p. 116. 2075: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2032:, p. 469. 2022: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1884:, p. 468. 1874: 1872:, p. 322. 1862: 1850: 1838: 1822: 1807: 1795: 1780: 1768: 1766:, p. 259. 1756: 1754:, p. 167) 1740: 1738:, p. 28). 1723: 1711: 1707:Zahariade 2010 1699: 1697:, p. 678. 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1660: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1537:Walter Goffart 1531: 1528: 1497: 1494: 1480: 1477: 1445: 1442: 1382: 1379: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1178: 1175: 1060:Pauls Diaconus 979: 976: 940: 939: 932: 922: 921: 918: 912: 911: 908: 874: 873: 862:Gallia Belgica 854: 843: 820: 813:Constantius II 809: 733: 730: 718:Herwig Wolfram 479: 476: 452: 451: 447: 431:This narrative 375: 372: 370: 367: 363:North Germanic 335: 332: 287: 284: 253:Walter Goffart 237:late antiquity 213: 212:Classification 210: 177:, Scirii, and 76:Late Antiquity 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5738: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5691: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276:Crimean Goths 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5239:Salian Franks 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 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4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Hunnic empire 4512: 4510: 4509:Gepid kingdom 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4354:9780520244900 4350: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4298:9783110164237 4294: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4279: 4276:(2): 108–125. 4275: 4271: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4241:9783170251700 4237: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4220:9782503531250 4216: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4201:Curta, Florin 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4148:9782503531250 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4129:Curta, Florin 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4059:9783110164237 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3940:9789155486648 3936: 3932: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3904: 3902:9780191735257 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3862:9780199892266 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834:9780195325416 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3806:9780198205357 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3752:9781107393325 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3724:9781843839156 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3705:Steuer, Heiko 3702: 3698: 3694: 3692:9781843830337 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3632:9780812239393 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3554:9780141941509 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3498:9788772897103 3494: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3470:9780815305460 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3409: 3407:9780191744457 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3305: 3304:Goffart (2006 3300: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3280:Goffart (2006 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3246:, p. 29. 3245: 3244:Christie 1995 3240: 3238: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3166:Jordanes 1908 3162: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3139:, p. 67. 3138: 3137:Davidson 1990 3133: 3131: 3123: 3122:Davidson 1990 3118: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3088:, p. 54. 3087: 3086:Davidson 1990 3082: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3011:Sarantis 2010 3007: 3000: 2999:Sarantis 2010 2995: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2975:Sarantis 2010 2971: 2964: 2963:Sarantis 2010 2959: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2897:Sarantis 2010 2893: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2858:Sarantis 2010 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2798:Sarantis 2010 2794: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2660:Liccardo 2024 2656: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2627:Liccardo 2024 2623: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2580:Liccardo 2024 2576: 2570:, p. 21. 2569: 2568:Ellegård 1987 2564: 2558:, p. 93. 2557: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2531:, p. 67. 2530: 2525: 2519:, p. 20. 2518: 2517:Ellegård 1987 2513: 2506: 2505:Liccardo 2024 2501: 2494: 2493:Liccardo 2024 2489: 2483:, p. 22. 2482: 2481:Ellegård 1987 2477: 2475: 2467: 2466:Liccardo 2024 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2429:, p. 33. 2428: 2423: 2416: 2415:Jordanes 1908 2411: 2409: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2378:, p. 87. 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2299:, p. 62. 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2261:Schwarcz 2020 2257: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2225:Schwarcz 2020 2221: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2112:, p. 24. 2111: 2106: 2099: 2098:Jordanes 1908 2094: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2071:Ellegård 1987 2067: 2065: 2063: 2056:, p. 44. 2055: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1908:, p. 20. 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1860:, p. 19. 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1753: 1749: 1748:Goffart (2006 1744: 1737: 1733: 1732:Wolfram (2005 1727: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1467:Indo-European 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1398:homosexuality 1394: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1337: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1177:Later history 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1125:Western Roman 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 984: 975: 972: 968: 963: 959: 954: 952: 948: 937: 933: 931: 929: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 913: 909: 906: 905: 902: 900: 896: 892: 886: 884: 883:Castra Batava 880: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 852: 848: 844: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805: 800: 799: 798: 796: 792: 788: 785: 781: 777: 771: 768: 764: 755: 751: 750: 744: 739: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 603: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 577:sacked Athens 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 487: 475: 471: 467: 463: 461: 457: 448: 445: 444: 443: 441: 437: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 393: 389: 385: 380: 366: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 331: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 313: 307: 305: 301: 295: 293: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 116:Eastern Roman 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 45: 41: 37: 32: 19: 5327: 4970:Anglo-Saxons 4960:Adrabaecampi 4943:Bucinobantes 4685:Architecture 4416: 4400: 4379: 4367: 4339: 4311: 4283: 4273: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4230: 4205: 4173: 4159: 4133: 4099: 4093: 4068: 4044: 4015: 3991: 3985: 3964: 3960: 3945:the original 3922: 3906:. Retrieved 3886: 3847: 3819: 3787: 3765: 3737: 3733:Halsall, Guy 3709: 3701:Green, D. H. 3677: 3644: 3641:Green, D. H. 3617: 3604: 3600: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3539: 3512:The Lombards 3511: 3483: 3455: 3451:Bremmer, Jan 3443:10807/236554 3424: 3411:. Retrieved 3384: 3356: 3330: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3256:Heather 2007 3251: 3224: 3217:Speidel 2004 3212: 3206:Book II, XXV 3197: 3185: 3178:Speidel 2004 3173: 3161: 3154:Bremmer 1992 3117: 3111:Book VI, XIV 3066: 3054: 3047:Heather 2010 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2987:Heather 1998 2982: 2970: 2958: 2936:Heather 2010 2931: 2919: 2912:Goffart 2006 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2810:Heather 2010 2805: 2793: 2786:Heather 2010 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2738:Heather 2010 2703: 2691: 2684:Heather 2010 2679: 2672:Goffart 2006 2667: 2655: 2634: 2622: 2615:Halsall 2007 2610: 2598: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2461: 2449: 2442:Goffart 2006 2427:Heather 1994 2422: 2395: 2383: 2376:Heather 1994 2371: 2351:, p. 1. 2329: 2317: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2213:Heather 2010 2208: 2196: 2184: 2127:Goffart 2006 2105: 2083:Heather 2010 2078: 2054:Speidel 2004 2049: 2037: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1965: 1958:Goffart 2006 1953: 1937: 1925: 1918:Heather 2007 1913: 1901: 1889: 1882:Neumann 1999 1877: 1865: 1853: 1846:Neumann 1999 1841: 1833: 1825: 1818:Angelov 2018 1803:Heather 2012 1798: 1791:Heather 1994 1776:Wolfram 1990 1771: 1764:Wolfram 2005 1759: 1743: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1695:Angelov 2018 1690: 1672: 1663: 1651: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1501: 1499: 1482: 1472: 1463: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1395: 1384: 1368: 1352:polytheistic 1345: 1343: 1334: 1317: 1307: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1267: 1244: 1242:Christians. 1222: 1218: 1207: 1180: 1157: 1138: 1118: 1113: 1108:Lake Balaton 1096: 1064: 1045: 1016: 1003: 996:Cosmographia 995: 991: 989: 957: 955: 943: 935: 927: 925: 915: 887: 882: 875: 842:in the east. 802: 790: 786: 779: 775: 772: 759: 747: 695: 676: 644:Thessaloniki 604: 600:Roman consul 592:river Nestos 589: 522: 499: 484: 481: 472: 468: 464: 453: 439: 426: 420: 397: 352: 337: 327: 321: 310: 308: 303: 296: 291: 289: 265: 234: 215: 183: 159:Saint Jerome 151: 120: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 49: 36:Roman empire 5410:Nahanarvali 5333:Hilleviones 5246:Frisiavones 5114:Cananefates 5104:Burgundians 5015:Banochaemae 4865:Anglo-Saxon 4816:Anglo-Saxon 4782:Anglo-Saxon 4765:Anglo-Saxon 4748:Anglo-Saxon 3998:: 836–841. 3908:January 26, 3413:January 25, 2592:Letters 8.9 2178:Book VI, XV 2030:Taylor 1999 1970:Taylor 1999 1930:Taylor 1999 1600:Chrysopolis 1272:(541-542). 1160:Merovingian 1081:, near the 1020:Carpathians 967:Thuringians 962:Cassiodorus 866:Burgundians 620:Austrogothi 553:Peloponnese 533:Chrysopolis 400:Scandinavia 390:, with the 143:Lower Rhine 139:Scandinavia 127:Sea of Azov 108:Ostrogothic 34:Map of the 5705:Categories 5629:Vinoviloth 5417:Marcomanni 5400:Helveconae 5378:Heaðobards 5348:Istvaeones 5338:Ingaevones 5323:Hermunduri 5291:Ostrogoths 5281:Greuthungi 5159:Chattuarii 4985:Angrivarii 4980:Ampsivarii 4948:Lentienses 4777:Literature 4667:Viking Age 4326:0520069838 4188:1134384203 4031:157113199X 3775:9004108467 3660:0521794234 3545:Penguin UK 3526:0631182381 3071:Banfi 2022 3059:Green 2000 2364:Green 2000 2349:Green 2000 2042:Green 2000 1830:Green 2003 1683:References 1510:people of 1490:Baltic Sea 1459:Viking Age 1455:berserkers 1433:, meaning 1402:bestiality 1255:Belisarius 1228:Singidunum 1079:Bratislava 1041:Radagaisus 1008:Marcomanni 870:Sarmatians 736:See also: 722:Visigothic 714:Sarmatians 640:Hellespont 510:Asia Minor 474:accepted. 404:Baltic Sea 365:language. 278:, such as 175:Ostrogoths 135:Aegean Sea 118:control. 5624:Vidivarii 5619:Victohali 5609:Vangiones 5542:Thuringii 5447:Nuithones 5343:Irminones 5306:Visigoths 5296:Thervingi 5256:Gambrivii 5209:Dulgubnii 5204:Dauciones 5154:Chasuarii 5094:Brondings 5020:Bastarnae 5010:Baiuvarii 4990:Armalausi 4953:Raetovari 4887:Languages 4855:Symbology 4715:Folklore 4710:Festivals 4179:Routledge 4106:: 36–53. 3768:, BRILL, 3588:214550424 3362:Heinemann 3352:Procopius 2308:Also see 1946:Schönfeld 1675:, p. 316. 1590:Byzantium 1567:foederati 1274:Procopius 1247:Justinian 1236:Bassianae 1187:Procopius 1134:Theoderic 1120:foederati 949:". These 840:Parthians 828:Charietto 698:Ermanaric 683:Bastarnae 616:Greutungi 529:Byzantion 525:Bosphorus 514:Gallienus 506:Black Sea 502:Black Sea 456:Procopius 408:Black Sea 257:Procopius 222:Scythians 68:Herulians 5690:Category 5597:Hasdingi 5582:Usipetes 5562:Tubantes 5547:Toxandri 5527:Tencteri 5502:Suarines 5487:Sicambri 5482:Semnones 5462:Reudigni 5432:Mattiaci 5422:Marsacii 5373:Lombards 5363:Lacringi 5358:Juthungi 5189:Corconti 5174:Cherusci 5149:Charudes 5129:Chaedini 5099:Bructeri 5084:Bateinoi 5055:Eburones 5050:Condrusi 5045:Caeroesi 5040:Atuatuci 4975:Ambrones 4938:Brisgavi 4933:Alemanni 4811:Paganism 4700:Clothing 4695:Calendar 4642:Germania 4429:Archived 4337:(2005). 4309:(1990). 4171:(2004). 3885:(eds.). 3875:"Heruli" 3873:(2012). 3845:(2010). 3817:(2007). 3785:(1994). 3735:(2007). 3643:(2000). 3615:(2006). 3537:(1990). 3509:(1995). 3481:(2002). 3380:"Heruli" 3354:(1914). 3328:(1908). 3326:Jordanes 1657:Istanbul 1631:See also 1387:senicide 1340:Religion 1303:Trentino 1232:Belgrade 1230:(modern 1183:Lombards 1171:Lombards 1165:and the 1127:Emperor 1029:Pannonia 910:English 891:Hydatius 824:Alamanni 811:In 360, 797:in 378. 784:Batavian 767:Maximian 726:Alaric I 624:Tervingi 585:Dexippus 581:Valerian 491:Jordanes 423:Jordanes 388:Jordanes 344:Germanic 334:Language 300:Dexippus 268:Germanic 230:Dexippus 202:Lombards 100:Lombards 46:islands. 5614:Varisci 5602:Silingi 5592:Vandals 5567:Tulingi 5557:Triboci 5552:Treveri 5532:Teutons 5522:Taifals 5497:Sitones 5437:Nemetes 5395:Helisii 5368:Lemovii 5286:Gutones 5219:Firaesi 5214:Favonae 5194:Cugerni 5184:Cobandi 5139:Chamavi 5134:Chaemae 5124:Casuari 5119:Caritni 5089:Betasii 5060:Paemani 4995:Auiones 4860:Warfare 4838:Scripts 4806:Numbers 4630:History 4203:(ed.). 4131:(ed.). 4120:1845067 4004:1842348 3675:(ed.). 3601:Scandia 3313:Sources 2674:, Ch.5. 1669:Aviones 1615:Olympia 1595:Corinth 1558:despite 1554:Gelimer 1512:Scandza 1508:tallest 1457:of the 1444:Warfare 1435:donkeys 1381:Society 1326:Culture 1320:Bavarii 1141:Rodulph 1115:Odoacer 899:Parthia 687:Dacians 608:Dnieper 569:Olympia 561:Corinth 537:Cyzicus 406:to the 384:Scandza 382:Map of 369:History 261:Zonaras 196:(493), 192:(476), 190:Odoacer 131:Balkans 123:Ukraine 64:Herules 18:Herules 5711:Heruli 5634:Warini 5587:Vagoth 5572:Tungri 5537:Thelir 5517:Swedes 5512:Sunici 5477:Saxons 5472:Rugini 5405:Manimi 5390:Diduni 5328:Heruli 5266:Gepids 5251:Frisii 5229:Franks 5179:Cimbri 5169:Chauci 5164:Chatti 5077:Nervii 5072:Morini 5030:Belgae 5025:Batavi 5000:Avarpi 4965:Angles 4925:Groups 4875:Viking 4821:Gothic 4799:Gothic 4705:Family 4387:Heruli 4351: 4323: 4295: 4238: 4217: 4185: 4145: 4118: 4075: 4056: 4028: 4002: 3937: 3899: 3859: 3831: 3803: 3772: 3749: 3721: 3689: 3657: 3629: 3586: 3551: 3523: 3495: 3467: 3404: 1834:Heruli 1625:Sparta 1620:Skyros 1610:Lemnos 1585:Athens 1546:Narses 1526:eyes. 1503:Getica 1485:tumuli 1423:where 1313:Alboin 1259:Narses 1251:Pharas 1163:Franks 1103:Passau 1091:Rugian 1083:Morava 1075:Vienna 1071:Gepids 1052:Attila 971:Warini 958:Variae 947:Sueves 928:Oceani 907:Latin 879:Passau 858:Aëtius 851:Jerome 672:Crimea 668:Cyprus 666:, and 660:Rhodes 656:Serbia 632:Gepids 573:Athens 557:Sparta 549:Imbros 545:Skyros 541:Lemnos 348:Gothic 328:erilaR 317:erilaz 280:Gothic 198:Narses 179:Gepids 171:Attila 112:Serbia 104:Sweden 96:Gepids 88:Scirii 84:Vienna 80:Danube 54:(also 52:Heruli 44:Danish 40:Europe 5507:Suebi 5492:Sciri 5467:Rugii 5457:Quadi 5442:Njars 5427:Marsi 5385:Lugii 5353:Jutes 5318:Harii 5313:Gutes 5271:Goths 5261:Geats 5199:Danes 5144:Chali 5065:Segni 5005:Baemi 4848:Runes 4833:Rings 4826:Norse 4794:Names 4787:Norse 4770:Norse 4753:Norse 4116:JSTOR 4102:(1). 4000:JSTOR 3994:(4). 3948:(PDF) 3927:(PDF) 3877:. 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