136:
2080:
2119:
1403:
39:
1577:
2032:
1627:
1720:
2052:
2099:
3485:
30:
3495:
1950:
1934:
1918:
1902:
60:
1692:
143:
1959:
According to the 2005 Thai census, there are 52,631 Hindus living in
Thailand, making up just 0.09% of the total population. In the 2010 census, that number decreased to 41,808 Hindus in Thailand, constituting 0.06% of the population. In the 2015 census, this population decreased to 22,110, or 0.03%.
1738:
by religion, who still worship Hindu Gods. The Brahm Luang (Royal
Brahmins) mainly perform royal ceremonies of the Thai monarch, including crowning of the king. They belong to the long family bloodline of Brahmins in Thailand, who originated from Tamil Nadu. The folk Brahmins are the category of
1418:
and symbolism demonstrate Hindu influences and heritage. Southeast Asia, including what is now
Thailand, has been in contact with Hinduism through India for over 2000 years. Indian settlement in Southeast Asia has been ongoing since the 6th century BCE and has continued into the modern era,
1963:
However, the PEW Research data found that
Hinduism constituted 0.1% of the Thai population in 2014 and is increasing in Thailand as a percentage of the country's population. The PEW Research data reports that the Hindu population is expected to increase from 0.1% in 2014 to 0.2% by 2050.
1765:
During the
Sukhothai and Ayutthaya periods, evidence of the presence of sizable number of Indians in the Thai court is described by a number of western travelers. However most of the contemporary Indians came to Thailand after 1920, and during the first half of the 19th century.
1703:, in the shape of men's genital organs. It depicts the unison of the male and female energies, which created the entire universe according to Hindu thought. Several forms of Shiva Lingam have been found in Southern Thailand. One has the Lord Shiva's face. This is known as the
1553:. According to T.P. Meenakshisundaram, the name of the festival indicates that Thiruppavai might have been recited as well. The swinging ceremony depicted a legend about how the god created the world. Outside shops, particularly in towns and rural areas, statues of
1739:
Brahmins who are not from a lineage of priests. Generally, these
Brahmins have less knowledge about the rituals and ceremonies. Apart from this there are also Indian Brahmins from India who migrated to Thailand more recently.
2118:
1467:. Numerous rituals derived from Hinduism are preserved in rituals, such as the use of holy strings and pouring of water from conch shells. Furthermore, Hindu-Buddhist deities are worshiped by many Thais, such as
3450:
1194:
1381:
is a minority religion followed by 84,400 (0.1%) of the population as of 2020. Despite being a
Buddhist-majority nation, Thailand has a very strong Hindu influence. The majority of Thai Hindus reside in
1617:
in
Central Thailand. Vishnu is attired in a plain cylindrical crown along with a transparent lower garment. The style of the sculpture shares a similarity with the ones discovered in Southern Thailand.
3460:
3419:
1593:
flourished in the whole of
Southeast Asia. Several sculptures of Vishnu are discovered from the earliest period. These smaller-than-human-sized sculptures are stylistically comparable to
1189:
2079:
236:
2031:
3414:
1229:
2630:āļŠāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļĢāļīāļĻāļĢāļēāļāļļāļ§āļąāļāļāļīāļ§āļāļĻāđ, āļŠāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāļĄāđāļāđāļ , vol. 1, 2nd ed. (āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļĢ: āļāļĢāļĄāļĻāļīāļĨāļāļēāļāļĢ, 2516), p. 270, cited in Kanjana, âWays of life, rituals and cultural identityâ, p. 65.
3424:
2051:
1019:
211:
922:
196:
1039:
1024:
1649:
cities in
Central Thailand which yields several stone sculptures of Vaishnavism. Vishnu and Krishna are the most common finds. Vishnu stands in the posture of
1029:
246:
1289:
1269:
742:
161:
1423:
immigrants migrated to Thailand in the late 1800s, working in the gem and textile industries, followed by a larger migration of both Sikhs and Hindus from
847:
3470:
2396:
Ara Wilson (2008), The Sacred Geography of Bangkokâs Markets, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 32.3, September 2008, page 635
2098:
1114:
1707:. Similarly, a gold lingam, belonging to a hermit's private collection, has been discovered at a cave in the region. A lingam shaped stone known as the
2974:
1521:
was held in major cities of Thailand until 1935, when it was abolished for safety reasons. The name of the ceremony was derived from the names of two
216:
1688:, which originated in South India, was transmitted to the southern and central parts of Thailand. This occurred during the 6th-10th century A.D.
2423:
2697:
2884:
2775:
2243:
1510:. The temple is the centre of Hindus in Thailand. The royal court Brahmins operate the temple and perform several royal ceremonies per year.
1359:
2299:
1144:
1568:
to ensure a good harvest. The importance of Hinduism cannot be denied, even though much of the rituals has been combined with Buddhism.
368:
2524:
201:
135:
3399:
2187:
1757:
has mentioned about three kind of Brahmins, from NakhÃēn SÄŦ ThammarÄt, from Phatthalung, and those who originated from Cambodia.
2853:
2832:
2811:
2364:
2278:
2219:
221:
2557:
3374:
3124:
2969:
707:
3524:
832:
2877:
2747:
2410:
1099:
767:
1742:
Brahmins once conducted the royal ceremony in other Southeast Asian countries as well. The rituals were reinstated in
1734:
Brahmin communities - Brahm Luang (Royal Brahmins) and Brahm Chao Baan (folk Brahmins). All ethnic Thai Brahmins are
1352:
1134:
2959:
1410:
Throughout its history, Thailand has been deeply influenced by Hinduism. Despite the fact that today Thailand is a
3079:
3048:
1460:
1149:
1074:
2536:
2405:
Jonathan Lee, Fumitaka Matsuoka, Edmond Yee and Ronald Nakasone (2015), Asian American Religious Cultures, ABC,
1546:
962:
782:
2584:"Balancing the foreign and the familiar in the articulation of kingship: The royal court Brahmans of Thailand"
3529:
3519:
3209:
3089:
3016:
2986:
2870:
1049:
508:
1564:
The elite, and the royal household, often employ Brahmins to mark funerals and state ceremonies such as the
3455:
2722:
1345:
1219:
972:
3319:
1062:
892:
887:
647:
2162:
1402:
667:
336:
2427:
3021:
2979:
2701:
2085:
1770:
1635:
1294:
1257:
1204:
997:
852:
276:
38:
3369:
3334:
3289:
3141:
3117:
3011:
1565:
702:
657:
612:
393:
383:
181:
2323:
3259:
3254:
3149:
2303:
1669:, kings tried to claim himself as the incarnation of Vishnu. Vishnu bronze image was moulded for
1631:
1209:
1139:
1129:
1079:
952:
580:
575:
453:
398:
281:
3379:
3354:
3269:
3249:
3199:
3169:
3159:
3031:
2129:
1774:
1604:
1124:
1109:
1014:
882:
862:
712:
687:
592:
565:
503:
473:
463:
378:
343:
321:
306:
261:
2843:
2822:
2801:
3465:
3344:
3339:
3219:
3026:
2933:
2354:
2133:
1324:
1264:
1174:
857:
812:
672:
662:
642:
523:
513:
326:
1626:
3409:
3314:
3294:
3284:
3184:
2928:
2923:
2901:
2893:
2824:
Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange
2488:
2152:
2147:
1719:
1550:
1411:
1314:
1304:
1284:
1184:
1094:
1084:
1069:
977:
937:
932:
907:
772:
637:
617:
607:
488:
433:
408:
251:
226:
191:
176:
1699:
Lord Shiva is manifested in various forms. Among them the most popular one is that of the
1673:
royal private worship. The image smiles with serenity, similar to Sukhothai Buddha image.
8:
3439:
3384:
3299:
3279:
3164:
3154:
3110:
3053:
2157:
1614:
1580:
5th century CE, Hindu god Vishnu, Photograph from the National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.
1576:
1415:
1335:
1319:
1244:
1167:
1119:
1104:
967:
957:
912:
872:
827:
822:
807:
797:
792:
787:
777:
762:
757:
752:
747:
717:
622:
602:
468:
458:
418:
388:
373:
358:
348:
331:
296:
291:
241:
186:
127:
2640:
1545:("opening the portals of Shiva's home") â were recited at this ceremony, as well as the
3429:
3364:
3329:
3264:
3244:
3234:
3194:
3179:
3174:
2613:
2237:
1754:
1443:
1299:
1274:
1239:
1154:
1044:
1034:
1009:
1004:
947:
927:
917:
902:
897:
877:
842:
817:
802:
735:
697:
682:
587:
560:
550:
498:
483:
478:
428:
423:
363:
311:
271:
166:
154:
3494:
3389:
3349:
3324:
3304:
3239:
3214:
3204:
3189:
3063:
3058:
3043:
2849:
2828:
2807:
2617:
2605:
2460:'The Indo-Siam Connect: Tracing the Indian Heritage in Thai Art and Living traditions
2406:
2360:
2274:
2225:
2215:
2089:
1279:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1199:
982:
942:
867:
837:
722:
677:
652:
627:
570:
555:
528:
518:
493:
403:
353:
301:
286:
266:
256:
231:
171:
3309:
3274:
3229:
3224:
3133:
2595:
2266:
2066:
1642:
1435:
1309:
1179:
1089:
632:
597:
545:
540:
533:
446:
413:
316:
206:
2381:
2337:
2258:
1750:. The Brahmins of Myanmar have lost their role due to the abolition of monarchy.
1670:
1610:
1488:
1420:
2270:
1654:
1522:
116:
2600:
2583:
2458:
2229:
3513:
3488:
2609:
2167:
1724:
1472:
108:
1621:
1605:
Second Phase of Vishnu Sculpture from Central Thailand, 7th-8th centuries CE
1487:. Reliefs in temple walls, such as the 12th-century Prasat Sikhoraphum near
3084:
2209:
2070:
1778:
1527:
2525:
Thai King Officially Crowned, Cementing Royal Authority, VOA, May 04, 2019
2259:"IndiaâThailand Cultural Interactions: A Study of Shared Cultural Markers"
3498:
2938:
2918:
2383:
Consider Our Vow: Translation of TiruppÄvai and TiruvempÄvai Into English
2062:
1747:
1731:
1590:
1514:
2862:
2038:
1704:
1589:
Southern and Central Thailand are possibly the earliest regions, where
1533:
1503:
2910:
2666:
2211:
Global Hindu diaspora : historical and contemporary perspectives
1666:
1650:
1646:
1598:
1554:
1419:
influenced by various socioeconomic and political factors. Tamil and
29:
3102:
2954:
2109:
2042:
1743:
1735:
1685:
1584:
1439:
1431:
1387:
1377:
1373:
100:
80:
2558:"Priests Uphold a Uniqueâand RoyalâTradition - The Cambodia Daily"
2125:
1594:
1558:
1492:
1476:
1383:
76:
44:
2776:"Hinduism fastest growing religion in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia"
2991:
2105:
2058:
1700:
1691:
1507:
1496:
1468:
1452:
1447:
1424:
1391:
84:
2678:
1781:
1681:
1484:
1480:
112:
1684:
is the mighty god of destruction of the universe, and sins.
142:
2335:
1464:
2104:
San Phra Kan is a shrine which was dedicated to Hindu God
1723:
Royal Brahmins performing a ceremony, mural painting from
1609:
The human-sized sculpture of the second phase Vishnu with
1557:
as the deity of wealth, fortune and prosperity (a form of
1463:, near Bangkok, is named after Ayodhya, the birthplace of
2964:
2654:
2424:"Hinduism Today | Thailand | July/August/September, 2003"
1622:
Sculptures of Vishnu and Krishna discovered from Sri Thep
1653:, Krishna is portrayed with the left band lifting Mount
1571:
1406:
Ganesha statue at the merumat of king Bhumibol Adulyadej
1665:
After the 13th century CE, the Thais were converted to
2799:
2672:
1660:
2821:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (2011).
2698:"āļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļĢāļāļģāđāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļē āļŦāļĄāļ§āļāļāļēāļĒāļļ āđāļāļĻ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļĢāļāļ"
2770:
2768:
3511:
2803:Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia
2265:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 1â11,
2128:at the Khlong Khuean Ganesh International Park,
1585:Earliest Vishnu Sculpture Discovered in Thailand
2820:
2765:
2748:"Population by religion, region and area, 2015"
2723:"Population by religion, region and area, 2010"
2684:
2207:
1777:. It was built in 1879 by Vaithi Padayatchi, a
1676:
1491:, show a dancing Shiva, with smaller images of
2352:
1506:is a Hindu temple established in 1784 by King
3118:
2878:
2379:
2188:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"
1353:
2800:Kesavapany, K; Mani, A; Ramasamy, P (2008).
1438:, which is a Thai variant of the Hindu epic
2346:
3125:
3111:
2885:
2871:
2841:
2740:
2715:
2660:
2326:, Thailand, Arts & Archaeology Journal
2242:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2023:
1360:
1346:
37:
2599:
2581:
2356:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture
1714:
2892:
2848:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
2827:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
2806:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
2513:āļ āļēāļĢāļāļ°-āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ ? āļāļĩ āļāļĢāļēāļŦāļĄāļāđ āļāļļāļāļ ?
1718:
1690:
1625:
1575:
1401:
2300:"The concept of Garuda in Thai society"
3512:
2515:. āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļŊ : āļĄāļāļīāļāļ, 2560, āļŦāļāđāļē 15
2041:built in 1784, the official center of
1806:
3106:
2866:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2256:
1695:Southern Thailand; Lingam; Sculpture.
1572:Tracing Vishnu Sculptures in Thailand
1537:. It is known that Tamil verses from
3132:
2845:Indian Communities in Southeast Asia
2673:Kesavapany, Mani & Ramasamy 2008
2336:M. E. Manickavasagom Pillai (1986).
2263:India-Thailand Cultural Interactions
2203:
2201:
71:Regions with significant populations
2339:Dravidian Influence in Thai Culture
1969:Future Hindu population of Thailand
1634:, circa 14th century, found at the
13:
2588:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2472:
2442:
1801:
1661:Four-armed Vishnu, 14th century CE
141:
134:
14:
3541:
2250:
2198:
1773:is the first temple built in the
3493:
3484:
3483:
2960:Thai temple art and architecture
2117:
2097:
2078:
2050:
2030:
1949:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1775:South Indian architectural style
1760:
1145:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
217:Democratic Republic of the Congo
59:
58:
28:
2690:
2633:
2624:
2575:
2550:
2529:
2518:
2505:
2416:
2399:
2386:. Muttu Patippakam. p. 13.
2342:. Tamil University. p. 69.
1787:
3451:British Indian Ocean Territory
2793:
2641:"INDIAN COMMUNITY IN THAILAND"
2493:www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in
2390:
2373:
2329:
2317:
2292:
2180:
1:
2842:Sandhu, K S; Mani, A (2006).
2685:Manguin, Mani & Wade 2011
2214:. London . pp. 104â105.
2208:Hiralal Kalpana, ed. (2018).
2173:
1645:is one of the most important
2489:"National Museum, New Delhi"
2092:, Bangkok was built in 1879.
1677:Tracing Shaivism in Thailand
1630:The Sukhothai Vishnu at the
1613:influence was discovered in
7:
2359:. Abhinav. pp. 27â28.
2271:10.1007/978-981-10-3854-9_1
2141:
1746:after the overthrow of the
1444:national emblem of Thailand
1155:Caribbean Madrasi Community
10:
3546:
3525:Hinduism in Southeast Asia
2582:McGovern, Nathan (2017f).
2163:Hinduism in Southeast Asia
2069:, showing remnants of the
1711:has also been discovered.
1414:country, many elements of
1397:
3479:
3438:
3398:
3140:
3072:
3004:
2947:
2909:
2900:
2601:10.1017/S002246341700008X
2562:english.cambodiadaily.com
2086:Mariamman Temple, Bangkok
2016:
1819:â
1771:Mariamman Temple, Bangkok
1636:Sukhothai Historical Park
1434:is based on the Buddhist
95:
90:
75:
70:
57:
52:
36:
27:
3200:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1730:Thailand has two ethnic
1725:Temple of Emerald Buddha
1566:Royal Ploughing Ceremony
202:Central African Republic
3461:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2353:Upendra Thakur (1986).
2024:Hindu sites in Thailand
1632:Bangkok National Museum
1601:schools of Indian Art.
1499:, Brahma, and Ganesha.
3032:Thailand Bible Society
2661:Sandhu & Mani 2006
2380:Norman Cutler (1979).
2037:The front gate of the
1727:
1715:Thai Brahmin community
1696:
1639:
1581:
1430:The popular Thai epic
1407:
768:Bosnia and Herzegovina
146:
139:
1793:Historical Population
1722:
1694:
1629:
1579:
1405:
1135:Saint Kitts and Nevis
369:SÃĢo TomÃĐ and PrÃncipe
222:Republic of the Congo
145:
138:
3530:Religion in Thailand
3520:Hinduism in Thailand
3375:United Arab Emirates
2894:Religion in Thailand
2511:āļāļĄāļāļĪāļ āļāļļāđāļĒāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļ.
2257:Ghosh, Lipi (2017),
2153:Hinduism in Cambodia
2148:Religion in Thailand
1519:Triyampavai-Tripavai
708:United Arab Emirates
3402:limited recognition
3080:Freedom of religion
2158:Hinduism in Myanmar
1971:
1794:
1547:coronation ceremony
1456:(mount) of Vishnu.
1150:Trinidad and Tobago
1075:Antigua and Barbuda
128:Hinduism by country
24:
2537:"The new Brahmins"
2430:on 30 October 2006
1967:
1792:
1755:Damrong Rajanubhab
1728:
1697:
1667:Theravada Buddhism
1640:
1582:
1543:poet pratu sivalai
1517:ceremony known as
1408:
1100:Dominican Republic
147:
140:
47:shrine in Thailand
18:
3507:
3506:
3444:other territories
3134:Hinduism in Asia
3100:
3099:
3064:Yao folk religion
3059:Tai folk religion
3000:
2999:
2987:Supreme Patriarch
2855:978-981-230-418-6
2834:978-981-4345-10-1
2813:978-981-230-799-6
2366:978-81-7017-207-9
2280:978-981-10-3853-2
2221:978-1-138-09547-2
2124:Bronze statue of
2021:
2020:
1981:Hindu population
1978:Total Population
1957:
1956:
1867:
1866:
1475:, and statues of
1412:Buddhist-majority
1370:
1369:
237:Equatorial Guinea
122:
121:
3537:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3456:Christmas Island
3142:Sovereign states
3127:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3103:
2907:
2906:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2838:
2817:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2700:. Archived from
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2603:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2426:. Archived from
2420:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2302:. Archived from
2296:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2121:
2101:
2082:
2054:
2034:
1972:
1966:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1935:
1920:
1919:
1904:
1903:
1869:
1868:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1489:Surin (Thailand)
1436:Dasaratha Jataka
1362:
1355:
1348:
1220:Papua New Guinea
1190:Marshall Islands
973:Northern Ireland
124:
123:
62:
61:
53:Total population
41:
32:
25:
17:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3475:
3443:
3434:
3415:Northern Cyprus
3401:
3394:
3136:
3131:
3101:
3096:
3068:
3005:Other religions
2996:
2970:List of temples
2943:
2896:
2891:
2856:
2835:
2814:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2351:
2347:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2255:
2251:
2235:
2234:
2222:
2206:
2199:
2192:pewresearch.org
2186:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2113:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2074:
2055:
2046:
2035:
2026:
1790:
1763:
1717:
1709:Swayambhulingam
1679:
1663:
1624:
1607:
1587:
1574:
1400:
1366:
1330:
1329:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1230:Solomon Islands
1170:
1160:
1159:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1000:
990:
989:
893:North Macedonia
738:
728:
727:
449:
439:
438:
157:
107:
103:
99:
48:
23:ChÄw tháŧy áļĨindÅŦ
22:
20:
12:
11:
5:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2764:
2739:
2714:
2689:
2687:, p. 475.
2677:
2675:, p. 673.
2665:
2663:, p. 978.
2653:
2632:
2623:
2594:(2): 283â303.
2574:
2549:
2528:
2517:
2504:
2471:
2441:
2415:
2411:978-1598843309
2398:
2389:
2372:
2365:
2345:
2328:
2316:
2291:
2279:
2249:
2220:
2197:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1762:
1759:
1716:
1713:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1659:
1623:
1620:
1606:
1603:
1586:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1525:Hindu chants:
1523:Tamil language
1471:at the famous
1427:in the 1890s.
1399:
1396:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
996:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
963:United Kingdom
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
668:Southeast Asia
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
584:
583:
578:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
537:
536:
531:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
340:
339:
337:Western Sahara
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
158:
153:
152:
149:
148:
131:
130:
120:
119:
93:
92:
88:
87:
73:
72:
68:
67:
55:
54:
50:
49:
42:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3542:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:South Ossetia
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Protestantism
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:Buddha images
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Dhammayuttika
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2749:
2743:
2724:
2718:
2704:on 2013-07-28
2703:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2306:on 2019-03-24
2305:
2301:
2295:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2168:Greater India
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2130:Khlong Khuean
2127:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1761:Indian Hindus
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:) are found.
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Erawan Shrine
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:French Guiana
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:South America
1254:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:New Caledonia
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1050:United States
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:North America
994:
993:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Liechtenstein
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
732:
731:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
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285:
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280:
278:
277:Guinea-Bissau
275:
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260:
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250:
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82:
78:
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69:
65:
56:
51:
46:
40:
35:
31:
26:
16:
3440:Dependencies
3370:Turkmenistan
3359:
3335:Saudi Arabia
3090:
3085:Spirit house
3073:Other topics
3038:
3012:Christianity
2948:Other topics
2844:
2823:
2802:
2779:. Retrieved
2755:. Retrieved
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2702:the original
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2566:. Retrieved
2564:. 2005-10-31
2561:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2531:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:
2464:, retrieved
2459:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2418:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2375:
2355:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:the original
2294:
2284:, retrieved
2262:
2252:
2210:
2191:
2182:
2134:Chachoengsao
2073:in Thailand.
2071:Khmer Empire
1968:
1962:
1958:
1788:Demographics
1768:
1764:
1752:
1741:
1729:
1708:
1705:Mukha Lingam
1698:
1680:
1664:
1641:
1608:
1588:
1563:
1542:
1539:Tiruvempavai
1538:
1532:
1528:Tiruvempavai
1526:
1518:
1512:
1501:
1458:
1451:
1429:
1416:Thai culture
1409:
1372:
1371:
703:Turkmenistan
692:
658:Saudi Arabia
394:South Africa
384:Sierra Leone
182:Burkina Faso
104:
96:
63:
15:
3499:Asia portal
3400:States with
3320:Philippines
3260:South Korea
3255:North Korea
3150:Afghanistan
3017:Catholicism
2980:Art history
2939:Santi Asoke
2934:KammaáđáđhÄna
2919:Maha Nikaya
2794:Works cited
2434:3 September
2324:Sikhoraphum
2063:Phanom Rung
2006:65,940,494
1992:68,438,748
1984:Percentage
1784:immigrant.
1748:Khmer Rouge
1671:Sukhothai's
1615:Sri Mahosot
1591:Vaishnavism
1515:Giant Swing
1210:New Zealand
1140:Saint Lucia
1130:Puerto Rico
1020:El Salvador
953:Switzerland
888:Netherlands
648:Philippines
581:South Korea
576:North Korea
454:Afghanistan
399:South Sudan
282:Ivory Coast
43:A roadside
21:āļāļēāļ§āđāļāļĒāļŪāļīāļāļāļđ
19:Thai Hindus
3514:Categories
3380:Uzbekistan
3355:Tajikistan
3270:Kyrgyzstan
3250:Kazakhstan
3170:Bangladesh
3160:Azerbaijan
2929:Dhammakaya
2708:2020-03-04
2568:2022-09-02
2498:2023-04-13
2466:2023-04-13
2413:, page 892
2310:2020-03-04
2286:2021-01-04
2230:1006399028
2174:References
2045:in Bangkok
2039:Devasathan
1753:Historian
1655:Govardhana
1534:Tiruppavai
1513:An annual
1504:Devasathan
1195:Micronesia
1125:Martinique
1110:Guadeloupe
1015:Costa Rica
923:San Marino
883:Montenegro
863:Luxembourg
713:Uzbekistan
688:Tajikistan
593:Kyrgyzstan
566:Kazakhstan
504:East Timor
474:Bangladesh
464:Azerbaijan
379:Seychelles
344:Mozambique
322:Mauritania
307:Madagascar
197:Cape Verde
3466:Hong Kong
3420:Palestine
3345:Sri Lanka
3340:Singapore
3220:Indonesia
3027:Orthodoxy
2911:Theravada
2618:164289155
2610:0022-4634
2238:cite book
1878:Increase
1651:Tribhanga
1647:Dvaravati
1599:Amaravati
1555:Nang Kwak
1551:Thai king
1461:Ayutthaya
1459:The city
1336:Full list
1325:Venezuela
1265:Argentina
1175:Australia
1063:Caribbean
1040:Nicaragua
1025:Guatemala
858:Lithuania
813:Gibraltar
673:Sri Lanka
663:Singapore
643:Palestine
524:Indonesia
514:Hong Kong
327:Mauritius
91:Languages
3489:Category
3410:Abkhazia
3360:Thailand
3315:Pakistan
3295:Mongolia
3290:Maldives
3285:Malaysia
3185:Cambodia
3039:Hinduism
2955:Mahayana
2902:Buddhism
2142:See also
2110:Lop Buri
2043:Hinduism
2017:Source:
2009:131,881
1875:Percent
1744:Cambodia
1736:Buddhist
1686:Shaivism
1643:Sri Thep
1446:depicts
1440:Ramayana
1432:Ramakien
1421:Gujarati
1388:Chonburi
1378:Thailand
1374:Hinduism
1315:Suriname
1305:Paraguay
1285:Colombia
1185:Kiribati
1095:Dominica
1085:Barbados
1070:Anguilla
1030:Honduras
978:Scotland
938:Slovenia
933:Slovakia
908:Portugal
773:Bulgaria
693:Thailand
638:Pakistan
618:Mongolia
613:Maldives
608:Malaysia
489:Cambodia
434:Zimbabwe
409:Tanzania
252:Ethiopia
247:Eswatini
227:Djibouti
192:Cameroon
177:Botswana
105:Majority
101:Sanskrit
81:Chonburi
3385:Vietnam
3300:Myanmar
3280:Lebanon
3210:Georgia
3165:Bahrain
3155:Armenia
3054:Sikhism
3049:Judaism
2781:2 March
2757:2 March
2732:2 March
2646:3 March
2542:4 March
2126:Ganesha
2090:Bangrak
2067:Buriram
1995:68,439
1953:+0.09%
1937:-0.01%
1921:-0.03%
1905:-0.03%
1863:+507.8%
1611:Pallava
1595:Mathura
1559:Lakshmi
1549:of the
1493:Parvati
1477:Ganesha
1398:History
1384:Bangkok
1320:Uruguay
1290:Ecuador
1270:Bolivia
1245:Vanuatu
1168:Oceania
1120:Jamaica
1105:Grenada
1080:Bahamas
968:England
958:Ukraine
913:Romania
873:Moldova
833:Ireland
828:Iceland
823:Hungary
808:Germany
798:Finland
793:Estonia
788:Denmark
783:Czechia
778:Croatia
763:Belgium
758:Belarus
753:Austria
748:Andorra
743:Albania
718:Vietnam
623:Myanmar
603:Lebanon
509:Georgia
469:Bahrain
459:Armenia
419:Tunisia
389:Somalia
374:Senegal
359:Nigeria
349:Namibia
332:Morocco
297:Liberia
292:Lesotho
242:Eritrea
212:Comoros
187:Burundi
162:Algeria
77:Bangkok
45:Ganesha
3430:Taiwan
3365:Turkey
3330:Russia
3265:Kuwait
3245:Jordan
3235:Israel
3195:Cyprus
3180:Brunei
3175:Bhutan
2992:Maechi
2852:
2831:
2810:
2616:
2608:
2409:
2363:
2277:
2228:
2218:
2106:Vishnu
2059:Lingam
1945:0.10%
1929:0.02%
1913:0.03%
1897:0.06%
1886:0.09%
1860:84,400
1852:â37.2%
1849:13,886
1841:â47.1%
1838:22,110
1830:â20.6%
1827:41,808
1816:52,631
1701:lingam
1508:Rama I
1497:Vishnu
1483:, and
1469:Brahma
1453:vahana
1450:, the
1448:Garuda
1442:. The
1425:Punjab
1392:Phuket
1390:, and
1300:Guyana
1275:Brazil
1240:Tuvalu
1045:Panama
1035:Mexico
1010:Canada
1005:Belize
948:Sweden
928:Serbia
918:Russia
903:Poland
898:Norway
878:Monaco
848:Latvia
843:Kosovo
818:Greece
803:France
736:Europe
698:Turkey
683:Taiwan
588:Kuwait
561:Jordan
551:Israel
499:Cyprus
484:Brunei
479:Bhutan
429:Zambia
424:Uganda
364:Rwanda
312:Malawi
272:Guinea
262:Gambia
167:Angola
155:Africa
97:Sacred
85:Phuket
66:(0.1%)
64:84,400
3471:Macau
3390:Yemen
3350:Syria
3325:Qatar
3305:Nepal
3240:Japan
3215:India
3205:Egypt
3190:China
3044:Islam
2753:. NSO
2751:(PDF)
2728:. NSO
2726:(PDF)
2614:S2CID
2012:0.2%
2003:2050
1998:0.1%
1989:2014
1975:Year
1942:2020
1926:2018
1910:2015
1894:2010
1883:2005
1872:Year
1782:Hindu
1779:Tamil
1682:Shiva
1485:Shiva
1481:Indra
1280:Chile
1235:Tonga
1225:Samoa
1215:Palau
1200:Nauru
1115:Haiti
983:Wales
943:Spain
868:Malta
838:Italy
723:Yemen
678:Syria
653:Qatar
628:Nepal
571:Korea
556:Japan
519:India
494:China
404:Sudan
354:Niger
302:Libya
287:Kenya
267:Ghana
257:Gabon
232:Egypt
172:Benin
117:Tamil
113:Hindi
3310:Oman
3275:Laos
3230:Iraq
3225:Iran
3091:more
2850:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2783:2020
2759:2020
2734:2020
2648:2020
2606:ISSN
2544:2020
2436:2006
2407:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2244:link
2226:OCLC
2216:ISBN
2057:The
1857:2020
1846:2018
1835:2015
1824:2010
1813:2005
1802:Pop.
1798:Year
1769:The
1732:Thai
1597:and
1531:and
1502:The
1465:Rama
1310:Peru
1180:Fiji
1090:Cuba
633:Oman
598:Laos
546:Iraq
541:Iran
534:Java
529:Bali
447:Asia
414:Togo
317:Mali
207:Chad
109:Thai
83:and
3442:and
2965:Wat
2596:doi
2267:doi
2108:in
2088:in
2065:in
2061:at
1376:in
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