History of French foreign relations

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rebuffed, and after 1900 there was a threat of war between France and Germany over Germany's attempt to deny French expansion into Morocco. Great Britain was still in its "splendid isolation" mode and after a major agreement in 1890 with Germany, it seemed especially favorable toward Berlin. Colonial conflicts in Africa were troubling. The Fashoda crisis of 1898 brought Britain and France almost to the brink of war and ended with a humiliation of France that left it hostile to Britain. By 1892 Russia was the only opportunity for France to break out of its diplomatic isolation. Russia had been allied with Germany the new Kaiser Wilhelm removed Bismarck in 1890 and disrupted the established system. Thus in 1892 ended the "Reinsurance treaty" with Russia. Russia was now alone diplomatically and like France, it needed a military alliance to contain the threat of Germany's strong army and military aggressiveness. The pope, angered by German anti-Catholicism, worked diplomatically to bring Paris and St. Petersburg together. Russia desperately needed money for our infrastructure of railways and ports facilities. The German government refused to allow its banks to lend money to Russia, but French banks eagerly did so. For example, it funded the essential trans-Siberian railway. Negotiations were increasingly successful, and by 1895. France and Russia had signed the

1302:. Its failure to send even a single unit into Rhineland signaled that strategy to all of Europe. Potential allies in Eastern Europe could no longer trust in an alliance with a France that could not be trusted to deter Germany through threat of an invasion. Without such deterrence, the ally was militarily helpless. Belgium dropped its defensive alliance with France and relied on neutrality. Paris neglected to expand the Maginot line to cover the Belgian border, which is where Germany invaded in 1940. Mussolini had previously pushed back against German expansion, now he realized cooperation with France was unpromising, so he began instead to swing in favor of Berlin. All of France's friends were disappointed – even the Pope told the French ambassador that, "Had you ordered the immediate advance of 200,000 men into the zone the Germans had occupied, you would have done everyone a very great favor." 1620:(officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American initiative 1948–1951 to aid Europe, in which the United States gave away $ 17 billion (approximately $ 160 billion in current dollar value) in economic support to help rebuild European economies and foster European unity in the face of Soviet threats. France received $ 2.3 billion about 18% of the Marshall total. This allowed France to make heavy purchases of food and machinery from the United States. Counting other programs, the U.S. government in total gave France $ 4.7 billion in grants from 1945 through 1951. There was no requirement for repayment. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many petty regulations constraining business (such as a limit on Hollywood films), and encouraged increased productivity, labour Union membership, and the adoption of modern business procedures. 1231: 1940:. Pompidou tried to closely follow de Gaulle's policies, but he totally lacked the General's charisma, innovation and ability to startled friends and enemies alike. He lacked experience and a smooth hand, and for the first two years most of his initiatives proved failures. Fortunately for his domestic popularity, the French people paid little attention to foreign affairs. In terms of Mediterranean policy, he made an effort to foster closer relations with North African and Middle Eastern countries in order to develop a hinterland including all nations bordering the Mediterranean. However, de Gaulle had favored the Arab cause against the Israelis, especially in the 720:(where the Foreign Ministry was located), and their style changed little from generation to generation. Most of the diplomats came from high status or aristocratic families. Although France was one of the few republics in Europe, its diplomats mingled smoothly with the aristocratic representatives at the royal courts. Prime ministers and leading politicians generally paid little attention to foreign affairs, allowing a handful of senior men to control policy. In the decades before the First World War they dominated the embassies in the 10 major countries where France had an ambassador (elsewhere, they set lower-ranking ministers). They included 627:

Confederacy. The United States had warned that recognition of the Confederacy meant war. France was reluctant to act alone without British collaboration, and the British rejected intervention. Emperor Napoleon III realized that a war with the U.S. without allies "would spell disaster" for France. Napoleon III and his Minister of Foreign Affairs Edouard Thouvenel adopted a cautious attitude and maintained diplomatically correct relations with Washington. Half the French press favored the Union, while the "imperial" press was more sympathetic to the Confederacy. Public opinion generally ignored the war, but did show interest in controlling Mexico.

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form alliances against the German threat. Germany resisted then finally complied, aided by American money, and France took a more conciliatory policy by 1924 in response to pressure from Britain and the United States, as well as to French realization that its potential allies in Eastern Europe were weak and hard to coordinate. It proved impossible to establish military alliances with the United States or Britain. A tentative Russian agreement in 1935 was politically suspect and was not implemented. The alliances with Poland and Czechoslovakia; these proved to be weak ties that collapsed in the face of German threats in 1938 in 1939.

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was first neutral and then after Germany defeated France in 1940 it aligned with Germany. The main device France had used was arms sales in order to strengthen Romania and ensure its goodwill. French military promises were vague and not trusted after the sellout of Czechoslovakia at Munich in 1938. By 1938 France needed all the arms it could produce. Meanwhile, Germany was better poised to build strong economic ties. In 1938-39 France made a final effort to guarantee Romanian borders because it calculated that Germany needed Romanian oil, but Romania decided war with Germany would be hopeless and so it veered toward Berlin.

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Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to the empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build its own colonial empire in the 1880s. As it developed the new French empire expanded trade with France, especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. The empire bestowed prestige on the motherland and spread French civilization and language, as well as the Catholic religion. It also provided manpower in the World Wars.

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obtain Soviet support against Anglo-Saxon dominance. There was a hope of making France a bridge between the Soviets and the Anglo-Americans. None of the Big Three wanted to pretend that France was a power again, so it was not invited to the decisive Yalta conference in February 1945, which was humiliating. Furthermore, Communist efforts to seize power in Poland Europe, as directed by Stalin, were worrisome to the French. With Roosevelt replaced by Harry Truman, De Gaulle increasingly turned to the American presence to maintain balance of power.

233:. Motivated by a long-term rivalry with Britain and by revenge for its territorial losses during Seven Years' War, France began secretly sending supplies in 1775. In 1777, American captured the British invasion army at Saratoga, demonstrating the viability of their revolt. In 1778, France recognized the United States of America as a sovereign nation, signed a military alliance and went to war with Britain. France built a coalitions with Netherlands and Spain, provided Americans with money and arms, sent a combat army to serve under 1381:. He was a "munichois"—that is, a defeatist and pacifist who sensed that France would lose to Germany in a war. He wanted to abandon the alliances with Poland and Russia and allow Germany a free hand in the east so it would ignore France. After a short conference Hitler got his way—the agreement allowed Germany to peacefully absorb the Sudetenland. In March, 1939, Germany took over Bohemia and Moravia, and turned Slovakia into a puppet state. The British and French finally realized that appeasement did not produce peace. 450: 650:. France favored the Confederacy but did not accord it diplomatic recognition. The French expected that a Confederate victory would facilitate French economic dominance in Mexico. He helped the Confederacy by shipping urgently needed supplies through the ports of Matamoros, Mexico, and Brownsville (Texas). The Confederacy itself sought closer relationships with Mexico. Juarez turned it down, but the Confederates worked well with local warlords in northern Mexico, and with the French invaders. 1981: 1335:(1936–39). Blum rejected support for the Spanish Republicans because of his fear that civil war might spread to deeply divided France. As the Republican cause faltered in Spain, Blum secretly supplied the Republican cause with warplanes, money and sanctuaries. The government nationalized arms suppliers, and dramatically increased its program of rearming the French military in a last-minute catch up with the Germans. It also tried to build up the weak Polish army. 712:

preoccupation of the cabinet and parliament with internal politics; the rapid turnover of senior ministers, usually with minimal foreign-policy experience; and the growing expertise and self-assuredness of the bureaucrats. Hayne points out that they often defied official policies, withheld information from politicians they disdain, and used an outside network of influence from bankers, journalists, and French industry to promote their independent foreign policy.

7572: 1192:. It set up a staggered schedule for Germany's payment of war reparations, provided for a large loan to stabilize the German currency and ended the occupation of the Ruhr. Germany was then able to meet its reparations payments under the new schedule. The United States demanded repayment of the war loans, although the terms were slightly softened in 1926. All the loans, payments and reparations were suspended in 1931, and all were finally resolved in 1951. 43: 1709:, September 2, Ho Chi Minh, had proclaimed in Hanoi the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). The DRV ruled as the only civil government in all of Vietnam for a period of about 20 days, after the abdication of the "Japanese puppet", Emperor Bảo Đại. On 23 September 1945, French forces overthrew the local DRV government, and declared French authority restored in Cochinchina. Guerrilla warfare began around Saigon immediately. 700: 376: 156: 6315: 7584: 1422:

million French soldiers became prisoners of war in Germany. They served as hostages and forced laborers in German factories. The United States suddenly realized Germany was on the verge of controlling practically all of Europe, and it determined to rapidly build up its small Army and Air Force, and expand its Navy. Sympathy with Britain was high, and many were willing to send munitions, but few Americans called for war.

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claims for independence. Serbia was a loyal ally of France throughout World War I. Serbia was highly appreciative of French financial and material aid before its collapse in 1915 as well as funding the Serbian government in exile. There was popular support in France for Serbia as seen in taking in refugees and educating students. France took part in the armed liberation of Serbia, Montenegro, and Vojvodina in 1918.

1044:, with practically no movement until spring 1918. Both sides suffered very high casualties caused by repeated infantry attacks against defensive positions protected by trenches, barbed wire, machine guns, and heavy artillery using aircraft as spotters, and poison gas. Meanwhile, the rich industrial and mining regions of Belgium and northeastern France remained in German hands throughout the war. Marshals 600:

grew annoyed at his intervention in Syria in 1860–61. He angered Catholics alarmed at his poor treatment of the Pope, then reversed himself and angered the anticlerical liberals at home and his erstwhile Italian allies. He lowered the tariffs, which helped in the long run but in the short run angered owners of large estates and the textile and iron industrialists, while leading worried workers to organize.

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supported Eisenhower, for he was following a plan that had been worked out in London and had been approved by Roosevelt and Churchill. Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942, so Washington turned again towards Giraud, who was made High Commissioner of French North and West Africa. Giraud failed to build a political base and was displaced by the last man with any standing, de Gaulle.

1440:. Theoretically it was neutral, but in practice it was partly controlled by Germany until November 1942, when Germany took full control. Vichy was intensely conservative and anti-Communist, but it was practically helpless with Germany controlling half of France directly and holding nearly two million French POWs as hostages. Vichy finally collapsed when the Germans fled in summer 1944. 889:. France had failed in its main goals. P.M.H. Bell says, "Between the two governments there was a brief battle of wills, with the British insisting on immediate and unconditional French withdrawal from Fashoda. The French had to accept these terms, amounting to a public humiliation....Fashoda was long remembered in France as an example of British brutality and injustice." 207:, which broke out 15 years after his death. Norman Davies characterized Louis XV's reign as "one of debilitating stagnation", characterized by lost wars, endless clashes between the Court and Parliament, and religious feuds. A few scholars defend Louis, arguing that his highly negative reputation was based on propaganda meant to justify the French Revolution. 1291:

was not a coherent diplomatic strategy nor a copying of the British. When Hitler in 1936 sent troops into the Rhineland—the part of Germany where no troops were allowed—neither Paris nor London would risk war, and nothing was done. France also appeased Italy on the Ethiopia question because it could not afford to risk an alliance between Italy and Germany.

1184:. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (whose savings became worthless) and also the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the solution to the reparations issues, as expressed in the 152:(1619–83) dramatically improved the financial system so that it could support an army of 250,000 men. The system deteriorated under Louis XV so that wars drained the increasingly inefficient financial system. Louis XIV made France prouder in psychology but poorer in wealth; military glory and cultural splendor were exalted above economic growth. 1874:

latter role. He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war, much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs (Frenchmen settled in Algeria) and the military; both previously had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule. He granted independence to Algeria in 1962 and progressively to other French colonies.

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The British and French wanted peace—or at least enough delay to allow them to try to catch up to German military superiority. Britain did not control French actions, but London had more influence on Paris than vice versa. The leading French voice for cooperating with British Prime Chamberlain in appeasement was foreign minister

767:, initially built by the French, became a joint British-French project in 1875, as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. The government allowed Britain to take effective control of Egypt. 1465:, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into the hands of Germany, but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach by sending it to Britain or to far away territories of the French empire such as the West Indies. Shortly after France gave up it attacked a large French naval contingent in 557:– was a long-term goal, but in practice, colonial officials were reluctant to extend full citizenship rights. France sent small numbers of white permanent settlers to its empire, in sharp contrast to Britain, Spain, and Portugal. The notable exception was Algeria, where the French settlers held power but remained a minority. 137:(1715–1774), France was second in size to Russia but first in terms of economic and military power. It fought numerous expensive wars, usually to protect its voice in the selection of monarchs in neighboring countries. A high priority was blocking the growth of power of the Habsburg rivals who controlled Austria and Spain. 1448:

air bases in Syria or to move war supplies through French North Africa. The essential American position was that France should take no action not explicitly required by the armistice terms that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war. When Germany took full control the U.S. and Canada cut their ties.

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Proclaiming that grandeur was the essential to the nature of France, de Gaulle initiated his "Politics of Grandeur". He demanded complete autonomy for France in world affairs, which meant that it has its major decisions which could not be forced upon it by NATO, the European Community or anyone else.

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and French settlers opposed to concessions in the face of Arab nationalist insurrection ripped apart the unstable Fourth Republic. The National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis. De Gaulle founded the Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency, and he was elected in the

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France was bitter when the United States and Britain refused to share atomic secrets with it. The upshot was France developed its own nuclear weapons and delivery systems. However Britain did ensure that France was included in the split of conquered Germany into Soviet, British, American and French

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France suffered very heavy losses in the war, in terms of battle casualties and economic distress, but came out on the winning side. It demanded Germany make good all its financial losses (including pensions for the veterans.) At the Paris peace conference of 1919, vengeance against defeated Germany

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In 1914 London and Paris agreed that financially Britain would support the weaker Allies and that France would take care of itself. There was no common financial policy. French credit collapsed in 1916 and Britain took full control of the failing Allied finances and began loaning large sums to Paris.

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By 1914 French foreign policy was thus based on its formal alliance with Russia, and an informal understanding with Britain, all based on the assumption that the main threat was from Germany. The crisis of 1914 was unexpected, and when Germany mobilized its forces in response to Russian mobilization,

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France was deeply split between the monarchists on one side, and the Republicans on the other. The monarchists were comfortable with the tsar, but the Republicans deeply distrusted Russia. It was poor and not industrialized; it was intensely religious and authoritarian, with no sense of democracy or

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could not resist the temptations of glory in foreign affairs such as his uncle, the world-famous Napoleon, had achieved. He was visionary, mysterious and secretive; he had a poor staff, and kept running afoul of his domestic supporters. In the end he was incompetent as a diplomat. Napoleon did have

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Warfare defined the foreign policies of Louis XIV, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled "by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique", Louis sensed that warfare was the ideal way to enhance his glory. In peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their

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After the Japanese surrendered, Chinese forces in September 1945 entered Tonkin and a small British task force landed at Saigon. The Chinese accepted the Vietnamese government under Ho Chi Minh, created by resistance forces of the Việt Minh, then in power in Hanoi. The British refused to do likewise

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in charge, signed a deal with Admiral Darlan on 22 November 1942 in which the Allies recognized Darlan as high commissioner for North Africa and West Africa. The Allied world was stunned at giving a high command to a man who days before had been collaborating with the Nazis; Roosevelt and Churchill

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In spring 1939 Hitler demanded concessions from Poland and this time Britain and France announced they would go to war to defend the integrity of Poland. Efforts to bring the USSR into the coalition failed and instead it formed an agreement with Hitler to divide up Poland and Eastern Europe. Hitler

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The French Right supported the war, emphasizing the deep spiritual value of "the Union Sacrée." The middle-of-the-road Radicals split—one wing wanted a compromise peace. By winter 1916–17 strong annexationist demands emerged on the right, calling for annexation of Germany's Saar basin to France and

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against anti-Semitism in France, Russia was the most notorious center in the world of anti-Semitic outrages. On the other hand, Republicans and monarchists alike were increasingly frustrated by Bismarck's success in isolating France diplomatically. Paris made a few overtures to Berlin, but they were

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By 1789, the French debt acquired to fight in that war came to a staggering 1.3 billion livres. It "set off France's own fiscal crisis, a political brawl over taxation that soon became one of the reasons for French Revolution." France did obtain its revenge against Britain, but materially it gained

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he made a deal that gave the Việt Minh control of Vietnam north of the seventeenth parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces. That left South Vietnam standing alone. However, the United States moved in and provided large scale financial military and economic support for South Vietnam.

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Communists played a major role in the French resistance, and the USSR was leading the fight against Germany, so De Gaulle emphasized that Free France supported the USSR. Relations cooled in fall 1943 to summer 1944, then warmed up again and de Gaulle visited Moscow. He made concessions to Stalin to

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De Gaulle headed a government in exile based in London, but he continued to create diplomatic problems for the U.S. and Britain. When the British and Americans landed in France in June 1944, he refused to allow French soldiers to land on D-Day. He insisted that France be treated as a great power by

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region of Czechoslovakia. That small country had a defense alliance with France but militarily its position was hopeless. The Munich conference of September 29–30, 1938, was a summit meeting of leaders from Germany, Italy, Britain and France. The Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia were not invited.

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French foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s aimed to build military alliances with small nations in Eastern Europe in order to counter the threat of German attacks. Paris saw Romania as an ideal partner in this venture, especially in 1926 to 1939. During World War II the alliance failed. Romania

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French foreign and security policy after 1919 used traditional alliance strategies to weaken German's potential to threaten France and comply with the strict obligations devised by France in the Treaty of Versailles. The main diplomatic strategy came in response to the demands of the French army to

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arrived. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco, but France suffered a humiliating defeat

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and the Prime Minister for eight months in 1954–55, working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties. His top priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured. Public opinion polls show that in February 1954, only 7% of

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to Paris as American ambassador. President Roosevelt hoped to use American influence to encourage those elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. Vichy still controlled its overseas colonies and Washington encouraged Vichy to resist German demands such as for

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Appeasement was increasingly adopted as Germany grew stronger, for France was increasingly weakened by a stagnant economy, unrest in its colonies, and bitter internal political fighting. Appeasement was the fall-back position when it was impossible to make a major decision. Martin Thomas says it

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Foreign affairs attracted far less attention than domestic affairs. Religious and class differences deeply divided the French people on polarities such as monarchy versus Republicanism, secularism versus Catholicism, farmers versus urbanites, workers versus owners. Permanent professional diplomats

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Starting with its scattered smallholdings in India, West Indies, and Latin America, France began rebuilding its world empire. It took control of Algeria in 1830 and started to send in settlers. It began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West

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to Great Britain and Louisiana to Spain, and was left with a bitter grudge that sought revenge in 1778 by helping the Americans win independence. Louis XV's decisions damaged the power of France, weakened the treasury, discredited the absolute monarchy, and made it more vulnerable to distrust and

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Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June 1940, and the government surrendered on 24 June 1940. Nazi Germany occupied three-fifths of France's territory, leaving the rest in the southeast to the new Vichy government, which was a bit more than a puppet state since it still had a navy. However nearly 2

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of 1854–1856 against Russia, in alliance with Britain and the Ottoman Empire, produced heavy losses and high expenses but no territorial or political gains. War with Austria in 1859 facilitated the unification of Italy, and Napoleon was rewarded with the annexation of Savoy and Nice. The British

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In 1917 the Russian Revolution ended the Franco-Russian alliance, and French policy changed. It joined Britain sending forces against the Bolsheviks and in support of the "white" counter-revolutionaries. Paris gave active support to the Southern Slav unionist movement and to the Czech and Polish

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Historians typically interpret the fiasco as a disaster for France. They portray an imperialistic attempt to secure access to raw materials and markets, and to establish a Latin, Catholic client state to prevent further American into Latin America. The failure stemmed from lack of realism in its

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France remained officially neutral throughout the War and never recognized the Confederate States of America. However, there were advantages to helping the Confederacy. France's textile factories needed cotton, and Napoleon III had imperial ambitions in Mexico which could be greatly aided by the

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and went to war with the Germans in 1870. Napoleon had alienated everyone; after failing to obtain an alliance with Austria and Italy, France had no allies and was bitterly divided at home. It was disastrously defeated on the battlefield, losing Alsace and Lorraine. A. J. P. Taylor is blunt: "he

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France was no longer the dominant power it had been before 1815, but it did play a major role in European economics, culture, diplomacy and military affairs. The very conservative Bourbons were restored, but left a weak record and one branch was overthrown in 1830 and the other branch in 1848 as

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The first few years of the war involved a low-level rural insurgency against French authority. However, after the Chinese communists reached the Northern border of Vietnam in 1949, the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United

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of 1925 helped bring Germany back into the French good graces. It guaranteed the border between France and Germany, but ignored Germany's controversial eastern border. In Poland, the public humiliation received by Polish diplomats was one of the contributing factors to the fall of the Grabski

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in Washington from 1902 to 1924; and Camille Barrere, in Rome from 1897 to 1924. In terms of foreign policy, there was general agreement about the need for high protective tariffs, which kept agricultural prices high. After the defeat by the Germans, there was a strong widespread anti-German

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According to M.B. Hayne, the French foreign office, known widely from its street address as Quai d'Orsay, was run by a highly professional diplomatic core group who controlled France's foreign policy in the two decades before 1914. Their decisive power resulted from clever exploitation of the

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French foreign policy was based on a hatred of Germany—whose larger size and faster-growing economy could not be matched—combined with a popular revanchism that demanded the return of Alsace and Lorraine. There were some moderate leaders who wanted to forget the past, but Berlin ignored their

1569:(MRP), a large moderate party based on the Catholic vote, dominated French foreign and colonial policies during most of the later 1940s and 1950s. Along with the French Socialist Party, it was the most energetic supporter in the country of European integration. It was also a strong backer of 1971:

Pompidou did well in fostering helpful guidance with the newly independent former French colonies in Africa. In 1971, he visited Mauritania, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Cameroons, and Gabon. He brought a message of cooperation and financial assistance, but without the traditional paternalism.

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served as the American ambassador to France from 1776 to 1785. He met with many leading diplomats, aristocrats, intellectuals, scientists and financiers. Franklin's image and writings caught the French imagination – there were many images of him sold on the market – and he became the

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French fears of a resurgent Germany made it reluctant to support the plan to merge the British and American zones of occupation. However growing fear of the Soviets, and the need for American economic assistance led the French to merge their zone into what became West Germany.

1215:, an elaborate system of static border defences, designed to fight off any German attack. The Maginot Line did not extend into Belgium, where Germany attacked in 1940 and went around the French defenses. Military alliances were signed with weak powers in 1920–21, called the " 672:

with 50,000 combat veterans to the Mexican border to emphasize that time had run out on the French intervention. Napoleon III had no choice but to withdraw his outnumbered army in disgrace. Emperor Maximilian refused exile and was executed by the Mexican government in 1867.

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the other Allies, and that he himself was the only representative of France. Roosevelt disliked him, but he had Churchill's support. The U.S. and Britain allowed de Gaulle the honor of being the first to march into Paris at the head of his army after the Germans had fled.

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began in 1947, as Britain and the United States started providing aid to Greece and Turkey, in order to prevent a Communist takeover. Despite its large pro-Soviet Communist Party, France joined the Allies. The first move was the Franco-British alliance realized in the

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conception, a gross misunderestimate of the power of the United States, a misunderstanding of Mexican public opinion, and recurring ineptitude in execution. While Maximilian and his widow get popular sympathy, Napoleon earns the sharp negative criticism of historians.

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By 1799 Napoleon had seized power in France and proved highly adept at warfare and coalition building. Britain led a series of shifting coalitions to oppose him. After a brief truce in 1802–3, war resumed. In 1806 Prussia joined Britain and Russia, thus forming the

2050:. Giscard was initially a friend of Bokassa, and supplied the regime. However, the growing unpopularity of that government led Giscard to begin distancing himself from Bokassa. In 1979, French troops helped drive Bokassa out of power and restore former president 1949:, the reckless dictator of Libya. An outburst of international hostility scuttled that adventure. His greatest disaster came in Algeria, which doubled its taxes on French-owned oilfields, and finally nationalized them in 1971. Pompidou watched helplessly. 1393:

France and Britain together declared war against Germany two days after it invaded Poland. The British and French empires joined the war but no one else. Britain and France took a defensive posture, fearing German air attacks on cities. France hoped the

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arrived. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, thereby permitting Anglo-Egyptian control over the area south of Egypt. The status quo was recognised by an agreement acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in

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Britain feared that the French naval fleet could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining north Atlantic shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the

1298:. French credibility in standing against German expansion or aggression was left in doubt. French military strategy was entirely defensive, and it had no intention whatever of invading Germany if war broke out. Instead it planned to defend the 496:

as king, followed by his brother. France was soon integrated into the reactionary international situation. However much of the Napoleonic liberalization of Western Europe, including Italy, and Germany, and adjacent areas became permanent.

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was a total disaster, caused primarily by weather, partisan attacks, disease and inadequate logistics. Only small remnants of the invading army returned from Russia. On the Spanish front the French armies were defeated and evacuated Spain.

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on July 21, 1954 the new socialist French government and the Việt Minh made an agreement that was denounced by the government of Vietnam and by the United States, but which effectively gave the Communists control of North Vietnam above the

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some successes: he strengthened French control over Algeria, established bases in Africa, began the takeover of Indochina, and opened trade with China. He facilitated a French company building the Suez Canal, which Britain could not stop.

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in 1861–1867 was a total disaster. The United States forced him to evacuate his army from Mexico, and his puppet Emperor was executed. In 1861, Mexican conservatives looked to Napoleon III to abolish the Republic led by liberal President

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Another French attack was launched on Spain, led by Napoleon himself, and was described as "an avalanche of fire and steel." However, the French Empire was no longer regarded as invincible by European powers. In 1808 Austria formed the

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In the 1930s France became a deeply conservative, defensive society, split by social conflict, undermined by failing and un-modernized economy and an empire in crisis. All these things explain the loss of will and direction in the

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did not believe the Allies would fight in such a faraway hopeless cause, and he invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France declared war on September 3, 1939. But there was little they could or did do to help Poland.

1589:(1954–1962), as well as a series of smaller insurrections and political crises elsewhere in the French Empire. The MRP eventually divided over the Algerian question in the late 1950s (with Bidault being an avid supporter of the 661:, Juárez's minister to Washington, mobilized support in the U.S. Congress, and raised money, soldiers and ammunition in the United States for the war against Maximilian. Washington repeatedly protested France's violation of the 1713:

States and the Soviet Union. French Union forces included colonial troops from the whole empire (Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese ethnic minorities), French professional troops and units of the

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In the 1875–1898 era, serious tensions with the other great colonial power Britain erupted over African territory. At several points war was possible, but it never happened. One brief but dangerous dispute occurred during the

1056:(1861–1922) was outnumbered and focused on defense. Both sides failed to realize the stultifying effect of trench warfare on morale and the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives in futile attempts to win a "decisive battle." 390:, a Franco-Spanish alliance against Portugal was sealed as Spain eyed Portuguese territories. French armies entered Spain in order to attack Portugal, but then seized Spanish fortresses and took over the kingdom by surprise. 1944:

in 1967 in which Israel, under attack from all directions, decisively defeated all its Arab neighbors. Pompidou continued the hostility, and tried to come to terms with Morocco as well. He tried to sell French weapons to

1469:, killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations but did not declare war on Britain. Churchill also ordered French ships in British ports to be seized by the Royal Navy. The French squadron at 1413:

against Denmark and Norway, easily pushing the British out. Then it invaded the Low Countries and tricked Britain and France into sending their best combat units deep into the Netherlands, where they became trapped in the

1029:. The plan seemed to promise quick victory but it failed because of inadequate forces, unexpected Belgian resistance, and poor coordination among German generals. France had already launched its invasion of Germany with 294:, the guillotining of Louis XVI of France, and the French opening of the Scheldt, a European military coalition was formed against France. Spain, Naples, Great Britain, and the Netherlands joined Austria and Prussia in 1520:. He was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 surrender ("Armistice") and oppose the Vichy government of Marshall Pétain. From London on 18 June 1940 he gave an impassioned radio address 1063:, a pacifist, was assassinated at the start of the war, the French socialist movement abandoned its antimilitarist positions and joined the national war effort. The labor unions supported the war. Prime Minister 1597:

zones. Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948, the US, Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the

1480:

The American position towards Vichy France and Free France was inconsistent. President Roosevelt disliked and distrusted de Gaulle, and agreed with Ambassador Leahy's view that he was an "apprentice dictator."

97:. The alliance was exceptional, as the first alliance between a Christian and Muslim state, and caused a scandal in the Christian world, especially since France was heavily committed to support Catholicism. 844:, initially built by the French, became a joint British-French project in 1875, as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt ( 1878:

De Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence." He twice vetoed Britain's entry into the Common Market, fearing it might overshadow France in European affairs. While not officially abandoning

1960:

admired Pompidou; the politicians were in agreement on most major policy issues. The United States offered to help the French nuclear programme. Economic difficulties, however, arose following the

733:

sentiment focused on revanchism and regaining Alsace and Lorraine. The Empire was a matter of great pride, and service as administrators, soldiers and missionaries was a high status occupation.

6043:

King, Richard Carl, "Review of the historiography of Franco-American relations from 1828-1860" (1972). (U. of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5199)

1581:(foreign and colonial ministers respectively in several French coalition governments) were primary architects of France's hard-line colonial policies that culminated in long insurgencies in 668:

Once the Union won the War in spring 1865, Washington allowed supporters of Juárez to openly purchase weapons and ammunition and issued stronger warnings to Paris. Washington sent General

634:, Júarez's ambassador to the United States, gained some support in Congress for possibly intervening on Mexico's behalf against France's occupation. However, Lincoln's Secretary of State 630:

Napoleon hoped that a Confederate victory would result in two weak nations on Mexico's northern borders, allowing French dominance in a country ruled by its puppet Emperor Maximilian.

1279:

to Italy and allowed her a free hand in Abyssinia, in exchange for support against any German aggression. In April 1935, Laval persuaded Italy and Great Britain to join France in the

5045: 1007:. This formal alliance with Russia, and informal alignment with Britain, against Germany and Austria eventually led Russia and Britain to enter World War I as France's main allies. 386:

Napoleon then went back to the west, to deal with Britain. Only two countries remained neutral in the war: Sweden and Portugal, and Napoleon then looked toward the latter. In the

855:

was out of office, and the government was unwilling to send more than an intimidatory fleet to the region. Britain established a protectorate, as France had a year earlier in

4688:

Heike Bungert, "A New Perspective on French-American Relations during the Occupation of Germany, 1945–1948: Behind-the-Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger."

4456:

Heike Bungert, "A New Perspective on French-American Relations during the Occupation of Germany, 1945–1948: Behind-the-Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger."

46:

Francis I (left) and Suleiman I the Magnificent (right) initiated the Franco-Ottoman alliance. They never met in person; this is a composite of two separate paintings by

1728:

While the strategy of pushing the Việt Minh into attacking a well-defended base in a remote part of the country at the end of their logistical trail was validated at the

5471: 2079: 1788:, the nationalist leader in Tunisia, for the independence of that colony by 1956, and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal. 1689:

in Northern Vietnam, along with Chinese border. The conflict eventually reached most of Vietnam and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of

686: 582: 510: 7549: 1083:

The J. P. Morgan bank in New York assumed control of French loans in the fall of 1916 and relinquished it to the US government when the U.S. entered the war in 1917.

1176:

In January 1923 as a response to the failure of Germany to ship enough coal as part of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the

944:

freedom for its peoples. It oppressed Poland. It exiled, and even executed political liberals and radicals. At a time when French Republicans were rallying in the

880:

of 1898 when French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan, and a more powerful British military force purporting to be acting in the interests of the

653:

Realizing that Washington could not intervene in Mexico as long as the Confederacy controlled Texas, France invaded Mexico in 1861 and installed an Austrian prince

1165:, as prime minister during five short intervals, directed French foreign policy, using his diplomatic skills and sense of timing to forge friendly relations with 1531:

from soldiers that had escaped with the British at Dunkirk. With British military support the Free French gradually gained control of all French colonies except

545:

Paris took on a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism,

1901:

in order to create a European counterweight between the "Anglo-Saxon" (American and British) and Soviet spheres of influence. De Gaulle openly criticised the

7174: 6381: 6303: 1271:(prime minister and foreign minister 1934–1936) was based on a deep distrust of Nazi Germany. He sought anti-German alliances. He and Mussolini signed the 352:. Napoleon was not alone since he now had a complex network of allies and subject states. The largely outnumbered French army crushed the Prussian army at 1756:, creating the Republic of Vietnam. Soon an insurgency backed by the North developed against Diệm's government. The conflict gradually escalated into the 7604: 1114:

was forced upon Germany which deeply resented the harsh terms. France strongly supported the new Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. It became

298:(1792–97), the first major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain Revolutionary France. It took shape after the wars had already begun. 2986: 2604: 1071:" ("Sacred Union")—which was a wartime truce between the right and left factions that had been fighting bitterly. France had few dissenters. However, 248:, the British managed to hold their own throughout the war. When the war began Britain quickly seized all of France's Indian possessions, especially 7123: 5000:

Kenneth Dyson, "EMU, political discourse and the fifth French republic: Historical institutionalism, path dependency and ‘craftsmen’ of discourse."

1110:

was the main French theme, and Prime Minister Clemenceau was largely effective against the moderating influences of the British and Americans. The

1466: 859:, and popular opinion in France later put this action down to duplicity. It was about this time that the two nations established co-ownership of 6281: 523:

France built up an overseas empire, especially in Africa and Indochina. The economy was strong, with a good railway system. The arrival of the

3682:

The Twilight of French Eastern Alliances, 1926–1936: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from Locarno to the Remilitarization of the Rhineland

1356: 953:, a strong military alliance to join together in war if Germany attacked either of them. France had finally escaped its diplomatic isolation. 906: 902: 898: 1882:, he withdraw from its military integrated command, fearing that the United States had too much control over NATO. He launched an independent 1398:

would protect it from an invasion. There was little fighting between the fall of Poland in mid-September and the following spring; it was the

6366: 744:

of 1898 when French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan, and a British force purporting to be acting in the interests of the

1180:. Germany responded with a policy of passive resistance and supported the idled workers by printing additional money, spurring the onset of 897:

France had colonies in Asia and looked for alliances and found in Japan a possible ally. At Japan's request Paris sent military missions in

473:

was formed, and the German states of the Confederation of the Rhine switched sides, finally opposing Napoleon. Napoleon was defeated in the

7300: 5494:

Krotz, Ulrich. "Three eras and possible futures: a long-term view on the Franco-German relationship a century after the First World War."

1831:

for coal and steel. The ECSC was governed by a 'High Authority', checked by bodies representing governments, Members of Parliament and an

1320:

in 1938. France's military alliance with Czechoslovakia was sacrificed at Hitler's demand when France and Britain agreed to his terms at

406:(June and July 1808). Britain sent a short-lived ground support force to Portugal, and French forces evacuated Portugal as defined in the 398:

abdicated. This occupation of the Iberian peninsula fueled local nationalism, and soon the Spanish and Portuguese fought the French using

7230: 5754: 6376: 5849: 1052:(1861–1928) believed that attrition would win the war by wearing down the German reserves in multiple massive assaults. German general 1721:

recruits was forbidden by the government to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home. It was called the "dirty war" (

1258:

explains how the country that had dominated Europe for three centuries wanted one last extension of power, but failed in its resolve:

1173:. He realized France could neither contain the much larger Germany by itself nor secure effective support from Britain or the League. 7167: 6792: 6296: 4869: 4550:"United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense/I. A. U.S. Policy, 1940–50, pages 18–19" 1573:

and of close alliance with the United States, making it the most "Atlanticist" of French political parties. Its leaders, especially

1284: 1011:

France also had to mobilize or be overwhelmed by sheer numbers. Germany then invaded Belgium and France, and World War I had begun.

6572: 1308:

in union with Britain now became the main policy after 1936, as France sought peace in the face of Hitler's escalating demands.

422:

and could have been definitely expelled from the Iberian peninsula had the Spanish armies attacked again, but the Spanish did not.

224: 5634:

Boxer, Andrew. "French Appeasement: Andrew Boxer Considers Explanations for France's Disastrous Foreign Policy between the Wars."

5015: 4187:

Andrew Boxer, "French Appeasement: Andrew Boxer Considers Explanations for France's Disastrous Foreign Policy between the Wars."

2000:

Giscard was a pragmatist who billed himself as "a conservative who likes change." In 1975 he invited the heads of government from

7544: 7437: 7250: 2101: 1127: 5387:

Becker, Bert. "France and the Gulf of Tonkin Region: Shipping Markets and Political Interventions in South China in the 1890s."

1952:

The United States was eager to restore positive relations with France after de Gaulle's departure from office. New US President

1516:

Free France was the insurgent French government based in London and the overseas French colonies and led by charismatic general

7503: 7085: 6582: 4318:

Martin Thomas, "The Discarded Leader: General Henri Giraud and the Foundation of the French Committee of National Liberation",

1887: 1653:

on 19 December 1946 and lasted until 1 August 1954. Fighting between French forces and their Communist opponents known as the

387: 33: 5468: 1418:

in May 1940. The Royal Navy rescued over 300,000 British and French soldiers from Dunkirk, but left behind all the equipment.

983:

After Bismarck's removal from office in 1890, French efforts to isolate Germany finally succeeded. With the formation of the

7132: 7128: 7009: 6680: 5699: 4357: 4073:

William A. Hoisington Jr, "The Struggle for Economic Influence in Southeastern Europe: The French Failure in Romania, 1940."

3750: 3665: 3271: 2772: 2588: 1917: 1181: 1150: 657:

as its puppet ruler in 1864. Owing to the shared convictions of the democratically elected government of Juárez and Lincoln,

4336: 4146: 1535:, which the Japanese controlled. The U.S., Britain and Canada wanted Vichy to keep nominal control of the small islands of 7518: 7470: 7362: 7357: 7160: 7136: 6289: 3417:

Samuel R. Williamson Jr., "German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911: Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered"

642: 5543: 4918: 484:

reversed the political changes that had occurred during the wars. Napoleon's attempted restoration, a period known as the

6973: 6848: 5659:

Jackson, Peter. "Post‐War Politics and the Historiography of French Strategy and Diplomacy Before the Second World War."

5091: 2235: 1856: 1752:, with heavy American support, continued under Emperor Bảo Đại. In 1955 Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister, 1701:

in Saigon, and deferred to the French there from the outset, against the ostensible support of the Việt Minh by American

1662: 524: 240:

India was a major battlefield, in which France tried to form alliances with Indian states against the British-controlled

7475: 7322: 6903: 6577: 4660: 2881: 2241: 2111: 5601: 1827:

states: Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Among these states the ECSC would remove trade barriers and create a

1493:

shortly before the landing on 8 November 1942, but he had little local support. By hapstance the Vichy leader Admiral

7480: 7442: 7030: 6787: 6752: 6476: 6209: 5025: 4902: 4853: 4713: 4507: 4286: 3993: 3966: 3846: 3324: 2799: 2745: 2561: 2528: 2446: 2419: 2272: 2089: 1801: 1431: 1230: 1020: 617: 317:

in 1793, leaving the French republican forces in an offensive position and granting nationwide fame to a young hero,

37: 5983: 5765: 5101: 1819:, then preparing for a re-election fight, did not join the initiative. ECSC was formally established in 1951 by the 1208:

ridiculed the treaties saying, "Germany was officially asked to attack the east, in return for peace in the west."

703:

Europe after the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the forming of the German Reich and the French loss of Alsace-Lorraine

145: 7422: 7004: 6963: 6918: 6762: 6742: 6727: 6613: 6547: 6406: 5335: 5324: 3286:

T. G. Otte, "From 'War-in-Sight' to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898",

2204: 2106: 1860: 921:. The treaty ending the war, put France in a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam, which it divided into 469:

Since France had been defeated on these two fronts, states it previously conquered and controlled struck back. The

462: 356:

in 1806; Napoleon captured Berlin and went as far as Eastern Prussia. There the Russian Empire was defeated at the

220: 5899: 3511:

Robert T. Foley, "What's in a Name?: The Development of Strategies of Attrition on the Western Front, 1914–1918."

638:

was cautious in limiting US aid to Mexico. He did not want a war with France before the Confederacy was defeated.

301:

The Republican government in Paris was radicalised after a diplomatic coup from the Jacobins said it would be the

7392: 7352: 7332: 7312: 7215: 7035: 6908: 6697: 6628: 6623: 6451: 6436: 6426: 6361: 6311: 5988:

Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste. "Relations between Two Peoples: The Singular Example of the United States and France,"

2140: 2012:, including Canada). In support of European economic unification, Giscard and his friend West German Chancellor 1590: 864: 144:

Louis XIV had at his service many notable military commanders and an excellent support staff. His chief engineer

6250:

Zahniser, Marvin R. "Rethinking the Significance of Disaster: The United States and the Fall of France in 1940"

6201:

The French Assault on American Shipping, 1793–1813: A History and Comprehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses

4377: 2503:

Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth, "Bridging the Continental Divide: Colonial America's 'French Quarter.'"

2382:

James Nathan, "Force, Order, and Diplomacy in the Age of Louis XIV." Virginia Quarterly Review 69#4 (1993) 633+.

7508: 7327: 6989: 6757: 6737: 6665: 6648: 6597: 6507: 6441: 5652:

Jackson, Peter. "France and the problems of security and international disarmament after the first world war."

5523: 2655:

Kevin H. O'Rourke, "The Worldwide Economic Impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1793–1815",

3621:

Peter Jackson, "France and the problems of security and international disarmament after the first world war."

3516: 2290:"The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801-1922. Being a rev. and enl. ed. of The Ottoman Empire, 1801-1913" 1312:, prime minister 1938–40, refused to go to war against Germany and Italy without British support. He endorsed 461:

In 1812 Napoleon could no longer tolerate Russian independence. He assembled a gigantic army and invaded. The

7528: 7513: 7460: 7407: 7402: 7377: 7235: 7118: 7090: 7080: 6999: 6933: 6873: 6833: 6777: 6732: 6712: 6638: 6567: 6542: 6532: 6512: 6481: 6396: 6386: 5484:(2001); 261pp; topical approach emphasizing national security, intelligence & relations with major powers 4245:

Peter Jackson and Simon Kitson, "The paradoxes of foreign policy in Vichy France", in Jonathan Adelman, ed.,

3029:

Robert Ryal Miller, "Matias Romero: Mexican Minister to the United States during the Juarez-Maximilian Era",

2909:

Robert Ryal Miller, "Matias Romero: Mexican Minister to the United States during the Juarez-Maximilian Era",

2162: 2094: 1745: 970: 966: 372:

was formed over these territorial losses, and Polish troops entered the Grande Armée in significant numbers.

172: 7498: 4432: 1771:

the French people wanted to continue the fight to keep Indochina out of the hands of the Communists, led by

7432: 7382: 7342: 7295: 7290: 7280: 7275: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7240: 7225: 7220: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7014: 6968: 6938: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6838: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6797: 6717: 6707: 6655: 6618: 6592: 6491: 6471: 6466: 6446: 6416: 6351: 5375:

Théophile Delcassé and the Making of The Entente Cordiale: A Reappraisal of French Foreign Policy 1898–1905

4372:

Martin Thomas, "Deferring to Vichy in the Western Hemisphere: The St. Pierre and Miquelon Affair of 1941",

3711: 3456:

Cody Nester, "France and the Great War: Belligerent Warmonger or Failed Peacekeeper? A Literature Review."

2230: 2187: 2182: 2157: 2152: 2130: 1702: 1096: 840:

in the 1870s and 1880s, the British and French generally recognised each other's spheres of influence. The

148:(1633–1707) perfected the arts of fortifying French towns and besieging enemy cities. The finance minister 114: 6098:

Policies and opinions at Paris, 1919: Wilsonian diplomacy, the Versailles Peace, and French public opinion

3584:

Policies and opinions at Paris, 1919: Wilsonian diplomacy, the Versailles Peace, and French public opinion

1331:

government in 1936–37 joined the right-wing Britain government in establishing an arms embargo during the

1025:

Germany declared war on France on 3 August 1914 and invaded Belgium and northeastern France following its

566: 7523: 7465: 7427: 7417: 7397: 7387: 7372: 7367: 7347: 7317: 7285: 7270: 7245: 7070: 6958: 6948: 6943: 6928: 6923: 6913: 6898: 6868: 6843: 6782: 6772: 6687: 6633: 6557: 6522: 6517: 6461: 6356: 6319: 4894:

Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System

2225: 2215: 2209: 2167: 1844: 1566: 1200:

cabinet. Locarno contributed to the worsening of the atmosphere between Poland and France, weakening the

1146: 1041: 621: 349: 78: 21: 4443:

Peter K. Parides, "The Halban Affair and British Atomic Diplomacy at the End of the Second World War."

1489:

Preparing for a landing in North Africa in late 1942, the US looked for a top French ally. It turned to

1406:– "the funny sort of war" – in France. Britain tried several peace feelers, but Hitler did not respond. 7562: 7412: 7337: 7307: 6953: 6893: 6767: 6747: 6722: 6692: 6660: 6643: 6552: 6527: 6456: 6421: 6411: 6401: 6391: 6278:

free daily email discussions and book reviews; oriented to scholars & graduate students since 1991.

2220: 2199: 2194: 2177: 2172: 2145: 2118: 802: 477:

outside Leipzig in October 1813. The Allies invaded France and Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814. The

470: 427: 325:, the French occupied Belgium and the Rhineland. An invasion of the Netherlands established the puppet 230: 90: 3634:

Nicole Jordan, "The Reorientation of French Diplomacy in the mid-1920s: the Role of Jacques Seydoux."

578: 506: 7075: 6994: 6702: 6675: 6670: 6562: 6537: 6486: 6431: 6371: 4786:

Helen Parr, "Saving the Community: The French Response to Britain's Second EEC Application in 1967",

1536: 1034: 4524:

Labour under the Marshall Plan: the politics of productivity and the marketing of management science

4250: 1753: 89:

under Charles V and Philip II on equal terms. The Franco-Ottoman military alliance reached its peak

6009:

Feske, Victor H. "The Road To Suez: The British Foreign Office and the Quai D’Orsay, 1951–1957" in

5720: 5392: 4162: 3821:

Philip A. Grant Jr. and Martin Schmidt, "France and the American War Debt Controversy, 1919–1929"

2873:

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

2369:

G. Zeller, "French diplomacy and foreign policy in their European setting". In F.L., Carsten, ed.,

2047: 1780: 1740: 1674: 1294:

Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland changed the balance of power decisively in favor of the

1272: 830: 791: 669: 431: 353: 322: 74: 20:

covers French diplomacy and foreign relations down to 1981. For the more recent developments, see

5938:

Confronting America: the cold war between the United States and the communists in France and Italy

5922:

Bozo, Frédéric. "'Winners' and 'Losers': France, the United States, and the End of the Cold War,"

4946:

Marc Trachtenberg, "The French Factor in US Foreign Policy during the Nixon-Pompidou Period", in

4758:

Winock, Michel. "De Gaulle and the Algerian Crisis 1958–1962." in Hugh Gough and John Home, eds.,

851:) prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. France's expansionist Prime Minister 527:

in 1812 guaranteed the role of Paris alongside London as a major center of international finance.

4278:

FDR's Ambassadors and the Diplomacy of Crisis: From the Rise of Hitler to the End of World War II

2938:

Gary Moreno, "Rage Against the Monarchy American Reaction to the French Intervention in Mexico."

1898: 1733: 1623:

France, the United States, Britain, Canada and eight other western European countries signed the

992: 988: 950: 938: 721: 439: 60: 6220:

America's Ambassadors to France (1777-1927): A Narrative of Franco-American Diplomatic Relations

5548:

Thomson, R. Stanley. "The Diplomacy of Imperialism: France and Spain in Cochin China, 1858-63."

3474: 1910: 1763: 1729: 443: 4987:

Jonathan Story, "The launching of the EMS: an analysis of change in foreign economic policy."

2074: 1820: 1767: 1666: 1556: 1201: 1131: 775: 740:, French and British interest in Africa came into conflict. The most dangerous episode was the 694: 654: 536: 271:

of the archetypal new American, and even a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France.

4650: 4276: 3983: 3836: 2871: 2762: 2490:

François-Joseph Ruggiu, "India and the Reshaping of the French Colonial Policy (1759-1789)."

2436: 2302: 2062: 1682: 909:

to help modernize the Japanese army. Conflicts with China over Indochina climaxed during the

237:, and sent a navy that prevented the second British army from escaping from Yorktown in 1781. 6199: 5710: 5563: 4973: 4497: 4089:

Daniel Hucker, "Public Opinion between Munich and Prague: The View from the French Embassy."

3956: 3556:

Martin Horn, "External Finance in Anglo-French Relations in the First World War, 1914–1917."

2789: 2735: 2518: 2409: 2262: 2084: 1965: 1933: 1832: 1714: 1624: 1154: 1000: 926: 814: 690: 493: 149: 98: 6105:

Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the French Problem, 1960-1963: A Troubled Partnership

5271: 5251: 5241: 5217: 4892: 4843: 4469:

Sean Greenwood, "Return to Dunkirk: The origins of the Anglo‐French treaty of March 1947."

3314: 2043: 2020: 1905:. He was angry at American economic power, especially what his Finance minister called the " 1474: 736:

Besides a demand for revenge against Germany, imperialism was a factor. In the midst of the

4828: 4677:

The Strange History of Pierre Mendès France and the Great Conflict over French North Africa

3301:

Fashoda reconsidered: the impact of domestic politics on French policy in Africa, 1893–1898

2393:

Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization

1906: 1498: 1111: 1104: 1053: 810: 783: 729: 407: 2670:

The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800

2553: 446:

in October 1809 stripped Austria of a large amount of territories, reducing it even more.

8: 5533: 5193: 5151:

Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes: French diplomacy in the age of revolution, 1719–1787

1883: 1718: 1640: 1313: 914: 837: 758: 737: 574: 395: 380: 357: 329:. Finally, a peace agreement was concluded between France, Spain, and Prussia in 1795 at 195: 180: 130: 67: 6232:

Zahniser, Marvin R. "The French Connection: Thirty Years of French-American Relations,"

2764:

A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800-1915

2066: 1309: 991:, especially, went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain. Key markers were the 403: 6024: 6004: 5513: 5314: 5161: 5133: 3791: 3783: 3657: 2135: 2032: 2005: 1894: 1528: 1511: 1100: 826: 787: 550: 489: 481: 478: 365: 361: 318: 241: 168: 134: 94: 5806: 5143: 5105: 2035:

in power, as he was overthrown by his own army. A peace agreement was signed with the

1670: 1494: 1118:

and in the 1920s and 1930s helped France by opposing German ambitions in the Balkans.

979:

Diplomatic alignments in 1900–1914; Italy was neutral, then joined the Allies in 1915.

256:

little and its huge debts seriously weakened the government and helped facilitate the

6205: 6178: 5931: 5860: 5695: 5346: 5109: 5021: 4898: 4849: 4709: 4656: 4585:

Accommodation and Resistance: The French Left, Indochina, and the Cold War, 1944–1954

4503: 4353: 4282: 4234: 4205: 3989: 3962: 3842: 3795: 3746: 3661: 3320: 3267: 3228:

The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912

2877: 2795: 2768: 2741: 2584: 2557: 2524: 2442: 2415: 2318: 2314: 2268: 1578: 1521: 1517: 1332: 1276: 1170: 1040:; the German armies were defeated and forced back. The war became stalemated on the 1033:, but very quickly realized it needed to defend Paris at all costs. It did so at the 918: 604: 474: 430:

in order to break down the French Empire. The Austrian Empire defeated the French at

411: 399: 326: 291: 285: 263: 257: 234: 204: 176: 86: 64: 5903: 5577:

A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War

4746: 3013:

Kathryn Abbey Hanna, "The Roles of the South in the French Intervention in Mexico",

2845:

A duel of giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the origins of the Franco-Prussian war

309: 5927: 5629:

French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power

5224:

The Congress of Vienna and Its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy After Napoleon

5067:

The Global Seven Years' War, 1754–1763: Britain and France in a Great Power Contest

4652:

Worse Than a Monolith: Alliance Politics and Problems of Coercive Diplomacy in Asia

4549: 4143:

French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power

3775: 1968:, particularly over the role of the American dollar as the medium for world trade. 1937: 1929: 1650: 1532: 1444: 1415: 1367: 1321: 1317: 1239: 1235: 1196: 1189: 996: 962: 881: 877: 818: 795: 779: 745: 741: 435: 391: 187: 164: 4821: 4802: 4774:

French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou: The Politics of Grandeur

2479:

The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774–1787

2289: 658: 647: 631: 7576: 7058: 6227:

American by Degrees: The Extraordinary Lives of French Ambassador Jules Jusserand

5475: 5409: 5368:

France Overseas: Great War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924

4703: 4484:

America's feeble weapon: funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948–1950

2546: 2123: 2004:, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States to a summit to form the 1993: 1957: 1946: 1870: 1816: 1785: 1574: 1162: 1026: 910: 717: 662: 369: 342: 314: 295: 245: 5917:

The Struggle for Neutrality: Franco-American Diplomacy during the Federalist Era

4948:

The Cold War and After: History, Theory, and the Logic of International Politics

3985:

Britain, France and Appeasement: Anglo-French Relations in the Popular Front Era

1068: 449: 6245:

Uncertain friendship: American-French diplomatic relations through the cold war

5980:

A Question of Balance: How France and the United States Created Cold War Europe

5796: 5584:

Uncertain Friendship: American-French Diplomatic Relations Through the Cold War

5281: 5261: 2036: 2028: 2013: 2009: 1985: 1805: 1610: 1378: 1247: 1216: 1166: 1158: 1004: 984: 945: 635: 454: 379:

Europe on the eve of Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812, on the height of the

330: 71: 7152: 5820:

The Uneasy Entente. French Foreign Policy and Franco-British Misunderstandings

4845:

The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II

4115:

John McVickar Haight Jr, "France, the United States, and the Munich crisis."

3943:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36

3915:

Stephen A. Schuker, "France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936",

3779: 3650: 1657:

began in September 1945. The conflict pitted a range of forces, including the

1060: 113:". It lasted intermittently for more than two and a half centuries, until the 77:. The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance was one of the most important 7598: 7588: 5606:

Adamthwaite, Anthony. "France and the Coming of War" in Patrick Finney, ed.,

5116:

East encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century

3928:

Reynolds M. Salerno, "The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937–9",

3685: 2964:

Nancy Nichols Barker, "France, Austria, and the Mexican Venture, 1861–1864."

2405: 2371:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume V The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88

1953: 1828: 1776: 1749: 1654: 1617: 1443:

The United States granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral

1255: 1072: 1045: 806: 716:

and bureaucrats had developed their own traditions of how to operate at the

442:(April 1809). Although not as decisive as the previous Austrian defeats, the 268: 141:

job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military.

118: 5875:

Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle.

5728:

In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933–1940

5615:

Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle.

5121:

Jensen, De Lamar "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy".

4961:

French Foreign Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou: The Politics of Grandeur

2737:

The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?

2618:

Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits & Adventurers in Spain, 1808–1814

1980: 1283:

against German ambitions in Austria. On 2 May 1935, he likewise signed the

1205: 6332: 5735:

French Foreign Policy 1918–1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials

4350:

Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle

2840: 2309:

Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660

2001: 1989: 1658: 1524: 1490: 1437: 1395: 1348: 1299: 1280: 1268: 1243: 1212: 1064: 1049: 847: 588: 570: 549:

declared; "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a

517: 485: 198:(1754–1763) and forced to give up its holdings in North America. It ceded 110: 106: 102: 82: 6051:

The French way: How France embraced and rejected American values and power

2791:

Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home

1812:

on 9 May 1950 as a way to prevent further war between France and Germany.

1328: 6014: 3540:

David Stevenson, "French War Aims and the American Challenge, 1914–1918"

2461: 2051: 1961: 1941: 1902: 1809: 1772: 1757: 1678: 1458: 1373: 1352: 1305: 1079:

the creation of independent German states on the left bank of the Rhine.

852: 771: 725: 596: 546: 313:(mass conscription of troops). Royalist invasion forces were defeated at 249: 208: 7571: 6255: 6192:

France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century 1900–1940

6089: 6044: 5868:

France: Factors shaping foreign policy and issues in US-French relations

5830: 5827:

Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century: Rivalry and Cooperation

5666:

Jacobson, Jon. "Strategies of French foreign policy after World War I."

4823:

De Gaulle and the World: The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic

4804:

De Gaulle and the World: The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic

3002: 2023:, Giscard ordered fighter jets to deploy in Mauritania and suppress the 1539:

for reasons of prestige, but de Gaulle seized them anyway in late 1941.

6237: 5993: 5966:

Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: The United States and France Since 1940

5671: 5553: 5430:

Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: The United States and France since 1940

4078: 3787: 3545: 3354:

France under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1930)

3189:

France under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1930)

3050: 3034: 3018: 2914: 1470: 1410: 1399: 1287:, but it was not implemented by Laval nor by his left-wing successors. 1185: 1115: 841: 764: 199: 6065:

JFK and de Gaulle: How America and France Failed in Vietnam, 1961-1963

6021:

Napoleon's Troublesome Americans: Franco-American Relations, 1804-1815

5643:

France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939

4306: 4130:

France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939

3891:

France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932-1939

2969: 2292:. Cambridge : The University Press – via Internet Archive. 867:

was also signed to resolve territory disagreements in western Africa.

159:

Territorial expansion of France under Louis XIV is depicted in orange.

42: 5793:

The Best of Enemies: Anglo-French Relations Since the Norman Conquest

2024: 1030: 699: 415: 375: 302: 3958:

The Specter of Munich: Reconsidering the Lessons of Appeasing Hitler

3126:

J. F. V. Keiger. France and the World Since 1870. (2001) pp 114–116.

3076:

The French army in Mexico, 1861–1867: a study in military government

3045:

Frederic Bancroft, "The French in Mexico and the Monroe doctrine."

516:

Napoleon's nephew was elected president. He made himself emperor as

211:

described him as "a perpetual adolescent called to do a man's job."

5896:

France and the United States: Their Diplomatic Relations, 1789–1914

5399:

France and the United States: Their Diplomatic Relations, 1789–1914

4730:

The Schuman Plan and the British Abdication of Leadership in Europe

2307:

vol. 2 (1947; English edition 1970); cited after Avner Ben-Zaken,

1864: 1694: 1605: 1560: 1497:

was captured and supported the Americans. The Allies, with General

641:

Napoleon nearly blundered into war with the United States in 1862.

155: 5973:

France and the United States: the cold alliance since World War II

5444:

France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II

5190:

The New Cambridge modern history: - v.2 The Reformation, 1520-1559

5053:

France and Algeria: a history of decolonization and transformation

6140:

Replacing France: The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam

5332:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

5098:

A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe

4841: 2548:

Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of America's Founding Ideas

1824: 1706: 1586: 1582: 886: 860: 856: 822: 419: 191: 63:

was a military alliance established in 1536 between the king of

6119:

Atlantis Lost: The American Experience with De Gaulle, 1958–1969

5947:(Aug/Sep 2003) 54#4 pp 28–33. wide-ranging survey over 250 years 5813:

Anglo-French Relations and Strategy on the Western Front 1914–18

5321:

The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933

5188:

Spooner, R.C. "The Habsburg-Valois Struggle" in G.R. Elton, ed.

4104:

Grandeur And Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914–1940

4047:

George C. Windell, "Léon Blum and the Crisis over Spain, 1936",

4010:

France since the Popular Front: Government and People, 1936–1986

3745:] (in German). Vol. 1. Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 451. 2720:

Michael Langley, "Bizerta to the Bight: The French in Africa."

1975: 1932:

had full charge of foreign-policy, largely ignoring his premier

6314: 6001:

France and the United States from the beginnings to the present

5707:

Alliance against Hitler: The Origins of the Franco-Soviet Pact

5598:

Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe 1914–1940

4624:

France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1996

3610:

Grandeur and Misery: France's bid for power in Europe 1914–1940

3135:

M. B, Hayne, "Formulation of French foreign policy, 1898-1914"

2027:

guerrillas fighting against Mauritanian military occupation of

1686: 1598: 922: 47: 6067:(UP of Kentucky, 2019)DOI:10.5810/kentucky/9780813177748.001.0 6031:

Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778

1436:

The fall of France in June 1940 brought a new regime known as

778:. Catholic missionaries played a major role. France acquired 595:

In Europe, however, Napoleon III failed again and again. The

6161:

The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945-1954

5570:

The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945–1954

5465:

Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940

5169:

European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe

2683:

France in Modern Times: From the Enlightenment to the Present

2031:. It failed to keep the French-installed Mauritanian leader 6040:(1986). replaces Langer's 1947 study of FDR and Vichy France 5910:

Illusion and Reality in Franco-American Diplomacy, 1914–1945

5622:

Illusion and Reality in Franco-American Diplomacy, 1914–1945

4572:

The first Indochina war: French and American policy, 1945–54

2981:

Patrick J. Kelly, "The North American Crisis of the 1860s",

2581:

European Diplomatic History 1789–1815: France Against Europe

1169:

as the basis of a genuine peace within the framework of the

987:, Germany began to feel encircled. French foreign minister 975: 530: 368:, and Prussia handed half of its territories to France. The 274: 229:

France played a key role helping the American Patriots win

6262:

Then Came Disaster: France and the United States, 1918–1940

6079:

The Peacemakers; the Great Powers and American Independence

5742:

Then Came Disaster: France and the United States, 1918–1940

5214:

A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

3766:

Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations".

2358:

The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, 1715–99

2016:

launched the European Monetary System (EMS) in April 1978.

1879: 1690: 1628: 1570: 1177: 5784:

Chassaigne, Philippe, and Michael Lawrence Dockrill, eds.

5737:(2nd ed. Scholarly Resources, 1991) 339 pp. Historiography 5530:

French foreign policy from Fashoda to Serajevo (1898–1914)

4743:

Ever closer union: an introduction to European integration

4021:

Nicole Jordan, "Léon Blum and Czechoslovakia, 1936–1938."

3902:

Martin Thomas, "Appeasement in the Late Third Republic",

3393:

France 1814–1919: The rise of a Liberal-Democratic Society

5206: 4870:"De Gaulle urges the United States to get out of Vietnam" 1871:

May 1958 seizure of power in Algiers by French army units

1188:, an international effort chaired by the American banker 252:. They were returned to France in the 1783 peace treaty. 6275: 6240:

reviews books by Blumenthal (1986) and Hurstfield (1986)

5786:

Anglo-French Relations 1898–1998: From Fashoda to Jospin

1923: 1909:" of the U.S. dollar. He went to Canada and proclaimed " 1372:

In 1938 Germany demanded control of the German-speaking

438:

while the Polish allies defeated the Austrian Empire at

38:

History of France § Early Modern France (1453–1789)

6128:(2019) DOI:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649948.001.0001 6126:

France and the American Civil War: a diplomatic history

5772:

France and Britain, 1900–1940. Entente and Estrangement

3316:

France and Britain, 1900-1940: Entente and Estrangement

2997:

J. Fred Rippy, "Mexican Projects of the Confederates",

2080:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

687:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

583:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

511:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

194:

into France. However France was badly defeated in the

27: 5755:

France–United Kingdom relations § Further reading

5451:

The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France he saved

4301:

Arthur L. Funk, "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan,'"

3241:

Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion

3215:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

2709:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

1861:

Charles de Gaulle § 1962–68: Politics of grandeur

1823:, signed by France, Italy, West Germany and the three 1149:

following the Armistice. Foch supported Poland in the

870: 603:

Finally Napoleon was outmaneuvered by Prussian leader

7560: 6175:

American opinion of France from Lafayette to Poincaré

6088:(1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51, a summary of his long book 5889:

A Reappraisal of Franco-American Relations, 1830-1871

5850:

France–United States relations § Further reading

5837:

The Fashoda affair: A study in the age of imperialism

5389:

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

5081:

From Louis XIV to Napoleon: the fate of a great power

5017:

Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic

4648: 4034:

Martin Thomas, "France and the Czechoslovak crisis",

3823:

Proceedings of the Western Society for French History

2927:

Mexican Lobby: Matías Romero in Washington 1861--1867

2543: 1804:(ECSC) was first proposed by French foreign minister 752: 163:

Under Louis XIV, France fought three major wars: the

5423:

French public opinion and foreign affairs, 1870–1914

5014:

Bradshaw, Richard; Fandos-Rius, Juan (27 May 2016).

4975:

Contemporary France: Politics and Society Since 1945

4333:

Two Years of French Foreign Policy: Vichy, 1940–1942

3115:

French public opinion and foreign affairs, 1870–1914

1075:

was a major factor by 1917, even reaching the army.

5013: 394:, Napoleon's brother, was made King of Spain after 290:After the stated aim of the National Convention to 231:

their War of Independence against Britain 1775–1783

6183:Whitridge, Arnold. "Gouverneur Morris in France." 5882:French Newspaper Opinion on the American Civil War 5779:France and Britain, 1940–1994: The Long Separation 5158:The Age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 4820: 4801: 3649: 2545: 587:Despite his promises in 1852 of a peaceful reign, 6197: 5959:The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy 5406:French Foreign Policy since 1945: An Introduction 5304:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 5176:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 4890: 4499:French Foreign Policy since 1945: An Introduction 4231:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 4202:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 2898:The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy 1850: 7596: 5560:French Foreign Policy since the Second World War 4637:The 1954 Geneva Conference: Indo-China and Korea 3500:The sleepwalkers: how Europe went to war in 1914 3150:The End of the European Era: 1890 to the Present 1838: 1645:The First Indochina War (generally known as the 825:in May 1881. In 1884, France occupied Guinea. 611: 7182: 6168:France, the United States, and the Algerian War 6147:The American Revolution and the French Alliance 6084:Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," 5843: 5762:Anglo-French Defence Relations Between the Wars 5748: 5416:The Roots of French Imperialism in Eastern Asia 5216:(1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955 5200:The American Revolution and the French Alliance 4842:Gabrielle Hecht and Michel Callon, ed. (2009). 3834: 1522:exhorting the patriotic French people to resist 1275:in January 1935. The agreement ceded parts of 6070:Meunier, Sophie. "Is France Still Relevant?." 5926:Nov. 2009, Volume 33, Issue 5, pages 927–956, 5760:Alexander, Martin S. and William J. Philpott. 5717:France and the Origins of the Second World War 5685:The Foreign Policy of France from 1914 to 1945 5645:(2004); translation of his highly influential 5270:(2013) cover 1890s to 1914; see esp. ch 6, 13 4596:Nikki Cooper, "Dien Bien Phu—fifty years on." 4159:France and the Origins of the Second World War 3954: 2985:(2012) 2#3 pp. 337–368; 10.1353/cwe.2012.0074 2816:France, 1848–1945: Ambition, love and politics 2328: 1913:", the catchphrase for an independent Quebec. 1791: 1357:Military history of France during World War II 1090: 579:Napoleon_III § Foreign_policy_(1852–1860) 507:Napoleon_III § Foreign_policy_(1852–1860) 453:Napoleon Bonaparte retreating from Moscow, by 81:, and was particularly influential during the 7168: 6297: 5489:France and the Origins of the First World War 5366:Andrew, Christopher and A.S.Kanya-Forstner. 5343:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 4495: 3981: 3647: 3597:Paris 1919: six months that changed the world 3471:France and the Origins of the First World War 3432:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 3341:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 3312: 3261: 3202:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 3176:The ideology of French imperialism, 1871–1881 3063:Mexico and the foreign policy of Napoleon III 2787: 2434: 2404: 1976:President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, 1974–1981 1784:Mendès France next came to an agreement with 1550: 214: 6086:Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings 5957:Case, Lynn Marshall, and Warren F. Spencer. 5248:European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890 5183:The Birth of a Great Power System: 1740–1815 4799: 4701: 4274: 3529:The Decline of the Third Republic, 1914–1938 2869: 2767:. East African Publishers. pp. 318–19. 2516: 1920:in which he proposed more decentralization. 1634: 680: 175:. There were also two lesser conflicts: the 6187:(Nov 1972), pp 759-767 online; on 1792-1794 5857:A Diplomatic History of the American People 5353: 5088:European International Relations, 1648–1815 2733: 2575: 2573: 2264:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918 560: 520:and followed an aggressive foreign policy. 7605:History of the foreign relations of France 7175: 7161: 7057: 6304: 6290: 6029:Hoffman, Ronald and Peter J. Albert, eds. 5268:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 5130:A history of European diplomacy, 1451-1789 4972:D. L. Hanley, A P Kerr, and N. H. Waites, 3571:French War Aims Against Germany, 1914–1919 3487:The War that Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 2760: 2601:Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814 2281: 2042:Giscard took an interest in the regime of 1916:De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a 932: 774:, the Third Republic greatly expanded the 724:, the foreign minister from 1898 to 1906; 567:Second_French Empire § Foreign policy 360:(14 June 1807). Peace was dictated in the 54: 5278:A History of European Diplomacy 1815–1914 4771: 4708:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 159–60. 3874: 2644:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe 1285:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1145:France was part of the Allied force that 531:Overseas empire in the nineteenth century 492:in 1815. The monarchy was restored with 414:(21 August 1808). France only controlled 275:French Revolution and Napoleon: 1789–1815 124: 6038:America and the French Nation, 1939–1945 5996:, by leading French diplomatic historian 5952:The Louisiana Purchase: A Global Context 4705:The Marshall Plan: A New Deal For Europe 4341: 2570: 2321:and the crocodile". R. Schwarzenbach, 2061: 1979: 1229: 1157:and France also joined Spain during the 974: 917:destroyed the Chinese fleet anchored at 728:, the ambassador in London, 1890–1920; 698: 448: 374: 321:(1769–1821). Following their victory at 225:France in the American Revolutionary War 154: 41: 6331: 6081:(1965), the standard scholarly history 5240:(5th ed. 1973), very detailed outline; 4347: 3736: 3406:The diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902 3367:The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 2395:(2008) with over 1000 entries in 607pp. 1477:, was effectively interned until 1943. 1388: 7597: 6133:France and the Confederacy (1861–1865) 6072:French Politics, Culture & Society 5943:Brookhiser, Richard. "France and Us." 5503:The Franco-Russian alliance, 1880–1894 5258:The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902 5207:European diplomatic context since 1815 4933:Serge Berstein and Jean-Pierre Rioux, 4818: 4760:De Gaulle and Twentieth Century France 4247:Hitler and His Allies in World War Two 3709: 3447:(1936), chapter on Delcassé pp 87–186. 2287: 1161:. From 1925 until his death in 1932, 821:(see section below). France occupied 7156: 7107: 7056: 6330: 6285: 5795:(2nd ed. 2011) major scholarly study 5311:European Diplomatic History 1871-1932 4827:. Syracuse University Press. p. 3765: 3710:Kunzel, Michael (14 September 2014). 3698:The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s 2896:Lynn M. Case, and Warren E. Spencer, 2794:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 53. 2261:Kann, Robert A. (November 26, 1980). 1924:President Georges Pompidou, 1969–1974 1685:. Most of the fighting took place in 770:Under the leadership of expansionist 488:, ended with his final defeat at the 402:, defeating the French forces at the 6060:(1947), defends FDR's policy 1940-42 5982:(Harvard Historical Studies) (2006) 4414:John Young, "Stalin and de Gaulle", 3445:Before the war: studies in diplomacy 3264:France: The Third Republic 1870–1914 2876:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 183. 2323:Schweizerisches Archiv für Volksunde 2260: 1847:, which covers 1981 to the present. 1409:In spring 1940 Germany launched its 999:with Great Britain, and finally the 817:, who would have it as his personal 500: 279: 28:Valois and Bourbon France: 1453–1789 6053:(Princeton University Press, 2011). 6033:(1981), Topical essays by scholars. 5788:(Palgrave, 2002) essays by scholars 5608:The Origins of the Second World War 5359:Aldrich, Robert, and John Connell. 4526:(Manchester University Press, 1987) 3527:Philippe Bernard and Henri Dubief, 3372: 3031:Hispanic American Historical Review 2911:Hispanic American Historical Review 2288:Miller, William (January 4, 1923). 2102:International relations (1919–1939) 1857:Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle 1663:French Far East Expeditionary Corps 1342: 1316:who wanted to save peace using the 1128:International relations (1919–1939) 871:Fashoda crisis with Britain in 1898 551:duty to civilize the inferior races 525:Rothschild banking family of France 18:history of French foreign relations 13: 5709:(1962), the 1935 treaty with USSR 5055:(University of Texas Press, 2024). 5038: 2267:. University of California Press. 2112:Diplomatic history of World War II 1629:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1014: 753:Colonial empire in Africa and Asia 643:His plan to take control of Mexico 364:, in which Russia had to join the 336: 85:. It enabled France to fight the 34:International relations, 1648–1814 14: 7616: 7550:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 6269: 6154:Hostile Allies: FDR and de Gaulle 5803:Britain and France: Ten Centuries 5458:Franco-German Relations 1871–1914 5295:Great power diplomacy, Since 1914 4655:. Princeton UP. pp. 123–25. 4429:The MRP and French foreign policy 4249:(Routledge, 2007) pp 79–115 3961:. Potomac Books. pp. 27–29. 3838:The World of Protracted Conflicts 3737:Winkler, Heinrich August (2000). 3148:Felix Gilbert, David Clay Large, 2999:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2090:Diplomatic history of World War I 1802:European Coal and Steel Community 1599:three Western zones of occupation 1432:Foreign relations of Vichy France 1361: 1267:The foreign policy of right-wing 1121: 1021:Diplomatic history of World War I 618:France and the American Civil War 608:ruined France as a great power." 7582: 7570: 6313: 5932:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00818.x 5723:, covers historiography in ch 2. 5510:The Career of Theophile Delcasse 5288:Great power diplomacy, 1814–1914 5238:An Encyclopedia of World History 5007: 5002:Modern & Contemporary France 4994: 4981: 4966: 4953: 4940: 4927: 4911: 4884: 4862: 4835: 4812: 4793: 4780: 4765: 4752: 4735: 4722: 4695: 4682: 4669: 4642: 4629: 4616: 4603: 4598:Modern & Contemporary France 4590: 4577: 4564: 4542: 4529: 4516: 4489: 4476: 4471:The Journal of Strategic Studies 4463: 4450: 4437: 4421: 4408: 4395: 4382: 4366: 4325: 4312: 4295: 4268: 4255: 4239: 4223: 4210: 4194: 4181: 4168: 4165:, covers historiography in ch 2. 4151: 4135: 4122: 4109: 4096: 4083: 4067: 4054: 4041: 4028: 4015: 4002: 3975: 3948: 3935: 3922: 3909: 3896: 3883: 3868: 3855: 3841:. Lexington Books. p. 204. 3558:The International History Review 2983:The Journal of the Civil War Era 2107:France and the League of Nations 1936:and relying instead on his aide 1815:Though Britain was invited, its 1627:in April 1949, establishing the 463:French invasion of Russia (1812) 410:following the Allied victory at 203:destruction, as happened in the 6112:De Gaulle and the United States 5482:France and the World since 1870 5463:Hutton, Patrick H. et al. eds. 5118:(Oxford University Press, 1987) 5046:See Foreign relations of France 4611:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 4352:. London: Collins. p. 21. 4303:Journal of Contemporary History 3828: 3815: 3802: 3759: 3730: 3703: 3690: 3674: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3602: 3589: 3576: 3563: 3550: 3534: 3521: 3505: 3492: 3479: 3463: 3450: 3437: 3424: 3411: 3398: 3385: 3359: 3346: 3333: 3306: 3293: 3280: 3255: 3246: 3233: 3220: 3207: 3194: 3181: 3168: 3163:France and the World since 1870 3155: 3142: 3129: 3120: 3107: 3094: 3081: 3068: 3055: 3039: 3023: 3007: 2991: 2975: 2958: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2903: 2890: 2863: 2850: 2834: 2821: 2808: 2781: 2754: 2727: 2714: 2701: 2688: 2675: 2662: 2649: 2636: 2623: 2610: 2593: 2537: 2510: 2497: 2484: 2471: 2455: 2441:. Oxford U.P. pp. 627–28. 2428: 2398: 2313:. A contemporary Swiss song by 2236:France–United Kingdom relations 2141:Territorial evolution of France 2008:major economic powers (now the 1996:of Britain, in Guadeloupe, 1979 1741:international Geneva Conference 1484: 1451: 1425: 1211:In the 1920s, France built the 865:Anglo-French Convention of 1882 829:(AOF) was founded in 1895, and 307:("total war") and called for a 129:Under the long reigns of kings 6254:14#2 (1992), pp. 252–276 5125:(Winter 1985). 16#4: 451–470. 5059: 4649:Thomas J. Christensen (2011). 4502:. Berghahn Books. p. 15. 4390:DeGaulle: The Rebel, 1890–1944 4281:. Cambridge U.P. p. 160. 4062:France since the Popular Front 2544:David Hackett Fischer (2005). 2385: 2376: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2296: 2254: 2242:France–United States relations 1851:President de Gaulle, 1958–1969 1677:against the Việt Minh, led by 1505: 1: 7129:Diplomatic missions of France 7119:French entry into World War I 7108: 6236:(1987) 15#3 pp. 486–492 5992:(1979) 41#4 pp. 483–500 5825:Sharp, Alan, and Glyn Stone. 5680:(1947), U.S. and Vichy France 5349:; Advanced diplomatic history 4935:The Pompidou Years, 1969–1974 4808:. Syracuse UP. p. 239ff. 3716:Deutsches Historisches Museum 2913:(1965) 45#2 pp. 228–245 2466:The European World: A History 2414:. Routledge. pp. 44–45. 2247: 2095:French entry into World War I 1839:Fifth Republic (1958 to 1981) 1808:and French economic theorist 971:German entry into World War I 967:French entry into World War I 809:for France, at the same time 612:American Civil War and Mexico 553:." Full citizenship rights – 173:War of the Spanish Succession 169:War of the League of Augsburg 6382:Democratic Republic of Congo 6252:International History Review 5844:Relations with United States 5749:Relations with Great Britain 5654:Journal of Strategic Studies 5590: 5280:(1922), basic introduction; 5192:(2nd ed. 1990) pp 377–400, 5020:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4772:Kolodziej, Edward A (1974). 4376:(1997) 19#4 pp 809–835. 4374:International History Review 4091:Contemporary British History 3623:Journal of Strategic Studies 2858:Europe: Grandeur and Decline 2411:France Before the Revolution 2317:called it the union of "the 2205:France–Netherlands relations 2188:Foreign relations of Germany 2131:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 1903:U.S. intervention in Vietnam 1248:French-Czechoslovak alliance 1097:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 956: 813:explored it in on behalf of 221:Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 7: 7183:Foreign relations of Europe 7124:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6543:Dominica, (Commonwealth of) 6320:Foreign relations of France 6234:Reviews in American History 4848:. MIT Press. pp. 7–9. 4537:The Cold War: A New History 4322:(1996) 10#12 pp 86–111 3825:(1981), Vol. 9, pp 372–382. 3104:(Sep 2002) 16#3 pp 376-377. 3047:Political science quarterly 3015:Journal of Southern History 2925:Thomas D. Schoonover, ed., 2523:. Melbourne U. p. 34. 2057: 1884:nuclear development program 1845:foreign relations of France 1792:European unification begins 1567:Popular Republican Movement 1091:Paris Peace conference 1919 79:foreign alliances of France 22:foreign relations of France 10: 7621: 6198:Williams, Greg H. (2009). 6135:, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2011 5999:Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste. 5975:(1992), Scholarly history. 5847: 5752: 5641:Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste. 5520:The French Overseas Empire 5233:(Simon and Schuster, 2012) 5149:Murphy, Orville Theodore. 5043: 4891:Barry Eichengreen (2011). 4445:Diplomacy & Statecraft 4305:(1973) 8#1 pp 81–117 4176:France and the Nazi Threat 3380:The Fall of Imperial China 2696:The French Overseas Empire 2146:Timeline of French history 2119:Military history of France 2069:elected president in 1913. 1854: 1638: 1554: 1551:Fourth Republic: 1944–1958 1509: 1429: 1365: 1346: 1238:Czechoslovakia and signed 1125: 1094: 1018: 960: 936: 803:Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza 756: 684: 615: 564: 534: 504: 340: 283: 218: 215:American Revolutionary War 31: 7537: 7489: 7451: 7188: 7114: 7103: 7066: 7052: 7023: 6982: 6806: 6606: 6500: 6344: 6340: 6326: 5870:(Diane Publishing, 2012). 5811:Philpott, William James. 5801:Johnson, Douglas, et al. 5668:Journal of Modern History 5550:Journal of Modern History 5361:France and World Politics 5306:(1996); advanced analysis 5178:(1996); advanced analysis 5140:The diplomacy of Napoleon 5123:Sixteenth Century Journal 4427:Russell Beckett Capelle, 4218:The French Defeat of 1940 4128:Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, 4117:Journal of Modern History 4075:Journal of Modern History 3930:English Historical Review 3917:French Historical Studies 3889:Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, 3780:10.1017/s0008938900018707 3743:The Long Road to the West 3739:Der lange Weg nach Westen 3636:English Historical Review 3544:22#4 (1979) pp. 877–894 3001:22#4 (1919), pp. 291–317 2966:French Historical Studies 2657:Journal of Global History 2277:– via Google Books. 2163:Bulgaria–France relations 1992:of the U.S., Giscard and 1725:) by the Left in France. 1669:and supported by Emperor 1635:Indochina War (1946–1954) 1035:First Battle of the Marne 1003:in 1907 which became the 681:Third Republic: 1871–1914 6367:Central African Republic 6173:White, Elizabeth Brett. 6145:Stinchcombe, William C. 6103:Pagedas, Constantine A. 6011:The Diplomats, 1939-1979 5354:French policy, 1815–1918 5198:Stinchcombe, William C. 4897:. Oxford UP. p. 4. 4600:(2004) 12#4 pp: 445–457. 4460:(1994) 18#3 pp: 333–352. 4036:Diplomacy and Statecraft 3904:Diplomacy and Statecraft 3863:The Maginot Line 1928–45 3835:Michael Brecher (2016). 3768:Central European History 3638:117.473 (2002): 867–888. 3319:. Routledge. p. 3. 3288:Diplomacy and Statecraft 3139:. (1988) 2#4 pp 427-452. 3033:(1965) 45#2 pp. 228–245 2740:. Berg. pp. 84–85. 2231:France–Ukraine relations 2183:France–Germany relations 2158:Belgium–France relations 2153:Austria–France relations 2048:Central African Republic 1781:Geneva Conference (1954) 1675:Vietnamese National Army 1273:Franco-Italian Agreement 1246:effectively dishonoring 1225: 1140: 1067:called for unity—for a " 831:French Equatorial Africa 670:William Tecumseh Sherman 561:Second Empire: 1852–1871 75:Suleiman the Magnificent 7086:Commonwealth of Nations 6110:Paxton, Robert O., ed. 5984:excerpt and text search 5900:excerpt and text search 5831:excerpt and text search 5797:excerpt and text search 5766:excerpt and text search 5647:La décadence, 1932–1939 5602:excerpt and text search 5524:excerpt and text search 5498:(2014) 20#2 pp 337–350. 5437:Franco-German Relations 5382:Talleyrand: A Biography 5336:excerpt and text search 5325:excerpt and text search 5309:Sontag, Raymond James. 5212:Albrecht-Carrié, René. 5110:vol 2 online 1313–1648 5092:excerpt and text search 5074:Talleyrand: A Biography 4639:(Greenwood Press, 1968) 4348:Berthon, Simon (2001). 4331:Adrienne Doris Hytier, 4251:excerpt and text search 4077:43.3 (1971): 468-482. 3955:Jeffrey Record (2007). 3932:112#445 (1997): 66–104. 3419:Foreign Policy Analysis 3378:Frederic Wakeman, Jr., 3290:(2006) 17#4 pp 693–714. 2968:(1963) 3#2 pp: 22–245. 2929:(UP of Kentucky, 2015). 2724:(Oct 1972), pp 733-739. 2659:(2006), 1#1 pp 123–149. 2505:OAH Magazine of History 2226:France–Turkey relations 2216:France–Serbia relations 2210:France–Russia relations 2168:Canada–France relations 1899:Franco-German relations 1734:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1537:St. Pierre and Miquelon 1151:Greater Poland Uprising 1059:After Socialist leader 993:Franco-Russian Alliance 951:Franco-Russian Alliance 939:Franco-Russian Alliance 933:Franco-Russian Alliance 892: 622:France–Mexico relations 388:Treaty of Fontainebleau 61:Franco-Ottoman alliance 55:Franco-Ottoman alliance 7231:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6036:Hurstfield, Julian G. 5705:Scott, William Evans. 5656:29.02 (2006): 247-280. 5596:Adamthwaite, Anthony. 5552:12.3 (1940): 334–356. 5391:4.2 (2015): 560–600. 5373:Andrew, Christopher. 4496:Frédéric Bozo (2016). 4051:(1962) 24#4 pp 423–449 4038:10.23 (1999): 122–159. 3982:Martin Thomas (1996). 3680:Piotr Stefan Wandycz, 3648:Richard Overy (1999). 3515:68.4 (2006): 722–746. 3313:P. M. H. Bell (2014). 3262:Keith Randell (1991). 3078:(Hague, Mouton, 1963). 3017:20#1 (1954), pp. 3–21 2831:(2nd ed. 1963) 302–348 2788:Sung-Eun Choi (2016). 2552:. Oxford UP. pp. 2435:Norman Davies (1996). 2221:France–Spain relations 2200:France–Japan relations 2195:France–Italy relations 2178:Egypt–France relations 2173:China–France relations 2075:French colonial empire 2070: 1997: 1557:French Fourth Republic 1251: 1202:French-Polish alliance 1147:occupied the Rhineland 1132:Causes of World War II 980: 786:, vast territories in 776:French colonial empire 704: 695:French colonial empire 655:Maximilian I of Mexico 537:French colonial empire 458: 383: 160: 125:Louis XIV and Louis XV 70:and the Sultan of the 51: 6377:Republic of the Congo 6138:Statler, Kathryn C. 6025:online free to borrow 6005:online free to borrow 5904:online free to borrow 5880:Blackburn, George M. 5861:online free to borrow 5564:online free to borrow 5496:International Affairs 5266:Macmillan, Margaret. 5218:online free to borrow 5102:online v 3, 1648–1775 5044:Further information: 4991:36.3 (1988): 397–412. 4959:Edward A. Kolodziej, 4800:W. W. Kulski (1966). 4790:(2006) 6#4 pp 425–454 4702:Michael Holm (2016). 4692:18.3 (1994): 333–352. 4583:Edward Rice-Maximin, 4447:23.4 (2012): 619–635. 4392:(1990) pp 515–27 4275:David Mayers (2012). 4235:online free to borrow 4206:online free to borrow 4200:Gerhard L. Weinberg, 4119:32.4 (1960): 340–358. 4102:Anthony Adamthwaite, 4093:25.3 (2011): 407-427. 3988:. Berg. p. 137. 3919:14.3 (1986): 299–338. 3906:19#3 (2008): 566–607. 3625:29#2 (2006): 247–280. 3608:Anthony Adamthwaite, 3434:(1954) pp 345, 403–26 3266:. Access to History. 3089:Maximilian and Juárez 3061:Michele Cunningham, 2870:Howard Jones (1999). 2520:The French Revolution 2517:Peter McPhee (2015). 2085:Causes of World War I 2065: 1983: 1934:Jacques Chaban-Delmas 1886:that made France the 1833:independent judiciary 1715:French Foreign Legion 1625:North Atlantic Treaty 1555:Further information: 1347:Further information: 1233: 1126:Further information: 1095:Further information: 1019:Further information: 1001:Anglo-Russian Entente 978: 815:Leopold II of Belgium 702: 691:French Third Republic 475:Battle of the Nations 452: 378: 158: 150:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 99:Carl Jacob Burckhardt 45: 6793:United Arab Emirates 6260:Zahniser, Marvin R. 6243:Zahniser, Marvin R. 6229:(2009). On the 1920s 6190:Williams, Andrew J. 6063:McLaughlin, Sean J. 6013:(2019) Pp. 167-200; 5971:Costigliola, Frank. 5859:(10th edition 1980) 5740:Zahniser, Marvin R. 5670:55.1 (1983): 78-95. 5663:4.5 (2006): 870-905. 5582:Zahniser, Marvin R. 5538:Thompson, Virginia. 5442:Costigliola, Frank. 5004:7.2 (1999): 179–196. 4609:Spencer Tucker, ed. 4482:Chiarella Esposito, 3656:. Penguin. pp. 3485:Margaret MacMillan, 3421:7.2 (2011): 205–214. 3113:E. Malcolm Carroll, 3049:11.1 (1896): 30–43. 2953:Struggle for Mastery 2734:Tony Chafer (2002). 2616:Charles J. Esdaile, 1956:and his top adviser 1911:Vive le Québec libre 1907:exorbitant privilege 1888:fourth nuclear power 1800:The creation of the 1768:Radical party leader 1764:Pierre Mendès France 1705:representatives. On 1649:in France) began in 1499:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1389:German conquest 1940 1112:Treaty of Versailles 1105:Treaty of Versailles 1054:Erich von Falkenhayn 811:Henry Morton Stanley 801:In the early 1880s, 730:Jean Jules Jusserand 434:, yet was beaten at 408:Convention of Sintra 93:during the reign of 7452:States with limited 6573:Trinidad and Tobago 6077:Morris, Richard B. 6074:35.2 (2017): 59-75. 6056:Langer, William l. 6049:Kuisel, Richard F. 5978:Creswell, Michael. 5936:Brogi, Alessandro. 5908:Blumenthal, Henry. 5894:Blumenthal, Henry. 5887:Blumenthal, Henry. 5676:Langer, William L. 5620:Blumenthal, Henry. 5508:Porter, Charles W. 5501:Langer, William L. 5397:Blumenthal, Henry. 5302:Schroeder, Paul W. 5256:Langer, William L. 5246:Langer, William L. 5174:Schroeder, Paul W. 5156:Roosen, William J. 5114:Göçek, Fatma Müge. 5096:Hill, David Jayne. 4919:Wayne C. Thompson, 4535:John Lewis Gaddis, 3810:Grandeur and Misery 3595:Margaret McMillan, 3560:17.1 (1995): 51–77. 3498:Christopher Clark, 3404:William L. 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Young, 4587:(Greenwood, 1986). 4574:(Croom Helm, 1975) 4473:6.4 (1983): 49–65. 4458:Diplomatic History 4132:(2004) pp 277–301. 4025:5#1 (1991): 48–73. 3941:Gerhard Weinberg, 3612:(1995) pp 89–109. 3542:Historical Journal 3395:(1963) pp 464–479. 3165:(2001) pp 25 – 47. 3117:(1964) pp 47, 109. 2668:Robert R. Palmer, 2477:Jonathan R. Dull, 2303:C. J. 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At the 1579:Paul Coste-Floret 1527:He organized the 1518:Charles de Gaulle 1471:Alexandria, Egypt 1333:Spanish Civil War 1277:French Somaliland 1171:League of Nations 1155:Polish–Soviet War 605:Otto von Bismarck 501:France: 1815–1852 400:guerrilla tactics 327:Batavian Republic 292:export revolution 286:French Revolution 280:French Revolution 264:Benjamin Franklin 258:French Revolution 235:George Washington 205:French Revolution 177:War of Devolution 87:Holy Roman Empire 7612: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7575: 7574: 7566: 7490:Dependencies and 7189:Sovereign states 7177: 7170: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7105: 7104: 7054: 7053: 7010:Papua New Guinea 6681:Kurdistan Region 6586: 6342: 6341: 6328: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6215: 6194:(2014). 133-171. 6152:Viorst, Milton. 6058:Our Vichy Gamble 5964:Cogan, Charles. 5950:Bush, Robert D. 5835:Wright, Alan H. 5791:Gibson, Robert. 5770:Bell, Philip J. 5764:(2003), 1919–39 5678:Our Vichy Gamble 5542:(London, 1937). 5435:Cole, Alistair. 5404:Bozo, Frédéric. 5363:(Routledge 1989) 5167:Ross, Steven T. 5032: 5031: 5011: 5005: 4998: 4992: 4985: 4979: 4978:(2005) pp 41–43. 4970: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4938: 4937:(2000) pp 22–24. 4931: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4797: 4791: 4788:Cold War History 4784: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762:(1994) pp 71–82. 4756: 4750: 4739: 4733: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4626:(1997) pp 240–1. 4622:Maurice Larkin, 4620: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4570:Ronald Irving, 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4493: 4487: 4486:(Greenwood 1994) 4480: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4425: 4419: 4412: 4406: 4405:(2002) pp 30-35. 4399: 4393: 4388:Jean Lacouture, 4386: 4380: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4345: 4339: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4310: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4272: 4266: 4263:Our Vichy gamble 4261:William Langer, 4259: 4253: 4243: 4237: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4155: 4149: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4071: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4008:Maurice Larkin, 4006: 4000: 3999: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3408:(1960), pp 3–66. 3402: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3369:(1951) pp 537–80 3363: 3357: 3356:(1940) pp 321–26 3350: 3344: 3343:(1954) pp 381–88 3337: 3331: 3330: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3239:Robert Aldrich, 3237: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3213:Robert Aldrich, 3211: 3205: 3204:(1954) pp 286–92 3198: 3192: 3191:(1940) pp 321–26 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3100:Roger Price in 3098: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3065:(Springer, 2016) 3059: 3053: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3021: 3011: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2979: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2848: 2838: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2818:(1973) pp 558–60 2812: 2806: 2805: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2707:Robert Aldrich, 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2642:Alexander Grab, 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2599:Geoffrey Bruun, 2597: 2591: 2579:Steven T. Ross, 2577: 2568: 2567: 2551: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2258: 2067:Raymond Poincaré 1938:Maurice Schumann 1930:Georges Pompidou 1730:Battle of Nà Sản 1651:French Indochina 1585:(1946–1954) and 1473:, under Admiral 1463:Marine Nationale 1445:William D. Leahy 1416:Battle of France 1368:Munich Agreement 1343:Second World War 1318:Munich Agreement 1310:Édouard Daladier 1240:Munich Agreement 1197:Locarno Treaties 1190:Charles G. Dawes 1048:(1852–1931) and 1039: 1038:(5–12 September) 997:Entente Cordiale 963:Entente Cordiale 882:Khedive of Egypt 878:Fashoda Incident 819:Congo Free State 746:Khedive of Egypt 742:Fashoda Incident 404:Battle of Bailén 392:Joseph Bonaparte 350:Fourth Coalition 196:Seven Years' War 165:Franco-Dutch War 133:(1643–1715) and 121:, in 1798–1801. 7620: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7569: 7561: 7559: 7554: 7533: 7491: 7485: 7471:Northern Cyprus 7453: 7447: 7363:North Macedonia 7184: 7181: 7151: 7142: 7110: 7095: 7062: 7040: 7019: 6978: 6802: 6602: 6584: 6496: 6336: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6272: 6267: 6212: 6166:Wall, Irwin M. 6159:Wall, Irwin M. 6096:Noble, George. 6019:Hill, Peter P. 5877:(2001). 356 pp. 5852: 5846: 5774:(Longman, 1996) 5757: 5751: 5694:(4th ed. 1999, 5692:The road to war 5661:History Compass 5627:Boyce, Robert, 5617:(2001). 356 pp. 5593: 5575:Wetzel, David. 5568:Wall, Irwin M. 5558:Tint, Herbert. 5480:Keiger, J.F.V. 5476:Wayback Machine 5356: 5341:Taylor, A.J.P. 5330:Steiner, Zara. 5319:Steiner, Zara. 5250:(2nd ed. 1950) 5222:Jarrett, Mark. 5209: 5086:Black, Jeremy. 5079:Black, Jeremy. 5069:(Longman, 2011) 5062: 5048: 5041: 5039:Further reading 5036: 5035: 5028: 5012: 5008: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4982: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4819:Kulski (1966). 4817: 4813: 4798: 4794: 4785: 4781: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4753: 4741:Desmond Dinan, 4740: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4683: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4617: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4534: 4530: 4522:Anthony Carew, 4521: 4517: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4409: 4401:Robert Gildea, 4400: 4396: 4387: 4383: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4346: 4342: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4244: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4156: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4012:(1988) pp 63–81 4007: 4003: 3996: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3945:(1970), p. 262. 3940: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3877:The road to war 3875:Richard Overy. 3873: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3803: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3712:"Die Inflation" 3708: 3704: 3695: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3652:The road to war 3646: 3642: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3539: 3535: 3531:(1988) pp 3–77. 3526: 3522: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3391:John B. Wolf, 3390: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3200:A.J.P. Taylor, 3199: 3195: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3152:(2002) p 64–65. 3147: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3087:Jasper Ridley, 3086: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3044: 3040: 3028: 3024: 3012: 3008: 2996: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2851: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2681:Gordon Wright, 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2629:Michael Adams, 2628: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2598: 2594: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2334:Merriman, p.132 2333: 2329: 2325:74 (1978), p. 6 2311:(2010), p. 209 2301: 2297: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2212:, includes USSR 2124:Napoleonic Wars 2060: 1994:James Callaghan 1978: 1958:Henry Kissinger 1947:Colonel Qaddafi 1926: 1867: 1855:Main articles: 1853: 1841: 1821:Treaty of Paris 1794: 1786:Habib Bourguiba 1643: 1637: 1613:in March 1947. 1601:in April 1949. 1575:Georges Bidault 1563: 1553: 1514: 1508: 1495:François Darlan 1487: 1454: 1434: 1428: 1404:Drôle de guerre 1391: 1370: 1364: 1359: 1345: 1234:In 1938 France 1228: 1222: 1163:Aristide Briand 1143: 1134: 1124: 1107: 1093: 1037: 1027:Schlieffen Plan 1023: 1017: 1015:First World War 973: 961:Main articles: 959: 941: 935: 915:Admiral Courbet 911:Sino-French War 895: 873: 761: 755: 697: 685:Main articles: 683: 663:Monroe Doctrine 624: 616:Main articles: 614: 585: 565:Main articles: 563: 539: 533: 513: 505:Main articles: 503: 471:Sixth Coalition 428:Fifth Coalition 370:Duchy of Warsaw 345: 343:Napoleonic Wars 339: 337:Napoleonic wars 288: 282: 277: 246:Warren Hastings 227: 219:Main articles: 217: 127: 101:called it "the 57: 40: 32:Main articles: 30: 12: 11: 5: 7618: 7608: 7607: 7592: 7591: 7579: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7545:European Union 7541: 7539: 7538:Other entities 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7492:other entities 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7438:United Kingdom 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7251:Czech Republic 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7091:United Nations 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6974:United Kingdom 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6849:Czech Republic 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6338: 6337: 6324: 6323: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6271: 6270:External links 6268: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6248: 6241: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6017: 6007: 5997: 5986: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5866:Belkin, Paul. 5864: 5848:Main article: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5799: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5753:Main article: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5713: 5703: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5639: 5638:59 (2007): 45+ 5636:History Review 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5610:(Arnold, 1997) 5604: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5556: 5546: 5536: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5487:Keiger, John. 5485: 5478: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5414:Cady, John F. 5412: 5402: 5395: 5385: 5380:Bernard, J.F. 5378: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5339: 5328: 5317: 5307: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293:Rich, Norman. 5286:Rich, Norman. 5284: 5274: 5264: 5260:(2 vol, 1935) 5254: 5244: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 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B. 5136: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5100:(3 vol. 1914) 5094: 5084: 5077: 5072:Bernard, J.F. 5070: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5006: 4993: 4980: 4965: 4952: 4939: 4926: 4910: 4903: 4883: 4861: 4854: 4834: 4811: 4792: 4779: 4776:. p. 618. 4764: 4751: 4747:online excerpt 4734: 4721: 4714: 4694: 4681: 4679:(London, 1957) 4668: 4662:978-1400838813 4661: 4641: 4628: 4615: 4602: 4589: 4576: 4563: 4552:. the Pentagon 4541: 4539:(2005). p. 34" 4528: 4515: 4508: 4488: 4475: 4462: 4449: 4436: 4420: 4407: 4394: 4381: 4365: 4358: 4340: 4324: 4320:French History 4311: 4294: 4287: 4267: 4254: 4238: 4222: 4209: 4193: 4191:59 (2007): 45. 4189:History Review 4180: 4167: 4150: 4141:Robert Boyce, 4134: 4121: 4108: 4095: 4082: 4066: 4053: 4040: 4027: 4023:French History 4014: 4001: 3994: 3974: 3967: 3947: 3934: 3921: 3908: 3895: 3882: 3879:. p. 189. 3867: 3854: 3847: 3827: 3814: 3801: 3758: 3751: 3729: 3702: 3689: 3673: 3666: 3640: 3627: 3614: 3601: 3588: 3582:George Noble, 3575: 3562: 3549: 3533: 3520: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3462: 3460:12 (2015): 2+. 3449: 3436: 3423: 3410: 3397: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3352:D. W. Brogan, 3345: 3332: 3325: 3305: 3292: 3279: 3272: 3254: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3174:Agnes Murphy, 3167: 3154: 3141: 3137:French History 3128: 3119: 3106: 3102:French History 3093: 3080: 3067: 3054: 3038: 3022: 3006: 2990: 2974: 2957: 2944: 2931: 2918: 2902: 2889: 2883:978-0803225824 2882: 2862: 2849: 2833: 2827:John B. Wolf, 2820: 2807: 2800: 2780: 2773: 2753: 2746: 2726: 2722:History Today. 2713: 2700: 2687: 2674: 2672:. (2 vol 1959) 2661: 2648: 2635: 2622: 2609: 2592: 2569: 2562: 2536: 2529: 2509: 2496: 2483: 2470: 2454: 2447: 2427: 2420: 2397: 2384: 2375: 2362: 2349: 2343:John B. Wolf, 2336: 2327: 2295: 2280: 2273: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2059: 2056: 2029:Western Sahara 2014:Helmut Schmidt 1986:Helmut Schmidt 1977: 1974: 1928:As president, 1925: 1922: 1852: 1849: 1840: 1837: 1806:Robert Schuman 1793: 1790: 1723:la sale guerre 1683:Võ Nguyên Giáp 1639:Main article: 1636: 1633: 1611:Dunkirk Treaty 1552: 1549: 1507: 1504: 1486: 1483: 1453: 1450: 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1402:in Britain or 1390: 1387: 1379:Georges Bonnet 1366:Main article: 1363: 1362:Entry into war 1360: 1344: 1341: 1327:The left-wing 1265: 1264: 1227: 1224: 1217:Little Entente 1182:hyperinflation 1167:Weimar Germany 1142: 1139: 1123: 1122:Interwar years 1120: 1092: 1089: 1016: 1013: 1005:Triple Entente 985:Triple Entente 958: 955: 946:Dreyfus affair 937:Main article: 934: 931: 894: 891: 872: 869: 794:, and much of 792:Central Africa 757:Main article: 754: 751: 682: 679: 636:William Seward 613: 610: 562: 559: 535:Main article: 532: 529: 502: 499: 455:Adolf Northern 432:Aspern-Essling 354:Jena-Auerstedt 341:Main article: 338: 335: 310:Levée en masse 284:Main article: 281: 278: 276: 273: 216: 213: 126: 123: 72:Ottoman Empire 56: 53: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7617: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7504:Faroe Islands 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7476:South Ossetia 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7323:Liechtenstein 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Liechtenstein 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6578:United States 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6211:9780786454075 6207: 6204:. McFarland. 6203: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6185:History Today 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5777:Bell, P.M.H. 5776: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5702:), pp 140-90. 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5532:(1921) 365pp 5531: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5467:(2 vol 1986) 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276:Mowat, R. B. 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5029: 5027:9780810879928 5023: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5003: 4997: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4904:9780199781485 4900: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4872:. History.com 4871: 4865: 4857: 4855:9780262266178 4851: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4731: 4728:Edmund Dell, 4725: 4717: 4715:9781317426059 4711: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4613:(3 vol. 1998) 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4511: 4509:9781785332777 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4416:History Today 4411: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4290: 4288:9781107031265 4284: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4233:(1994) ch 3. 4232: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4204:(1994) ch 2. 4203: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4106:(1995) p 216. 4105: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4018: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3995:9781859731925 3991: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3968:9781597970396 3964: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3850: 3848:9781498531887 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3812:pp 29–30, 48. 3811: 3808:Adamthwaite, 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3700:(1996) p. 125 3699: 3696:Eugen Weber, 3693: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3469:John Keiger, 3466: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3443:G. P. Gooch, 3440: 3433: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3326:9781317892731 3322: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3252:Turner p.26-7 3249: 3242: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3187:D.W. Brogan, 3184: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2893: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2803: 2801:9781137520753 2797: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2749: 2747:9781859735572 2743: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2723: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2563:9780195162530 2559: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2540: 2532: 2530:9780522866971 2526: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2450: 2448:9780198201717 2444: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2423: 2421:9780415119450 2417: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2406:J. H. Shennan 2401: 2394: 2388: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2356:Colin Jones, 2353: 2346: 2340: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2274:9780520042063 2270: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Richard Nixon 1950: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1829:common market 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1754:Ngô Đình Diệm 1751: 1750:South Vietnam 1747: 1746:17th parallel 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1717:. The use of 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647:Indochina War 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1618:Marshall Plan 1614: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Mers-el-Kebir 1464: 1460: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1256:Richard Overy 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1073:war-weariness 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Joseph Joffre 1043: 1042:Western Front 1036: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 977: 972: 968: 964: 954: 952: 947: 940: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 913:(1884–1885). 912: 908: 904: 900: 890: 888: 883: 879: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:Kongo Kingdom 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 760: 750: 747: 743: 739: 734: 731: 727: 723: 719: 713: 709: 701: 696: 692: 688: 678: 674: 671: 666: 664: 660: 659:Matías Romero 656: 651: 649: 648:Benito Juárez 644: 639: 637: 633: 632:Matías Romero 628: 623: 619: 609: 606: 601: 598: 593: 590: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 558: 556: 552: 548: 543: 538: 528: 526: 521: 519: 512: 508: 498: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 476: 472: 467: 464: 456: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 382: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 344: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 311: 306: 305: 304:Guerre Totale 299: 297: 293: 287: 272: 270: 269:cultural icon 265: 261: 259: 253: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 226: 222: 212: 210: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 157: 153: 151: 147: 142: 138: 136: 132: 122: 120: 119:Ottoman Egypt 116: 112: 108: 105:union of the 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 50:, circa 1530. 49: 44: 39: 35: 25: 23: 19: 7481:Transnistria 7443:Vatican City 7059:Multilateral 7031:Soviet Union 6788:Turkmenistan 6753:Saudi Arabia 6477:South Africa 6261: 6251: 6244: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6200: 6191: 6184: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6037: 6030: 6020: 6010: 6000: 5989: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5856: 5836: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5802: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5761: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5716: 5706: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5597: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5559: 5549: 5539: 5529: 5519: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5464: 5457: 5456:Gooch, G.P. 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5405: 5398: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5342: 5331: 5320: 5310: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5277: 5267: 5257: 5247: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5213: 5199: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5157: 5150: 5139: 5129: 5128:Mowat, R.B. 5122: 5115: 5097: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5052: 5016: 5009: 5001: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4950:(2012) ch 7. 4947: 4942: 4934: 4929: 4920: 4913: 4893: 4886: 4874:. 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Retrieved 3715: 3705: 3697: 3692: 3684:(1988) ch 1 3681: 3676: 3651: 3643: 3635: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3570: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3541: 3536: 3528: 3523: 3512: 3507: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3481: 3470: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3287: 3282: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3240: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3188: 3183: 3175: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3136: 3131: 3122: 3114: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3088: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3046: 3041: 3030: 3025: 3014: 3009: 2998: 2993: 2982: 2977: 2965: 2960: 2955:, pp 171–227 2952: 2947: 2939: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2910: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2844: 2841:David Wetzel 2836: 2828: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2790: 2783: 2763: 2756: 2736: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2708: 2703: 2695: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2600: 2595: 2580: 2547: 2539: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2457: 2437: 2430: 2410: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2357: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2330: 2322: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2283: 2263: 2256: 2041: 2039:resistance. 2019:In 1977, in 2018: 2006:Group of Six 2002:West Germany 1999: 1990:Jimmy Carter 1970: 1951: 1927: 1915: 1892: 1876: 1868: 1842: 1814: 1799: 1795: 1762: 1738: 1727: 1722: 1719:metropolitan 1711: 1699: 1659:French Union 1646: 1644: 1622: 1615: 1603: 1595: 1564: 1545: 1541: 1525:Nazi Germany 1515: 1491:Henri Giraud 1488: 1485:North Africa 1479: 1462: 1455: 1452:French fleet 1442: 1438:Vichy France 1435: 1426:Vichy France 1420: 1408: 1403: 1396:Maginot Line 1392: 1383: 1371: 1349:Vichy France 1337: 1326: 1304: 1300:Maginot Line 1295: 1293: 1289: 1281:Stresa Front 1269:Pierre Laval 1266: 1253: 1244:Nazi Germany 1221: 1213:Maginot Line 1210: 1194: 1175: 1144: 1135: 1108: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1069:Union sacrée 1065:Rene Viviani 1058: 1050:Douglas Haig 1024: 1009: 982: 942: 896: 874: 848:Urabi Revolt 845: 835: 800: 769: 762: 735: 718:Quai d'Orsay 714: 710: 706: 675: 667: 652: 640: 629: 625: 602: 594: 589:Napoleon III 586: 571:Napoleon III 555:assimilation 554: 544: 540: 522: 518:Napoleon III 514: 486:Hundred Days 479:conservative 468: 460: 444:peace treaty 424: 385: 381:First Empire 346: 308: 303: 300: 289: 262: 254: 239: 228: 185: 162: 143: 139: 128: 117:invasion of 103:sacrilegious 83:Italian Wars 58: 17: 15: 7519:Isle of Man 7454:recognition 7423:Switzerland 7358:Netherlands 7005:New Zealand 6964:Switzerland 6919:Netherlands 6763:South Korea 6743:Philippines 6728:North Korea 6614:Afghanistan 6548:El Salvador 6407:Ivory Coast 5347:online free 5315:online free 5060:Before 1815 4921:Canada 2014 4876:19 February 4556:15 December 4178:pp 336–415, 4174:Duroselle, 3718:(in German) 2860:(1967) p 64 2462:Jerome Blum 2052:David Dacko 1962:Nixon Shock 1942:Six-Day War 1810:Jean Monnet 1773:Ho Chi Minh 1758:Vietnam War 1679:Ho Chi Minh 1506:Free France 1459:French Navy 1374:Sudetenland 1353:Free France 1306:Appeasement 1153:and in the 1061:Jean Jaurès 853:Jules Ferry 836:During the 788:West Africa 772:Jules Ferry 726:Paul Cambon 708:overtures. 597:Crimean War 547:Jules Ferry 494:Louis XVIII 250:Pondicherry 209:Jerome Blum 91:around 1553 7393:San Marino 7353:Montenegro 7333:Luxembourg 7313:Kazakhstan 7216:Azerbaijan 7036:Yugoslavia 6909:Luxembourg 6698:Kazakhstan 6629:Bangladesh 6624:Azerbaijan 6585:(historic) 6452:Mozambique 6437:Mauritania 6427:Madagascar 6362:Cape Verde 4229:Weinberg, 3774:(3): 237. 3722:26 October 2492:Itinerario 2248:References 1918:referendum 1510:See also: 1411:Blitzkrieg 1400:Phoney War 1206:Józef Beck 1186:Dawes Plan 1116:Yugoslavia 842:Suez Canal 784:Madagascar 765:Suez Canal 396:Charles IV 200:New France 171:, and the 115:Napoleonic 7509:Gibraltar 7328:Lithuania 7133:in France 7109:Diplomacy 7061:relations 6990:Australia 6758:Singapore 6738:Palestine 6666:Indonesia 6649:Hong Kong 6598:Venezuela 6508:Argentina 6442:Mauritius 6335:relations 6333:Bilateral 5683:Nere, J. 5591:1918–1944 5231:Diplomacy 4431:(1963). 4049:Historian 3796:144072556 3513:Historian 2464:, et al. 2345:Louis XIV 2305:Richelieu 2025:Polisario 1777:Việt Minh 1665:, led by 1655:Việt Minh 1533:Indochina 1329:Léon Blum 1324:in 1938. 1031:Plan XVII 957:1900–1914 907:1918–1919 903:1884–1889 899:1872–1880 833:in 1910. 796:Polynesia 780:Indochina 749:overall. 416:Catalonia 260:in 1789. 131:Louis XIV 68:Francis I 7599:Category 7577:Politics 7529:Svalbard 7514:Guernsey 7461:Abkhazia 7408:Slovenia 7403:Slovakia 7378:Portugal 7236:Bulgaria 7081:Americas 7000:Kiribati 6934:Portugal 6874:Holy See 6834:Bulgaria 6778:Thailand 6733:Pakistan 6713:Malaysia 6639:Cambodia 6568:Suriname 6533:Colombia 6513:Barbados 6501:Americas 6482:Tanzania 6397:Ethiopia 6387:Djibouti 6276:H-France 6238:in JSTOR 6090:in JSTOR 6023:(2005). 5994:in JSTOR 5472:Archived 5338:; 1225pp 5290:(1992). 4307:in JSTOR 4060:Larkin, 3546:in JSTOR 3430:Taylor, 3339:Taylor, 3051:in JSTOR 3035:in JSTOR 3019:in JSTOR 3003:in JSTOR 2970:in JSTOR 2915:in JSTOR 2583:(1969). 2408:(1995). 2058:See also 1984:Leaders 1964:and the 1897:cordial 1895:restored 1865:Gaullism 1775:and his 1695:Cambodia 1631:(NATO). 1606:Cold War 1561:Cold War 1236:betrayed 319:Napoleon 244:. Under 188:Lorraine 179:and the 135:Louis XV 111:crescent 109:and the 7563:Portals 7433:Ukraine 7383:Romania 7343:Moldova 7301:Ireland 7296:Iceland 7291:Hungary 7281:Germany 7276:Georgia 7266:Finland 7261:Estonia 7256:Denmark 7241:Croatia 7226:Belgium 7221:Belarus 7211:Austria 7206:Armenia 7201:Andorra 7196:Albania 7015:Vanuatu 6983:Oceania 6969:Ukraine 6939:Romania 6889:Ireland 6884:Iceland 6879:Hungary 6864:Germany 6859:Finland 6854:Denmark 6839:Croatia 6829:Belgium 6824:Austria 6819:Andorra 6814:Albania 6798:Vietnam 6718:Myanmar 6708:Lebanon 6656:Georgia 6619:Armenia 6593:Uruguay 6492:Tunisia 6472:Somalia 6467:Senegal 6447:Morocco 6417:Liberia 6352:Algeria 6247:(1975). 6222:(1928). 6177:(1927) 6170:(2001). 6163:(1991). 6107:(2000). 6100:(1968). 6003:(1978) 5954:(2013). 5940:(2011). 5898:(1979) 5891:(1959). 5839:(1951). 5829:(2000) 5805:(1980) 5721:excerpt 5719:(1996) 5687:(1975). 5600:(1995) 5572:(1991). 5562:(1972) 5522:(2001) 5512:(1936) 5418:(1967). 5410:excerpt 5408:(2016) 5384:(1973). 5377:(1968). 5345:(1954) 5334:(2011) 5327:, 940pp 5323:(2007) 5313:(1933) 5297:(2003). 5160:(1976) 5142:(1924) 5132:(1928) 5104:; also 5090:(2002) 5076:(1973). 4963:(1974). 4745:(1999) 4732:(1995). 4335:(1958) 4163:excerpt 4161:(1996) 4145:(1998) 3865:(2012). 3788:4545835 3599:(2007). 3586:(1968). 3573:(1982). 3502:(2012). 3489:(2013). 3475:summary 3473:(1985) 3458:History 3243:(1996). 3230:(1991). 3178:(1968). 3091:(2001). 2987:Excerpt 2847:(2003). 2620:(2004). 2603:(1938) 2360:(2002). 2319:dolphin 2046:in the 2037:Sahrawi 1825:Benelux 1739:At the 1707:V-J Day 1671:Bảo Đại 1587:Algeria 1583:Vietnam 1159:Rif War 919:Foochow 905:and in 887:Morocco 861:Vanuatu 857:Tunisia 823:Tunisia 420:Navarre 412:Vimeiro 323:Fleurus 192:Corsica 7589:France 7524:Jersey 7466:Kosovo 7428:Turkey 7418:Sweden 7398:Serbia 7388:Russia 7373:Poland 7368:Norway 7348:Monaco 7318:Latvia 7286:Greece 7271:France 7246:Cyprus 7071:Africa 7024:Former 6959:Sweden 6949:Serbia 6944:Russia 6929:Poland 6924:Norway 6914:Monaco 6899:Kosovo 6869:Greece 6844:Cyprus 6807:Europe 6783:Turkey 6773:Taiwan 6688:Israel 6634:Brunei 6583:Texas 6558:Mexico 6523:Canada 6518:Brazil 6462:Rwanda 6357:Angola 6345:Africa 6264:(2002) 6256:online 6208: 6179:online 6149:(1969) 6142:(2007) 6121:(2011) 6114:(1994) 6045:online 6015:online 5968:(1994) 5961:(1970) 5912:(1986) 5884:(1997) 5822:(1966) 5815:(1996) 5781:(1997) 5744:(2002) 5730:(1978) 5711:online 5698: 5672:online 5649:(1979) 5631:(1998) 5624:(1986) 5586:(1975) 5579:(2003) 5554:Online 5544:Online 5534:online 5514:online 5505:(1929) 5491:(1985) 5469:online 5460:(1923) 5453:(2010) 5446:(1992) 5439:(2000) 5425:(1931) 5401:(1979) 5393:online 5370:(1981) 5282:online 5272:online 5262:online 5252:online 5242:nnline 5202:(1969) 5194:online 5185:(2006) 5171:(1981) 5162:online 5144:online 5134:online 5106:online 5024: 4923:(2013) 4901: 4852: 4712: 4659: 4506: 4433:online 4378:online 4356: 4337:online 4285: 4265:(1947) 4220:(1998) 4147:online 4079:online 3992: 3965: 3845: 3794: 3786: 3749: 3686:online 3664: 3517:online 3323: 3303:(1970) 3270: 3217:(1996) 2900:(1970) 2880: 2798: 2771: 2744: 2711:(1996) 2698:(2001) 2646:(2003) 2633:(2006) 2605:online 2587: 2560: 2527: 2481:(1975) 2445: 2418: 2347:(1968) 2271: 1863:, and 1766:was a 1687:Tonkin 1667:France 1461:, the 1355:, and 1322:Munich 1263:1930s. 1103:; and 969:, and 923:Tonkin 863:. The 693:, and 581:, and 509:, and 440:Raszyn 436:Wagram 315:Toulon 167:, the 146:Vauban 65:France 48:Titian 7499:Åland 7413:Spain 7338:Malta 7308:Italy 7137:Paris 6954:Spain 6894:Italy 6768:Syria 6748:Qatar 6723:Nepal 6693:Japan 6661:India 6644:China 6553:Haiti 6528:Chile 6457:Niger 6422:Libya 6412:Kenya 6402:Gabon 6392:Egypt 3792:S2CID 3784:JSTOR 3741:[ 3660:–41. 2556:–88. 1296:Reich 1242:with 1226:1930s 1141:1920s 927:Annam 901:, in 331:Basel 7076:Asia 6995:Fiji 6703:Laos 6676:Iraq 6671:Iran 6607:Asia 6563:Peru 6538:Cuba 6487:Togo 6432:Mali 6372:Chad 6206:ISBN 5696:ISBN 5022:ISBN 4917:See 4899:ISBN 4878:2015 4850:ISBN 4710:ISBN 4657:ISBN 4558:2014 4504:ISBN 4354:ISBN 4283:ISBN 3990:ISBN 3963:ISBN 3843:ISBN 3747:ISBN 3724:2023 3662:ISBN 3321:ISBN 3268:ISBN 2878:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2769:ISBN 2742:ISBN 2585:ISBN 2558:ISBN 2525:ISBN 2443:ISBN 2416:ISBN 2269:ISBN 1880:NATO 1869:The 1843:See 1693:and 1691:Laos 1681:and 1616:The 1604:The 1577:and 1571:NATO 1565:The 1559:and 1195:The 1178:Ruhr 1130:and 925:and 893:Asia 846:see 790:and 763:The 620:and 418:and 223:and 190:and 107:lily 59:The 36:and 16:The 5928:doi 5108:; 4829:176 3776:doi 3658:140 2554:185 1893:He 1748:. 1703:OSS 1673:'s 1661:'s 1593:). 1591:OAS 1219:". 7601:: 7131:/ 5902:; 3790:. 3782:. 3772:11 3770:. 3714:. 2843:, 2572:^ 2054:. 2010:G7 1890:. 1859:, 1835:. 1760:. 1736:. 1697:. 1351:, 1204:. 1099:; 965:, 929:. 798:. 782:, 689:, 665:. 577:, 573:, 569:, 333:. 183:. 24:. 7565:: 7176:e 7169:t 7162:v 7139:) 7135:( 6305:e 6298:t 6291:v 6214:. 5930:: 5863:. 5164:. 5146:. 5030:. 4907:. 4880:. 4858:. 4831:. 4749:. 4718:. 4665:. 4560:. 4512:. 4362:. 4309:. 4291:. 3998:. 3971:. 3851:. 3798:. 3778:: 3755:. 3726:. 3670:. 3329:. 3276:. 2972:. 2886:. 2804:. 2777:. 2750:. 2607:. 2566:. 2533:. 2451:. 2424:. 1250:. 457:.

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