629:, the city had run out of money to pay for normal operating expenses, was unable to borrow more, and faced the prospect of defaulting on its obligations and declaring bankruptcy. The city admitted an operating deficit of at least $ 600 million, contributing to a total city debt of more than $ 11 billion and the city was unable to borrow money from the credit markets. There were numerous reasons for the crisis, including overly optimistic forecasts of revenues, underfunding of pensions, use of capital allocations and reserves for operating costs, and poor budgetary and accounting practices. Another perspective given on this matter is that as the most capitalised city of the United States at that time, New York hosted an array of welfare and benefits for its people, including nineteen public hospitals, mass transit facilities and most importantly, New York City provided higher education for free with the municipal university system. The city government was reluctant to confront municipal labor unions; an announced "hiring freeze" was followed by an increase in city payrolls of 13,000 people in one quarter, and an announced layoff of eight thousand workers resulted in only 436 employees leaving the city government.
645:
653:
365:
668:. The New York State Legislature supported the MAC by passing a law converting the city sales tax and stock transfer tax into state taxes, which when collected were then used as security for the MAC bonds. The State of New York also passed a state law that created an Emergency Financial Control Board to monitor the city's finances, required the city to balance its budget within three years, and required the city to follow accepted accounting practices. But even with all of these measures, the value of the MAC bonds dropped in price, and the city struggled to find the money to pay its employees and stay in operation. The MAC sold off $ 10 billion in bonds.
441:
696:
520:
508:
387:, a liberal Republican, was a highly visible and charismatic mayor from 1966 to 1973. The city was a national center of protest movements regarding civil rights for black citizens, opposition to the Vietnam War, and the newly emerging feminist and gay movements. There were jolting economic shocks as the postwar prosperity came to an end with many factories and entire industries shutting down. There was a population transition with hundreds of thousands of
276:
672:
municipal services and spending, cut city employment, froze salaries and raised bus and subway fares. The level of welfare spending was cut. Some hospitals were closed as were some branch libraries and fire stations. The labor unions helped out, by allocating much of their pension funds to the purchase of city bonds—putting the pensions at risk if bankruptcy took place.
376:, filling the city's air with damaging levels of several toxic pollutants. The smog was caused by a combination of factors, including the use of coal-burning power plants, the heavy traffic on the city's roads, and the widespread use of wood-burning stoves and fireplaces. It was the third major smog in New York City, following events of similar scale in 1953 and 1963.
675:
A statement by Mayor Beame was drafted and ready to be released on
October 17, 1975, if the teachers' union did not invest $ 150 million from its pension funds in city securities. "I have been advised by the comptroller that the City of New York has insufficient cash on hand to meet debt obligations
671:
It failed to achieve results quickly and the state came up with a much more drastic solution: the
Emergency Financial Control Board (EFCB). It was a state agency, and city officials had only two votes on the seven-member board. The EFCB took full control of the city's budget. It made drastic cuts in
731:
The financial crisis, high crime rates, and damage from the blackouts led to a widespread belief that New York City was in irreversible decline and beyond redemption. By the end of the 1970s, nearly a million people had left, a population loss that would not be recouped for another twenty years. To
687:
Ford later signed the New York City
Seasonal Financing Act of 1975, a congressional bill that extended $ 2.3 billion worth of federal loans to the city for three years. In return, Congress ordered the city to increase charges for city services, to cancel a wage increase for city employees and to
691:
Rohatyn and the MAC directors persuaded the banks to defer the maturity of the bonds they held and to accept less interest. They also persuaded the city and state employee pension funds to buy MAC bonds to pay off the city's debts. The city government cut the number of its employees by 40,000,
494:
neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in
American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the
723:
struck on July 13 of that year and lasted for 25 hours, during which black and
Hispanic neighborhoods fell prey to destruction and looting. Over 3,000 people were arrested, and the city's already crowded prisons were so overburdened that some suggested reopening the recently condemned
972:"Shots are Fired in Refuse Strike; Filth Litters City; Shotgun Blasts Shatter 2 Panes at Home of Foreman Who Continues to Work Mayor Tours Streets Mounting Garbage Is 'Very Serious,' Lindsay Says – Pact Talks Due Today Garbage Piles Up in Streets as Strike Grows 'Very Serious'"
611:
255:, was also threatened with demolition but was eventually saved. Meanwhile, New York City's network of highways spread, destroying neighborhoods where African Americans lived under the guidance of the noted urban planner with exceeding biases against certain ethnicities
163:, a downturn in industry and commerce as businesses left for places where it was cheaper and easier to operate, an increase in crime, and an upturn in its welfare burden, all of which reached a nadir in the city's fiscal crisis of the 1970s, when it barely avoided
640:
as chairman, and a board of nine prominent citizens, eight of whom were bankers. In the meanwhile, the crisis continued to worsen, with the admitted city deficit reaching $ 750 million; municipal bonds could be sold only at a significant loss to the underwriters.
624:
US economic stagnation in the 1970s hit New York City particularly hard, amplified by a large movement of middle-class residents to the suburbs, which drained the city of tax revenue. In
February 1975, New York City entered a serious fiscal crisis. Under mayor
1583:
338:) The postwar population shift to the suburbs resulted in the decline of textile manufacturing and other traditional industries in New York, most of which also operated in extremely outdated facilities. With the arrival of
423:'s first day of office. As New Yorkers endured the transit strike, Lindsay remarked, "I still think it's a fun city," and walked four miles (6 km) from his hotel room to City Hall in a gesture to show it.
479:, firefighters threatening job actions, the city awash in garbage, and racial and religious tensions breaking to the surface, Lindsay later called the last six months of 1968 "the worst of my public life."
711:. By 1977–78, New York City had eliminated its short-term debt. By 1985, the City no longer needed the support of the Municipal Assistance Corporation, and it voted itself out of existence.
259:, consequently increasing traffic congestion, traffic pollution, and ruining livelihoods of the people who once lived in vibrant neighborhoods. However, the defeat in 1962 of Moses' planned
906:
680:, the teachers' union president, finally furnished $ 150 million from the union's pension fund to buy Municipal Assistance Corporation bonds. Two weeks later, President
998:
350:
neighborhoods began to deteriorate and become centers of drugs and crime. Strip clubs and other adult businesses started filling Times Square in the late 1960s.
183:; and became a rival to London in the international finance and art markets. Yet the population declined after 1950, with increasing suburbanization in the
1076:
197:, fueled by postwar prosperity, was experiencing an unprecedented building boom that changed its very appearance. Glass-and-steel office towers in the new
1039:
361:, ending a command going back to the early 19th century. It was sold to the city. The Yard continued as a site for shipbuilding for another eleven years.
286:
During the 1960s, a gradual economic and social decay set in. A symptom of the city's waning competitiveness was the loss of both its longtime resident
1560:
Orlebeke, Charles J. "Saving New York: The Ford
Administration and the New York City Fiscal Crisis," in Alexej Ugrinsky and Bernard J. Firestone eds.
399:
to the suburbs. Labor unions, especially in teaching, transit, sanitation and construction, fractured over major strikes and internal racial tensions.
134:
1358:
Charles J. Orlebeke, "Saving New York: The Ford
Administration and the New York City Fiscal Crisis," in Alexej Ugrinsky and Bernard J. Firestone eds.
1326:
For legal and technical details see Gayle
Gutekunst-Roth, "New York – A City in Crisis: Fiscal Emergency Legislation and the Constitutional Attacks."
1463:
676:
due today," the statement said. "This constitutes the default that we have struggled to avoid." The Beame statement was never distributed because
1579:
486:
were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the
28:
1471:
1215:
692:
deferred the wage increases already agreed to in contracts and kept them below the level of inflation. The loans were repaid with interest.
1653:(2014) Essays by scholars evaluate politics, race relations, finance, public management, architecture, economic development, and the arts.
317:, which abolished national-origin quotas, set the stage for increased immigration from Asia, which became the basis for New York's modern
1709:
644:
70:
535:
in the autumn of 1972, "American City Suite", chronicled, in allegorical fashion, the decline in the city's quality of life. The city's
155:
became known as one of the world's greatest cities. However, after peaking in population in 1950, the city began to feel the effects of
1111:
734:
652:
85:
579:
453:
334:
547:
became feared as the site of muggings and rapes. Homeless persons and drug dealers occupied boarded-up and abandoned buildings. The
1692:
60:
49:
44:
39:
1432:
55:
1734:
214:
175:
As many great cities lay in ruins after World War II, New York City assumed a new global prominence. It became the home of the
127:
1186:
267:
was an indication that Moses would no longer have the free hand in the destruction of livelihoods he had enjoyed in the past.
1179:
279:
244:
1623:
1565:
1363:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
708:
539:
system was regarded as unsafe due to crime and suffered frequent mechanical breakdowns. Prostitutes and pimps frequented
475:
caught fire, and strong winds whirled the filth through the streets. With the schools shut down, the police engaged in a
971:
944:
571:
512:
408:
388:
198:
1729:
889:
416:
248:
120:
110:
1347:
633:
444:
Anderson Avenue garbage strike. A common scene throughout New York City in 1968 during a sanitation workers strike
1281:
760:
548:
1331:
1088:
636:, which tried to pool the city's money and refinance its heavy debts. It was established on June 10, 1975, with
720:
392:
449:
1442:
282:
in 1962, two years before it was torn down, an event which jump-started the historic preservation movement.
574:
complex in 1972, however, was one of the few high points of the city's history at that time. Conceived by
364:
1450:
1084:
922:
Themis
Chronopoulos, "The Lindsay Administration and the Sanitation Crisis of New York City, 1966–1973,"
725:
665:
176:
1140:
819:
563:. In June 1975 after the city announced budget cuts downsizing the police force, officers distributed a
1264:
325:
287:
260:
184:
614:
The 1970s were a low point in the city's modern history, and one of the lowest moments came when the
234:
90:
1618:
Shelton, Jon. "Dropping Dead: Teachers, the New York City Fiscal Crisis, and Austerity" in Shelton,
1478:
Robert Wagner and the Rise of New York City's Plebiscitary Mayoralty: The Tamer of the Tammany Tiger
1251:
Jon Shelton, "Dropping Dead: Teachers, the New York City Fiscal Crisis, and Austerity" in Shelton,
21:
1234:
1508:(Yale University Press, 1995) 1350 pages; articles by experts; 2nd expanded edition 2010, 1585pp
429:
373:
314:
241:
210:
1277:
755:
528:
298:
both moved after the 1957 season. A sports void was partially filled with the formation of the
252:
180:
1380:
1116:
1058:
Edward M. Gramlich, "The New York City Fiscal Crisis: What Happened and What is to be Done?"
907:
A Most Unusual Strike; Bread-and-Butter Issues Transcended By Educational and Racial Concerns
591:
461:
440:
94:
695:
583:
536:
457:
448:
The transit strike was the first of many labor struggles. In 1968 the teachers' union (the
295:
98:
620:
reported the President's refusal to bail out the nation's largest city; he later relented.
8:
1564:(1993) pp 359–85 With commentary by Abraham D. Beame, Hugh L. Carey, et al. pp 386–414
1466:. "Reform and its discontents: public health in New York City during the Great Society."
616:
595:
564:
496:
291:
188:
160:
1637:
Puerto Rican citizen: history and political identity in twentieth-century New York City
1584:
The Strike That Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis
396:
358:
354:
347:
339:
328:
along with much of eastern North America. (The city's ordeal became the subject of the
206:
102:
1027:
106:
1541:
The Bronx is Burning: 1977, Baseball, Politics, and the Battle for the Soul of a City
1412:
The Bronx is Burning: 1977, Baseball, Politics, and the Battle for the Soul of a City
1148:
575:
552:
491:
471:
strike. Quality of life in New York reached a nadir during this strike, as mounds of
230:
194:
164:
648:
View of the World Trade Center under construction from Duane Street, Manhattan, 1970
519:
1273:
927:
556:
1190:
1671:
1620:
Teacher Strike! Public Education and the Making of a New American Political Order
1342:
Donna E. Shalala, and Carol Bellamy. "State Saves a City: The New York Case, A."
1253:
Teacher Strike! Public Education and the Making of a New American Political Order
1044:
587:
483:
222:
179:, built 1947–1952; inherited the role from Paris as center of the art world with
156:
1555:
The cost of good intentions: New York City and the liberal experiment, 1960–1975
1513:
Gotham unbound: How New York city was liberated from the grip of organized crime
1384:
1040:"'Welcome to Fear City' – the inside story of New York's civil war, 40 years on"
1453:. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003.
1080:
681:
677:
318:
218:
217:. Many traditional apartment blocks were cleared and replaced with large-scale
1723:
1525:
Levinson, Marc. "Container Shipping and the Decline of New York, 1955–1975."
1492:
The Battle for Gotham: New York in the Shadow of Robert Moses and Jane Jacobs
1152:
931:
637:
626:
560:
532:
507:
487:
299:
226:
152:
34:
843:
1672:"What Does It Take To Get A Decent Apartment In The Big Apartment Squeeze?"
544:
540:
420:
384:
329:
307:
303:
256:
148:
1613:
Political crisis/fiscal crisis: The collapse and revival of New York City
661:
599:
424:
264:
1302:
Crisis in the Making: The Political Economy of New York State since 1945
1285:
1063:
598:
as the world's tallest building; it was displaced in turn by Chicago's
468:
412:
343:
209:) of the prewar era. Also rapidly changing was the eastern edge of the
1458:
The ungovernable city: John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York
1446:
1315:
The Cost of Good Intentions: New York City and the Liberal Experiment
240:
In a built-out city, construction entails destruction. After the old
1630:
Civil Rights in New York City: From World War II to the Giuliani Era
1375:
Russell, Mary (December 10, 1975). "Ford Signs Bill To Aid N.Y.C.".
1216:"Municipal Assistance Corp., New York's 1975 savior, says 'see ya'"
1112:"Municipal Assistance Corp., New York's 1975 savior, says 'see ya'"
437:. In the article, Schaap sardonically pointed out that it was not.
202:
1651:
Summer in the City: John Lindsay, New York, and the American Dream
1562:
Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America - Vol. 2
1499:
Boricuas In Gothamed: Puerto Ricans In The Making Of New York City
1360:
Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America – Vol. 2
856:
Summer in the City: John Lindsay, New York, and the American Dream
664:, a major layoff, a subway fare hike, and charging tuition at the
945:"Garbage Strike is Ended on Rockefeller's Terms; Men Back on Job"
704:
476:
433:, coined and popularized the sarcastic term in an article titled
1592:
America's Mayor: John V. Lindsay and the Reinvention of New York
247:
was torn down, growing concern for preservation led to the 1965
660:
The MAC insisted that the city make major reforms, including a
656:
Litter is flushed from 172nd Street in Manhattan using hydrants
610:
684:
angered New Yorkers by refusing to grant the city a bailout.
472:
688:
drastically reduce the number of people in its workforce.
1441:(2003), large-scale book version of Burns PBS documentary,
1429:
Power Failure: New York City Politics and Policy since 1960
275:
1445:
an eight part, 17½ hour documentary film directed by
1644:
The Dying City: Postwar New York and the Ideology of Fear
1485:
Working-class New York: life and labor since World War II
1289:
1022:
Roberta Ann Johnson, "Whistleblowing and the Police."
1520:
Pioneros II: Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1948–1998
1235:"When the City's Bankruptcy Was Just a Few Words Away"
936:
1077:"Municipal Assistance for the City of New York (MAC)"
527:
By 1970, the city gained notoriety for high rates of
1658:
Hard Times: The Adult Musical in 1970s New York City
1511:
Jacobs, James B., Coleen Friel, and Robert Raddick.
1187:
California Research Bureau, California State Library
456:
over the firings of several teachers in a school in
170:
1606:
Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis
1518:Korrol, Virginia Sanchez and Pedro Juan Hernandez.
302:in 1962, who played their first two seasons at the
1594:(2010) Essays on multiple topics, well illustrated
1265:
306:, the former home of the Giants, before moving to
999:"John V. Lindsay, Mayor and Maverick, Dies at 79"
963:
820:"New York After WWII | American Experience | PBS"
567:to arriving visitors, warning them to stay away.
368:A 1973 photo of New York City skyscrapers in smog
159:brought about by new housing communities such as
1721:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1074:
1068:
372:From November 23 to 26, 1966, New York City was
1534:New York at Mid-Century: The Impellitteri Years
531:and other social disorders. A popular song by
1177:
1166:
1138:
167:on its obligations and declaring bankruptcy.
128:
1109:
551:was subject to investigation for widespread
1431:(Oxford University Press, 1993) 420 pages;
1300:Peter D. McClelland and Alan L. Magdovitz,
1180:"Overview of New York City's Fiscal Crisis"
499:in the United States and around the world.
969:
467:That same year, 1968, also saw a nine-day
290:baseball teams to booming California; the
135:
121:
884:
882:
844:https://www.npr.org/transcripts/887386869
580:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
1622:(U of Illinois Press, 2017) pp 114–142.
1255:(U of Illinois Press, 2017) pp 114–142.
997:McFadden, Robert D (December 21, 2000).
996:
970:Perlmutter, Emanuel (February 5, 1968).
868:
866:
864:
694:
651:
643:
609:
605:
518:
506:
439:
363:
335:Where Were You When the Lights Went Out?
324:On November 9, 1965, New York endured a
274:
251:. The city's other great train station,
229:began to take shape around 1960, led by
1604:Sayre, Wallace S. and Herbert Kaufman,
1374:
1232:
1141:"The Legacy of the 1970s Fiscal Crisis"
1079:. William and Anita Newman Library and
1024:Rutgers Journal of Law and Urban Policy
942:
417:complete halt of subway and bus service
1722:
1646:(2017), Covers late 1940s to the 1980s
1599:New York City 1964: A Cultural History
879:
761:Timeline of New York City, 1950s–1970s
1572:A history of housing in New York City
1139:Phillips-Fein, Kim (April 16, 2013).
861:
249:Landmarks Preservation Commission Law
990:
943:Stetson, Damon (February 11, 1968).
632:The first solution proposed was the
402:
1678:Magazine, September 30, 1968 issue.
1639:(University of Chicago Press, 2010)
1110:Adam Lisberg (September 27, 2008).
801:1977 New York City mayoral election
796:1973 New York City mayoral election
791:1969 New York City mayoral election
786:1965 New York City mayoral election
781:1961 New York City mayoral election
776:1957 New York City mayoral election
771:1953 New York City mayoral election
766:1949 New York City mayoral election
732:Jonathan Mahler, the chronicler of
13:
1270:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1233:Roberts, Sam (December 31, 2006).
559:of whistle-blowing police officer
409:Transport Workers Union of America
346:where there was more room for it.
14:
1746:
1665:
1615:(Columbia University Press, 1992)
1506:The Encyclopedia of New York City
742:didn't approach the raw reality.
171:Postwar: Late 1940s through 1950s
1439:New York: An Illustrated History
703:A fiscal conservative, Democrat
634:Municipal Assistance Corporation
590:, the Twin Towers displaced the
379:
1660:(Oxford University Press, 2013)
1632:(Oxford University Press, 2011)
1550:(Russell Sage Foundation, 1988)
1536:(1992), He was Mayor in 1950–53
1437:Burns, Ric, and James Sanders.
1420:
1404:
1391:
1368:
1352:
1336:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1258:
1245:
1226:
1208:
1178:Roger Dunstan (March 1, 1995).
1132:
1103:
1075:Lucia Capodilupo (April 2002).
1052:
1032:
1016:
549:New York City Police Department
374:covered by a major smog episode
916:
899:
848:
837:
812:
721:New York City blackout of 1977
263:by community activists led by
1:
1735:20th century in New York City
1682:
1587:(Yale University Press, 2008)
806:
738:, "The clinical term for it,
699:Manhattan skyline around 1970
450:United Federation of Teachers
1443:New York: A Documentary Film
395:moving in, and an exodus of
7:
1085:City University of New York
749:
726:Manhattan Detention Complex
714:
666:City University of New York
570:The opening of the mammoth
565:pamphlet titled "Fear City"
427:, then a columnist for the
342:, that industry shifted to
313:The passage of the federal
177:United Nations headquarters
10:
1751:
1701:History of New York City
1480:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)
854:Joseph P. Viteritti, ed.,
415:shut down the city with a
261:Lower Manhattan Expressway
185:New York metropolitan area
45:Federal and early American
1710:History of New York City
1706:
1699:
1693:History of New York City
1689:
1548:Power, Culture, and Place
1504:Jackson, Kenneth T., ed.
1468:Journal of policy history
1427:Brecher, Charles, et al.
1328:Fordham Urban Law Journal
926:(2014) 40 pp: 1138–1154,
876:, January 7, 1966, p. 13:
326:widespread power blackout
235:One Chase Manhattan Plaza
50:Tammany and Consolidation
29:Lenape and New Netherland
1730:History of New York City
1490:Gratz, Roberta Brandes.
1062:(1976) 66#2 pp. 415–429
1060:American Economic Review
932:10.1177/0096144214533081
924:Journal of Urban History
709:elected as mayor in 1977
586:electronics district in
502:
270:
22:History of New York City
1527:Business History Review
1497:Haslip-Viera, Gabriel.
874:New York Herald Tribune
430:New York Herald Tribune
315:Immigration Act of 1965
233:'s construction of the
1656:Wollman, Elizabeth L.
1628:Taylor, Clarence, ed.
1546:Mollenkopf, John, ed.
1529:(2006) 80#1 pp: 49–80.
1470:(2007) 19#1 pp: 3–28.
756:American urban history
700:
657:
649:
621:
524:
516:
445:
369:
283:
181:abstract expressionism
40:British and Revolution
1649:Viteritti, Joseph P.
1642:Tochterman, Brian L.
1476:Flanagan, Richard M.
1222:. September 27, 2008.
888:Daniel B. Schneider,
698:
655:
647:
613:
606:Fiscal crisis of 1975
592:Empire State Building
522:
510:
443:
367:
278:
201:began to replace the
1597:Samuel, Lawrence R.
1574:(Columbia UP, 2018).
1532:Lagumina, Salvator.
1494:(Nation Books, 2011)
1456:Cannato, Vincent J.
913:, September 14, 1968
735:The Bronx is Burning
523:Times Square in 1977
280:Pennsylvania Station
245:Pennsylvania Station
71:Modern and post-9/11
1553:Morris, Charles R.
1539:Mahler, Jonathan.
1483:Freeman, Joshua B.
1377:The Washington Post
1362:(1993) pp 359–385
1313:Charles R. Morris,
1304:(2000) pp. 335, 337
1220:New York Daily News
1196:on January 25, 2011
746:was more like it."
617:New York Daily News
582:on the site of the
555:, most famously in
515:, completed in 1973
497:gay rights movement
357:decommissioned the
310:in Queens in 1964.
199:International Style
189:Levittown, New York
1590:Roberts, Sam, ed.
1239:The New York Times
1026:3 (2006) pp: 74+.
701:
658:
650:
622:
572:World Trade Center
557:the 1971 testimony
533:Cashman & West
525:
517:
513:World Trade Center
446:
397:European-Americans
370:
359:Brooklyn Navy Yard
340:container shipping
284:
207:wedding-cake style
147:Immediately after
61:Early 20th century
1718:
1717:
1707:Succeeded by
1611:Shefter, Martin.
1601:(McFarland, 2014)
1580:Podair, Jerald E.
1515:(NYU Press, 2001)
1410:Jonathan Mahler,
896:, January 3, 1999
578:and built by the
576:David Rockefeller
492:Greenwich Village
403:Strikes and riots
389:African-Americans
231:David Rockefeller
205:towers (built in
195:Midtown Manhattan
145:
144:
66:Post–World War II
1742:
1690:Preceded by
1687:
1686:
1635:Thomas, Lorrin.
1570:Plunz, Richard.
1415:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1344:Duke Law Journal
1340:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1290:December 5, 1975
1271:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1189:. Archived from
1184:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:on June 12, 2010
1087:. Archived from
1072:
1066:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
940:
934:
920:
914:
903:
897:
886:
877:
870:
859:
852:
846:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
816:
744:Spiritual crisis
187:as pioneered in
137:
130:
123:
18:
17:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1685:
1668:
1663:
1464:Colgrove, James
1423:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1397:James Goodman,
1396:
1392:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1278:H.R. 10481
1269:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1048:. May 18, 2015.
1045:TheGuardian.com
1038:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
995:
991:
981:
979:
968:
964:
954:
952:
941:
937:
921:
917:
904:
900:
887:
880:
871:
862:
853:
849:
842:
838:
828:
826:
818:
817:
813:
809:
752:
717:
608:
588:Lower Manhattan
505:
484:Stonewall riots
405:
382:
288:National League
273:
223:Lower Manhattan
173:
157:suburbanization
141:
109:
88:
69:
64:
59:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
12:
11:
5:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1716:
1715:
1712:(1978–present)
1708:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1666:External links
1664:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1461:
1454:
1435:
1433:online edition
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1379:. p. B9.
1367:
1351:
1346:(1976): 1119+
1335:
1330:6 (1977): 65.
1319:
1306:
1293:
1257:
1244:
1225:
1207:
1165:
1131:
1102:
1081:Baruch College
1067:
1051:
1031:
1015:
1003:New York Times
989:
976:New York Times
962:
949:New York Times
935:
915:
905:Damon Stetson
898:
878:
872:The Fun City,
860:
847:
836:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
751:
748:
740:fiscal crisis,
716:
713:
682:Gerald R. Ford
678:Albert Shanker
607:
604:
504:
501:
454:went on strike
452:, or the UFT)
404:
401:
381:
378:
319:Asian American
272:
269:
219:public housing
203:ziggurat-style
172:
169:
143:
142:
140:
139:
132:
125:
117:
114:
113:
86:Transportation
82:
81:
75:
74:
73:, 1978–present
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1747:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1522:(2010), 127pp
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1317:(1980) p. 233
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1004:
1000:
993:
977:
973:
966:
950:
946:
939:
933:
929:
925:
919:
912:
908:
902:
895:
891:
885:
883:
875:
869:
867:
865:
857:
851:
845:
840:
825:
821:
815:
811:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:
729:
727:
722:
712:
710:
706:
697:
693:
689:
685:
683:
679:
673:
669:
667:
663:
654:
646:
642:
639:
638:Felix Rohatyn
635:
630:
628:
627:Abraham Beame
619:
618:
612:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
561:Frank Serpico
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:
514:
509:
500:
498:
493:
489:
488:Stonewall Inn
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
442:
438:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:(TWU) led by
410:
400:
398:
394:
393:Puerto Ricans
390:
386:
380:Mayor Lindsay
377:
375:
366:
362:
360:
356:
353:In 1966, the
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
277:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Grand Central
250:
246:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
227:urban renewal
224:
221:projects. In
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:New York City
150:
138:
133:
131:
126:
124:
119:
118:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:Staten Island
105:•
104:
101:•
100:
97:•
96:
93:•
92:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
46:
41:
37:
36:
35:New Amsterdam
30:
27:
26:
23:
20:
19:
16:
1703:(1946–1977)
1700:
1675:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1612:
1608:(1965) 782pp
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1571:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1438:
1428:
1421:Bibliography
1411:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1354:
1343:
1338:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1156:. Retrieved
1144:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1115:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1070:
1059:
1054:
1043:
1034:
1023:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:
992:
980:. Retrieved
975:
965:
953:. Retrieved
948:
938:
923:
918:
910:
901:
893:
873:
855:
850:
839:
827:. Retrieved
823:
814:
743:
739:
733:
730:
718:
702:
690:
686:
674:
670:
659:
631:
623:
615:
569:
545:Central Park
541:Times Square
526:
481:
466:
447:
434:
428:
421:John Lindsay
406:
385:John Lindsay
383:
371:
352:
333:
323:
312:
308:Shea Stadium
304:Polo Grounds
285:
257:Robert Moses
239:
211:East Village
193:
174:
149:World War II
146:
78:
65:
58:, 1861–1865)
33:
15:
1695:(1898–1945)
1200:January 20,
1124:January 20,
1095:January 20,
978:. p. 1
951:. p. 1
824:www.pbs.org
662:wage freeze
600:Sears Tower
462:Brownsville
425:Dick Schaap
348:Blue-collar
321:community.
265:Jane Jacobs
89:Timelines:
68:, 1946–1977
63:, 1898–1945
52:, 1855–1897
47:, 1784–1854
42:, 1665–1783
1724:Categories
1683:Chronology
1288:, enacted
1280:, 89
1145:The Nation
1120:. New York
1117:Daily News
807:References
553:corruption
469:sanitation
458:Ocean Hill
413:Mike Quill
344:New Jersey
242:Beaux Arts
237:building.
165:defaulting
1447:Ric Burns
1385:146357089
1153:0027-8378
602:in 1973.
584:Radio Row
490:, in the
419:on mayor
330:1968 film
215:FDR Drive
213:close to
161:Levittown
56:Civil War
31:, to 1664
1676:New York
1414:(2006)
1399:Blackout
1381:ProQuest
1158:July 31,
1064:in JSTOR
911:NY Times
894:NY Times
750:See also
715:Blackout
543:, while
477:slowdown
435:Fun City
294:and the
111:Category
99:Brooklyn
79:See also
1624:excerpt
1557:(1981).
1348:online.
1266:Pub. L.
1008:May 19,
982:May 19,
955:May 19,
829:June 8,
705:Ed Koch
596:Midtown
473:garbage
355:US Navy
292:Dodgers
1566:online
1543:(2006)
1501:(2004)
1487:(2001)
1472:online
1460:(2001)
1401:(2003)
1383:
1364:online
1332:online
1284:
1274:94–143
1272:
1151:
1028:online
890:F.Y.I.
858:(2014)
707:, was
537:subway
296:Giants
103:Queens
1282:Stat.
1194:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
529:crime
503:1970s
271:1960s
95:Bronx
1449:for
1202:2011
1160:2021
1149:ISSN
1126:2011
1097:2011
1010:2009
984:2009
957:2009
831:2024
719:The
511:The
482:The
460:and
407:The
391:and
300:Mets
1451:PBS
1286:797
928:doi
594:in
91:NYC
1726::
1674:,
1276:,
1237:.
1218:.
1185:.
1168:^
1147:.
1143:.
1114:.
1083:,
1042:.
1001:.
974:.
947:.
909:,
892:,
881:^
863:^
822:.
728:.
464:.
332:,
225:,
191:.
151:,
1387:.
1241:.
1204:.
1162:.
1128:.
1099:.
1012:.
986:.
959:.
930::
833:.
136:e
129:t
122:v
54:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.