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labors of many years in bonds, when told of the work in hand, replied: "God bless you! God bless you!" She then kissed the party at her house, and requested all to kneel, which we did, and she offered prayer to God for His blessing on the enterprise, and our success. At the slaves' quarters, there was apparently a general jubilee, and they stepped forward manfully, without impressing or coaxing. Captain Brown...was surprised and pleased by the promptitude with which they volunteered, and with their manly bearing at the scene of violence. ...The truth of the Harper's Ferry "raid," as it has been called, in regard to the part taken by the slaves, and the aid given by colored men generally, demonstrates clearly: First, that the conduct of the slaves is a strong guarantee of the weakness of the institution, should a favorable opportunity occur; and, secondly, that the colored people, as a body, were well represented by numbers, both in the fight, and in the number who suffered martyrdom afterward.
20:
54:(UDC) were offended by this positive depiction of Brown, and commissioned the Heyward Shepherd monument to discredit Brown's positive image and promote the "faithful slave" as a role model for Blacks. The monument misrepresented the circumstances of Shepherd's death to imply that he consciously opposed John Brown's plan to spark a slave rebellion; in reality, Shepherd was not aware of the plan and believed he was dealing with robbers. The inscription praises the "faithfulness of thousands of negroes" to the
516:
whites and 100 blacks gathered to unveil and dedicate the
Shepherd Monument. During the ceremony, voices rose to praise and denounce the monument. Conceived around the turn of the century, the monument endured controversy. In 1905, the United Daughters of the Confederacy stated that erecting the monument would influence for good the present and coming generations, and prove that the people of the South who owned slaves valued and respected their good qualities as no one else ever did or will do.
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Brown, Green, and the others. The owners of two submitted claims for their losses. Some slaves were observed with weapons inside the
Arsenal. The story that Washington and Allstadt's slaves were there only because they were forced to be there is what the slaves had said, after Brown's raid had failed, and their owners wanted to believe that.
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This boulder is erected by the United
Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans as a memorial to Heyward Shepherd, exemplifying the character and faithfulness of thousands of negros who, under many temptations throughout subsequent years of war, so conducted themselves that no
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On the Sunday evening of the outbreak, when we visited the plantations and acquainted the slaves with our purpose to effect their liberation, the greatest enthusiasm was manifested by them—joy and hilarity beamed from every countenance. One old mother, white-haired from age, and borne down with the
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The UDC originally assumed that
Shepherd had been a slave. They eventually changed the memorial to reflect Shepherd's status as a freedman, but they continued to refer to it as the "faithful slave monument". According to the historian Caroline Janney, "They found little relevance in his status as
515:
On
October 17, 1859, abolitionist John Brown attacked Harpers Ferry to launch a war against slavery. Heyward Shepherd, a free African-American railroad baggage master, was shot and killed by Brown's men shortly after midnight. Seventy-two years later, on October 10, 1931, a crowd estimated to 300
134:, was that no Blacks participated voluntarily at all. Lee's report did not become public until the report of the Senate Select Committee investigating the incident, over six months later. But Wise's views were widely known, as he stated them clearly in speeches, which appeared in many newspapers.
109:
allegation that the enslaved were happy and did not want freedom; the UDC had a "Faithful Slave
Memorial Committee". However, the grand jury Bill of Indictment lists 11 Black enslaved men who were allegedly incited to revolt by the accused. One was locked up in the Charles Town jail together with
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There has been contention throughout the 20th century as to what plaque, if any, should be displayed next to the UDC's memorial. "Today the
Heyward Shepherd Memorial stands not as a representative of a community's collective remembrance, but rather as a testament to the struggle between Southern
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Although the monument was completed before 1923, it was not installed immediately because local White leaders feared that it would provoke interracial animosity. The UDC eventually agreed to change the design to satisfy White leaders' concerns, and the memorial was dedicated in 1931. Despite the
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John Brown's raid on the armory at
Harpers Ferry caused the death of four townspeople. One of those who died in the fighting was Heyward Shepherd, a railroad baggagemaster and a free black. Although the true identity of his assailant is uncertain, Shepherd soon became a symbol of the "faithful
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What happened, as described by
Shepherd to the physician who treated him, John D. Starry, was "that he had been out on the railroad bridge looking for a watchman who was missing, and he had been ordered to halt by some men who were there, and, instead of doing that, he turned to go back to the
368:
On the night of
October 16, 1859, Heyward Shepherd, an industrious and respected colored freeman, was mortally wounded by John Brown's raiders. In pursuance of his duties as an employee of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, he became the first victim of this attempted
82:(NPS) designed a series of interpretative signs to place the monument in historical context, and from 1981 to 1995 kept it covered in plywood to prevent vandalism. As of 2022, the monument remains on display accompanied by an interpretative sign.
190:, whose northern terminus was the Harpers Ferry station. The stationmaster was Fontaine Beckham, the popular mayor of Harpers Ferry; when he was absent, Shepherd was in charge of the station. Beckham, who also was killed, "liked him very much."
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had been moved. The text on the plaque, replying to the "faithful slave" allegation that Virginia's happy slaves did not want freedom, states that seven "slaves and sons of slaves" fought with Brown, who was "crucified". It was written by
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Haywood Shepherd was a Black man; according to one source he was born free, but another source says that he had been the property of station master Fontaine Beckham. He was over 6 feet (180 cm) in height, and lived in
78:, the Black press, and the local Black community. The NAACP responded by creating a new tablet that was even stronger in its support for John Brown. The Heyward Shepherd monument continued to be controversial. The
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Startling incidents & developments of Osowotomy Brown's insurrectory and treasonable movements at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, October 17th, 1859 : with a true and accurate account of the whole transaction
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In 2006, 74 years later, the plaque was finally given a public place, but a remote one: on the former Storer College grounds, at the Fort's former location. Tourist guides largely ignore it. The plaque reads:
186:, whose trains went back and forth through Harpers Ferry. In Harpers Ferry was the first interline rail junction in the country: there was frequently baggage or freight to move to or from the trains of the
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office, and as he turned they shot him in the back." He rejected his assaulters' claim that this was to begin a slave rebellion. He thought they were robbers and refused to keep quiet as they requested.
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had been established in Harpers Ferry; the college placed a plaque on the Armory in 1918. There was no better place, from the UDC's point of view, for a monument to the "happy slave" than Harpers Ferry.
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myth that the cause of the Confederacy was justified and not centered on slavery. The Heyward Shepherd monument was one of many erected by the UDC to help popularize the Lost Cause myth.
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145:, or even that he had heard of it. He thought he was dealing with robbers. Nevertheless, the monument was intended to be a reply to Blacks' glorification of Brown, in whose honor
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Subsequently, Winchester's Old Colored Cemetery has been paved over and the location used for parking. It was located at current North East Lane and Woodstock Lane, near
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The origin of the monument to the "faithful slave" is the monument to Brown, posted on the original building, the "firehouse," which had been moved to the campus of
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servant" among those who deplored Brown's action against the traditional southern way of life. The monument, placed here in 1931, reflects those traditional views.
421:, the white president of Storer, who had participated in the UDC's 1931 ceremony, refused to allow the plaque to be mounted, because he found it "too militant".
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208:, with "honors of war by the military companies of the town, accompanied by the mayor and other citizens." However, in 1932 no one could find his grave.
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A Voice from Harper's Ferry. A Narrative of Events at Harper's Ferry; with incidents prior and subsequent to its capture by John Brown and his men
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1623:
Heyward Shepherd, Victim of Violence. Address of Dedication at the Unveiling of the Heyward Shepherd Monument, at Harpers Ferry, October 10, 1931
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A bill was introduced into the Virginia Legislature to provide a pension for his widow Sarah. His wife and children moved to Washington, D.C.
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The monument was immediately challenged by many as perpetuating the "happy slave" concept of slavery as a justification for the practice.
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stain was left upon a record which is the peculiar heritage of the American people, and an everlasting tribute to the best in both races.
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In 1931, after opposition since it had been proposed in 1920, what was called at the time the Faithful Slave Memorial was erected by the
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1953:
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A plaque to contextualize the original 1931 monument was placed in 1955 by the National Park Service. The text of the plaque read:
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The monument was in storage from 1976 to 1980 and then shrouded in plywood, supposedly to protect it from vandalism, until 1995.
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rail line. He owned a small house there, had a wife and five children, according to the 1860 census, and had money in the bank.
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1544:
Hayes, Dianne. "NAACP Retraces History at Harpers Ferry." Diverse: Issues in Higher Education 23, no. 13 (August 10, 2006): 17.
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Another plaque was installed near the 1931 monument by the National Park Service, to place the monument in context. It reads:
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gave the opening address, and the college chorus performed. A "distinguished colored clergyman" gave the benediction.
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United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on the Harper's Ferry Invasion (1860). Mason, John Murray (ed.).
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1983:
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Although he had objected to the original 1920 proposal as provocative of "unpleasant racial feeling"—there was a
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Whites and African Americans to write their respective memories of the raid into the historical landscape."
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178:. The author says that he was an eyewitness. It is not known if it was the author who made the drawing.
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John Brown, Abolitionist. The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights
1325:
163:, about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Harpers Ferry, which two communities were served by the
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free or slave—either way, he was a black man who was 'loyal' and subservient to white interests."
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1058:"Continuing Skirmishes in Harpers Ferry: Entangled Memories of Heyward Shepherd and John Brown"
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responded by preparing a plaque, which they called "The Great Tablet", to be displayed at
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35:, dedicated in 1931. It commemorates Heyward Shepherd (1825 – October 17, 1859), a
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1625:. : Published under the auspices of the Heyward Shepherd Memorial Association, 1931.
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Libby, Jean; Frye, Dennis; Woodall, Jim (March 25, 2021), Broomall, James (ed.),
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He had worked for nearly twenty years as a porter or baggage handler with the
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1532:"The Pernicious Myth of the 'Loyal Slave' Lives on in Confederate Memorials"
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Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in West Virginia
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However, the official view, in the reports of the Virginians Lt. Col.
62:. The idea of the "faithful slave" was an important component of the "
1958:
1593:"An 'Ever Present Bone of Contention': the Heyward Shepherd Memorial"
670:"An 'Ever Present Bone of Contention': the Heyward Shepherd Memorial"
614:
788:
Five for Freedom. The African American Soldiers in John Brown's Army
50:
dedicated a plaque on its campus celebrating John Brown's raid. The
615:"Written in Stone: Gender, Race, and the Heyward Shepherd Memorial"
1513:"Heyward Shepherd 'tribute' is a racist relic that must come down"
1477:"'Loyal Slave' Monuments Tell a Racist Lie About American History"
545:"Heyward" is a misspelling of Shepherd's recorded name of Haywood.
1617:. Johnson Publishing Company. September 18, 1995. pp. 22–23.
1609:"Monument to First Black Killed at Harpers Ferry Draws Criticism"
1658:
989:"Legislature of Virginia. Wednesday, February 22, 1860. Senate"
975:"Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper's Ferry Invasion"
397:
75:
2420:
United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials
1182:"NAACP kicks off convention by honoring abolitionist Brown"
894:
2375:
Jefferson County, West Virginia in the American Civil War
2405:
Buildings and structures in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1504:"The Heyward Shepherd Monument: An Overt Ode to Slavery"
1447:
George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War
1426:
George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War
1281:"Tablet to Shepherd, John Brown Raider Victim, Unveiled"
90:
1223:"Tribute to victim of Brown's raid still controversial"
823:
Freedom's Dawn. The Last Days of John Brown in Virginia
2410:
Tourist attractions in Jefferson County, West Virginia
2430:
Monuments and memorials to John Brown (abolitionist)
137:There is no evidence that Shepherd was opposed to
74:changes, the monument was strongly opposed by the
2351:
1413:
1550:"Heyward Shepherd: The Faithful Slave Memorial"
577:"Haywood Shepherd (U.S. National Park Service)"
117:, the only Black in Brown's party who escaped:
855:"NAACP And DAR Locked In Battle Over A Statue"
744:. Boston: Published by the author. p. 60.
621:. Vol. 52, no. 2. pp. 117–141.
1644:
16:Monument in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, USA
381:march a year later—Storer College president
105:The monument was intended to publicize the
2425:Buildings and structures completed in 1931
1651:
1637:
1126:Johnson, Mary (2015). "Heyward Shepherd".
926:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
817:
364:. The text of the granite monument reads:
1954:B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing
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813:
811:
174:This is from a 1906 book by Elijah Avey,
1510:
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1474:
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258:
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18:
2123:Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown
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1125:
1121:
1119:
1117:
882:California Digital Newspaper Collection
696:
667:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
254:
176:The Capture and Execution of John Brown
39:who was the first person killed during
2360:African-American-related controversies
2352:
2065:John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)
2032:Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
1558:. Remembering Landscapes of Conflict.
1391:from the original on December 15, 2018
1220:
1102:from the original on December 23, 2018
1055:
1042:
808:
762:from the original on December 14, 2018
661:
612:
406:firehouse used by John Brown as a fort
2096:John Brown's Provisional Constitution
2055:John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum
2027:Burning of Winchester Medical College
1632:
1529:
1431:
1252:
1171:
1155:"Dedicate memorial to slave, Oct. 10"
785:
774:
91:Black people's response to John Brown
85:
2415:1931 establishments in West Virginia
2370:Memorials of or with American slaves
1293:from the original on August 31, 2020
1261:from the original on August 22, 2017
1132:. West Virginia Humanities Council.
1114:
1093:
1066:Japanese Journal of American Studies
593:
2400:History of slavery in West Virginia
2050:John Brown Farm State Historic Site
1530:Levin, Kevin M. (August 17, 2017).
1511:Holloway, Kali (October 11, 2018).
1502:Holloway, Kali (October 16, 2018).
1469:Further reading (most recent first)
1334:from the original on April 20, 2021
1129:e-WV The West Virginia Encyclopedia
895:A Citizen of Harpers Ferry (1859).
460:IN GRATITUDE THIS TABLET IS ERECTED
328:United Daughters of the Confederacy
202:Winchester–Fairfax Colored Cemetery
153:
52:United Daughters of the Confederacy
13:
2380:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1660:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1221:Tasker, Greg (September 3, 1995).
1026:from the original on July 10, 2021
872:from the original on July 10, 2021
41:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
14:
2441:
2264:Origins of the American Civil War
2154:Abolitionism in the United States
1475:Holloway, Kali (March 25, 2019).
954:from the original on May 14, 2020
1289:. October 11, 1931. p. 16.
790:. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books (
462:THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE
443:SEVEN SLAVES AND SONS OF SLAVES.
317:
113:A different view is provided by
2339:Winchester and Potomac Railroad
1387:. Historical Markers Database.
1377:
1365:from the original on 2018-12-23
1361:. Clio: Your Guide to History.
1350:
1309:
1273:
1246:
1235:from the original on 2020-08-31
1214:
1199:from the original on 2021-04-20
1147:
1136:from the original on 2018-12-15
1087:
1076:from the original on 2021-06-26
1022:. October 29, 1859. p. 2.
1001:
981:
966:
950:. October 25, 1859. p. 1.
934:
905:from the original on 2021-07-10
888:
847:
684:from the original on 2008-05-26
625:from the original on 2018-12-14
457:BUT HIS SOUL GOES MARCHING ON!”
281:THAT SLAVERY SHOULD BE REMOVED
188:Winchester and Potomac Railroad
2109:The Last Moments of John Brown
2060:John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)
1506:. Independent Media Institute.
1435:Searching for Hayward Shepherd
1432:Libby, Jean (March 25, 2021),
1255:"Harpers Ferry History marker"
942:"An incident of the rebellion"
748:
728:
636:
569:
548:
539:
506:
489:
447:MARCHED 200,000 BLACK SOLDIERS
388:
1:
2395:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
2116:A Plea for Captain John Brown
1330:. July 15, 2006. p. 11.
1317:"NAACP leads up to milestone"
562:
464:ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
64:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
23:The Heyward Shepherd monument
1979:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1443:Shepherdstown, West Virginia
1422:Shepherdstown, West Virginia
1359:"NAACP Tablet Commemoration"
1018:Shepherdstown, West Virginia
868:. July 9, 1981. p. 34.
756:"Plaque in Harpers Ferry WV"
613:Janney, Caroline E. (2006).
404:in Harpers Ferry, where the
324:Sons of Confederate Veterans
245:
33:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
7:
2102:The Last Days of John Brown
2022:Battle Hymn of the Republic
1964:Charles Town, West Virginia
1949:Allstadt House and Ordinary
1523:Charles Town, West Virginia
1357:Straley, Steven C. (2017).
1195:. July 4, 2006. p. 6.
644:"Heyward Shepherd Monument"
520:
277:THAT THIS NATION MIGHT HAVE
184:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
99:Blacks in John Brown's raid
10:
2446:
1771:Thomas Wentworth Higginson
1167:. Sep 28, 1931. p. 8.
473:2010 picture of the plaque
439:THAT WOKE A GUILTY NATION.
283:FOREVER FROM AMERICAN SOIL
2146:
2037:Heyward Shepherd monument
2014:
1941:
1804:
1786:Franklin Benjamin Sanborn
1761:
1708:John Anthony Copeland Jr.
1666:
1548:Shackel, Paul A. (2003).
1417:Searching for H. Shepherd
997:. 24 Feb 1860. p. 2.
901:. Baltimore. p. 19.
786:Meyer, Eugene L. (2018).
482:at its current location.
455:A-MOULDERING IN THE GRAVE
445:OVER HIS CRUCIFIED CORPSE
415:a biography of John Brown
289:AND HIS 21 MEN GAVE THEIR
29:Heyward Shepherd monument
2390:Historical controversies
2091:John Brown's last speech
1326:West Palm Beach, Florida
1253:Hawks, Steve A. (2019).
916:(subscription required).
831:Rowman & Littlefield
532:
309:ALUMNI OF STORER COLLEGE
263:John Brown's Fort plaque
1621:Andrews, Matthew Page.
736:Anderson, Osborne Perry
453:“JOHN BROWN’S BODY LIES
297:PLACED ON THIS BUILDING
295:HEROISM THIS TABLET IS
46:In 1918, the all-Black
2137:Virginia v. John Brown
1843:John E.P. Daingerfield
1743:Francis Jackson Meriam
1676:Osborne Perry Anderson
1591:Johnson, Mary (1997).
1555:Historical Archaeology
1165:Harrisonburg, Virginia
1056:Ochiai, Akiko (2012).
1014:Shepherdstown Register
864:Santa Cruz, California
668:Johnson, Mary (1997).
518:
501:
469:
449:AND 4,000,000 FREEDMEN
435:AIMED AT HUMAN SLAVERY
375:
315:
279:A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM
264:
179:
165:Winchester and Potomac
124:
115:Osborne Perry Anderson
24:
2284:Pottawatomie massacre
1796:George Luther Stearns
1597:West Virginia History
674:West Virginia History
648:National Park Service
527:Loyal slaves monument
513:
496:
428:
417:and NAACP cofounder.
366:
350:39.32330°N 77.73005°W
273:
262:
230:39.18444°N 78.16069°W
200:He was buried in the
173:
119:
80:National Park Service
22:
2269:Battle of Osawatomie
2214:Fire on the Mountain
2166:Battle of Black Jack
2006:Winchester, Virginia
2001:Sandy Hook, Maryland
1974:Harpers Ferry Armory
1753:Aaron Dwight Stevens
1738:Lewis Sheridan Leary
1668:John Brown's raiders
1537:Smithsonian Magazine
1489:on November 15, 2019
1098:. scienceviews.com.
1094:Hamilton, Calvin J.
792:Chicago Review Press
299:WHICH HAS SINCE BEEN
293:TO COMMEMORATE THEIR
255:1918 plaque to Brown
161:Winchester, Virginia
2309:Henry David Thoreau
2208:Ralph Waldo Emerson
2171:Battle of the Spurs
1823:Owen Brown (father)
1776:Samuel Gridley Howe
1518:Spirit of Jefferson
1096:"John Brown's Fort"
860:Santa Cruz Sentinel
355:39.32330; -77.73005
346: /
235:39.18444; -78.16069
226: /
204:, on what is today
2236:Haitian Revolution
2226:The Good Lord Bird
2220:Wm. Lloyd Garrison
2203:Frederick Douglass
2176:James Madison Bell
1817:Mary Ann Day Brown
1568:10.1007/BF03376617
704:Reynolds, David S.
478:2021-06-26 at the
419:Henry T. MacDonald
383:Henry T. MacDonald
265:
180:
86:Historical context
60:American Civil War
25:
2347:
2346:
2274:Quindaro Townsite
2246:Elijah P. Lovejoy
2198:George DeBaptiste
2193:John Stuart Curry
2084:John Brown's Body
2076:John Brown's Body
2070:John Brown's body
1991:John Brown's Fort
1984:Historic District
1969:Gibson-Todd House
1913:George H. Steuart
1863:Stonewall Jackson
1853:George Henry Hoyt
1812:John Wilkes Booth
1805:Other individuals
1748:Dangerfield Newby
1187:The Star Democrat
1160:Daily News-Record
994:Richmond Enquirer
819:DeCaro Jr., Louis
619:Civil War History
304:JOHN BROWN'S FORT
31:is a monument in
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2259:James Montgomery
1923:Lewis Washington
1908:Lysander Spooner
1903:Heyward Shepherd
1883:Wendell Phillips
1698:Owen Brown (son)
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37:free black man
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977:. p. 23.
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466:MAY 21, 1932
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369:insurrection.
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132:Henry A. Wise
130:and Governor
129:
128:Robert E. Lee
123:
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21:
2385:Free Negroes
2334:Walt Whitman
2329:Wakarusa War
2296:
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2185:
2158:
2135:
2128:
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2100:
2083:
2075:
2042:
2036:
1996:Kennedy Farm
1928:Walt Whitman
1902:
1791:Gerrit Smith
1703:Watson Brown
1693:Oliver Brown
1612:
1600:
1596:
1559:
1553:
1535:
1516:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1480:
1468:
1467:
1458:, retrieved
1451:the original
1434:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1395:December 12,
1393:. Retrieved
1385:"John Brown"
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:– via
1336:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1301:– via
1295:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1226:
1216:
1206:– via
1201:. Retrieved
1185:
1158:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1106:December 10,
1104:. Retrieved
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1064:
1034:– via
1028:. Retrieved
1012:
1009:"(Untitled)"
1003:
992:
983:
968:
956:. Retrieved
945:
936:
914:Adam Matthew
912:– via
907:. Retrieved
897:
890:
880:– via
874:. Retrieved
858:
849:
822:
787:
766:December 12,
764:. Retrieved
750:
740:
730:
707:
698:
686:. Retrieved
677:
673:
663:
651:. Retrieved
647:
638:
627:. Retrieved
618:
584:. Retrieved
580:
571:
550:
541:
514:
510:
502:
497:
493:
471:
430:
423:
413:, author of
395:
392:
379:Ku Klux Klan
376:
367:
321:
276:
266:
249:
210:
199:
196:
192:
181:
175:
157:
136:
125:
120:
112:
104:
96:
72:
45:
28:
26:
2241:Victor Hugo
2231:miniseries)
2045:(biography)
581:www.nps.gov
507:1994 plaque
490:1955 plaque
389:1932 plaque
353: /
233: /
58:during the
56:Confederacy
2354:Categories
2319:Nat Turner
2160:La Amistad
2043:John Brown
2015:Afterwards
1763:Secret Six
1681:John Brown
1493:August 23,
1482:The Nation
1297:January 6,
1265:January 2,
1239:2020-01-06
1203:2021-04-20
1140:2018-12-14
1080:2021-04-19
958:January 6,
909:2021-01-17
721:0375726152
653:29 January
629:2018-12-14
586:2024-01-25
563:References
433:JOHN BROWN
341:77°43′48″W
338:39°19′24″N
286:JOHN BROWN
221:78°09′38″W
218:39°11′04″N
139:John Brown
107:Lost Cause
1959:Beall-Air
1942:Locations
1584:159933805
1369:April 20,
1338:April 20,
1030:March 19,
922:cite book
876:March 23,
688:March 20,
246:Monuments
97:See also
1576:25617086
1389:Archived
1363:Archived
1332:Archived
1291:Archived
1259:Archived
1233:Archived
1197:Archived
1134:Archived
1100:Archived
1071:Archived
1024:Archived
952:Archived
903:Archived
870:Archived
821:(2015).
760:Archived
758:. 1918.
738:(1861).
706:(2005).
682:Archived
680:: 1–26.
623:Archived
521:See also
476:Archived
326:and the
301:KNOWN AS
206:Route 11
2228:(book,
2147:Related
1603:: 1–26.
1460:July 6,
451:SINGING
2292:(film)
2254:(play)
2086:(song)
2078:(poem)
1819:(wife)
1582:
1574:
1069:(23).
837:
798:
718:
437:A BLOW
307:BY THE
1580:S2CID
1572:JSTOR
1454:(PDF)
1439:(PDF)
1408:Media
1074:(PDF)
1061:(PDF)
533:Notes
398:NAACP
311:1918
291:LIVES
76:NAACP
66:", a
1686:body
1495:2019
1462:2022
1397:2018
1371:2021
1340:2021
1299:2020
1267:2020
1108:2018
1032:2021
960:2020
928:link
878:2021
835:ISBN
796:ISBN
768:2018
716:ISBN
690:2021
655:2024
431:HERE
396:The
27:The
1614:Jet
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