High commissioner - Knowledge

2086:: the British Zone (after three consecutive military governors from 22 May 1945, the last stayed on as first of three consecutive high commissioners 21 September 1949 – 5 May 1955), the US Zone (after five military governors from 8 May 1945, four high commissioners 2 September 1949 – 5 May 1955), the Soviet Zone (after a military commander April 1945 – 9 June 1945 who stayed as first of three military governors 9 June 1945 – 10 October 1949, the last of whom stayed on as only Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission 10 October 1949 – 28 May 1953, two high commissioners 28 May 1953 – 20 September 1955), and the French Zone (after a military commander from May 1945 and a Military governor from July 1945, a single high commissioner 21 September 1949 – 5 May 1955); the Nazi capital, 131: 376: 3200: 420: 2417:, who has the rank of under-secretary-general, serves the United Nations Human Rights Commission. In fact in 2005, the US ambassador at the UN complained that the incumbent, as a 'civil servant', was not authorised to act upon information (in this case worldwide press reports on abnormal detention forms in the 'war against terrorism' suspected to breach the rights of the suspects) not obtained by the organisation's official channels. 43: 3212: 84: 1122:, since 13 October 1946 an overseas territory of France (part of French West Africa, see Senegal) under a lieutenant-governor, on 19 December 1958 granted autonomy as Republic of Niger, there was a single high commissioner 25 August 1958 – 10 November 1960: Jean Colombani (b. 1903), i.e. still several months after the formal 3 August 1960 independence whilst there was no president 2079:, until 27 July 1955 when Allied occupation ended, restoring Austrian sovereignty, it was administered as a British Zone (six consecutive high commissioners, July 1945), a US Zone (four incumbents from 5 July 1945), a Soviet Zone (four from July 1945; only this had first been under a military governor from 8 April 1945), and a French Zone (two, from 8 July 1945); 2130:

These 'guardianships' most often were simply awarded to the former colonial power or if that was a loser in the preceding World War, to the 'liberating' Allied victor(s). The trust territories have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring

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and later the United Nations, these often came to play a key role in extraordinary situations that would earlier probably have been dealt with by states as above, sometimes reflected in the appointment of high commissioners under their auspices, sometimes just from the same leading powers, sometimes

1823:

In many cases, a political vacuum created by war, occupation or other events discontinuing a country's constitutional government has been filled by those able to do so, one nation or often an alliance, installing a transitional (often minimal) governance administered by, or under supervision of, one

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districts of the Trust Territory) until on 3 November 1986 the Trust Territory was dissolved by the US (a single Director of the Office of Transition, Charles Jordan, stepped in from 3 November 1986 – 30 September 1991, a while after the 22 December 1990 proclamation of final independence as the UN

2070:

Often the main/locally concerned members of an alliance would not set up a joint occupation authority (as in Italy after the Nazi defeat) but simply each appoint one for each of the zones into which they physically divided amongst themselves an occupied state or territory, e.g. after World War II:

1302:

it is the title of the representative of the French republic in the overseas territory (restyled 'overseas collectivity' in 2003, 'overseas country' on 27 February 2004) since 13 July 1977 (until 14 September 1984 he also presided the local council of ministers, that got its own president, as the

1380:

and parts of Southern Albania; on 3 June 1917 Albanian independence under an Italian protectorate was declared by Italy, opposed by most Albanians; adding in November 1918 the former Austro-Hungarian occupied areas to the Italian zone), only since in 1919 was an Albanian provisional government

511:. From that date, it was under British administration, but Istanbul retained nominal sovereignty until Cyprus was fully annexed by Britain on 5 November 1914. There were nine successive high commissioners, all but one already knighted, from 22 July 1878 until on 10 March 1925. Cyprus became a 1381:

recognised by Italy as the legal government of the protected zone, consecutive high commissioners for the Crown were appointed until Italy effectively withdrew its troops on 3 September 1920 (as agreed on 22 August 1920 when Italy formally recognised the total independence of Albania):

680:, who was also the British high commissioner for Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland, until the 1930s, with various local representatives, and subsequently by the British high commissioner (from 1961 ambassador) to South Africa, who was represented locally in each territory by a 940:, all in the Caribbean, as well as Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, off the Canadian coast) were temporarily grouped together (from June 1940 under Vichy France, so remaining on the Allied side). The two consecutive 'high commissioners in the Antilles' (quite a misleading title: 1154:

24 November 1958 – 20 June 1960 Jean Charles Sicurani (b. 1915 – d. 1977); during his term on 4 April 1959 this Sudanese Republic and Senegal (cfr. above) united to form the Mali Federation; his office ceased at the 20 June 1960 independence of the Mali Federation from

1827:

Examples of multilaterally appointed administrations are discussed further below. Examples of administrations appointed during decolonisation processes are described above. Examples of non-colonial transitional administrations titled "High Commissioners" are:

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António Elísio Capelo Pires Veloso – 18 December 1974 (three days before the formal granting of autonomy), actually the last of many governors (since 1753, before both islands were separate), staying on until it became an independent republic on 12 July

1211:'Tunisian Kingdom'), instead got a high commissioner from 13 September 1955 to 20 March 1956: Roger Seydoux Fornier de Clausonne (b. 1908 – d. 1985); in continued shortly as independent monarchy, but on 25 July 1957 became the Tunisian Republic. 2090:, enclaved in the Soviet zone, was separately quartered under four military city commanders; only the small Dutch zone by the border with the Netherlands was destined for annexation in 1949, so it was divided up in two districts, each under a 1318:) was chosen for the chief executive on 19 December 1981, when it was an overseas territory (since 1946), even before autonomy was granted on 18 November 1984, and maintained after its status was changed on 20 July 1998 to the unique French 2062:). Until the termination of Allied occupation on 22 October 1923, there were at all times one British Senior Allied High Commissioner and one (junior) Allied High Commissioner (incumbents from France, thrice, Italy and the US, each twice). 978:, the office of high commissioner in a colony to become an allied nation was intended to become remarkably analogous to the Commonwealth's 'close relationship diplomats' in President General De Gaulle's project for a 1459:, was given to some Portuguese colonial governors to whom were given exceptional, enlarged executive and legislative powers, superior to those of common governors. In the Monarchy, before 1910, they were known as 1148:, an overseas territory of France since 27 October 1946 (earlier a colony; stayed within French West Africa), which on 24 November 1958 obtained autonomy (as Sudanese Republic), there were two high commissioners: 1670:

had first various native regimes, then U.S. military Governors 29 November 1916 – 24 July 1922, and just before it again had the first of its own presidents on 21 October 1922, a single U.S. high commissioner,

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had two high commissioners, after having been a protectorate since 12 May 1903 (under a single military commandant), from 18 October 1904 the French civil territory of Mauritania under a commissioner (part of

1008:

overseas territory, on 4 December 1958 granted autonomy as Republic of Dahomey, the last (acting) governor, René Tirant (b. 1907), stayed on as only high commissioner until the 1 August 1960 independence

1264:

4 April 1957 – 29 January 1958 Paul Louis Gabriel Chauvet (b. 1904), also the last of the long list of governors-general since 28 June 1908 (before it had five Commissioners-general since 27 April 1886)

916: 714:

were permanently governed as a group of minor insular colonial territories, under one single part-time Western Pacific High Commissioner (1905–1953), an office attached first to the governorship of

1645:), the Sultan's fully mandated, princely Viceroy in this protectorate, to which the high commissioner was formally accredited, but whose senior he was in reality. In 1934–1956 the Governors of the 1079:(b. 1912 – d. 2015), also the last of the governors since 1941 (after various otherwise styled chief executives before; it had since 15 January 1910 been part of French Equatorial Africa, AEF) 2392:

had been under victor Britain's administration since 5 May 1941, a specific United Nations administration, under Britain, was installed on 19 February 1951, under a UN high commissioner,

1937:

to deal with special matters of national importance (e.g.: the High Commissioner for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue is the government official responsible for the immigration and

1103:), and since 12 January 1920 a French colony under a lieutenant governor (many incumbents, again under Dakar), on 28 November 1958 obtaining autonomy (as Islamic Republic of Mauritania): 997:(b. 1911 – d. 1974) – until its 3 July 1962 independence from France (Algerian State; 25 September 1962 People's Democratic Algerian Republic ruled by the FLN, the former armed revolt) 1141:

and his term ended at the 20 June 1960 independence of that Mali Federation from France (on 20 August 1960 the Republic of Senegal withdrew from the thus dissolved Mali Federation).

1129:, since 27 October 1946 an overseas territory of France, which on 25 November 1958 had obtained autonomy (as Republic of Senegal), the last governor stayed on as first (and only?) 2127:, i.e. non-sovereign states under a 'transitional' regime established under the authority of the League of Nations or the UN, respectively, to prepare them for full independence. 492:(which were British sovereign territory) would normally be administered by a governor and the most significant possessions, large confederations and the independent Commonwealth 2350: 1076: 1040:

since 11 December 1888 (under the governor-general of AEF, except the several cases when he governed the French Congo personally); afterwards it was an independent republic

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7 September 1942 – 4 July 1946 Paul V. McNutt (second commission; exiled in the U.S. until August 1945 during the Japanese Occupation). Term ended when the Philippines

1418:, which after 6–17 April 1941 Italian-German occupation, was on 17 April 1941 partitioned between Italy, Hungary and Germany, the Italian portion was named province of 541:, granted autonomy on 12 November 1970: the last governor, Colin Hamilton Allen (1921–1993), stayed on as the only colonial high commissioner from 1 October 1975, when 923:(b. 1889 – d. 1964), while in December 1941 the Vichy (pro-German) government named Jean Decoux (b. 1884 – d. 1963) to the post (who in fact was only responsible for 1018:

colony) under its own governor, shortly after it was on 28 November 1958 granted autonomy as Republic of Chad, had a single high commissioner from 22 January 1959:

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was also appointed as high commissioner in the Pacific Ocean, to co-ordinate with the governors of the French settlements in Oceania and the governors-general of

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February 1959 – 28 November 1960 Amédée Joseph Émile Jean Pierre Anthonioz (b. 1913 – d. 1996); since independence from France it had its own president (or a

105: 2216:(1879–1963), until the 1922 establishment of the mandate actually the first civilian who took over, already as High Commissioner, from the three consecutive 2055: 1314:

in French, colonised in 1853; its Governors had been high commissioners in the Pacific Ocean from 22 March 1907, see above) the title (commonly corrupted to

1982:) until 1908, when the Cretan Assembly unilaterally declared union with Greece (with Crete subsequently formally becoming part of Greece in 1913, after the 1403:), after an extraordinary commissionary, on 31 December 1920 declared, short-lived "Independent State of Fiume", until the accession of its first President 601:

would be appointed, to have control over several high commissioners and governors, e.g. the commissioner-general for south-east Asia had responsibility for

1852: 1164:(since 4 January 1947 a French territory; present-day Burkina Faso, renamed 4 August 1984), since the 11 December 1958 grant of Autonomy as a 'republic', 1033: 1634: 1294:

Another use for the title was found in the rare remaining insulara (formerly no longer colonial) overseas possessions, in these cases still functioning:

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was conquered by British forces, the mandate territory had four incumbents, after a single civilian Administrator (10 January 1919 – 1 October 1920 Sir

1054: 1812:. On 15 May 1972 Okinawa reverted to Japanese sovereignty as a prefecture; therefore, the office of U.S. high commissioner on Okinawa ceased to exist. 565:

upon native states. Thus high commissioners could be charged with managing diplomatic relations with native rulers and their states (analogous to the

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also were appointed by Paris to prepare the (de facto) independence of pre-existing monarchies that had formally been French protectorates, such as:

1083: 1032:) had a single high commissioner, a bit after it was granted on 28 November 1958 autonomy (as Republic of Congo), 7 January 1959 – 15 August 1960: 519: 1347:

on 12 May. A civilian administration was set up in the "Smyrna Zone", headed, from 21 May 1919 until 9 September 1922, when Greece lost Smyrna to

2396:(Bolivian, b. 1902), whose office ceased on 15 September 1952 when it was federated with Ethiopia under the sovereignty of the Ethiopian emperor. 1715: 775: 1685:, had a similar experience. It was a U.S. protectorate from 1915 to 1936, after five U.S. military commanders, there was one high commissioner, 948:

off the Canadian coast, so in North America) held both administrative authority over the local governors and equivalent officers (rather like a

2554: 1072:

had two high commissioners since on 28 November 1958 autonomy was granted (as Gabonese Republic) to the former overseas territory (since 1946)

402:) in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. In this usage, a Commonwealth nation's high commission is its 160: 766:

In the (post-)colonial sense, some other powers have or previously had high commissioners, or rather the exact equivalent in their language.

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Currently there is still one high commissioner who also serves in an additional capacity as a governor: the British high commissioner to

2102:, attached to Gelderland province), but returned to Germany after compensation payments and minor border corrections on 11 August 1963. 1755: 982:

to match the Commonwealth, but it soon started to fall apart, so they actually just presided over most of the peaceful decolonisation.

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and high commissioners) were sometimes appointed to native rulers, high commissioners could likewise be appointed as British agents of

1282:, i.e. French West Africa, the last of a long list of governors-general since 1895 stayed on as first of only two high commissioners: 92: 3238: 2467: 1901: 2438: 2691: 1851:

17 April 1941 – 10 September 1943, it first appointed a (nominal) governor (17 May 1941 – 23 July 1941? Mihajlo Ivanovic), then a

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February 1959 – 5 August 1960 Paul Jean Marie Masson (b. 1920), until the Independence from France as the Republic of Upper Volta.

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25 November 1958 – 20 June 1960: Pierre Auguste Michel Marie Lami (b. 1909); meanwhile on 4 April 1959 the Sudanese Republic (now

779: 993:), once similar to Tunis, but incorporated directly into the French Republic, got its only high commissioner on 19 March 1962 – 2330: 1748: 1057:(b. 1908), the last of the long list of governors since 10 March 1893 (colony until 27 October 1946, then overseas territory) 618: 2405:

At the United Nations and affiliated global organisations, a high commissioner serves as the permanent chief executive of a

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The title of High Commissioner was specifically used for the administrators during the 'emancipation from colonial rule' of

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under the Crown was granted, until 28 June 1976 when the Seychelles became an independent republic within the Commonwealth.

484:(most of which would become the Commonwealth) high commissioners were envoys of the imperial government appointed to manage 1871:(b. 1896 – d. 1978) also refused to be enthroned) until 23 July 1941 followed by two Governors before the German occupation 1723: 2506: 2231: 2213: 1991: 1734: 932:

In Atlantic waters, from 14 September 1939 until September 1943, four French possessions in the Americas (French Guiana,

711: 383: 333: 1605:

15 December 1963 – 1964 Francisco Núñez Rodríguez (b. 1902 – d. 1972), also the last of many Governors since 7 June 1494

2083: 634: 441: 56: 2421: 467: 200: 182: 70: 17: 2058:). This was complemented from 16 March to 10 August 1920 as the Allies occupied the Ottoman capital Constantinople ( 1332: 449: 153: 3156: 2587: 2124: 1868: 1169: 909: 750: 677: 531: 370: 1595:

was the Spanish title of the official exercing the functions of a governor in the following colonial possessions:

1277: 3185: 2280: 1719: 840:) and take part in negotiations on policies and decisions affecting their region including negotiations with the 1859:

Serafino Mazzolini (b. 1890 – d. 1945), who next stayed on as high commissioner (from 12 July 1941, also styled

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was the exact match and colleague of a British high commissioner: they represented both powers in the south sea

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A high commission could also be charged with the last phase of a decolonisation, as in the crown colony of the

445: 3248: 1653:) were subordinated to him. The office was filled by the governors of Spanish West Africa from 1939 to 1956. 590: 1557: 1422:, from 3 May 1941 under a Civil Commissioner, from 3 May 1941 restyled the first of two high commissioners: 2009: 1864: 2744: 1611:

1966 – 12 October 1968 Víctor Suances Díaz del Río; his term ended when it became an independent republic

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June 1957 – 27 April 1960 Georges Léon Spénale (b. 1913 – d. 1983); next it was an independent republic.

3215: 3173: 2224: 2190: 637:, who was appointed to both positions in the 1890s, is considered responsible by some for igniting the 2164:), continuing ten years after the accession to the throne and most of the rule of the country's first 3243: 2266: 2120: 945: 143: 3163: 2808: 2549: 2342: 2259: 2111:

As the 'world community' became a widely accepted ideal in diplomacy and was embodied first in the

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11 December 1958 – February 1959 Max Berthet, who stayed on, having been the last (acting) governor

1015: 958: 430: 236: 147: 139: 1747:

1939 – 7 September 1942 Francis Bowes Sayers (exiled in the U.S. from 24 December 1942 during the

2916: 2627: 2611: 2566: 2499: 2314:

21 September 1956 – 23 March 1957 Jean Louis Philippe Bérard (b. 1910), in fact the last of many

1974:

within the Ottoman Empire. These protecting powers appointed the following as High Commissioner (

1249:(the colonial echelon grouping several neighbouring colonies under a governor-general), notably: 1161: 950: 727: 434: 395: 387: 326: 281: 256: 97: 2680: 2600: 301: 276: 3011: 2450: 2287: 2245: 1934: 1809: 1802: 837: 692: 164: 62: 1207:

of Tunis, who once the French protectorate was terminated on 20 March 1956 restyled his realm

27:

Title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment

2648: 2023: 1930: 1926: 1781: 1360: 893: 817: 723: 681: 625:

in the 19th century, giving the colonial administrator responsibility both for administering

570: 927:, which was the only Pacific territory not to have rallied to the Free French at that time). 897: 3097: 2981: 2971: 2866: 2780: 2252: 1700: 1686: 1344: 805: 261: 2685: 1908: 1322:; he represents the Paris government, while there are a native legislature and government. 8: 3072: 3032: 2976: 2946: 2921: 2911: 2886: 2856: 2737: 2561: 2455: 2217: 2206: 2019: 1890: 1844:

Maringer (it would be only fully reintegrated in 1925, after three Commissioners General)

1777:. Moore was also the last Deputy governor and Commanding General, Ryukyu Islands Command. 1650: 1037: 954:

did elsewhere on a permanent basis) and military command in the 'Theater Atlantic West':

872:(High Commissioner of the Republic), was rarely used for governatorial functions, rather 813: 688: 626: 523: 31: 2702: 2697: 1837: 593:, three incumbents 1900–1906 (four terms), the last of whom stayed on as first governor. 296: 291: 3203: 3130: 3092: 3087: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3042: 3006: 2901: 2876: 2871: 2815: 2732: 2712: 2492: 1788: 1774: 1763: 1667: 1433: 1372:

while only various military commanders and since 1916 a Secretary for Civil Affairs in

1096: 1050:) had two high commissioners since it was granted autonomy as republic of Ivory Coast: 785: 319: 2707: 1242:. The current high commissioner of Vanuatu to the US is David J. Wilson (born 1956). 375: 356:

The English term is also used to render various equivalent titles in other languages.

306: 3135: 3103: 3037: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2941: 2931: 2926: 2891: 2881: 2835: 2643: 2311:, once a German colony, then a League of Nations mandate, * three high commissioners 2273: 2112: 1997: 1938: 1599: 1376:(Ugo Capialbi) had acted for Rome since Italy invaded on 27 December 1914 (occupying 1025: 994: 924: 566: 488:

or groups of territories not fully under the sovereignty of the British Crown, while

266: 3168: 3052: 2986: 2906: 2896: 2851: 2830: 2803: 2795: 2358: 2334: 2197: 2169: 1863:

at the proclamation of nominal independence under Italian control, but exiled King

1795: 1638: 1569: 1518: 1299: 1200: 901: 889: 797: 735: 704: 696: 584: 554: 1395:

two incumbents appointed by the kingdom in Fiume (a former Austrian province; now

3253: 3151: 3082: 2956: 2760: 2606: 2140: 1833: 1490: 1426: 1138: 789: 719: 638: 246: 1770:(Japanese archipelago), and later just Okinawa had six U.S. high commissioners: 3077: 3047: 2936: 2785: 2153: 2035: 2015: 1975: 1767: 1741: 1646: 1352: 1110: 1100: 975: 965: 833: 606: 602: 489: 481: 350: 915:

once Charles de Gaulle named someone else as high commissioner for the French

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appointed to the native rulers of the Malay states under British protection.

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is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a

2315: 2157: 1971: 1961: 1730: 1697: 1663: 1235: 1145: 1029: 979: 700: 649: 645: 587:, three incumbents 1900–1907, the last of whom stayed on as first governor, 512: 504: 485: 271: 2484: 1215:

Yet a colony could achieve independence without a high commissioner, e.g.

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in 1898 by France, Italy, Russia and the United Kingdom, Crete became an

1711: 1693: 1047: 742: 622: 3109: 2582: 2432: 2338: 2238: 2047: 1848: 1682: 1533: 1507: 1184:

While the colonies above were generally artificially carved creations,

1091: 937: 933: 657: 558: 538: 399: 226: 2671: 2349:), after Allied military occupations, since 18 July 1947, had a dozen 1335:

was given a mandate by the Supreme Allied War Council for the city of

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A very special category was the Haut Commissaire as 'liquidator' of a

1196: 286: 3125: 2790: 2515: 2406: 2176: 2091: 1419: 845: 825: 665: 542: 1377: 1216: 419: 2825: 2519: 2059: 2027: 1918: 1818: 1415: 1106:

5 October 1958 – February 1959 Henri Joseph Marie Bernard (b. 1920)

841: 731: 669: 653: 557:(as diplomatic ranks were codified, this became a lower class than 508: 493: 386:

in London. Tanzania and the United Kingdom are both members of the

380: 1925:

in Portuguese) is the title of certain officials appointed by the

1340: 2472: 2389: 2366: 2076: 2051: 1626: 1400: 1373: 1239: 1192: 1126: 1014:, since 27 October 1946 an overseas territory of France (part of 1005: 990: 661: 577: 527: 403: 83: 2966: 2592: 2321:

23 March 1957 – June 1957 Joseph Édouard Georges Rigal (acting)

2087: 2043: 2039: 1860: 1704: 1477: 1396: 1348: 1336: 852:). Greenland and the Faroe Islands have one commissioner each. 500: 241: 1629:(most of the country was under French protectorate), known as 1086:(b. 1911 – d. 1982); thereafter it was an independent republic 2378:

Security Council ratified the termination of US trusteeship).

2354: 2346: 2165: 2106: 2099: 1967: 1678: 1119: 1069: 1001: 722:. He was represented in each of the other islands units by a 1649:(which from 27 November 1912 were also Governors-general of 1022:(b. 1920) until its 11 August 1960 independence from France. 398:, a high commissioner is the senior diplomat (ranking as an 2426:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

2308: 1134: 1011: 715: 630: 1285:

4 April 1957 – July 1958 Gaston Custin (b. 1903 – d. 1993)

761: 691:, based in Singapore, doubled as high commissioner of the 515:, and the last incumbent stayed on as its first governor. 2374: 1950: 633:

settlements. The best known of these high commissioners,

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in 1980 and the 10 May 1979 granting of autonomy to the

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John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker, Viscount Gort

1867:

refused the throne, when offered the Montenegrin crown;

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13 June 1921 – 1921 Antonio Foschini (b. 1872 – d. 19..)

1151:

3 November 1956 – 24 November 1958 Henri Victor Gipoulon

2409:

composed of representatives of various member nations.

1840:

but just occupied by and restored to France, was under

1689:, who served from 11 February 1922 to 16 November 1930. 1409:

1921 – 5 October 1921 Luigi Amantea (b. 1869 – d. 19..)

1267:

29 January 1958 – 15 July 1958 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916)

612: 1513:

Vicente Almeida d'Eça – 30 December 1974 – 5 July 1975

2400: 1621:

was also used for the representative of Spain in its

1288:

July 1958 – 22 December 1958 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916)

2433:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

1270:

15 July 1958 – 15 August 1960 Yvon Bourges (b. 1921)

1064:(b. 1922); thereafter it was an independent republic 1836:, until then part of the defeated German Empire as 1199:(since 3 June 1955 autonomous), where France had a 756: 2168:(King, reigned 23 August 1921 – 8 September 1933) 2098:, attached to the province of (Dutch) Limburg and 2186:(acting to 15 September 1923) (b. 1871 – d. 1934) 1824:or more high commissioners representing it/them. 621:was coupled with that of British Governor of the 30:For the film known as The High Commissioner, see 3230: 1819:Temporary administration of acquired territories 1234:(i.e. territory under joint sovereignty) of the 687:The British governor of the crown colony of the 520:high commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan 152:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 1453:(High Commissioner of the Republic) or, simply 776:High Commission of Denmark in the Faroe Islands 597:In certain regions of particular importance, a 1875: 1703:served as United States high commissioner for 703:, who in turn was responsible for the various 530:and the early stages of what would become the 526:, had a considerable effect on the history of 2500: 1546:José Francisco de Azevedo e Silva – 1911–1912 1390:1920 – 3 September 1920 Gaetano Conti Manzoni 327: 1681:, the other (western) half of the island of 1524:João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira ( 1343:) and its hinterland, which it proceeded to 2514: 2475:click on the present-daycountries mentioned 2353:, also presiding over the splitting off of 2232:Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, Baron Plumer 1893:to some high-level position within France: 1238:, which became the present-day republic of 876:and various lower titles. Exceptions were: 503:. Until 12 July 1878, Cyprus was under the 448:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2507: 2493: 2382: 2107:Representing an international organisation 2038:up to 15 km deep, and the islands of 1945: 1722:on 15 November 1935, it had the following 1602:had three consecutive high commissioners: 1552:Vitor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho – 1924–1926 1502:Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral – 1929–1930 1496:Francisco da Cunha Rego Chaves – 1925–1926 573:or similar agents attached to each state. 334: 320: 2220:since the 1917 conquest by British forces 917:Territory of the Pacific and the Far East 468:Learn how and when to remove this message 409: 201:Learn how and when to remove this message 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 2439:High Commissioner on National Minorities 1473:when indicated) had been nominated for: 548: 374: 108:of all important aspects of the article. 2301: 780:High Commission of Denmark in Greenland 762:External territories and decolonisation 496:would be headed by a governor-general. 14: 3231: 2468:History of the title High Commissioner 2331:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 2146: 2082:In Germany there were also four major 1996:18 September 1906 – 24 September 1908 1951:Representing an international alliance 1889:, is a civil servant appointed by the 1491:José Mendes Ribeiro de Norton de Matos 644:Historically, in southern Africa, the 364: 104:Please consider expanding the lead to 2692:Conseiller chargé des investissements 2488: 2415:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 2189:October 1928 – 11 September 1929 Sir 2116:rather from 'neutral' member states. 1099:(AOF); under its governor-general in 769: 619:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 569:), and might have under them several 3211: 2279:3 September 1944 – 21 November 1945 2272:3 March 1938 – 3 September 1944 Sir 2196:3 October 1929 – 3 October 1932 Sir 2134: 2065: 1499:António Vicente Ferreira – 1926–1928 613:High commissioners as administrators 446:adding citations to reliable sources 413: 124: 77: 36: 2388:After the former Italian colony of 2286:21 November 1945 – 14 May 1948 Sir 1549:Manuel de Brito Camacho – 1921–1923 1483:Guilherme Augusto de Brito Capelo ( 712:British Western Pacific Territories 24: 2401:Representing the world universally 2237:August 1928 – 6 December 1928 Sir 2014:Following the capitulation of the 1801:2 November 1966 – 28 January 1968 1608:1964–1966 Pedro Latorre Alcubierre 1261:, AEF), three high commissioners: 880:since 22 March 1907, the colonial 718:, and subsequently to that of the 25: 3265: 2422:UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2296: 2054:. The entire area demilitarised ( 2003: 1625:within the Sherifan sultanate of 957:14 September 1939 – 14 July 1943 944:is in continental South America, 874:(Lieutenant-)gouverneur(-général) 869:Haut Commissaire de la république 52:This article has multiple issues. 3239:Governance of the British Empire 3210: 3199: 3198: 2175:1 October 1920 – 4 May 1923 Sir 2125:United Nations Trust Territories 1869:Prince Roman Petrovich of Russia 1847:When Mussolini's Italy occupied 1794:1 August 1964 – 31 October 1966 1787:16 February 1961 – 31 July 1964 1656: 896:of the Anglo-French condominium 757:Other territorial administrators 751:Governor of the Pitcairn Islands 678:governor-general of South Africa 418: 406:to another Commonwealth nation. 371:High commissioner (Commonwealth) 129: 82: 41: 3186:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy 1675:, who served from 1922 to 1924. 1053:4 December 1958 – 15 July 1960 1036:(b. 1918 – d. 2003) after many 904:to the island protectorates of 359: 96:may be too short to adequately 60:or discuss these issues on the 2363:Federated States of Micronesia 2182:4 May 1923 – October 1928 Sir 1808:28 January 1968 – 15 May 1972 1780:1 May 1958 – 12 February 1961 1731:William Francis "Frank" Murphy 964:14 July 1943 – September 1943 106:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 2461: 2230:25 August 1925 – August 1928 1442: 1278:Afrique Occidentale Française 1255:Afrique Equatoriale Française 1060:15 July 1960 – 7 August 1960 695:, and had authority over the 629:and relating to neighbouring 499:An example was the island of 3181:Twin towns and sister cities 2265:September 1937 – March 1938 2010:Occupation of Constantinople 1966:After the naval blockade of 1855:29 April 1941 – 22 May 1941 1575:José Joaquim Lopes de Lima ( 1450:Alto Comissário da República 1351:, by the high commissioner ( 1077:Louis Marius Pascal Sanmarco 532:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 2444: 2244:6 December 1928 – 1931 Sir 2172:(b. 1885 – d. 1933) : 2156:high commissioners – After 2034:, the eastern coast of the 2026:occupied the shores of the 1876:Domestic high commissioners 1082:July 1959 – 17 August 1960 921:Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu 860:Originally the French word 730:or other official (on tiny 674:High Commission Territories 10: 3270: 3174:Plenipotentiary Conference 2258:1932 – September 1937 Sir 2225:Gilbert Falkingham Clayton 2191:Gilbert Falkingham Clayton 2121:League of Nations mandates 2007: 1959: 1896:The high commissioner for 1585: 1366: 1075:November 1958 – July 1959 773: 368: 29: 3194: 3144: 3118: 3020: 2844: 2773: 2753: 2725: 2669: 2636: 2620: 2575: 2542: 2533: 2526: 2267:William Denis Battershill 2184:Henry Robert Conway Dobbs 2022:, on 8 December 1918 the 1979: 1773:4 July 1957 – 1 May 1958 1756:achieved full sovereignty 1718:on 13 August 1898. After 1356: 1326: 1166:République de Haute-Volta 1137:) and Senegal formed the 946:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 912:were subordinated to him 855: 836:regions of the kingdom – 3164:Parliamentary delegation 3043:Diplomatic accreditation 2809:African Diplomatic Corps 2550:Permanent representative 2343:Northern Mariana Islands 2274:Harold Alfred MacMichael 2260:Arthur Grenfell Wauchope 1955: 1832:22 November 1918 – 1919 1733:, who was also the last 1716:unincorporated territory 1320:collectivité sui generis 1303:legislature already had) 1259:French Equatorial Africa 1028:(variously named, often 1004:, since 13 October 1946 237:Permanent representative 138:This article includes a 2612:Deputy chief of mission 2567:Resident representative 2383:Other UN administration 2333:(originally comprising 2218:military administrators 2212:1 July 1920 – 1925 Sir 2131:independent countries. 1992:Prince George of Greece 1946:Multilaterally mandated 1714:became a United States 1666:from 1905 to 1941, the 1465:(Royal Commissioners). 1387:1920 Fortunato Castoldi 1331:In early May 1919, the 1209:al-Mamlaka at-Tunisiyya 1162:Republic of Upper Volta 974:In the later period of 919:, January 1941 – 1945: 810:Naalagaaffiup Sinniisaa 672:) were administered as 396:Commonwealth of Nations 388:Commonwealth of Nations 257:Deputy chief of mission 167:more precise citations. 3058:Diplomatic credentials 2451:Lord high commissioner 2318:since 4 September 1916 2288:Alan Gordon Cunningham 2246:John Robert Chancellor 2198:Francis Henry Humphrys 1810:James Benjamin Lampert 1803:Ferdinand Thomas Unger 1642: 838:the unity of the Realm 809: 801: 793: 788:, high commissioners ( 693:Federated Malay States 571:resident commissioners 410:British colonial usage 391: 2649:Resident commissioner 2621:Bilateral-subnational 2394:Edoardo Anze Matienzo 1921:, high commissioner ( 1782:Donald Prentice Booth 1558:São Tomé and Príncipe 1425:18 April 1941 – 1942 1361:Aristeidis Stergiadis 1226:In one case a French 1062:Yves René Henri Guéna 1020:Daniel Marius Doustin 894:resident commissioner 844:legislatures and the 724:resident commissioner 682:resident commissioner 549:British indirect rule 480:Historically, in the 378: 3249:Gubernatorial titles 2781:Apostolic nunciature 2681:Agricultural attaché 2481:– UK government site 2302:UN Trust Territories 2269:(acting) (1896–1959) 2255:(acting) (1886–1974) 2253:Mark Aitchison Young 2241:(acting) (1884–1969) 2227:(acting) (1875–1929) 2214:Herbert Louis Samuel 2162:Arnold Talbot Wilson 1701:Mark Lambert Bristol 1687:John H. Russell, Jr. 1247:gouvernement-général 1038:lieutenant governors 749:as British colonial 599:commissioner-general 442:improve this section 302:Agricultural attaché 3073:Diplomatic immunity 3033:Consular assistance 2562:Ambassador-at-large 2456:High Representative 2209:high commissioners 2207:Mandatory Palestine 2200:(b. 1879 – d. 1971) 2193:(b. 1875 – d. 1929) 2179:(b. 1864 – d. 1937) 2177:Percy Zachariah Cox 2147:Mandate territories 2056:Zone of the Straits 2020:Armistice of Mudros 1900:is the head of the 1891:President of France 1749:Japanese Occupation 1662:While being a U.S. 1651:Spanish West Africa 1436:(b. 1906 – d. 1966) 1429:(b. 1869 – d. 1951) 968:(b. 1891 – d. 1977) 961:(b. 1875 – d. 1965) 689:Straits Settlements 627:British possessions 524:Mandatory Palestine 522:, who administered 365:Bilateral diplomacy 32:Nobody Runs Forever 3131:Letter of credence 3093:Diplomatic uniform 3088:Diplomatic service 3068:Diplomatic illness 3063:Diplomatic history 2816:Diplomatic mission 2733:Diplomatic courier 2713:Trade commissioner 2576:Bilateral-national 2351:high commissioners 2239:Harry Charles Luke 1853:civil commissioner 1789:Paul Wyatt Caraway 1775:James Edward Moore 1744:(first commission) 1724:high commissioners 1707:from 1919 to 1927. 1668:Dominican Republic 1471:Comissários Régios 1462:Comissários Régios 1434:Giuseppe Lombrassa 1312:Nouvelle Calédonie 1170:high commissioners 1097:French West Africa 951:gouverneur général 898:Nouvelles Hébrides 846:Kingdom Parliament 818:Kingdom Government 802:Ríkisumboðsmaðurin 786:Kingdom of Denmark 770:Kingdom of Denmark 392: 140:list of references 3226: 3225: 3136:Letter of protest 3104:Persona non grata 3038:Consular immunity 2836:Exclusive mandate 2769: 2768: 2721: 2720: 2686:Chargé de mission 2637:Bilateral-insular 2601:Chargé d'affaires 2588:High commissioner 2135:League of Nations 2113:League of Nations 2066:Post–World War II 1998:Alexandros Zaimis 1939:ethnic minorities 1883:high commissioner 1737:over the Islands. 1623:protectorate zone 1600:Equatorial Guinea 1467:Altos Comissários 1333:Kingdom of Greece 1203:(posted with the 1186:Haut commissaires 1168:, there were two 1026:Congo-Brazzaville 995:Christian Fouchet 925:Wallis and Futuna 567:resident minister 478: 477: 470: 347:High commissioner 344: 343: 277:Chargé d'affaires 267:Resident minister 232:High commissioner 211: 210: 203: 193: 192: 185: 123: 122: 75: 18:High Commissioner 16:(Redirected from 3261: 3244:Diplomatic ranks 3214: 3213: 3202: 3201: 3053:Diplomatic cable 2831:Protecting power 2804:Diplomatic corps 2745:Foreign minister 2738:King's Messenger 2703:Military attaché 2698:Cultural attaché 2540: 2539: 2531: 2530: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2479:The Commonwealth 2359:Marshall Islands 2335:Marshall Islands 2084:occupation zones 1981: 1972:autonomous state 1887:haut-commissaire 1842:haut commissaire 1838:Elsaß-Lothringen 1796:Albert Watson II 1735:governor-general 1720:gaining autonomy 1577:Comissário Régio 1570:Portuguese Timor 1541:Comissário Régio 1526:Comissário Régio 1519:Portuguese India 1485:Comissário Régio 1358: 1300:French Polynesia 1228:Haut Commissaire 1201:Resident-general 1131:Haut commissaire 1055:Ernest de Nattes 890:French Indochina 863:Haut Commissaire 812:) represent the 794:Rigsombudsmanden 736:chief magistrate 697:resident-general 605:, Singapore and 591:Southern Nigeria 585:Northern Nigeria 473: 466: 462: 459: 453: 422: 414: 353:of appointment. 336: 329: 322: 297:Cultural attaché 292:Military attaché 215: 214: 206: 199: 188: 181: 177: 174: 168: 163:this article by 154:inline citations 133: 132: 125: 118: 115: 109: 86: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3190: 3152:Development aid 3140: 3114: 3083:Diplomatic rank 3016: 2840: 2821:High commission 2765: 2761:Diplomatic rank 2749: 2717: 2708:Science attaché 2665: 2632: 2616: 2607:Head of mission 2571: 2535: 2522: 2513: 2464: 2447: 2435: 2403: 2385: 2304: 2299: 2149: 2141:Fridtjof Nansen 2137: 2109: 2068: 2012: 2006: 1980:Ὕπατος Ἁρμοστὴς 1964: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1923:alto comissário 1878: 1834:Alsace-Lorraine 1821: 1659: 1588: 1456:Alto Comissário 1445: 1427:Emilio Grazioli 1369: 1357:Ὕπατος Ἁρμοστὴς 1329: 1195:, known as the 1139:Mali Federation 1084:Jean Risterucci 1034:Guy Noël Georgy 1000:in present-day 858: 782: 774:Main articles: 772: 764: 759: 720:Solomon Islands 639:Second Boer War 615: 576:In present-day 551: 474: 463: 457: 454: 439: 423: 412: 384:High Commission 373: 367: 362: 340: 311: 307:Science attaché 247:Head of mission 207: 196: 195: 194: 189: 178: 172: 169: 158: 144:related reading 134: 130: 119: 113: 110: 103: 91:This article's 87: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3208: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3078:Diplomatic law 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3048:Diplomatic bag 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2786:Consular corps 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2754:Classification 2751: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2670:By portfolio ( 2667: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2555:United Nations 2546: 2544: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2473:WorldStatesmen 2470: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2418: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297:United Nations 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2154:Mandatory Iraq 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2080: 2067: 2064: 2036:Sea of Marmara 2016:Ottoman Empire 2008:Main article: 2005: 2004:Constantinople 2002: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1960:Main article: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1909:Haute Autorité 1904: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1845: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1792: 1785: 1778: 1768:Ryukyu Islands 1761: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1742:Paul V. McNutt 1738: 1708: 1690: 1676: 1658: 1655: 1647:Western Sahara 1619:Alto Comisario 1615: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1592:Alto comisario 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1539:António Enes ( 1531: 1530: 1529: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1510:(Cape Verde): 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384:1919–1920 .... 1368: 1365: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1304: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1213: 1212: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1123: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1101:Dakar, Senegal 1089: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1041: 1023: 1009: 998: 976:decolonisation 972: 971: 970: 969: 966:Henri Hoppenot 962: 959:Georges Robert 930: 929: 928: 857: 854: 834:self-governing 771: 768: 763: 760: 758: 755: 614: 611: 607:British Borneo 595: 594: 588: 553:As diplomatic 550: 547: 490:Crown colonies 482:British Empire 476: 475: 426: 424: 417: 411: 408: 369:Main article: 366: 363: 361: 358: 342: 341: 339: 338: 331: 324: 316: 313: 312: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 223: 220: 219: 209: 208: 191: 190: 173:September 2024 148:external links 137: 135: 128: 121: 120: 100:the key points 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3266: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2962:Paradiplomacy 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2917:Full-spectrum 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2661:Agent-general 2659: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2536:leader titles 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316:commissioners 2313: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1898:atomic energy 1895: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881:In France, a 1880: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1673:Sumner Welles 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1657:United States 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1579:) – 1851–1852 1578: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1528:) – 1896–1897 1527: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487:) – 1896–1897 1486: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1363:(1861–1950). 1362: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:New Caledonia 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1221:French Guinea 1218: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044:Côte d'Ivoire 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 988: 985: 984: 983: 981: 977: 967: 963: 960: 956: 955: 953: 952: 947: 943: 942:French Guiana 939: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892:; the French 891: 887: 886:New Caledonia 883: 879: 878: 877: 875: 871: 870: 866:, or in full 865: 864: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:Faroe Islands 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 781: 777: 767: 754: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646:protectorates 642: 640: 636: 635:Alfred Milner 632: 628: 624: 620: 610: 608: 604: 600: 592: 589: 586: 583: 582: 581: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 563:indirect rule 560: 556: 546: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 486:protectorates 483: 472: 469: 461: 451: 447: 443: 437: 436: 432: 427:This section 425: 421: 416: 415: 407: 405: 401: 397: 389: 385: 382: 377: 372: 357: 354: 352: 348: 337: 332: 330: 325: 323: 318: 317: 315: 314: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 222: 221: 217: 216: 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