1971:
174:
1995:
1983:
270:. This was part of the larger dispute between the Yuan court and the Chinese literati scholars, in which the Chinese political theory whereby only one dynasty could be deemed legitimate at a time clashed with the Mongol's beliefs to the contrary. Due to this dispute between two different political cultures, the
278:
and Song dynasties, was not officially compiled until 1343–1344, when the pro-Chinese Chief
Councillor Toqto'a took up the pre-Yuan histories project again. In its final form, this project conceded to the Yuan court's desire to treat the Liao, Jin, and Song as equally legitimate dynasties. The
506:
stated that only the Song was a legitimate dynasty and the Liao and Jin were usurpers. He continued to argue this point and composed an essay titled 'On legitimate
Succession' 正統辯. Ming scholar Wang Zhu 王洙 wrote an alternative history of the Song titled
471:
are described in volumes 37 through 41 under the title
Geography (地理), organized by the five primary level circuits (道). Official posts (百官) are described in volumes 45–48. Standen gives English translations for some of the official posts in a glossary.
600:
pp. 123-125 Howorth, H. H.. 1881. "The
Northern Frontagers of China. Part V. The Khitai or Khitans". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 13 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 121–82.
511:宋史質 in which the Liao and Jin states were relegated to treatises on foreign states. However, Wang Chu's text received criticism itself from Qing scholars who viewed it as an intentional distortion of history. In addition, the text
233:
contains 116 volumes, including 30 volumes of
Imperial Annals, 32 volumes of Records of Institutions, 8 volumes of Tables, 48 volumes of Biographies and Descriptions, and 1 volume of Glossary of National Language 國語解 Guoyijie (the
433:
to "correct" Chinese character transcriptions of Khitan names in the
History of Liao in his "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" (欽定遼金元三史國語解 Qinding Liao Jin Yuan sanshi guoyujie) project.
287:
and the other two pre-Yuan histories are known for their technical errors, lack of precision, inconsistencies in transcribing non-Chinese terms and names, and over-lapping subject matter. Qing scholars
766:
565:. Vol. 52 of Harvard Yenching Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series (illustrated, revised ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 864.
330:
The work of collation and punctuation have been done several times, by example in the
Qianlong edition, the Nanjian edition, the Beijian edition, Baina edition and the Daoguang edition.
464:
also known as the
Western Liao at the dissolution of the Liao dynasty. Biran describes volume 30 of the text as one of the most important sources for the history of the Qara Khitai.
768:
Mediaeval
Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century
1464:
341:
437:
Qianlong's "corrections" ended up compounding the errors and making the transcription of some foreign words even worse. Marshall
Broomhall wrote that
911:, University of Helsinki, 2005. 273 pages. 2.1 Introduction to the Sources on the Pre-dynastic Khitan (pp.19–23) > The Liao shi, pp. 22–23.
953:
337:
262:" Liao dynasty did not merit its own official history, but rather posited that the Liao histories should be an addendum to the history of the
2035:
1818:
1283:
385:
283:
was finished in one year by imperial historians, although without undergoing any but the most minimal of proofreadings. Because of this, the
1929:
1852:
1491:
502:
The debate about the legacy of the Liao as a legitimate dynasty continued after the completion of the text. Around the time of publication
468:
344:, and based on the Baina edition. This Zhonghua Shuju Press version and its annotations also refer to other historical sources such as the
560:
1857:
1847:
1535:
1184:
1486:
153:(Tuotuo), and finalized in 1344. Based on Khitan's primary sources and other previous official Chinese records, it details the
1471:
776:
626:
239:
1375:
1919:
1459:
866:
Chan, Hok-lam (2014). "Chinese Official History at the Yuan Court: The Compilation of the Liao, Chin, and Sung Histories".
2020:
1341:
946:
195:實錄 (Veritable Records), completed in the Liao dynasty (916–1125) under the direction of Yelü Yan (耶律儼), no longer extant;
439:
So unscientific was this work that the K'ien-lung editions of the Liao, Kin, and Yüan histories are practically useless.
1811:
1276:
1172:
1140:
1132:
2030:
1681:
1544:
2025:
1406:
2015:
1646:
1431:
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general from the Later Tang who also served the Liao in volume 76; and Wang Jizhong 王繼忠, who helped broker the
373:
32:
1727:
1714:
1585:
1411:
1309:
1012:
310:
provides a large amount of knowledge on Khitan's imperium's tribal politics and traditions. Since Yelü Yan's
46:
1804:
1590:
1360:
1269:
684:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Rawski, Evelyn S. (Jun 1993). "A Profile of The Manchu Language in Ch'ing History".
1924:
1610:
1370:
1301:
479:
clan as well as other clans in volume 63, tribes (部族) in volume 69, and vassal states (屬國) in volume 70.
353:
1961:
1496:
1326:
408:
1506:
1365:
1225:
1213:
1201:
150:
1525:
1501:
1331:
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by Ming scholar Shao Jingbang 邵經邦 (1491–1561) gave the Liao and Jin the status of alien usurpers.
1732:
1600:
1421:
1416:
1382:
275:
203:
618:
Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
206:
under the direction of an official named Chen Daren (陳大任), never published and no longer extant;
1700:
1605:
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1196:
616:
1842:
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8:
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701:
441:
859:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
100:
772:
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576:
566:
893:(LS) 遼史 (History of Liao). Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. eds. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中华书局, 1974.
173:
1879:
1693:
1674:
1314:
1156:
1148:
693:
422:
259:
69:
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1864:
1769:
1667:
1595:
1443:
1397:
1351:
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1232:
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392:
235:
157:, Khitan's tribal life and traditions, as well as the official histories of the
1987:
1653:
1639:
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2009:
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and other descriptions of the Khitans in the previous dynastic histories (
1874:
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1120:
1084:
1053:
1024:
988:
722:
Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia
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444:
demonstrated how the etymologies in the Qianlong edition were incorrect.
361:
357:
267:
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162:
931:
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322:
is the only extant Chinese-style historical record of the Liao dynasty.
1994:
1934:
1891:
1189:
1161:
1077:
1065:
1048:
922:
908:
705:
483:
289:
1796:
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La Steppe et l’Empire : la formation de la dynastie Khitan (Liao)
1775:
1561:
1516:
1237:
1125:
1101:
1017:
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erroneously identified the Khitan people and their language with the
332:
The nowadays commonly use edition is the Zhonghua Shuju Press edited
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1758:
1550:
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1041:
885:
China & the Mongols: History and Legend under the Yuan and Ming
1780:
1748:
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222:
218:
142:
97:
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993:
453:
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300:
Study of the Discrepancies in the Twenty-two Standard Histories
452:
The annals are covered in Volumes 1-30 beginning with founder
976:
475:
Volumes 63–70 are tables including the lineage of the ruling
105:
482:
Notable figures included in the Biographies section include
1722:
1687:
141:), is a Chinese historical book compiled officially by the
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797:
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833:
656:
254:
Many Chinese scholars of the time argued that the non-
1959:
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541:
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336:, under direction of the Khitan studies' specialists
243:
81:
614:
758:
187:of 1344 was compiled using older sources, mainly:
899:Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossing in Liao China
861:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
821:
785:
743:
530:
149:(1271–1368), under the direction of the historian
909:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
644:
2007:
764:
683:
486:, Liao chancellor of Han origin in volume 74;
1812:
1277:
947:
928:Chinese text with matching English vocabulary
737:
718:
274:, as well as the histories of the concurrent
51:
37:
1492:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
467:Treatises are covered in volumes 31–62. The
238:), which is a list of Khitan language words
887:. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 1999.
608:
249:
1819:
1805:
1284:
1270:
954:
940:
304:Critical Notes on the Twenty-two Histories
961:
615:Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008).
558:
456:(Taizu) in volumes 1–2. Volume 30 covers
292:and Zhao Yi noted inconsistencies in the
1185:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
872:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
750:. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp.
391:The History of Liao was translated into
172:
1826:
1291:
901:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
896:
815:
803:
668:
460:, who fled and founded of the state of
2008:
1487:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
209:and several other sources such as the
1800:
1265:
935:
856:
791:
725:. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6
692:(1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 99.
603:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25196875
2036:History books about the Liao dynasty
865:
839:
827:
765:E. Bretschneider (15 October 2013).
650:
469:administrative divisions of the Liao
747:Islam in China: A Neglected Problem
559:Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000).
513:Great Outline of Historical Records
13:
880:, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2011.
686:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
14:
2047:
1173:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1141:History of the Northern Dynasties
1133:History of the Southern Dynasties
916:
240:transcribed in Chinese characters
1993:
1981:
1969:
1682:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
1545:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
1407:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
712:
180:man playing a string instrument
168:
106:
1432:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
677:
635:
594:
552:
242:. It is found in Chapter 116 (
202:, compiled in the Jurchen-led
82:
52:
38:
1:
1715:The Story of the Western Wing
1586:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
1310:Division of the Mongol Empire
1013:Records of the Three Kingdoms
621:. OUP Oxford. pp. 382–.
518:
1591:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
1342:conquest of the Song dynasty
771:. Routledge. pp. 182–.
523:
509:Verified History of the Song
7:
1611:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
744:Marshall Broomhall (1910).
494:of 1004–1005 in volume 81.
354:Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian
325:
306:(二十二史劄記). Nonetheless, the
10:
2052:
2021:14th-century history books
1497:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1376:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
849:
719:Bretschneider, E. (1876).
447:
318:have been lost, Toqto'a's
1925:Memorial for Yelü Yanning
1900:
1835:
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1578:
1534:
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1412:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
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562:Chinese History: A Manual
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1930:Administrative divisions
1526:Goryeo under Mongol rule
1332:Mongol conquest of China
250:Creation and reliability
33:Traditional Chinese
2031:Yuan dynasty literature
1601:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
1422:1344 Yellow River flood
1417:War of the Two Capitals
1327:Kublai Khan's campaigns
897:Standen, Naomi (2007).
869:China Under Mongol Rule
665:Xu Elina-Qian, pp.22–23
413:Dailiyoo gurun i suduri
405:Dailiyoo gurun i suduri
266:, which was ethnically
161:and its successor, the
47:Simplified Chinese
2026:History of the Khitans
1701:The Injustice to Dou E
1606:Temple of Azure Clouds
1536:Science and technology
1393:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
1337:anti-Mongol fortresses
857:Biran, Michal (2005).
181:
2016:Twenty-Four Histories
1437:Battle of Lake Poyang
1427:Red Turban Rebellions
1001:Book of the Later Han
964:Twenty-Four Histories
176:
1935:Shangjing Linhuangfu
163:Western Liao dynasty
1620:Society and culture
1347:Battle of Xiangyang
1097:Book of Northern Qi
818:, pp. 158–166.
806:, pp. 241–247.
674:遼史, 脱脱, 中华书局, 1974.
549:Xu Elina-Qian, p.22
279:compilation of the
1708:The Orphan of Zhao
1477:Imperial Preceptor
842:, pp. 98–100.
641:Hok-lam Chan, p.73
442:Emil Bretschneider
182:
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1956:
1843:Goryeo–Khitan War
1794:
1793:
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876:Marsone, Pierre.
778:978-1-136-38021-1
628:978-0-19-156167-2
314:and Chen Daren's
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1383:Java invasion
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1377:
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1063:
1062:
1061:Book of Liang
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:Fang Xuanling
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
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1007:
1003:
1002:
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986:
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892:
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868:
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841:
836:
830:, p. 89.
829:
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707:
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653:, p. 91.
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389:
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382:Qidan Guo Zhi
379:
375:
371:
370:Xin Wudai Shi
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
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338:Feng Jiasheng
335:
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215:Qidan Guo Zhi
212:
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155:Khitan people
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62:
58:
50:
48:
44:
36:
34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
16:
1947:
1946:
1887:Eastern Liao
1875:Western Liao
1828:Liao dynasty
1768:
1742:Other topics
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1661:Menggu Ziyun
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1579:Architecture
1567:
1560:
1543:
1293:Yuan dynasty
1250:Zhang Tingyu
1243:
1231:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1155:
1147:
1144:(Li Yanshou)
1139:
1136:(Li Yanshou)
1131:
1119:
1114:Linghu Defen
1109:Book of Zhou
1107:
1095:
1083:
1073:Book of Chen
1071:
1059:
1047:
1037:Book of Song
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
962:
923:
898:
890:
884:
877:
870:
867:
858:
835:
823:
811:
799:
794:, p. 4.
792:Biran (2005)
787:
767:
760:
746:
739:
727:. Retrieved
721:
714:
689:
685:
679:
670:
646:
637:
617:
610:
596:
584:. Retrieved
561:
554:
512:
508:
504:Yang Weizhen
501:
488:Zhao Yanshou
481:
474:
466:
451:
438:
436:
420:Qing dynasty
417:
412:
404:
390:
346:Cefu Yuangui
333:
329:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:(廿二史劄記) and
299:
294:
293:
284:
280:
271:
253:
230:
228:
199:
192:
184:
183:
169:Main sources
159:Liao dynasty
147:Yuan dynasty
137:
136:
131:
130:
125:
124:
122:
91:Southern Min
77:Hanyu Pinyin
21:
15:
1627:Yuan poetry
1465:family tree
1178:Xue Juzheng
1121:Book of Sui
1085:Book of Wei
1054:Xiao Zixian
1025:Book of Jin
989:Book of Han
840:Chan (2014)
828:Chan (2014)
651:Chan (2014)
462:Qara Khitai
409:Möllendorff
386:Liao Wenhui
362:Xin Tangshu
268:Han Chinese
204:Jin dynasty
2010:Categories
1892:Later Liao
1453:Government
1190:Ouyang Xiu
1162:Ouyang Xiu
1078:Yao Silian
1066:Yao Silian
1049:Book of Qi
729:1 December
572:0674002490
519:References
484:Han Yanhui
458:Yelü Dashi
290:Qian Daxin
213:(1080's),
1913:Yelü clan
1776:Khanbaliq
1517:Dpon-chen
1507:Manchuria
1472:Empresses
1238:Song Lian
1126:Wei Zheng
1102:Li Baiyao
1018:Chen Shou
982:Sima Qian
581:0073-084X
524:Citations
260:barbarian
1920:Emperors
1901:See also
1759:Borjigin
1569:Nong Shu
1551:Jiaochao
1502:Mongolia
1460:Emperors
1361:Sakhalin
1090:Wei Shou
1042:Shen Yue
891:Liao Shi
586:24 April
403:(Wylie:
397:ᡩᠠᡳᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ
374:Song Shi
342:Chen Shu
334:Liao Shi
326:Editions
320:Liao Shi
316:Liao Shi
308:Liao Shi
285:Liao Shi
281:Liao Shi
272:Liao Shi
231:Liao Shi
200:Liao Shi
198:a draft
138:Liáo Shǐ
132:Liao Shi
83:Liáo Shǐ
1988:History
1962:Portals
1942:Coinage
1836:History
1781:Shangdu
1749:Mongols
1733:Fashion
1556:Coinage
1371:Vietnam
1302:History
1252:et al.)
1240:et al.)
1228:et al.)
1226:Toqto'a
1216:et al.)
1214:Toqto'a
1204:et al.)
1202:Toqto'a
1180:et al.)
1168:et al.)
1166:Song Qi
1128:et al.)
1116:et al.)
1032:et al.)
850:Sources
706:2719468
448:Content
378:Jin Shi
244:遼史/卷116
225:, ...).
223:Sui Shu
219:Wei Shu
151:Toqto'a
107:Liâu-sú
98:Hokkien
1830:topics
1295:topics
1006:Fan Ye
994:Ban Gu
775:
704:
625:
579:
569:
498:Legacy
454:Abaoji
427:Solons
401:ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ
393:Manchu
368:&
360:&
178:Khitan
143:Mongol
2000:Books
1976:China
1728:Islam
1512:Tibet
1398:Pagan
1388:Burma
1366:Japan
1352:Yamen
977:Shiji
702:JSTOR
312:Shilu
193:Shilu
145:-led
129:, or
1723:Semu
1688:Zaju
1647:Song
926:《遼史》
773:ISBN
754:–94.
731:2014
623:ISBN
588:2014
577:ISSN
567:ISBN
477:Yelü
418:The
384:and
340:and
264:Song
229:The
191:the
123:The
1640:Jin
694:doi
415:).
395:as
366:Jiu
358:Jiu
276:Jin
258:, "
256:Han
246:).
101:POJ
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690:53
688:.
658:^
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532:^
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407:,
388:.
380:,
376:,
372:,
364:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
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53:辽史
39:遼史
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1200:(
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1028:(
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1004:(
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