339:
483:
932:; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783-1811). The War of 1812 (1812-1815); period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865); Period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island (1876-1909)
521:'s colors were struck on September 8, 1664, and the soldiers of the garrison marched to the East River for the trip home to the Netherlands. The date of 1664 appeared on New York City's corporate seal until 1975, when the date was changed to 1625 to reflect the year of Dutch incorporation as a city and to incidentally allow New York to celebrate its 350th anniversary just 11 years after its 300th.
185:
A second wave of inhabitants entered the region approximately 3,000 years ago and left behind more advanced hunting implements such as bows and arrows. The remains of approximately 8,000 such early encampments have been found throughout the city. The region has probably remained continually inhabited
912:
v. 2. Cartography: an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North
America; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes. The Manatus maps. The Castello plan. The Dutch grants. Early New York newspapers
305:
as a trading medium by exchanging
European-made metal tools for beaver pelts. By using such tools, the Indigenous greatly increased the rate of production of wampum, debasing its value for trade. Lenape men abandoned hunting and fishing for food in favor of beaver trapping. Moreover, the Dutch began
330:
was a trading operation and not viewed as colonization enterprise for transplanting Dutch culture, the directors of New
Netherland were largely unconcerned with the ethnic and racial balance of the community. The economic activity brought in a wide variety of ethnic groups to the fledgling city
181:
According to archaeological digs, the first humans arrived in the region as early as 9,000 years ago. However, the area was abandoned, perhaps as a result of the local extinction of many large game species that were a source of food for the first settlers due to the warming climate of the area.
197:
technique. This extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bays of the area and, in southern New Jersey, harvested clams year-round. The success of these methods allowed the inhabitants to maintain a larger population than
919:
v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812-1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865); period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island
205:
elsewhere could support. Scholars have estimated that at the time of
European settlement, there may have been about 15,000 Lenape total in approximately 80 settlement sites around much of the New York City area alone. In 1524, Lenape in canoes met
624:
Volume 15—Northeast. Bruce G. Trigger (volume editor). Washington, DC: Smithsonian
Institution. 1978 References to Indian burning for the Eastern Algonquians, Virginia Algonquians, Northern Iroquois, Huron, Mahican, and Delaware Tribes and
435:
tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, which took part in the overwhelming defeat of the
Indigenous, leading to a peace treaty on August 29, 1645, to end the war.
314:
within two decades, leaving the Lenape largely dependent on the Dutch. As a result, the
Indigenous population declined drastically throughout the 17th century through a combination of disease, starvation, and outward migration.
905:
v. 1. The period of discovery (1524-1609); the Dutch period (1609-1664). The
English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period (1763-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction; New York as the state and federal capital
599:, Vol. 64, #1 (Feb): 78 88. 1983a Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas, but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites. Noted that the Lenna Lenape Tribe used fire.
611:
New York, NY: William Gowans. 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the
Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey used fire in ecosystems.
892:
The
Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections
864:
HENRY HUDSON'S PRECISE WHEREABOUTS in his first week in the vicinity of present-day New York have long caused debate and disagreement. A major challenge in deciphering the events of the
459:) and the Hudson River, all of which are confluent at the southern tip, from which all later development spread. Also of prime importance was the presence of deep fresh water
271:. The fort was designed mainly to protect the company's trading operations further upriver from attack by other European powers. Within a year, a small settlement, called
609:
A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There,
306:
manufacturing their own wampum in order to further dominate the trading network among themselves and the Indigenous (a practice undertaken by the settlers in
1012:
134:
926:; v. 4. The period of discovery (565-1626); the Dutch period (1626-1664). The English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period, part I (1763-1776)
953:
255:. It was not until 1623, however, that the Dutch interests in the area were other than commercial, and under the auspices of the newly formed
70:
85:
586:
Ph.D. dissertation. New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University. Author notes on page 8 that Indians often augmented lightning fires. 1979
573:. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey and the Massachuset tribe in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems.1953
987:
65:
60:
49:
44:
39:
55:
747:
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families who were brought in primarily to farm the nearby land of lower Manhattan and supply the company operations with food.
127:
810:
857:
275:
had grown around the fort, with a population that included mostly the garrison of company troops, as well as a contingent of
247:
In 1614 the New Netherland company was established, and consequently they settled a second fur trading post in what is today
264:
896:
439:
Manhattan Island was in some measure self-selected as a future metropolis by its extraordinary natural harbor formed by
1007:
666:
410:
120:
110:
584:
Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis
533:
338:
268:
885:
895:(6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see
950:
706:
394:
923:
916:
809:
Bridenbaugh, Carl. Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625-1742 (1938)
496:
935:
929:
909:
902:
252:
90:
536:. The city grew northward, remaining the largest and most important city in the colony of New York.
518:
476:
256:
21:
683:
1017:
517:, was unpopular with the residents of the city. Articles of Capitulation 1664 were drawn up, the
464:
428:
406:
510:
207:
849:
838:
768:
764:"Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646"
402:
94:
431:
resulted in the death of eighty Indigenous in February 1643. Following the massacre, eleven
828:
816:
241:
98:
8:
595:
Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States."
525:
502:
219:
152:
556:(Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1950), 2, 35–37, 63–65, 124.
482:
960:. Legend and Reality (about the Walloon contributions to the founding of New York City)
868:
voyage is the fact that the geographic tableau has changed enormously in four centuries
432:
398:
366:
102:
513:
across the East River to the city, with minimal resistance: the governor at the time,
106:
853:
821:
740:
716:
662:
386:
374:
845:
819:(1972) . "From the Hudson to the James 1626–1675: 1. New Netherland and New York".
514:
472:
468:
448:
424:
326:
became an increasingly important trading hub for the coast of North America. Since
319:
248:
215:
957:
751:
655:
565:
Day, Gordon M. "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests."
342:
290:(b.1625) was the first European born in the future New York City. Later in 1626,
211:
202:
467:, and an unusually varied geography ranging from marshland to large outcrops of
310:
as well). As a result of this increase, beavers were largely trapped out in the
163:; after initial European exploration in the 17th century, the Dutch established
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529:
420:
327:
260:
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323:
311:
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272:
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938:; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index.
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The Dutch origins can still be seen in many names in New York City, such as
840:
Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the Voyage That Redrew the Map of the New World
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444:
440:
416:
350:
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176:
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in 1624. In 1664, the British conquered the area and renamed it New York.
307:
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in 1624, a crude fortification that stood on the location of the present
684:"Quand New York s'appelait Angoulême : une conférence le 21 avril"
452:
151:
has been influenced by the prehistoric geological formation during the
419:
became director general in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in
236:
In 1613, the Dutch established a trading post on the western shore of
370:
237:
745:
Schaghen) from Dutch National Archive, The Hague, with transcription
936:
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928
930:
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926
924:
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4. 1922
917:
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918
910:
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2. 1916
903:
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1. 1915
763:
620:
Smithsonian Institution—Handbook of North American Indians series:
506:
283:
280:
276:
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The British renamed the colony New York, after the king's brother
460:
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244:
was the first documented non-native to live on Manhattan Island.
199:
354:
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190:
160:
823:
The Oxford History of the American People: Prehistory to 1789
301:
The Dutch took heavy advantage of the Indigenous reliance on
707:"Useless Beauty: What is to be done with Governors Island?"
390:
332:
353:(from "Konijnen Eiland" – Dutch for "Rabbit Island"),
554:
Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640–1840
837:
820:
790:
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193:were cultivating fields of vegetation through the
999:
443:(actually the drowned lower river valley of the
298:from native people in exchange for trade goods.
880:Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds.
652:
913:(1725-1811). Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908
189:By the time of the arrival of Europeans, the
128:
331:during the 17th century, including Spanish,
882:Empire City: New York Through the Centuries
704:
657:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
135:
121:
1013:Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
661:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
653:Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (1998).
427:, across the Hudson River in present-day
646:
571:New England and New York Areas 1580–1800
481:
337:
335:, and Africans, some of them as slaves.
159:. The area was shortly inhabited by the
815:
210:, the first European explorer to enter
1000:
835:
681:
715:(LXXXV, No 26 ed.). p. 56.
225:
705:Paumgarten, Nick (August 31, 2009).
509:, and troops marched to capture the
265:Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
170:
897:The Iconography of Manhattan Island
756:
622:Handbook of North American Indians,
490:
13:
874:
682:Koussa, Nicolas (April 12, 2016).
463:near the southern tip, especially
14:
1029:
944:
899:All volumes are on line free at:
795:. Old Town Books. pp. 37–40.
569:, Vol. 34, #2 (April): 329–346.
528:and on June 12, 1665, appointed
884:(2005), 1015 pages of excerpts
784:
741:Letter of Pieter Schaghen (not
734:
698:
675:
501:In 1664, British ships entered
318:As the beaver trade shifted to
294:purchased Manhattan Island and
155:of the territory that is today
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628:
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589:
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1:
964:
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423:against the Indigenous. The
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791:Ellis, Edward Robb (1966).
686:(in French). French Morning
389:(from Greenwijck, meaning "
10:
1034:
497:Conquest of New Netherland
494:
229:
218:to honor his patron, King
174:
45:Federal and early American
988:History of New York City
984:
979:History of New York City
977:
971:
793:The Epic of New York City
750:October 23, 2010, at the
486:The Fall of New Amsterdam
50:Tammany and Consolidation
29:Lenape and New Netherland
1008:History of New York City
951:New York and its origins
836:Hunter, Douglas (2009).
539:
519:Dutch West India Company
257:Dutch West India Company
149:history of New York City
22:History of New York City
552:Stevenson W. Fletcher,
381:(formalized in 1658 as
956:March 8, 2021, at the
487:
346:
214:, who called the area
208:Giovanni da Verrazzano
40:British and Revolution
890:Stokes, I.N. Phelps.
817:Morison, Samuel Eliot
769:World Digital Library
634:Mark Kurlansky, 2006
485:
341:
175:Further information:
829:New American Library
582:Russell, Emily W.B.
479:of large buildings.
71:Modern and post-9/11
526:James, Duke of York
345:(City Hall) in 1679
220:Francis I of France
153:last glacial period
981:(prehistory–1664)
534:mayors of New York
488:
475:that is ideal for
347:
226:Dutch colonization
61:Early 20th century
996:
995:
985:Succeeded by
859:978-1-59691-680-7
643:Dreibelbis, 1978
532:the first of the
387:Greenwich Village
171:Lenape settlement
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66:Post–World War II
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491:English conquest
473:metamorphic rock
469:Manhattan schist
465:the Collect Pond
449:glacial moraines
425:Pavonia Massacre
320:Upstate New York
238:Manhattan Island
203:hunter-gatherers
186:from that time.
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455:(actually a
445:Hudson River
441:New York Bay
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417:Willem Kieft
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351:Coney Island
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58:, 1861–1865)
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906:(1783-1811)
772:. 1641–1647
477:foundations
429:Jersey City
421:Kieft's War
413:Eylandt").
365:= "farm"),
308:New England
259:they built
253:Fort Nassau
89:Timelines:
68:, 1946–1977
63:, 1898–1945
52:, 1855–1897
47:, 1784–1854
42:, 1665–1783
1002:Categories
965:Chronology
848:. p.
804:References
726:August 18,
505:in modern
453:East River
433:Algonquian
403:Vlissingen
343:Stadt Huys
866:Half Moon
776:August 1,
721:0028-792X
690:April 12,
471:, a hard
371:Breukelen
363:boerderij
251:, called
56:Civil War
31:, to 1664
954:Archived
748:Archived
625:peoples.
507:Brooklyn
461:aquifers
399:Flushing
367:Brooklyn
359:bouwerij
284:Huguenot
111:Category
99:Brooklyn
79:See also
886:excerpt
597:Ecology
567:Ecology
451:), the
411:Staaten
409:(from "
395:quarter
379:Haarlem
281:Flemish
277:Walloon
200:nomadic
856:
719:
665:
405:) and
401:(from
375:Harlem
369:(from
355:Bowery
303:wampum
249:Albany
191:Lenape
161:Lenape
103:Queens
743:Peter
540:Notes
511:ferry
393:wood
377:from
357:from
95:Bronx
854:ISBN
778:2013
728:2017
717:ISSN
692:2016
663:ISBN
397:"),
391:pine
333:Jews
147:The
974:N/A
850:154
385:),
373:),
267:on
91:NYC
1004::
862:.
852:.
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709:.
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222:.
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54:(
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