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antagonising other tribes. This culminated into the split of the party into the MNC-Lumumba/MNC-L under
Lumumba and the MNC-Kalonji/MNC-K under Kalonji and Iléo. The latter began advocating federalism. Adoula left the organisation. Alone to lead his own faction and facing competition from ABAKO, Lumumba became increasingly insistent in his demands for independence. Following an October riot in Stanleyville he was arrested. Nevertheless, the influence of himself and the MNC-L continued to grow rapidly. The party advocated for a strong unitary state, nationalism, and the termination of Belgian rule and began forming alliances with regional groups, such as the Kivu-based Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA). Though the Belgians supported a unitary system over the federal models suggested by ABAKO and CONAKAT, they and more moderate Congolese were unnerved by Lumumba's increasingly extremist attitudes. With the implicit support of the colonial administration, the moderates formed the Parti National du Progrès (PNP) under the leadership of
1006:, and under his leadership, it became increasingly hostile to the colonial authority and sought autonomy for the Kongo regions in the Lower Congo. In 1956 a group of Congolese intellectuals under the tutelage of several European academics issued a manifesto calling for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years. The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for "immediate independence". The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence and even when it started realizing the necessity of a plan for decolonization in 1957, it was assumed that such a process would be solidly controlled by Belgium. In December 1957 the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties. Some Belgian parties attempted to establish branches in the colony, but these were largely ignored by the population in favour of Congolese-initiated groups.
157:
2013:
1541:(AFDL). The AFDL, now seeking the broader goal of ousting Mobutu, made significant military gains in early 1997. Various Zairean politicians who had unsuccessfully opposed the dictatorship of Mobutu for many years now saw an opportunity for them in the invasion of Zaire by two of the region's strongest military forces. Following failed peace talks between Mobutu and Kabila in May 1997, Mobutu left the country on 16 May. The AFDL entered Kinshasa unopposed a day later, and Kabila named himself president, reverting the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He marched into Kinshasa on 20 May and consolidated power around himself and the AFDL.
1269:), capital of Katanga. In full view of the press he was beaten and forced to eat copies of his own speeches. For three weeks afterward, he was not seen or heard from. Then Katangan radio announced implausibly that he had escaped and been killed by villagers. It was soon clear that in fact he had been tortured and killed along with two others shortly after his arrival. In 2001, a Belgian inquiry established that he had been shot by Katangan gendarmes in the presence of Belgian officers, under Katangan command. Lumumba was beaten, placed in front of a firing squad with two allies, cut up, buried, dug up and what remained was dissolved in acid.
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1845:(FIB), which was the first UN peacekeeping force with a mandate to neutralize opposition rather than a defensive mandate, and the FIB quickly defeated M23. The FIB was then to fight the FDLR but were hampered by the efforts of the Congolese government, who some believe tolerate the FDLR as a counterweight to Rwandan interests. Since 2017, fighters from M23, most of whom had fled into Uganda and Rwanda (both were believed to have supported them), started crossing back into DRC with the rising crisis over Kabila's extension of his term limit.
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2120:(ADF), mostly active in North and South Kivu has also been involved in Ituri province. President Tshisekedi declared a "state of siege" or state of emergency in the province in May 2021 to tackle ADF. However, ADF killed 57 civilians in one attack in the same month in one of its deadliest single attacks. 30 people were massacred in September 2021 by the ADF. The President is accused of promoting former rebel leaders and generals accused of war crimes to be in charge of the province.
1872:, a cattle herding group of Rwandan origin derided as outsiders, and other ethnic groups who consider themselves indigenous. Additionally, neighboring Burundi and Rwanda, who have a thorny relationship, are accused of being involved, with Rwanda accused of training Burundi rebels who have joined with Mai Mai against the Banyamulenge and the Banyamulenge is accused of harboring the RNC, a Rwandan opposition group supported by Burundi. In June 2017, the group was formed called the
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1990:, rose up into militias, such as the "Perci" militia, and attacked Luba villages. A Luba militia known as "Elements" or "Elema" attacked back, notably killing at least 30 people in the "Vumilia 1" displaced people camp in April 2015. Since the start of the conflict, hundreds have been killed and tens of thousands have been displaced from their homes. The weapons used in the conflict are often arrows and axes, rather than guns.
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legislators, gaining the support of almost 400 out of 500 members of the
National Assembly. The pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament were forced out. In April 2021, the new government was formed without the supporters of Kabila. President Felix Tshisekedi succeeded to oust the last remaining elements of his government who were loyal to former leader Joseph Kabila. In January 2021, DRC's President
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by regional governments interested in
Eastern Congo's vast mineral wealth. Some argue that much of the lack of security by the national army is strategic on the part of the government, who let the army profit from illegal logging and mining operations in return for loyalty. Different rebel groups often target civilians by ethnicity and militias often become oriented around ethnic local militias known as "
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1239:. UN forces were ordered to block any shipments of arms into the country. The United States also looked for a way to replace Lumumba as leader. President Kasavubu had clashed with Prime Minister Lumumba and advocated an alliance with the West rather than the Soviets. The U.S. sent weapons and CIA personnel to aid forces allied with Kasavubu and combat the Soviet presence.
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their homes. Police arrested anyone remotely connected to the opposition as well as innocent onlookers. Government propaganda, on television, and actions of covert government groups in the streets, acted against opposition as well as foreigners. The president's mandate was due to end on 19 December 2016, but no plans were made to elect a replacement at that time and this
899:. The interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied; the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers imposed by the indigenous population. The country was split into nesting, hierarchically organized administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (
1300:. Congolese government forces, supported by European mercenaries, fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965. The Simba rebels executed 20,000 Congolese and 392 Western hostages, including 268 Belgians, during the rebellion. Tens of thousands of people were killed in total during the suppression of the Simbas.
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meeting" would be authorised. On the scheduled day of the rally the ABAKO leadership told the crowd that had gathered that the event was postponed and that they should disperse. The mass was infuriated and instead began hurling stones at the police and pillaging
European property, initiating three days of
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also favored the Hema. While "Ituri conflict" often refers to the major fighting from 1999 to 2003, fighting has existed before and continues since that time. During the Second
Congolese Civil War, Ituri was considered the most violent region. An agricultural and religious group from the Lendu people
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Kamwina Nsapu militia led by
Kamwina Nsapu attacked state institutions. The leader was killed by authorities in August 2016 and the militia reportedly took revenge by attacking civilians. By June 2017, more than 3,300 people had been killed and 20 villages have been completely destroyed, half of them
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Clashes between Hutu militias and militias of other ethnic groups has also been prominent. In 2012, the
Congolese army in its attempt to crush the Rwandan backed and Tutsi-dominated CNDP and M23 rebels, empowered and used Hutu groups such as the FDLR and a Hutu dominated MaĂŻ MaĂŻ Nyatura as proxies in
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Fearing that they were being overshadowed by
Lumumba and the MNC, Kasa-Vubu and the ABAKO leadership announced that they would be hosting their own rally in the capital on 4 January 1959. The municipal government (under Belgian domination) was given short notice, and communicated that only a "private
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The inability of the state and the world's largest United
Nations peacekeeping force to provide security throughout the vast country has led to the emergence of up to 120 armed groups by 2018, perhaps the largest number in the world. Armed groups are often accused of being proxies or being supported
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of the Lower Congo. However, they were restricted in their actions by the administration. While white settlers were consulted in the appointment of certain officials, the
Congolese had no means of expressing their beliefs through the governing structures. Though native chiefs held legal authority in
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led to the arrest and punishment of white officials who had been responsible for cold-blooded killings during a rubber-collecting expedition in 1900, including a Belgian national who caused the shooting of at least 122 Congolese natives. Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably. The first
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Similarly, in September 2016, violent protests were met with brutal force by the police and Republican Guard soldiers. Opposition groups claim 80 dead, including the Students' Union leader. From Monday 19 September Kinshasa residents, as well as residents elsewhere in Congo, were mostly confined to
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The response of the international community has been incommensurate with the scale of the disaster resulting from the war in the Congo. Its support for political and diplomatic efforts to end the war has been relatively consistent, but it has taken no effective steps to abide by repeated pledges to
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Hutu militia forces soon allied with the Zairian armed forces (FAZ) to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire. In turn, these Tutsis formed a militia to defend themselves against attacks. When the Zairian government began to escalate the massacres in November 1996, Tutsi
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In 1960, the country was very unstable—regional tribal leaders held far more power than the central government—and with the departure of the Belgian administrators, almost no skilled bureaucrats remained in the country. The first Congolese graduated from university only in 1956, and very few in the
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s were concerned only with social inequalities and their treatment by the Belgians. Questions of self-government were not considered until 1954 when ABAKO requested that the administration consider a list of suggested candidates for a LĂ©opoldville municipal post. That year the association was taken
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class institutionally manifested itself in elite clubs through which they could enjoy trivial privileges that made them feel distinct from the Congolese "masses". Additional groups, such as labor unions, alumni associations, and ethnic syndicates, provided other Congolese the means of organization.
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and the U.N. Secretary-General have frequently denounced human rights abuses and the humanitarian disaster that the war unleashed on the local population, but have shown little will to tackle the responsibility of occupying powers for the atrocities taking place in areas under their control, areas
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rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. As the Congolese government was reclaiming territory from the Simbas, the rebels resorted to taking the local white population hostage. Belgian and American forces pushed
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s. Popular opinion in Belgium was one of extreme shock and surprise. An investigative commission found the riots to be the culmination of racial discrimination, overcrowding, unemployment, and wishes for more political self-determination. On 13 January the administration announced several reforms,
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the country, changing his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga, and demanded that African citizens change their Western names to traditional African names. Mobutu sought to repress any opposition to his rule, which he successfully did throughout the 1980s. However, with his regime
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Mai-Mai leaders from groups such as Corps du Christ and Mai-Mai Mazembe. Another alliance of Mai-Mai groups is CMC which brings together Hutu militia Nyatura and are active along the border between North Kivu and South Kivu. In September 2019, the army declared it had killed Sylvestre Mudacumura,
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was set up, a colonial army with white officers and black soldiers. In 1886, Leopold made Camille Jansen the first Belgian governor-general of Congo. Over the late 19th century, various Christian (including Catholic and Protestant) missionaries arrived intending to convert the local population. A
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suffered the most intensive enslavement. Over a strip of coastline about 400 kilometres (250 mi) long, about 4 million people were enslaved and sent across the Atlantic to sugar plantations in Brazil, the US and the Caribbean. From 1780 onwards, there was a higher demand for slaves in the US
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The political allies of former president Joseph Kabila, who stepped down in January 2019, maintained control of key ministries, the legislature, judiciary and security services. However, President Felix Tshisekedi succeeded to strengthen his hold on power. In a series of moves, he won over more
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Meanwhile, discontent surfaced among the MNC leadership, who were bothered by Lumumba's domination over the party's politics. Relations between Lumumba and Kalonji also grew tense, as the former was upset with how the latter was transforming the Kasai branch into an exclusively Luba group and
1571:. They attacked in August 1998, backed by Rwandan and Ugandan troops. Soon afterwards, Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe became involved militarily in the Congo, with Angola and Zimbabwe supporting the government. While the six African governments involved in the war signed a ceasefire accord in
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reported that returns from almost 2,000 polling stations in areas where support for Tshisekedi was strong had been lost and not included in the official results. They described the election as lacking credibility. On 20 December, Kabila was sworn in for a second term, promising to invest in
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s began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial Congolese state. Nevertheless, most political mobilisation occurred along tribal and regional divisions. In Katanga, various tribal groups came together to form the
2165:, a few weeks before the Presidential election, when mostly those of the Batende tribe massacred mostly those of the Banunu tribe. About 16,000 fled to neighboring Republic of the Congo. It was alleged that it was a carefully planned massacre, involving elements of the national military.
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also involved in the violence. After disagreements over negotiating with the government and the killing of CODECO's leader, Ngudjolo Duduko Justin, in March 2020, the group splintered and violence spread into new areas. In late 2020, CODECO briefly held the capital of the province,
1109:, the colonial army, was called into service and suppressed the revolt with considerable brutality. In wake of the riots Kasa-Vubu and his lieutenants were arrested. Unlike earlier expressions of discontent, the grievances were conveyed primarily by uneducated urban residents, not
1856:, in the first such declaration since the country's independence. The military and police took over positions from civilian authorities and some saw it as a powerplay since the civilian officials were part of the opposition to the President. A similar declaration was avoided for
1822:(Congolese Tutsis). In 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government where its soldiers would be integrated into the national army.
1593:(RCD) control a large section of the east; and government forces or their allies hold the west and south of the country. There were reports that the conflict is being prolonged as a cover for extensive looting of the substantial natural resources in the country, including
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sent 20,000 peacekeepers to protect Europeans in the country and try to restore order. Western paramilitaries and mercenaries, often hired by mining companies to protect their interests, also began to pour into the country. In this period Congo's second richest province,
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Few people in the Congo have been unaffected by the conflict. A survey conducted in 2009 by the ICRC and Ipsos shows that three-quarters (76%) of the people interviewed have been affected in some way–either personally or due to the wider consequences of armed conflict.
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Following the riots in Leopoldville (4–7 January 1959) and in Stanleyville (31 October 1959), the Belgians realised they could not maintain control of such a vast country in the face of rising demands for independence. Belgian and Congolese political leaders held a
1753:, Tshisekedi had a clear lead in his run for a second term. On 31 December 2023, officials said that President Felix Tshisekedi had been re-elected with 73% of the vote. Nine opposition candidates signed a declaration rejecting the election and called for a rerun.
1665:. Sixteen people died before policemen and MONUC took control of the city. A new election was held on 29 October 2006, which Kabila won with 70% of the vote. Bemba has decried election "irregularities". On 6 December 2006 Joseph Kabila was sworn in as president.
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census was only done in 1924, so it is even more difficult to quantify the population loss of the period. Roger Casement's famous 1904 report estimated ten million people. According to Casement's report, indiscriminate "war", starvation, reduction of births and
1876:(CNPSC) or Alliance of Article 64, a reference to Article 64 of the constitution, which says the people have an obligation to fight the efforts of those who seek to take power by force, in reference to President Kabila. It is one of three alliances of various
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in 2006. Joseph Kabila quickly sought peace. Foreign soldiers remained in the Congo for a few years and a power-sharing government between Joseph Kabila and the opposition party was set up. Joseph Kabila later resumed complete control over the Congo and was
1944:
in 2016. While the Congolese army maintains that the ADF is an Islamist insurgency, most observers feel that they are only a criminal group interested in gold mining and logging. In March 2021, the United States claimed that the ADF was linked to the
1065:(MNC). Diverse in membership, the party sought to peacefully achieve Congolese independence, promote the political education of the populace, and eliminate regionalism. The MNC drew most of its membership from the residents of the eastern city of
1446:
In 1992, after previous similar attempts, the long-promised Sovereign National Conference was staged, encompassing over 2,000 representatives from various political parties. The conference gave itself a legislative mandate and elected Archbishop
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was built in the 1890s. Reports of widespread murder, torture, and other abuses in the rubber plantations led to international and Belgian outrage and the Belgian government transferred control of the region from Leopold II and established the
1993:
Elema also began fighting the government mainly with machetes, bows and arrows in Congo's Haut Katanga and Tanganyika provinces. The government forces fought alongside a tribe known as the Abatembo and targeting civilians of the Luba and the
1415:
came to a close, internal and external pressures on Mobutu increased. In late 1989 and early 1990, Mobutu was weakened by a series of domestic protests, by heightened international criticism of his regime's human rights practices, by a
4439:"DRC aid workers in record appeal for Kasai conflict victims: More than 10 million people in central Democratic Republic of the Congo's Kasai region will need aid in 2018, NGOs warn, in the largest funding appeal in country's history"
1586:. Upon taking office, Kabila called for multilateral peace talks to end the war. Kabila partly succeeded when a further peace deal was brokered between him, Uganda, and Rwanda leading to the apparent withdrawal of foreign troops.
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broke out, resulting in a regional war in which many different African nations took part and in which millions of people were killed or displaced. Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated by his own bodyguard in 2001, and his son,
1613:, lasted a full six weeks, beginning in April 2002. In June, they signed a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. By June 2003, all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo.
495:
controlled much of western and central Africa including what is now the western portion of the DR Congo between the 14th and the early 19th centuries. At its peak it had many as 500,000 people, and its capital was known as
845:
caused the country's depopulation. European and U.S. press agencies exposed the conditions in the Congo Free State to the public in 1900. By 1908 public and diplomatic pressure had led Leopold II to annex the Congo as the
1027:. Hostile to immigrant peoples, it advocated provincial autonomy and close ties with Belgium. Most of its support was rooted in individual chiefs, businessmen, and European settlers of southern Katanga. It was opposed by
1578:
Kabila was assassinated in 2001 by a bodyguard called Rashidi Kasereka, 18, who was then shot dead, according to Justice Minister Mwenze Kongolo. Another account of the assassination says that the real killer escaped.
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1901:
its fight. The Nyatura and FDLR even arbitrarily executed up to 264 mostly Tembo civilians in 2012. In 2015, the army then launched an offensive against the FDLR militia. The FDLR and Nyatura were accused of killing
1557:
1455:, leader of the UDPS, as prime minister. By the end of the year Mobutu had created a rival government with its own prime minister. The ensuing stalemate produced a compromise merger of the two governments into the
1609:. The conflict was reignited in January 2002 by ethnic clashes in the northeast and both Uganda and Rwanda then halted their withdrawal and sent in more troops. Talks between Kabila and the rebel leaders, held in
1562:
Kabila demonstrated little ability to manage the problems of his country, and lost his allies. To counterbalance the power and influence of Rwanda in DRC, Ugandan troops created another rebel movement called the
1896:
and Banyindu are estimated to have burnt more than 100, mostly Banyamulenge, villages and stole tens of thousands of cattle from the largely cattle-herding Banyamulenge. About 200,000 people fled their homes.
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as his chief of staff. In June 2020, chief of staff Vital Kamerhe was found guilty of embezzling public funds and he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. However, Kamerhe was released in December 2021.
508:). In the late 15th century, Portuguese sailors arrived in the Kingdom of Kongo, and this led to a period of great prosperity and consolidation, with the king's power being founded on Portuguese trade.
1888:. was formed and even briefly capturing a few strategic towns. In May 2019, Banyamulenge fighters killed a Banyindu traditional chief, Kawaza Nyakwana. Later in 2019, a coalition of militias from the
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s. Forming an African middle class in the colony, they held skilled positions (such as clerks and nurses) made available by the economic boom. While there were no universal criteria for determining
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1250:. Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasavubu who publicly blamed him for the massacres in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country. On 14 September 1960, with
5562:
1089:, Ghana, in December 1958 (Kasa-Vubu was informed that the documents necessary for his travel to the event were not in order and was not permitted to go). Lumumba was deeply impressed by the
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and returned to the Congo with a more radical party programme. He reported on his trip during a widely attended rally in LĂ©opoldville and demanded the country's "genuine" independence.
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which lasted from 31 March 1961 until it was reintegrated on 5 August 1961. After some reverses, UN and Congolese government forces succeeded in recapturing the breakaway provinces of
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infrastructure and public services. However, Tshisekedi maintained that the result of the election was illegitimate and said that he intended also to "swear himself in" as president.
1697:. The protests began following the announcement of a proposed law that would allow Kabila to remain in power until a national census can be conducted (elections had been planned for
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1917:, are accused of attacking Hutus. In North Kivu, in 2017, an alliance of Mai-Mai groups called the National Movement of Revolutionaries (MNR) began attacks in June 2017 includes
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976:, it was generally accepted that one would have "a good knowledge of French, adhere to Christianity, and have some form of post-primary education." Early on in their history,
595:. Lumumba was handed over to the Katangan government and executed in 1961. The secessionist movements were later defeated by the Congolese government as were the Soviet-backed
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took 45% of the votes and his opponent Jean-Pierre Bemba 20%. That was the origin of a fight between the two parties from 20 to 22 August 2006 in the streets of the capital,
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543:. However, de facto control of such a huge area took decades to achieve. Many outposts were built to extend the power of the state over such a vast territory. In 1885, the
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836:. Under Leopold II, the Congo Free State became one of the most infamous international scandals of the turn of the twentieth century. The report of the British Consul
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s sought to use their unique status to earn special privileges in the Congo. Since opportunities for upward mobility through the colonial structure were limited, the
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1510:-led government had been using Hutu refugee camps in eastern Zaire as bases for incursions into Rwanda. In October 1996 Rwandan forces attacked refugee camps in the
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1130:. It advocated centralisation, respect for traditional elements, and close ties with Belgium. In southern LĂ©opoldville Province, a socialist-federalist party, the
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1701:). By Wednesday 21 January clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives (although the government claimed only 15 people had been killed).
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512:(1506–1543) had raids carried out on neighboring districts in response to Portuguese requests for slaves. After his death, the kingdom underwent a deep crisis.
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3247:"Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers: President Laurent Kabila's blind faith in his teenage warriors was a fatal error"
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1343:" in 1971 and required citizens to adopt African names and drop their French-language ones. The name comes from Portuguese, adapted from the Kongo word
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known as the "Cooperative for the Development of Congo" or CODECO allegedly reemerged as a militia in 2017 and began attacking the Hema as well as the
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The Tutsi militia was soon joined by various opposition groups and supported by several countries, including Rwanda and Uganda. This coalition, led by
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Currently, the Ugandans and the MLC still hold a 200-mile (320 km) wide section of the north of the country; Rwandan forces and its front, the
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Forbath, Peter (1977). The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers. Harper & Row. p. 19.
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invasions into the southeast Shaba region. These rebels were driven out with the aid of French and Belgian paratroopers plus Moroccan troops. An
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as prime minister. Although presidential and legislative elections were scheduled repeatedly over the next two years, they never took place.
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existed from the 14th to the early 19th century. Until the arrival of the Portuguese it was the dominant force in the region along with the
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which led to more people being enslaved. By 1780, more than 15,000 people were shipped annually from the Loango Coast, north of the Congo.
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head of the FDLR, and in November that year the army declared it had killed Juvenal Musabimana, who had led a splinter group of the FDLR.
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where the worst violence in the country took place. In particular Rwanda and Uganda have escaped any significant sanction for their role.
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formally relinquished personal control of the Congo Free State. The renamed Belgian Congo was put under the direct administration of the
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was re-elected for a second term as president. After the results were announced on 9 December, there was violent unrest in Kinshasa and
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1950:
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832:, a non-governmental organization. Leopold was the sole shareholder and chairman. The state included the entire area of the present
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2059:, constituting people from the Chokwe, Pende, and Tetela, have committed ethnically motivated attacks against the Luba and Lulua.
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and of burning their houses. The Nande-dominate UPDI militia, a Nande militia called Mai-Mai Mazembe and a militia dominated by
1184:(Moyen Congo) also chose the name Republic of the Congo upon its independence, so the two countries were more commonly known as
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occurred from approximately 1500 to 1850, with the entire west coast of Africa targeted, but the region around the mouth of the
484:, approximately 90,000 years ago. The first real states, such as the Kongo, the Lunda, the Luba and Kuba, appeared south of the
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as the winner of the vote. He was officially sworn in as president on 24 January 2019. in the ceremony of taking of the office
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612:
weakened in the 1990s, Mobutu was forced to agree to a power-sharing government with the opposition party. Mobutu remained the
274:
907:
whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. There was also a high degree of
6838:
4887:
4864:
4745:
4722:
3800:
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2907:
2438:
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used by the U.S. nuclear programme during World War II was Congolese—led to substantial interest in the region from both the
92:
6499:
2943:
2346:
1946:
1564:
1165:
833:
3848:
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1931:
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with free elections and a constitution. As details of the reforms were delayed, soldiers in September 1991 began looting
485:
4341:
3111:
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ethnic groups, who together made up around 40% of Ituri's population, with other groups including the Ndo-Okebo and the
6833:
5570:
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3175:
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3011:
2486:
2012:
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in July 2003 until the election was over. A constitution was approved by voters and on 30 July 2006 the Congo held its
1404:
in the 1980s. Although Mobutu successfully maintained control during this period, opposition parties, most notably the
1082:
288:
2113:, but retreated. In June 2019, attacks by CODECO led to 240 people being killed and more than 300,000 people fleeing.
1884:
warlord William Yakutumba whose Mai-Mai Yakutumba is the largest component of the CNPSC and has had friction with the
926:
programs aimed at making the territory into a "model colony". Notable advances were made in treating diseases such as
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3140:
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3040:
2322:
941:
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703:
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118:
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By the 13th century there were three main confederations of states in the western Congo Basin. In the east were the
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Following unrest, Belgium granted Congo independence in 1960. However, the Congo remained unstable, leading to the
477:
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demand accountability for the war crimes and crimes against humanity that were routinely committed in Congo. The
699:, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, which is believed to have been used to catch giant river catfish.
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5011:
4165:
2047:
The UN discovered dozens of mass graves. There was an ethnic nature to the conflict with the rebels being mostly
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force twice as large as that in any other African colony. The Congo's rich natural resources, including uranium—
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56:
17:
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After trying to get help from the United States and the United Nations, Prime Minister Lumumba turned to the
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and declared himself president for the next five years. Mobutu quickly consolidated his power, despite the
1200:
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658:
2390:
Yellen, John E. (1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa".
2368:
1081:. Belgian officials appreciated its moderate and anti-separatist stance and allowed Lumumba to attend the
6797:
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and troops loyal to him mutinied, claiming a violation of the peace treaty and formed a rebel group, the
1514:
near the intersection of the Congolese, Rwandan and Burundi borders meet, scattering refugees. They took
1203:
broke out in the capital and rampant looting began. On 11 July 1960 the richest province of the country,
930:. One of the results of these measures was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African
6402:
4949:
3380:
1914:
1842:
1481:
1408:(UDPS), were active. Mobutu's attempts to quell these groups drew significant international criticism.
674:
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2095:. During Belgian rule, the Hema were given privileged positions over the Lendu while long time leader
1235:
viewed the Soviet presence as an attempt to take advantage of the situation and gain a proxy state in
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1953:. By 2021, the ADF was considered the deadliest of the many armed groups in the east of the country.
1860:, in a move believed to avoid antagonizing armed groups with ties to regional powers such as Rwanda.
1448:
1439:
to protest their unpaid wages. Two thousand French and Belgian troops, some of whom were flown in on
923:
794:
4758:
The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis
6554:
4831:
3294:
2891:
2117:
1937:
1848:
After rising insecurity, President Tshisekedi declared a "state of siege" or state of emergency in
1131:
4568:
4221:
1940:(ADF) has been waging an insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is blamed for the
994:
some jurisdictions, in practice they were used by the administration to further its own policies.
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4921:
2007:
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During the latter stages of World War II a new social stratum emerged in the Congo, known as the
927:
915:
came from across the social spectrum, but were nonetheless always treated as superior to blacks.
896:
670:
532:
45:
4091:
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2479:
European atrocity, African catastrophe : Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath
6669:
6559:
6489:
4602:
2252:
1910:
1297:
888:
1681:, where official tallies showed that a strong majority had voted for the opposition candidate
1460:
6729:
6649:
6614:
6599:
6584:
6539:
6474:
4371:
2461:"Report of the British Consul, Roger Casement, on the Administration of the Congo Free State"
2242:
1534:
1325:
865:
823:
536:
6780:
4958:
4734:
4684:
4456:
3246:
2433:, New Approaches to African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–55,
1682:
1452:
1185:
1102:
6604:
2232:
1966:
1610:
986:
528:
516:
4715:
Apartheid, Colonialism, and the Cold War: the United States and Southern Africa, 1945–1952
4324:
4192:"Sud-Kivu : Les miliciens envahissent les localités abandonnées par l'armée à Kalehe"
1139:
8:
6704:
6679:
6529:
6524:
6504:
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6454:
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1421:
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Beginning in 1964, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban backed rebels called the
1115:
892:
880:
631:
took power and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Afterwards, the
3191:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1168:, and full independence granted on 30 June 1960. The elections produced the nationalist
650:
410:
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6629:
6619:
6609:
6574:
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6519:
6464:
6439:
4876:
4813:
4461:
3571:"DRC : Tshisekedi pardons those convicted in the killing of Laurent-Désiré Kabila"
3557:"Felix Tshisekedi's Newly-Independent Agenda for the DRC: Modernizer or Strongman 2.0?"
3511:"DR Congo court gives 20-year sentence to president's chief of staff Kamerhe for graft"
3482:
3167:
Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa
2407:
2365:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | the Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program"
2212:
1962:
1810:(CNDP). Starting in 2004, CNDP, believed to be backed by Rwanda as a way to tackle the
1575:
in July 1999, the Congolese rebels did not and the ceasefire broke down within months.
1432:
1236:
908:
891:
interests. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of
3334:
1841:, a provincial capital with a population of one million people. The UN authorized the
6699:
6694:
6634:
6589:
6549:
6444:
6425:
5464:
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4902:
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4860:
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4762:
4741:
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3624:
3171:
3146:
3136:
3073:
3052:
3036:
2972:
2947:
2903:
2896:
2482:
2434:
2411:
2328:
2318:
2285:, but many Batwa in certain areas of the country also refer to themselves as Bambuti.
2184:
2055:
and have selectively killed non-Luba people while the government allied militia, the
1987:
1830:
1742:
pardoned all those convicted in the murder of Laurent-Désiré Kabila in 2001. Colonel
1568:
1340:
1228:
1189:
1020:
842:
696:
509:
222:
3227:
2037:
6754:
6674:
6624:
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6544:
6534:
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6449:
5590:
5070:
5055:
5021:
3792:
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3316:
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2399:
2222:
2096:
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1972:
1553:
1417:
1317:
1285:
1204:
1003:
805:
774:
766:
632:
600:
592:
565:
540:
492:
481:
390:
284:
202:
182:
3264:
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2024:
2016:
1558:
International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1024:
691:
was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the
6684:
6594:
6484:
5340:
5065:
4953:
4835:
4794:
4761:. American Politics and Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4756:
4393:
3403:
3165:
2966:
2041:
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1443:
planes, arrived to evacuate the 20,000 endangered foreign nationals in Kinshasa.
1401:
1292:
1277:
1173:
1169:
1135:
1050:
1038:
903:)—in contrast to the British and the French, who generally favored the system of
770:
692:
620:
596:
576:
380:
192:
4931:
4736:
The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800
4652:"As violence in the Congo escalates, thousands are in effect being held hostage"
603:
was deposed and Mobutu seized complete power of the country and then renamed it
2248:
2134:
2105:
2092:
2080:
2068:
1918:
1902:
1893:
1853:
1826:
1799:
1746:
and his co-defendants, who have been incarcerated for 15 years, were released.
1336:
1212:
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1106:
1090:
1078:
1054:
837:
782:
608:
544:
4677:"'Along the Main Road You See the Graves': U.N. Says Hundreds Killed in Congo"
3589:"DR Congo presidential election: partial results give Tshisekedi a clear lead"
2951:
2403:
2083:
region of the north-eastern DRC involved fighting between the agriculturalist
1721:. On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate
1058:
6822:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
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6150:
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6130:
6125:
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6110:
6105:
6100:
5723:
5092:
5087:
5033:
4804:
4490:"Mystery militia sows fear – and confusion – in Congo's long-suffering Ituri"
4412:"DRC's Kasai-Oriental province requires emergency assistance 600,000 says UN"
4114:"27 killed in DRC after MaĂŻ-MaĂŻ fighters target Hutu civilians in North Kivu"
3628:
3150:
2332:
2238:
2019:
province, where the Kamwina Nsapu militia clashes with security forces began.
1941:
1906:
1786:
1775:
1730:
1686:
1674:
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1232:
1208:
1094:
904:
859:
847:
810:
711:
637:
588:
554:
400:
299:
918:
During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo experienced an unprecedented level of
911:. Large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of
627:
invaded Zaire, in which Mobutu lost his power during this process. In 1997,
5050:
2278:
2274:
2052:
1995:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1869:
1833:(M23), which was believed to be backed by Rwanda. On 20 November 2012, M23
1819:
1511:
1425:
1224:
1181:
1151:
1070:
1028:
990:
945:
919:
912:
884:
778:
580:
561:
549:
497:
341:
232:
212:
4906:
4823:
4785:
1118:, declared that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future.
1034:
4547:"Rebel splits and failed peace talks drive new violence in Congo's Ituri"
2101:
2048:
2028:
1983:
1868:
Ethnic conflict in Kivu has often involved the Congolese Tutsis known as
1743:
1503:
1431:
In April 1990, Mobutu declared the Third Republic, agreeing to a limited
1377:
Relative peace and stability prevailed until 1977 and 1978 when Katangan
1281:
1247:
1217:
1074:
1007:
968:
932:
747:
739:
735:
569:
520:
3933:"Inside the Congolese army's campaign of rape and looting in South Kivu"
1164:
At the end of the conference, on 27 January 1960, it was announced that
616:
and promised elections within the next two years that never took place.
3593:
3475:"REFILE-Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as Congo president"
2208:
1857:
1849:
1678:
1358:
1266:
1231:
agreed to help, offering advanced weaponry and technical advisors. The
1201:
a military mutiny by Congolese soldiers against their European officers
1123:
937:
706:, considered to be the oldest and most powerful, which likely included
4364:"Refugees reaching Zambia accuse DRC troops of killing civilians -U.N"
1316:
Unrest and rebellion plagued the government until November 1965, when
4569:"Congo army says it killed 33 militiaman in days of intense fighting"
3878:"In eastern Congo, a local conflict flares as regional tensions rise"
3130:
2161:
Nearly 900 people were killed between 16 and 17 December 2018 around
2056:
1806:
who were integrated into the army defected and called themselves the
1276:, those loyal to the deposed Lumumba set up a rival government under
1273:
1066:
679:
6394:
4084:"Congo rebels kill at least 8 civilians in mounting ethnic violence"
3650:"Thousands Flee Across Congo's Borders After Violence in East Rages"
3371:"UPDATE 2-Congo protests enter third day, rights group says 42 dead"
34:
3904:"Heavy Fighting in Eastern DR Congo, Threats to Civilians Increase"
3408:
2218:
2195:
List of heads of government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2104:
to control the resources in the region, with the Ndo-Okebo and the
1803:
1719:
presidential election to determine the successor to Kabila was held
1662:
1539:
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre
1487:
1436:
1412:
1390:
1366:
949:
875:
Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the "colonial trinity" (
584:
369:
3497:"DR Congo: Felix Tshisekedi Appoints Vital Kamerhe Chief of Staff"
2994:"Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo/Zaire (1960-1997)"
2273:
The two major divisions of Pygmies in the DRC are the Bambuti, or
2032:
by government troops. The militia has expanded to the neighboring
4947:
Kivu Security Tracker - data on armed groups and casualty figures
4521:"UN: 1,300 civilians killed in DRC violence, half a million flee"
3617:"DRC president declared election winner as opposition cries foul"
3375:
3094:"Thousands of Troops on Rampage Of Looting and Violence in Zaire"
2724:
2722:
2720:
1877:
1818:(FDLR), rebelled against the government, claiming to protect the
1763:
1594:
1386:
1370:
1362:
1016:
869:
755:
365:
4010:"At least 21 Hutus killed in 'alarming' east Congo violence: UN"
1695:
protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out
4625:"At least 30 dead in DR Congo massacre blamed on ADF jihadists"
4299:"ADF rebels killed 57 civilians in DR Congo's Ituri region: UN"
3450:"Surprise Winner of Congolese Election Is An Opposition Leader"
2282:
1979:
1791:
1641:
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1606:
1598:
1572:
1519:
1491:
1069:, where Lumumba was well known, and from the population of the
731:
727:
707:
624:
505:
501:
3432:"Clashes in Kinshasa leave 50 dead, say DRC opposition groups"
2836:
2809:
2717:
2190:
List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1265:
On 17 January 1961 Mobutu sent Lumumba to Élisabethville (now
1196:
new nation had any idea how to manage a country of such size.
1145:
6092:
5060:
4988:
3525:"DRC: Under what conditions has Vital Kamerhe been released?"
2162:
2110:
2084:
1976:
1874:
National Coalition of the People for the Sovereignty of Congo
1712:
1515:
1507:
1495:
1086:
759:
751:
604:
361:
4946:
3070:
African Struggles Today: Social Movements Since Independence
2971:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–18.
1176:
as president. On independence the country adopted the name "
4222:"Rwandan Hutu militia commander killed in Congo, army says"
3710:"Congo Warns Return of M23 Rebels in East Could Block Vote"
3035:
Anthony Mockler, 'The New Mercenaries,' Corgi Books, 1985,
2549:
2147:
where clashes had broken out over access to fishing ponds.
1838:
1811:
1602:
1523:
1499:
1031:'s Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT).
4778:
The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961
3959:"Eastern Congo rebels aim to march on Kinshasa: spokesman"
2872:
2527:
2525:
2427:"The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540"
2317:. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapters 1 and 2.
2180:
Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4058:"DRC: Rebels kill at least 10 in troubled eastern region"
3317:"DR Congo election: Questions hang over Kabila's victory"
2746:
1998:
tribes who were believed to be sympathetic to the Elema.
1308:
1296:
the Simbas out of Stanleyville in November 1964 during a
1251:
895:
flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became
4244:"Congo army kills leader of splinter Hutu militia group"
4140:"DR Congo militia attack kills dozens in eastern region"
3849:"Is President Tshisekedi's 'state of siege' a cover-up?"
2826:
2824:
2775:
2773:
2734:
2693:
2657:
2645:
2175:
Economic history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
476:
The earliest known human settlements in what is now the
4484:
4482:
4480:
4394:"DR Congo Kasai conflict: 'Thousands dead' in violence"
4342:"DR Congo: Ethnic Militias Attack Civilians in Katanga"
3767:"DRC: Thousands flee amid surge in 'horrific violence'"
3543:"DR Congo names new cabinet, cements president's power"
3128:
2522:
1645:
Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006
955:
599:
rebels. Following the end of the Congo Crisis in 1965,
4899:
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
4325:"Democratic Republic of the Congo – Batwa and Bambuti"
3872:
3870:
2681:
2500:
2498:
1925:
1634:
4837:
The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
4818:. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
3349:"DR Congo President Joseph Kabila begins second term"
3132:
Zaire after Mobutu a case of a humanitarian Emergency
2898:
The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
2860:
2848:
2821:
2797:
2785:
2770:
2758:
2609:
2585:
2573:
2537:
1258:
and arrested Lumumba. A technocratic government, the
572:
attempted to gain independence with Belgian support.
4840:(illustrated, reprint ed.). London: Zed Books.
4477:
3335:"DRC Presidential Election Results Lack Credibility"
2705:
2669:
2597:
1544:
In September 1997, Mobutu died in exile in Morocco.
1220:, also announced its independence on 8 August 1960.
1142:
was in charge of the LĂ©opoldville Province chapter.
3867:
2633:
2621:
2561:
2510:
2495:
1506:) who had fled Rwanda following the ascension of a
1459:(HCR-PT) in 1994, with Mobutu as head of state and
1320:, by then commander in chief of the national army,
1166:
elections would be held in the Congo on 22 May 1960
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4922:BBC, Country profile: Democratic Republic of Congo
4875:
4733:
3823:"Congo says M23 fighters captured downed air crew"
2895:
1769:
1355:, Leopoldville became Kinshasa and Katanga Shaba.
1017:Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga
531:arrived in and explored what is now the DR Congo.
4740:(2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
4595:"Survivors recall horror of Congo ethnic attacks"
4515:
4513:
4511:
3404:"DR Congo unrest: Catholic church backs protests"
3337:(Press release). Carter Center. 10 December 2011.
2939:Dragon Rouge: The Rescue of Hostages in the Congo
2902:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. p. 108.
2347:"Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as DR Congo president"
1457:High Council of Republic-Parliament of Transition
1397:remained in the region for some time afterwards.
1330:elected unopposed as president in a sham election
68:"History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
6820:
4878:Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo
4830:
4293:
4291:
4270:"At least 40 killed in latest DR Congo massacre"
3735:
3733:
3731:
3704:
3702:
2890:
2842:
2815:
2728:
2200:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
814:Children mutilated during King Leopold II's rule
579:tried to suppress secession with the aid of the
6829:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3741:"UN peacekeeping in Congo Never-ending mission"
3681:"In Congo, Wars Are Small and Chaos Is Endless"
3244:
2998:Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network
1808:National Congress for the Defence of the People
1547:
799:
488:on the savannah from the 14th century onwards.
4508:
4004:
4002:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3012:"Kasavubu Regime Ousted By Army Coup in Congo"
1913:" (NDC), also called MaĂŻ-MaĂŻ Sheka and led by
1816:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
1530:militias erupted in rebellion against Mobutu.
1180:" (RĂ©publique du Congo). The French colony of
922:and the colonial administration began various
6410:
5556:
4974:
4288:
3728:
3699:
3295:"Human Rights Watch: War Crimes in Kisangani"
3163:
2312:
1406:Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social
642:elected president by the Congolese government
457:
4799:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2968:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002
2123:
1668:
1471:
1339:, President Mobutu renamed the country the "
936:in the cities. By the 1950s the Congo had a
4857:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality
4712:
4336:
4334:
4198:(in French). 2 October 2017. Archived from
4106:
3999:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3668:
3364:
3362:
3067:
2555:
1146:Independence and the Congo Crisis (1960–65)
750:was a confederation of three small states;
6417:
6403:
5563:
5549:
4981:
4967:
4792:
3623:. Agence France-Presse. 31 December 2023.
3265:"Kabila's son to be sworn in as president"
2752:
1713:Félix Tshisekedi presidency (2019–present)
1591:Rassemblement Congolais pour la DĂ©mocratie
1161:in Brussels beginning on 18 January 1960.
985:Among the most important of these was the
853:
464:
450:
4901:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2315:Congo : the epic history of a people
1466:
1369:Visits Zaire and Meets Mobutu during The
1242:On 23 August, the Congolese armed forces
872:government and its Ministry of Colonies.
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
4796:Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo
4457:"Local Context – Armed Political Groups"
4331:
4028:
3918:
3793:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"
3359:
2431:A History of West Central Africa to 1850
2424:
2150:
2027:province, starting in 2016, the largely
2011:
1790:
1357:
1307:
1045:In October 1958 a group of LĂ©opoldville
1033:
809:
678:
4882:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
4873:
4811:
4775:
4166:"Rebellion fears grow in eastern Congo"
3401:
3112:"New Riots in Zaire: 300 Are Evacuated"
3000:. Paris Institute of Political Studies.
2991:
2935:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2830:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2764:
2740:
2663:
2615:
2591:
2579:
1951:Islamic State's Central Africa Province
1863:
1825:In April 2012, the leader of the CNDP,
1780:
1629:
1379:Front for Congolese National Liberation
1318:Lieutenant General Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1041:, founding member and leader of the MNC
738:. It included various kingdoms such as
14:
6821:
4937:Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo
4854:
4731:
4436:
4327:. Minority Rights Group International.
3100:. Associated Press. 24 September 1991.
2964:
2543:
2531:
2516:
2504:
2389:
2139:In October 2009 a conflict started in
1956:
1756:
1428:of government funds for personal use.
1246:and perpetrated massacres against the
6424:
6398:
5544:
4962:
4896:
4754:
4717:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4649:
4437:Wambua, Catherine (23 January 2018).
3803:from the original on 20 November 2012
3467:
3429:
3192:"Capture of Zaire's capital complete"
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2603:
2567:
2476:
4344:. Human Rights Watch. 11 August 2015
3906:. Human Rights Watch. 4 October 2017
3395:
3368:
3245:Stuart Jeffries (10 February 2001).
2992:Olivier, Lanotte (25 January 2016).
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2267:
2062:
2001:
1947:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1567:(MLC), led by the Congolese warlord
1565:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
1351:("river that swallows all rivers").
1303:
956:Rise in Congolese political activity
834:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
829:Association Internationale africaine
564:, where the regional governments of
148:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
4859:(2nd ed.). London: Zed Books.
4780:. London: Oxford University Press.
4370:. 23 September 2017. Archived from
2075:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1932:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1926:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1635:Transitional government (2003–2006)
1486:By 1996, tensions from the war and
1073:, where efforts were directed by a
24:
4549:. The New Humanitarian. 5 May 2020
3430:Burke, Jason (20 September 2016).
3210:"Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name"
3068:Zeilig, Leo; Dwyer, Peter (2012).
1019:(CONAKAT) under the leadership of
25:
6850:
5081:Transitional Government (2003–06)
4915:
4683:. 29 January 2019. Archived from
3481:. 24 January 2019. Archived from
3402:Jullien, Maud (21 January 2015).
3228:"Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco"
2299:
2128:
1582:Kabila was succeeded by his son,
704:Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza
647:re-elected in a disputed election
591:to support a coup led by Colonel
6725:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
6495:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6040:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5583:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5572:
4990:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4669:
4643:
4617:
4587:
4561:
4539:
4449:
4430:
4404:
4386:
4356:
4317:
3129:Emizet, Kisangani N. F. (1997).
3072:. Haymarket Books. p. 170.
1260:College of Commissioners-General
788:
730:which stretched from modern-day
689:Democratic Republic of the Congo
664:
478:Democratic Republic of the Congo
433:
155:
33:
4932:BBC, Q&A: DR Congo conflict
4650:Tampa, Vava (10 January 2022).
4262:
4236:
4214:
4184:
4158:
4132:
4090:. 8 August 2016. Archived from
4076:
4050:
3977:
3951:
3896:
3841:
3815:
3785:
3759:
3642:
3609:
3581:
3563:
3549:
3535:
3517:
3503:
3489:
3442:
3423:
3369:Ross, Aaron (21 January 2015).
3341:
3327:
3309:
3287:
3275:
3257:
3238:
3220:
3202:
3184:
3157:
3122:
3104:
3086:
3061:
3045:
3029:
3004:
2985:
2958:
2929:
2916:
2884:
2425:Thornton, John K., ed. (2020),
1770:Conflict in Kivu (2004–present)
1623:United Nations Security Council
1424:, most notably his own massive
1332:in 1970 for a seven-year term.
1254:support, Colonel Joseph Mobutu
1083:All-African Peoples' Conference
535:of DR Congo began in 1885 when
44:needs additional citations for
5017:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
4942:BBC, In pictures: Congo crisis
4601:. 18 June 2019. Archived from
2470:
2453:
2418:
2383:
2357:
2339:
1751:the 2023 presidential election
1685:. Official observers from the
1192:, after their capital cities.
640:, succeeded him and was later
13:
1:
4874:Willame, Jean-Claude (1972).
4815:Congo: Background of Conflict
4036:"Armed groups in eastern DRC"
3985:"Who are the Nyatura rebels?"
3170:. PublicAffairs. p. 23.
2392:African Archaeological Review
2313:Van Reybrouck, David (2015).
2292:
1322:seized control of the country
1138:served as its president, and
1103:violent and destructive riots
1093:ideals of Ghanaian President
962:Belgian Congo in World War II
948:and the United States as the
6839:History of Africa by country
5098:M23 offensive (2022–present)
5071:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
5046:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
5022:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
4713:Borstelmann, Thomas (1993).
4416:International Business Times
4224:. Reuters. 18 September 2019
4118:International Business Times
4038:. Irin news. 31 October 2013
2924:The Assassination of Lumumba
1986:often exploit and allegedly
1657:since independence in 1960.
1548:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
1451:as its chairman, along with
1063:Mouvement National Congolais
800:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
480:have been dated back to the
7:
5213:Foreign policy under Mobutu
4776:Hoskyns, Catherine (1965).
3118:. Reuters. 23 October 1991.
2168:
1655:first multi-party elections
1335:Embarking on a campaign of
818:The Congo Free State was a
683:Map of the Kingdom of Kongo
548:railway between Matadi and
411:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi presidency
10:
6855:
5056:State of Katanga (1960–63)
4705:
2477:Ewans, Sir Martin (2001).
2281:in the northeast, and the
2277:, who largely live in the
2154:
2132:
2079:The Ituri conflict in the
2072:
2066:
2005:
1960:
1929:
1843:Force Intervention Brigade
1784:
1773:
1638:
1551:
1482:Great Lakes refugee crisis
1475:
1328:of 1966 and 1967, and was
1149:
1010:fermented in 1958 as more
989:(ABAKO), representing the
959:
866:King Leopold II of Belgium
857:
803:
792:
687:The area now known as the
675:Prehistoric Central Africa
668:
659:peaceful transfer of power
6834:History of Central Africa
6738:
6713:
6432:
6239:
6091:
6038:
6000:
5722:
5589:
5502:
5450:
5382:
5373:
5316:
5307:
5183:
5174:
5117:
5108:
5066:First Congo War (1996–98)
4997:
4832:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
4812:Merriam, Alan P. (1961).
4793:Lemarchand, René (1964).
3297:. Hrw.org. 20 August 2002
3180:– via Google Books.
2892:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
2124:Conflict in the Northwest
1802:with other soldiers from
1669:Kabila overstays his term
1472:First Congo War (1996–97)
1449:Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya
1383:Angolan People's Republic
1284:on 30 December 1961, and
795:Belgian overseas colonies
746:. To its west across the
265:Intl. African Association
6480:Central African Republic
5188:Administrative divisions
4927:BBC, DR Congo: Key facts
4897:Young, Crawford (1965).
4755:Gibbs, David N. (1991).
3282:DRC, Opinion survey 2009
2260:
2118:Allied Democratic Forces
1938:Allied Democratic Forces
1717:On 30 December 2018 the
1298:hostage rescue operation
1256:overthrew the government
1132:Parti Solidaire Africain
997:Up into the 1950s, most
822:privately controlled by
401:Joseph Kabila presidency
5093:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
5034:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
4855:Turner, Thomas (2007).
3987:. IBT. 22 February 2017
2936:Wagoner, F. E. (1980).
2404:10.1023/A:1021659928822
2008:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1880:militias and is led by
1707:caused further protests
1651:transitional government
1172:as prime minister, and
928:African trypanosomiasis
854:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
671:Early Congolese history
5051:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
5012:Colonization (1867–85)
3164:Jason Stearns (2012).
2965:Abbott, Peter (2014).
2020:
1975:starting in 2013, the
1911:Nduma Defense of Congo
1796:
1537:, became known as the
1494:had spilled over into
1467:Civil wars (1996–2003)
1374:
1313:
1159:Round Table Conference
1114:and the Belgian King,
1042:
815:
684:
539:founded and ruled the
6640:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
6500:Republic of the Congo
4732:Freund, Bill (1998).
3575:The Africa Report.com
3529:The Africa Report.com
2843:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2816:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2729:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2151:Yumbi Massacre (2018)
2015:
1915:Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga
1794:
1535:Laurent-Desire Kabila
1422:government corruption
1381:rebels, based in the
1361:
1326:Stanleyville mutinies
1311:
1178:Republic of the Congo
1037:
824:Leopold II of Belgium
813:
726:. South of these was
682:
629:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
4494:The New Humanitarian
4374:on 23 September 2017
3882:The New Humanitarian
3799:. 20 November 2012.
3214:The Spokesman-Review
2481:. Richmond: Curzon.
2204:Cities in DR Congo:
1967:Mai-Mai Kata Katanga
1864:Mai Mai insurgencies
1781:Tutsi led insurgency
1630:Joseph Kabila period
1288:on 15 January 1963.
987:Alliance des Bakongo
864:On 15 November 1908
661:since independence.
533:Belgian colonization
529:Henry Morton Stanley
517:Atlantic slave trade
53:improve this article
6715:States with limited
4952:21 May 2022 at the
4202:on 29 December 2017
3965:. 29 September 2017
3485:on 25 January 2019.
3355:. 20 December 2011.
3323:. 10 December 2011.
3284:, by ICRC and Ipsos
3234:. 7 September 1997.
3016:archive.nytimes.com
2881:, pp. 131–132.
2702:, pp. 296–297.
2654:, pp. 274–275.
2145:Sud-Ubangi District
1957:Conflict in Katanga
1757:Continued conflicts
1693:On 19 January 2015
1395:Inter-African Force
1353:Among other changes
1262:, was established.
1244:invaded South Kasai
1134:(PSA) was founded.
942:much of the uranium
275:Intl. Congo Society
5351:Telecommunications
5198:Court of Cassation
5162:Former place names
4681:The New York Times
4631:. 6 September 2021
4462:Human Rights Watch
4250:. 10 November 2019
4146:. 28 November 2016
4120:. 20 February 2017
3939:. 18 December 2017
3685:The New York Times
3597:. 25 December 2023
3531:. 7 December 2021.
3383:on 21 January 2015
3271:. 19 January 2001.
2353:. 24 January 2019.
2021:
1963:Batwa-Luba clashes
1797:
1683:Étienne Tshisekedi
1673:In December 2011,
1453:Étienne Tshisekedi
1433:multi-party system
1375:
1337:cultural awareness
1314:
1237:sub-Saharan Africa
1186:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
1043:
909:racial segregation
901:politique indigène
816:
685:
649:in 2011. In 2018,
527:In 1870, explorer
415:2019–present
352:Congo–Léopoldville
6816:
6815:
6742:other territories
6515:Equatorial Guinea
6426:History of Africa
6392:
6391:
6002:Republic of Congo
5538:
5537:
5498:
5497:
5417:Human trafficking
5369:
5368:
5303:
5302:
5271:Political parties
5264:National Assembly
5208:Foreign relations
5170:
5169:
4889:978-0-8047-0793-0
4866:978-1-84277-688-9
4747:978-0-333-69872-3
4724:978-0-19-507942-5
4689:on 1 January 2022
4575:. 28 October 2020
4465:. 22 January 2003
4172:. 31 October 2017
4016:. 8 February 2016
3884:. 28 October 2019
3829:. 31 January 2017
3716:. 3 February 2017
3656:. 30 January 2018
3577:. 5 January 2021.
2978:978-1-78200-076-1
2909:978-1-84277-053-5
2743:, pp. 25–27.
2690:, pp. 36–37.
2666:, pp. 22–23.
2534:, pp. 198–9.
2440:978-1-107-56593-7
2185:History of Africa
2063:Conflict in Ituri
2002:Conflict in Kasai
1831:March 23 Movement
1569:Jean-Pierre Bemba
1418:faltering economy
1400:Zaire remained a
1341:Republic of Zaire
1304:Zaire (1965–1997)
1229:Nikita Khrushchev
1190:Congo-Brazzaville
1140:Cléophas Kamitatu
1021:Godefroid Munongo
843:Tropical diseases
655:elected president
486:equatorial forest
474:
473:
419:
418:
318:
317:
241:
240:
223:Kingdom of Chokwe
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
6846:
6803:
6802:(United Kingdom)
6798:Tristan da Cunha
6794:Ascension Island
6786:
6773:
6764:
6740:Dependencies and
6433:Sovereign states
6419:
6412:
6405:
6396:
6395:
5591:Congo Free State
5577:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5518:
5511:
5380:
5379:
5341:Franc (currency)
5314:
5313:
5181:
5180:
5115:
5114:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4910:
4893:
4881:
4870:
4851:
4827:
4808:
4789:
4772:
4751:
4739:
4728:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4517:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4496:. 13 August 2019
4486:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4094:on 9 August 2016
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3929:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3677:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3379:. Archived from
3366:
3357:
3356:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3065:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2942:. Fort Belvoir:
2933:
2927:
2922:De Witte, Ludo:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2558:, pp. 92–3.
2556:Borstelmann 1993
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2367:. Archived from
2361:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2310:
2286:
2271:
2097:Mobutu Sese Seko
2087:and pastoralist
1973:Katanga Province
1886:Congolese Tutsis
1740:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
1727:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
1723:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
1554:Second Congo War
1502:militia forces (
1312:Mobutu Sese Seko
1227:for assistance.
1207:, seceded under
1199:On 5 July 1960,
1061:established the
1004:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
877:trinité colonial
821:
806:Congo Free State
775:Kingdom of Lunda
767:Kingdom of Kongo
651:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
633:Second Congo War
601:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
541:Congo Free State
504:, in modern-day
493:Kingdom of Kongo
482:Middle Stone Age
466:
459:
452:
438:
437:
436:
391:Second Congo War
324:
323:
285:Congo Free State
247:
246:
203:Kingdom of Lunda
183:Kingdom of Kongo
165:
164:
159:
149:
131:
130:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6811:
6801:
6784:
6771:
6762:
6743:
6741:
6734:
6718:
6716:
6709:
6428:
6423:
6393:
6388:
6235:
6087:
6034:
5996:
5718:
5585:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5539:
5534:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5494:
5490:Public holidays
5446:
5365:
5299:
5237:Law enforcement
5166:
5104:
5061:Zaire (1965–97)
4993:
4987:
4954:Wayback Machine
4918:
4913:
4890:
4867:
4848:
4769:
4748:
4725:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4605:on 24 June 2019
4593:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4400:. 20 June 2017.
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3773:. 30 April 2016
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3687:. 30 April 2016
3679:
3678:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3513:. 20 June 2020.
3509:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3428:
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3414:
3412:
3400:
3396:
3386:
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3347:
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3333:
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3328:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3066:
3062:
3050:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2946:. p. 182.
2934:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2753:Lemarchand 1964
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2423:
2419:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2371:on 2 March 2015
2363:
2362:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2325:
2311:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2010:
2004:
1969:
1961:Main articles:
1959:
1949:as part of the
1934:
1928:
1866:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1759:
1715:
1671:
1649:DR Congo had a
1647:
1639:Main articles:
1637:
1632:
1560:
1552:Main articles:
1550:
1490:in neighboring
1484:
1478:First Congo War
1476:Main articles:
1474:
1469:
1402:one-party state
1385:, launched the
1306:
1278:Antoine Gizenga
1174:Joseph Kasavubu
1170:Patrice Lumumba
1154:
1148:
1136:Antoine Gizenga
1051:Patrice Lumumba
1039:Patrice Lumumba
964:
958:
889:private company
862:
856:
820:corporate state
819:
808:
802:
797:
791:
771:Kingdom of Luba
718:, and possibly
693:Semliki harpoon
677:
669:Main articles:
667:
657:; in the first
621:First Congo War
607:. He sought to
583:as part of the
577:Patrice Lumumba
537:King Leopold II
470:
434:
432:
405:2001–2019
395:1998–2003
385:1996–1997
381:First Congo War
375:1971–1997
356:1960–1971
346:1960–1965
335:post–1960
314:1940–1945
304:1908–1960
294:1885–1908
279:1879–1885
269:1876–1879
258:1876–1960
237:1856–1891
227:1800–1891
217:1625–1884
207:1600–1887
197:1585–1889
193:Kingdom of Luba
187:1390–1914
147:
140:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6852:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:Western Sahara
6804:
6787:
6774:
6765:
6751:Canary Islands
6747:
6746:
6744:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
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6542:
6537:
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6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
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6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
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5728:
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5720:
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5717:
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5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5568:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:Child marriage
5383:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5288:Prime Minister
5285:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5247:Chief of Staff
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992: articles
4986:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4916:External links
4914:
4912:
4911:
4894:
4888:
4871:
4865:
4852:
4846:
4828:
4809:
4790:
4773:
4767:
4752:
4746:
4729:
4723:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4668:
4642:
4616:
4586:
4560:
4538:
4507:
4476:
4448:
4429:
4418:. 8 March 2017
4403:
4385:
4355:
4330:
4316:
4287:
4261:
4235:
4213:
4183:
4157:
4131:
4105:
4075:
4064:. 19 July 2016
4049:
4027:
3998:
3976:
3950:
3917:
3895:
3866:
3853:Deutsche Welle
3840:
3814:
3784:
3758:
3727:
3698:
3667:
3641:
3608:
3580:
3562:
3559:. 26 May 2021.
3548:
3534:
3516:
3502:
3488:
3466:
3441:
3422:
3394:
3358:
3340:
3326:
3308:
3286:
3274:
3256:
3237:
3219:
3216:. 20 May 1997.
3201:
3198:. 18 May 1997.
3183:
3177:978-1610391597
3176:
3156:
3141:
3121:
3116:New York Times
3103:
3098:New York Times
3085:
3079:978-1608461202
3078:
3060:
3044:
3028:
3003:
2984:
2977:
2957:
2928:
2926:, Verso, 2001.
2915:
2908:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2769:
2757:
2755:, p. 241.
2745:
2733:
2716:
2714:, p. 277.
2704:
2692:
2680:
2678:, p. 276.
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2606:, p. 291.
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2546:, p. 198.
2536:
2521:
2509:
2494:
2488:978-0700715893
2487:
2469:
2452:
2439:
2417:
2398:(3): 173–198.
2382:
2356:
2338:
2323:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2157:Yumbi Massacre
2155:Main article:
2152:
2149:
2135:Dongo conflict
2133:Main article:
2130:
2129:Dongo Conflict
2127:
2125:
2122:
2069:Ituri conflict
2067:Main article:
2064:
2061:
2034:Kasai-Oriental
2006:Main article:
2003:
2000:
1958:
1955:
1930:Main article:
1927:
1924:
1865:
1862:
1854:Ituri province
1827:Bosco Ntaganda
1800:Laurent Nkunda
1782:
1779:
1774:Main article:
1771:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1714:
1711:
1670:
1667:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1549:
1546:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:Kengo Wa Dondo
1441:U.S. Air Force
1305:
1302:
1213:United Nations
1150:Main article:
1147:
1144:
1128:Albert Delvaux
1107:Force Publique
1091:Pan-Africanist
1079:Albert Kalonji
1071:Kasai Province
1055:Cyrille Adoula
957:
954:
858:Main article:
855:
852:
838:Roger Casement
804:Main article:
801:
798:
790:
787:
783:Anziku Kingdom
754:(its leader),
666:
663:
587:, causing the
574:Prime Minister
545:Force Publique
472:
471:
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
443:
442:
429:
428:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
373:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
332:
320:
319:
316:
315:
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306:
305:
302:
296:
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281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
255:
243:
242:
239:
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229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
176:pre–1876
173:
161:
160:
152:
151:
142:
141:
134:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
18:History of DRC
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6851:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6808:
6805:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6712:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Guinea-Bissau
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6408:
6406:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5724:Belgian Congo
5721:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5566:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Social issues
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:Deforestation
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:Kivu conflict
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5007:Early history
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4847:9781842770535
4843:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4768:9780226290713
4764:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4548:
4542:
4527:. 8 June 2020
4526:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4305:. 4 June 2021
4304:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4276:. 27 May 2020
4275:
4271:
4265:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4223:
4217:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4037:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3905:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3747:. 19 May 2016
3746:
3745:The Economist
3742:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3296:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3142:952-9520-48-4
3138:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3057:0-06-122490-1
3054:
3048:
3042:
3041:0-552-12558-X
3038:
3032:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2869:, p. 31.
2868:
2863:
2857:, p. 30.
2856:
2851:
2845:, p. 86.
2844:
2839:
2833:, p. 10.
2832:
2827:
2825:
2818:, p. 85.
2817:
2812:
2806:, p. 28.
2805:
2800:
2794:, p. 23.
2793:
2788:
2782:, p. 29.
2781:
2776:
2774:
2767:, p. 27.
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2731:, p. 84.
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2642:, p. 51.
2641:
2636:
2630:, p. 29.
2629:
2624:
2618:, p. 22.
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2594:, p. 25.
2593:
2588:
2582:, p. 24.
2581:
2576:
2570:, p. 70.
2569:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2519:, p. 29.
2518:
2513:
2507:, p. 28.
2506:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:9780062200129
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2025:KasaĂŻ-Central
2018:
2017:KasaĂŻ-Central
2014:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:Beni massacre
1939:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:Nyanga people
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:, as well as
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1787:M23 rebellion
1777:
1776:Kivu conflict
1767:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1731:Vital Kamerhe
1728:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1687:Carter Center
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:Joseph Kabila
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:Joseph Kabila
1656:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1526:and Mugunga.
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:United States
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1209:Moise Tshombe
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1095:Kwame Nkrumah
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:businessman,
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:MoĂŻse Tshombe
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
974:évolué status
971:
970:
963:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:indirect rule
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
861:
860:Belgian Congo
851:
849:
848:Belgian Congo
844:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
812:
807:
796:
789:Colonial rule
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
681:
676:
672:
665:Early history
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
614:head of state
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Joseph Mobutu
590:
589:United States
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:Belgian Congo
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
522:
518:
513:
511:
510:King Afonso I
507:
503:
499:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
445:
444:
441:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
331:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
301:
300:Belgian Congo
298:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
282:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
244:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
201:
200:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
172:
171:
170:Early history
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
138:
133:
132:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6790:Saint Helena
6761:
6665:South Africa
6655:Sierra Leone
6494:
6460:Burkina Faso
5427:Prostitution
5402:Demographics
5326:Central Bank
5225:Human rights
5193:Constitution
5127:Conservation
5039:World War II
4998:
4898:
4877:
4856:
4836:
4814:
4795:
4777:
4757:
4735:
4714:
4691:. Retrieved
4686:the original
4680:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4656:The Guardian
4655:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4628:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4603:the original
4598:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4524:
4498:. Retrieved
4493:
4467:. Retrieved
4460:
4451:
4442:
4432:
4420:. Retrieved
4415:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4372:the original
4367:
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4302:
4278:. Retrieved
4273:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4247:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4200:the original
4195:
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4169:
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2960:
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2923:
2918:
2897:
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2879:Merriam 1961
2874:
2867:Hoskyns 1965
2862:
2855:Hoskyns 1965
2850:
2838:
2831:Hoskyns 1965
2811:
2804:Hoskyns 1965
2799:
2792:Hoskyns 1965
2787:
2780:Hoskyns 1965
2765:Hoskyns 1965
2760:
2748:
2741:Hoskyns 1965
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2664:Hoskyns 1965
2659:
2647:
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2616:Hoskyns 1965
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2599:
2592:Willame 1972
2587:
2580:Willame 1972
2575:
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2472:
2455:
2446:21 September
2444:, retrieved
2430:
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2369:the original
2359:
2350:
2341:
2314:
2279:Ituri forest
2269:
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2138:
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2022:
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1980:Batwa people
1971:In Northern
1970:
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1903:Nande people
1899:
1870:Banyamulenge
1867:
1847:
1835:took control
1824:
1820:Banyamulenge
1798:
1795:Flag of CNDP
1760:
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1672:
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1512:Ruzizi Plain
1485:
1445:
1430:
1426:embezzlement
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1274:Stanleyville
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1194:
1182:Middle Congo
1163:
1155:
1152:Congo Crisis
1120:
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1067:Stanleyville
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1044:
1029:Jason Sendwe
1011:
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991:Kongo people
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946:Soviet Union
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920:urbanization
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913:World War II
900:
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874:
863:
827:
826:through the
817:
779:Mongo people
764:
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581:Soviet Union
562:Congo Crisis
559:
550:Stanley Pool
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514:
498:Mbanza-Kongo
490:
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368: /
342:Congo Crisis
334:
329:Independence
327:
310:World War II
257:
252:Colonization
250:
233:Yeke Kingdom
213:Kuba Kingdom
175:
168:
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
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6717:recognition
6670:South Sudan
6560:Ivory Coast
5321:Agriculture
4635:7 September
4378:13 December
4206:28 December
4176:13 December
3991:29 December
3969:13 December
3943:28 December
3910:13 December
3888:12 November
3807:18 November
3601:29 December
2544:Freund 1998
2532:Freund 1998
2517:Turner 2007
2505:Turner 2007
2247:Lubumbashi
2102:Alur people
1984:Luba people
1982:, whom the
1744:Eddy Kapend
1504:Interahamwe
1282:South Kasai
1248:Luba people
1059:Joseph Iléo
1008:Nationalism
952:developed.
924:development
897:specialized
748:Congo River
740:Mpemba Kasi
736:Congo River
619:During the
570:South Kasai
146:History of
6823:Categories
6772:(Portugal)
6730:Somaliland
6650:Seychelles
6615:Mozambique
6600:Mauritania
6585:Madagascar
6540:The Gambia
6475:Cape Verde
5392:Corruption
5254:Parliament
5220:Government
5137:Ecoregions
5027:Atrocities
4629:Africanews
4525:Al Jazeera
4443:Al Jazeera
4303:Al Jazeera
4274:Al Jazeera
4144:Al Jazeera
4062:Al Jazeera
3771:Al Jazeera
3594:Africanews
3459:11 January
3415:21 January
3387:21 January
2952:1017224836
2712:Young 1965
2700:Young 1965
2688:Young 1965
2676:Young 1965
2652:Young 1965
2640:Gibbs 1991
2628:Young 1965
2604:Young 1965
2568:Gibbs 1991
2351:Al Jazeera
2293:References
2237:Kisangani
2073:See also:
1858:South Kivu
1850:North Kivu
1785:See also:
1729:appointed
1679:Mbuji-Mayi
1498:. Rwandan
1365:President
1267:Lubumbashi
1124:Paul Bolya
1049:including
960:See also:
938:wage labor
885:missionary
793:See also:
609:Africanize
500:(south of
440:DRC Portal
424:See also:
289:Atrocities
109:March 2021
79:newspapers
6605:Mauritius
5422:Languages
5407:Education
5361:Transport
5331:Companies
5276:President
5203:Elections
5152:Volcanoes
5142:Mountains
5110:Geography
4805:905074256
4196:Actualité
3714:Bloomberg
3654:Bloomberg
3634:2 January
3629:0261-3077
3151:722758146
3135:. WIDER.
2412:128432105
2333:881042212
2227:Kinshasa
2057:Bana Mura
1420:, and by
557:in 1908.
6796: /
6792: /
6785:(France)
6779: /
6757: /
6753: /
6705:Zimbabwe
6680:Tanzania
6530:Ethiopia
6525:Eswatini
6505:Djibouti
6470:Cameroon
6455:Botswana
6241:DR Congo
5525:Category
5475:Football
5432:Religion
5242:Military
5176:Politics
5157:Wildlife
4950:Archived
4834:(2002).
4693:16 March
4661:21 March
4500:16 April
4422:10 March
4398:BBC News
4170:Irinnews
3937:Irinnews
3833:11 March
3801:Archived
3797:BBC News
3720:11 March
3409:BBC News
3353:BBC News
3321:BBC News
2894:(2007).
2375:10 March
2253:timeline
2243:timeline
2233:timeline
2223:timeline
2213:timeline
2169:See also
1894:Bafuliru
1804:RCD-Goma
1663:Kinshasa
1611:Sun City
1595:diamonds
1488:genocide
1437:Kinshasa
1413:Cold War
1373:Conflict
1367:Idi Amin
1116:Baudouin
1002:over by
950:Cold War
850:colony.
781:and the
585:Cold War
137:a series
135:Part of
6781:RĂ©union
6777:Mayotte
6768:Madeira
6763:(Spain)
6759:Melilla
6690:Tunisia
6660:Somalia
6645:Senegal
6630:Nigeria
6620:Namibia
6610:Morocco
6575:Liberia
6570:Lesotho
6520:Eritrea
6490:Comoros
6465:Burundi
6440:Algeria
5581:in the
5509:Outline
5465:Cuisine
5452:Culture
5375:Society
5356:Tourism
5309:Economy
4999:History
4706:Sources
4609:23 June
4599:Reuters
4579:17 June
4573:Reuters
4368:Reuters
4348:7 March
4254:19 June
4248:Reuters
4228:19 June
4150:7 March
4124:7 March
4098:7 March
4088:Reuters
4068:7 March
4042:7 March
4020:7 March
4014:Reuters
3963:Reuters
3827:Reuters
3777:5 March
3751:8 March
3691:7 March
3660:5 March
3479:Reuters
3454:NPR.org
3376:Reuters
2249:history
2239:history
2229:history
2219:history
2209:history
2207:Bukavu
2023:In the
1988:enslave
1909:, the "
1878:Mai-Mai
1764:Mai-Mai
1518:, then
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1371:Shaba I
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1111:évolué
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969:évolué
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6580:Libya
6565:Kenya
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6510:Egypt
6450:Benin
6093:Zaire
5579:Years
5516:Index
5485:Music
5480:Media
5442:Women
5397:Crime
5076:2000s
3301:2 May
2464:(PDF)
2408:S2CID
2283:Batwa
2275:Mbuti
2261:Notes
2217:Goma
2163:Yumbi
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2106:Nyali
2093:Nyali
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1977:Pygmy
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881:state
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6595:Mali
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6384:2024
6379:2023
6374:2022
6369:2021
6364:2020
6359:2019
6354:2018
6349:2017
6344:2016
6339:2015
6334:2014
6329:2013
6324:2012
6319:2011
6314:2010
6309:2009
6304:2008
6299:2007
6294:2006
6289:2005
6284:2004
6279:2003
6274:2002
6269:2001
6264:2000
6259:1999
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6249:1997
6231:1997
6226:1996
6221:1995
6216:1994
6211:1993
6206:1992
6201:1991
6196:1990
6191:1989
6186:1988
6181:1987
6176:1986
6171:1985
6166:1984
6161:1983
6156:1982
6151:1981
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6141:1979
6136:1978
6131:1977
6126:1976
6121:1975
6116:1974
6111:1973
6106:1972
6101:1971
6083:1971
6078:1970
6073:1969
6068:1968
6063:1967
6058:1966
6053:1965
6048:1964
6030:1964
6025:1963
6020:1962
6015:1961
6010:1960
5992:1960
5987:1959
5982:1958
5977:1957
5972:1956
5967:1955
5962:1954
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5952:1952
5947:1951
5942:1950
5937:1949
5932:1948
5927:1947
5922:1946
5917:1945
5912:1944
5907:1943
5902:1942
5897:1941
5892:1940
5887:1939
5882:1938
5877:1937
5872:1936
5867:1935
5862:1934
5857:1933
5852:1932
5847:1931
5842:1930
5837:1929
5832:1928
5827:1927
5822:1926
5817:1925
5812:1924
5807:1923
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5792:1920
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5782:1918
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5714:1908
5709:1907
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5629:1891
5624:1890
5619:1889
5614:1888
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5599:1885
5470:Flag
5293:List
5281:List
5230:LGBT
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4884:ISBN
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4820:OCLC
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4763:ISBN
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4719:ISBN
4695:2019
4663:2021
4637:2021
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4581:2021
4555:2020
4533:2020
4502:2020
4471:2020
4424:2017
4380:2017
4350:2017
4311:2021
4282:2020
4256:2021
4230:2021
4208:2017
4178:2017
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4126:2017
4100:2017
4070:2017
4044:2017
4022:2017
3993:2017
3971:2017
3945:2017
3912:2017
3890:2019
3861:2021
3835:2017
3809:2012
3779:2018
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3693:2017
3662:2018
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3625:ISSN
3603:2023
3461:2019
3417:2015
3389:2015
3303:2010
3172:ISBN
3147:OCLC
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3023:2018
2973:ISBN
2948:OCLC
2944:DTIC
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