History of Namibia

991: 585: 1187:). The Koevoet issue had been one of the most difficult UNTAG faced. This counter-insurgency unit was formed by South Africa after the adoption of UNSCR 435, and was not, therefore, mentioned in the Settlement Proposal or related documents. The UN regarded Koevoet as a paramilitary unit which ought to be disbanded but the unit continued to deploy in the north in armoured and heavily armed convoys. In June 1989, the Special Representative told the Administrator-General that this behavior was totally inconsistent with the 1027:" by US diplomatic interests was viewed negatively by those who supported internationally recognised independence, while to others US policy seemed to be aimed more towards restraining Soviet-Cuban influence in Angola and linking that to the issue of Namibian independence. In addition, US moves seemed to encourage the South Africans to delay independence by taking initiatives that would keep the Soviet-Cubans in Angola, such as dominating large tracts of southern Angola militarily while at the same time providing 340:

in conflict with the Herero who entered Damaraland from the south at about the same time as the Afrikaner started to expand farther north from Namaqualand. Both the Herero and the Afrikaner wanted to use the grasslands of Damaraland for their herds. This resulted in warfare between the Herero and the Oorlams as well as between the two of them and the Damara, who were the original inhabitants of the area. The Damara were displaced by the fighting and many were killed.

55: 1300: 512: 767: 2967: 1456: 352: 3289: 1239: 1195:). The Security Council, in its resolution of 29 August, therefore demanded the disbanding of Koevoet and dismantling of its command structures. South African foreign minister, Pik Botha, announced on 28 September 1989 that 1,200 ex-Koevoet members would be demobilized with effect from the following day. A further 400 such personnel were demobilized on 30 October. These demobilizations were supervised by UNTAG military monitors. 399: 660: 604: 2704: 640: 269: 1159:'s written assurances to the UN Secretary General to abide by a cease-fire and repatriate only unarmed Namibians, it was alleged that approximately 2,000 armed members of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), SWAPO's military wing, crossed the border from Angola in an apparent attempt to establish a military presence in northern Namibia. UNTAG's 730:, where many of them died of thirst. The German forces guarded every water source and were given orders to shoot any adult male Herero on sight; later orders included killing all Herero and Nama, including children. Only a few of them managed to escape into neighbouring British territories. These tragic events, known as the 1571:, the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the presidential elections, taking 87% of the vote. His predecessor, President Hifikepunye Pohamba, also of Swapo, had served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution. In December 2019, President Hage Geingob was re-elected for a second term, taking 56.3% of the vote. 734:, resulted in the death of between 24,000 and 65,000 Herero (estimated at 50% to 70% of the total Herero population) and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population). The genocide was characterized by widespread death by starvation and from consumption of well water which had been poisoned by the Germans in the 508:, confirming the settlement of 1797, and permitted the Cape Colony to annex it in 1878. The annexation was an attempt to forestall German ambitions in the area, and it also guaranteed control of the good deepwater harbour on the way to the Cape Colony and other British colonies on Africa's east coast. 888:

upheld UN authority over Namibia, determining that the South African presence in Namibia was illegal and that South Africa therefore was obliged to withdraw its administration from Namibia immediately. The Court also advised UN member states to refrain from implying legal recognition or assistance to

647:

Being the only German colony in Africa considered suitable for white settlement at the time, Namibia attracted an influx of German settlers. In 1903 there were 3,700 Germans living in the area, and by 1910 their number had increased to 13,000. Another reason for German settlement was the discovery of

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suffered a mild stroke, which prevented him from attending a meeting with Namibian leaders on 20 January 1989. His place was taken by acting president J. Christiaan Heunis. Botha had fully recuperated by 1 April 1989 when implementation of UNSCR 435 officially started and the South African–appointed

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who played a key role in getting the Constitutional Principles agreed in 1982 by the front-line states, SWAPO, and the Western Contact Group. This agreement created the framework for Namibia's democratic constitution. The US Government's role as mediator was both critical and disputed throughout the

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Following the League's supersession by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration. Although the South African government wanted

842:

against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, the U.N. General Assembly revoked South Africa's mandate. Under the growing international pressure to legitimize its annexation of Namibia, South Africa established in 1962 the ‘Commission of Enquiry into South West Africa Affairs’, better

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whereby the Oorlams would protect the central grasslands of Namibia from the Herero who were then pushing south. In return Jonker Afrikaner was recognised as overlord, received tribute from the Nama, and settled at what today is Windhoek, on the borders of Herero territory. The Afrikaners soon came

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As early as 25 000 B.C., the first humans lived in the Huns Mountains in the South of Namibia. The painted stone plates that exist from that time not only prove that these settlements existed, they also belong among the oldest works of art in the world. A fragment of a hominoid jaw, estimated to be

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In 1998, with one year until the scheduled presidential election when Sam Nujoma would not be allowed to participate in since he had already served the two terms that the constitution allows, SWAPO amended the constitution, allowing three terms instead of two. They were able to do this since SWAPO

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In the Brandberg Mountains, there are numerous rock paintings, most of them originating from around 2000 B.C. There is no reliable indication as to which ethnic groups created them. It is dubitable whether the San (Bushmen), who alongside the Damara are the oldest ethnic group in Namibia, were the

1071:

summit in Moscow (29 May – 1 June 1988) between leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union, it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. Agreements to give effect to these decisions were

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was appointed governor of German South West Africa. He tried without great success to apply the principle of "colonialism without bloodshed". The protection treaty did have the effect of stabilising the situation but pockets of rebellion persisted, and were put down by an elite German regiment

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past had resulted in a situation where about 20 percent of the population owned about 75 percent of all the land. Land was supposed to be redistributed mostly from the white minority to previously landless communities and ex-combatants. The land reform has been slow, mainly because Namibia's

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The Namaqua's resistance proved to be unsuccessful, however, and in 1894 Witbooi was forced to sign a "protection treaty" with the Germans. The treaty allowed the Namaqua to keep their arms, and Witbooi was released having given his word of honour not to continue with the Hottentot uprising.

959:), SWAPO, UN officials, and the Western Contact Group. It called for the holding of elections in Namibia under UN supervision and control, the cessation of all hostile acts by all parties, and restrictions on the activities of South African and Namibian military, paramilitary, and police. 708: 1198:

The 11-month transition period ended relatively smoothly. Political prisoners were granted amnesty, discriminatory legislation was repealed, South Africa withdrew all its forces from Namibia, and some 42,000 refugees returned safely and voluntarily under the auspices of the Office of the

927:, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They launched a joint diplomatic effort to bring an internationally acceptable transition to independence for Namibia. The WCG's efforts led to the presentation in 1978 of Security Council Resolution 435 for settling the Namibian problem. The 390:. In 1872 they founded the "Free Republic of Rehoboth" and adopted a constitution stating that the nation should be led by a "Kaptein" directly elected by the people, and that there should be a small parliament, or Volkraad, consisting of three directly elected citizens. 810:. The Class C mandate, supposed to be used for the least developed territories, gave South Africa full power of administration and legislation over the territory, but required that South Africa promote the material and moral well-being and social progress of the people. 1491:

The Angolan civil war resulted in a large number of Angolan refugees coming to Namibia. At its peak in 2001 there were over 30,000 Angolan refugees in Namibia. The calmer situation in Angola has made it possible for many of them to return to their home with the help of

2810:(and predecessor organizations). Other organizations on the Archive with significant material on Namibia include the American Committee on Africa, Episcopal Churchpeople for Southern Africa, and the Washington Office on Africa (available on the Browse page). 206:

to reform the administration of the former League of Nations mandates and clearly establish majority rule and independence as eventual goals for the trust territories. South Africa objected arguing that a majority of the territory's people were content with

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was appointed. Upon South Africa's relinquishing control of Namibia, Commissioner Carlsson's role would be to administer the country, formulate its framework constitution, and organize free and fair elections based upon a non-racial universal franchise.

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to the United Kingdom. He left SWAPO and became one of the founding members of COD in 1998, after clashing with his party on several questions. He did not approve of the amendment to the constitution, and criticised Namibia's involvement in Congo.

1059:, and South Africa, and observers from the Soviet Union together in London. Intense diplomatic activity characterized the next 7 months, as the parties worked out agreements to bring peace to the region and make possible the implementation of 218:

decided to end the mandate, declaring that South Africa had no further right to administer the territory, and that henceforth South West Africa was to come under the direct responsibility of the UN (Resolution 2145 XXI of 27 October 1966).

628:, which separated the north from the rest of the territory, led to more direct colonial rule south of the line and indirect control north of the line, leading to different political and economic outcomes for example between the northern 1548:, the provincial capital of the Caprivi Region. Forces of the Namibian government struck back and arrested a number of alleged CLA supporters. The Caprivi conflict has led to the longest and largest trial in the history of Namibia, the 829:

During the 1960s, as the European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia, which was then South West Africa. On the dismissal (1966) by the

700:, had the upper hand. With good knowledge of the terrain they had little problem in defending themselves against the Schutztruppe (initially numbering only 766). Soon the Namaqua people joined the war, again under the leadership of 655:

The settlers were encouraged by the government to expropriate land from the natives, and forced labour – hard to distinguish from slavery – was used. As a result, relations between the German settlers and the natives deteriorated.

1246:

By 9 February 1990, the Constituent Assembly had drafted and adopted a constitution. Independence Day on 21 March 1990, was attended by numerous international representatives, including the main players, the UN Secretary-General

382:-speaking, they considered themselves to be culturally more "white" than "black". As with the Oorlams, they were forced northwards by the expansion of white settlers when, in 1868, a group of about 90 families crossed the 1287:(JAA) in November 1992 to administer the 780 km (300 sq mi) territory. The peaceful resolution of this territorial dispute was praised by the international community, as it fulfilled the provisions of the 1215:

taking 57% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds necessary to have a free hand in revising the framework constitution that had been formulated not by UN Commissioner Bernt Carlsson but by the South African appointee

1039:, backed by South Africa and various ethnic political parties, tried unsuccessfully for recognition by the United Nations. Finally, in 1987 when prospects for Namibian independence seemed to be improving, the fourth 1911: 538:

and 260 guns. He soon renamed the coastal area after himself, giving it the name Lüderitz. Believing that Britain was soon about to declare the whole area a protectorate, Lüderitz advised the German chancellor

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nation. They rarely ventured south to the central parts of the country, since the conditions there did not suit their farming way of life, but they extensively traded their knives and agricultural implements.

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started working in Namibia and co-operating with the London Missionary Society. It was not until the 19th century, when European powers sought to carve up the African continent between them in the so-called

1452:. During the land crisis in Zimbabwe, where the government confiscated white farmers' land by force, fears rose among the white minority and the western world that the same method would be used in Namibia. 2296: 1176:, it was agreed to confine the South African forces to base and return PLAN elements to Angola. While that problem was resolved, minor disturbances in the north continued throughout the transition period. 1171:

in restoring order. A period of intense fighting followed, during which 375 PLAN fighters were killed. At a hastily arranged meeting of the Joint Monitoring Commission in Mount Etjo, a game park outside

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drawn up for signature in New York in December 1988. Cuba, South Africa, and the People's Republic of Angola agreed to a complete withdrawal of foreign troops from Angola. This agreement, known as the

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thirteen million years old, was found in the Otavi Mountains. Findings of Stone Age weapons and tools are further proof that a long time ago early humans already hunted the wild animals of the region.

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in 1904. Earlier von Trotha issued an ultimatum to the Herero, denying them citizenship rights and ordering them to leave the country or be killed. To escape, the Herero retreated into the waterless

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Soon after declaring Lüderitz and a vast area along the Atlantic coast a German protectorate, German troops were deployed as conflicts with the native tribes flared up, most significantly with the

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received 29% of the vote. The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on 21 November 1989 and resolved unanimously to use the 1982 Constitutional Principles in Namibia's new constitution.

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and, in the case of the Kavango, western Zambia. Being settled people they had an economy based on farming, cattle and fishing, but they also produced metal goods. Both groups belonged to the

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and 12 offshore islands were transferred to Namibia by South Africa. This followed three years of bilateral negotiations between the two governments and the establishment of a transitional

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Address by the Right Honourable Nahas Angula MP, Prime minister of the Republic of Namibia on the occasion of the official inauguration of the SADC Tribunal House Windhoek 18 November 2005

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on 26 August. After Angola became independent in 1975, SWAPO established bases in the southern part of the country. Hostilities intensified over the years, especially in Ovamboland.

1191:, which required the police to be lightly armed. Moreover, the vast majority of the Koevoet personnel were quite unsuited for continued employment in the South West African Police ( 2807: 1284: 331:. Armed with guns, the Oorlams caused instability as more and more came to settle in Namaqualand and eventually conflict arose between them and the Nama. Under the leadership of 235:

The Nama only settled in southern Africa and southern Namibia during the first century B.C. In contrast to the San and Damara, they lived on the livestock they bred themselves.

1976: 2325: 1334:

Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation and issued an amnesty for those who had fought on either side during the liberation war. The civil war in

966:, which were boycotted by SWAPO and a few other political parties. South Africa continued to administer Namibia through its installed multiracial coalitions and an appointed 983: 1709: 1953:

Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen, "Diaspora and memory: figures of displacement in contemporary literature, arts and politics", Rodopi, 2007, pg. 33,

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South Africa agreed to cooperate in achieving the implementation of Resolution 435. Nonetheless, in December 1978, in defiance of the UN proposal, it unilaterally held

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in the Cape decided to take control of Walvis Bay, since it was the only good deep-water harbour along the Skeleton Coast. When the United Kingdom took control of the

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were appointed. South Africa refused to recognize any of these United Nations appointees. Nevertheless, discussions proceeded with UN Commissioner for Namibia N°2

2300: 2207: 822:. In 1959, the colonial forces in Windhoek sought to remove black residents further away from the white area of town. The residents protested and the subsequent 470:

in 1805, they also took over Walvis Bay. But colonial settlement in the area was limited, and neither the Dutch nor the British penetrated far into the country.

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constitution only allows land to be bought from farmers willing to sell. Also, the price of land is very high in Namibia, which further complicates the matter.

335:, the Oorlams used their superior weapons to take control of the best grazing land. In the 1830s Jonker Afrikaner concluded an agreement with the Nama chief 2642: 1796: 2518: 426:, and raised a limestone cross there, on his exploratory mission along the west coast of Africa. The next European to visit Namibia was also a Portuguese, 1036: 287:, nomadic people keeping cattle, moved into Namibia. They came from the east African lakes and entered Namibia from the northwest. First they resided in 1203:(UNHCR). Almost 98% of registered voters turned out to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. The elections were held in November 1989, overseen by 291:, but in the middle of the 19th century some tribes moved farther south and into Damaraland. A number of tribes remained in Kaokoland: these were the 2898: 2416: 2245: 624:, while real peace was never achieved between the colonialists and the natives. The introduction of a veterinary pest-exclusion fence called the 4054: 3824: 3221: 1137: 967: 689:

The outbreak of rebellion was considered to be a result of Theodor Leutwein's softer tactics, and he was replaced by the more notorious General

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website has material on the struggle for independence and support in the U.S. for that struggle produced by many U.S. organizations including

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Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, "Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts", Routledge, 2004, pg. 51

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and other mines. In response to the contract system, which has been characterized close to slavery, and in support of Namibian independence.

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in Namibia, while at the same time present the occupation as a progressive and scientific way to develop and support the people in Namibia.

1687: 154: 17: 3746: 3321: 2933: 1895: 3537: 3361: 2955: 1844: 866: 2767: 2147: 2129: 1544:, and the Namibian government. It started in 1994 and had its peak in the early hours of 2 August 1999 when CLA launched an attack in 741:

Descendants of Lothar von Trotha apologized to six chiefs of Herero royal houses for the actions of their ancestor on 7 October 2007.

1973: 798:

On 17 December 1920, South Africa undertook administration of South West Africa under the terms of Article 22 of the Covenant of the

2318: 1713: 600:, the Namaqua put up a fierce resistance to the German occupation. Contemporary media called the conflict "The Hottentot Uprising". 3226: 3192: 2096: 1488:, whose stronghold was in southern Angola. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking UNITA. 1363: 1088:

between Angola, Cuba and South Africa whereby South Africa agreed to hand control of Namibia to the United Nations, were signed at

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that had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Both being leftist movements, SWAPO wanted to support the ruling party

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With their horses and guns, the Afrikaners proved to be militarily superior and forced the Herero to give them cattle as tribute.

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Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to a democratic society.

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in southern Namibia, where they built a church, which was long considered to be Namibia's oldest building, before the site at

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de Souza Correa, Sílvio Marcus. "History, memory, and commemorations: on genocide and colonial past in South West Africa."

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Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. 22

1276:(who had been released from prison shortly beforehand) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. 3829: 3471: 2185: 2163: 2037: 1943: 1167:, who was visiting Southern Africa at the time, and authorized a limited contingent of South African troops to assist the 3316: 904: 2274: 1124:, and an official delegation of 22 had a lucky escape. Their booking on Pan Am 103 was cancelled at the last minute and 1350:(SADC) contingent. In August 1999, a secessionist attempt in the northeastern Caprivi region was successfully quashed. 2215: 1954: 990: 970:. Negotiations after 1978 focused on issues such as supervision of elections connected with the implementation of the 3704: 3613: 3407: 3356: 3331: 3205: 2752: 1200: 814:

to incorporate South West Africa into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the

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held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although

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spawned a major Namibian nationalist following and the formation of united black opposition to South African rule.

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In October 1989, under orders of the UN Security Council, Pretoria was forced to demobilize some 1,600 members of

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In March 2005, Namibia's founding president Sam Nujoma stepped down after 15 years in power. He was succeeded by

1144:, began the territory's transition to independence. Former UN Commissioner N°2 and now UN Special Representative 701: 597: 2687: 2665:

Lyon, William Blakemore. "From Labour Elites to Garveyites: West African Migrant Labour in Namibia, 1892–1925."

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Sam Nujoma won the presidential elections of 1994 with 76.34% of the votes. There was only one other candidate,

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on 1 July 1890, between the United Kingdom and Germany. The Caprivi Strip in Namibia gave Germany access to the

2948: 885: 831: 203: 4080: 3552: 3351: 2902: 1602: 1269: 1221: 3844: 3527: 3422: 3185: 1515: 1371: 1248: 1028: 4158: 4127: 4123: 3598: 3576: 3464: 3238: 2963: 2832:, Tradecraft Review, Periodical of the Military National Security Service, 2013, 1. Special Issue, 93–109 2237: 1375: 1085: 1020: 683: 677: 300: 140: 108: 34: 1889: 718:

To cope with the situation, Germany sent 14,000 additional troops who soon crushed the rebellion in the

202:, the League of Nations was dissolved in April 1946 and its successor, the United Nations, instituted a 118: 3732: 3668: 3459: 3392: 3336: 3243: 2648:

Kössler, Reinhart. "Entangled history and politics: Negotiating the past between Namibia and Germany."

1592: 1519: 1081: 819: 555: 113: 4136: 3486: 3481: 3253: 2941: 1993:

Lenggenhager, Luregn (2015). "Nature, War and Development: South Africa's Caprivi Strip, 1960–1980".

1168: 803: 478: 195: 2670: 907:, which sought an "internal settlement" to Namibia. Excluding SWAPO, the conference mainly included 3884: 3496: 3273: 3268: 3233: 2734: 2730: 2714: 1574:

On 4 February 2024, President Hage Geingob died and he was immediately succeeded by vice-president

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Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President

860: 579: 544: 183: 123: 103: 54: 2677:

Words cannot be found: German colonial rule in Namibia: an Annotated Reprint of the 1918 Blue Book

4119: 3994: 3984: 3789: 3603: 3542: 3432: 3412: 3402: 3178: 2918: 2211: 1819: 1537: 1024: 873:(PLAN) began guerrilla attacks on South African forces, infiltrating the territory from bases in 493: 2926: 2883: 2787: 2653: 1683: 208: 3999: 3889: 3819: 3522: 3449: 3444: 3437: 1208: 303:

that continues to provoke widespread indignation. An apology was sought in more recent times.

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One of SWAPO's policies, that had been formulated long before the party came into power, was

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when the Herero attacked remote farms on the countryside, killing approximately 150 Germans.

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began working in Namibia, moving north from the Cape Colony. In 1811 they founded the town

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Legal argument ensued over the course of the next twenty years until, in October 1966, the

2601:"Hage Geingob death: Namibia's new President Mbumba sworn-in hours after predecessor dies" 1782:

The Schmelenhaus was built the same year, long considered the oldest structure in Namibia.

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constituted a formidable barrier and neither of the Portuguese explorers went far inland.

8: 4034: 4009: 3859: 3854: 3834: 3799: 3784: 3673: 3547: 3380: 3366: 2814: 1597: 1561: 1413: 1401: 1328: 1204: 1128:, together with a smaller delegation, caught the earlier Pan Am 101 flight to New York.) 1060: 995: 719: 498: 2093: 931:, as it became known, was worked out after lengthy consultations with South Africa, the 652:

in 1908. Diamond production continues to be a very important part of Namibia's economy.

4106: 4097: 4088: 4019: 3989: 3974: 3959: 3939: 3904: 3899: 3849: 3794: 3769: 3697: 3641: 3557: 3510: 3397: 3326: 3311: 2822: 2367: 2113: 2076: 2010: 1666: 1262:

arrived to Namibia on 19 March to join the celebration marking Namibia's independence.

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Kössler, Reinhart. "Images of History and the Nation: Namibia and Zimbabwe compared."

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Sam Nujoma was reelected as president in 1999, winning the election, that had a 62.1%

584: 4029: 4024: 3964: 3919: 3879: 3774: 3755: 3636: 3628: 3532: 3248: 2875: 2371: 2068: 2033: 2014: 1838: 1746: 1644: 1636: 1587: 1477: 1405: 1164: 1101: 1097: 1068: 999: 932: 799: 758: 690: 540: 482: 439: 387: 356: 296: 191: 1858: 664: 523: 4084: 4004: 3954: 3909: 3894: 3874: 3864: 3839: 3779: 3713: 3678: 3663: 3588: 3278: 2779: 2359: 2002: 1531: 1511: 1460: 1233: 1160: 1145: 1113: 1015: 878: 818:'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only 791:, was killed in a joint attack by South African forces for resisting South African 616: 535: 486: 427: 332: 319:

Khoisan peoples, who put up a fierce resistance, across the Orange River. Known as

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Rogerson, C. M. (March 1990). "Aspects of urban management in Windhoek, Namibia".

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period, one example being the intense efforts in 1984 to obtain withdrawal of the

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into Namibia. The Basters settled in central Namibia, where they founded the city

4014: 3924: 3814: 3618: 3341: 3288: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2829: 2600: 2570: 2540: 2151: 2133: 2100: 1980: 1800: 1397: 1359: 1089: 1076:, established a Joint Monitoring Commission (JMC) with the United States and the 1051:, US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs – brought negotiators from 727: 697: 187: 69: 2181: 1148:

arrived in Windhoek in April 1989 to head the UN Transition Assistance Group's (

2845:"Chronology of Namibian History: From Precolonial Times to Independent Namibia" 1888: 1575: 1338:

had a limited impact on Namibians living in the north of the country. In 1998,

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Within a month of the signing of the New York Accords, South African president

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http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8533/ISS-95.pdf?sequence=1

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and thereby to German colonies in East Africa. In exchange for the island of

559: 551: 527: 501:", that Europeans – Germany in the forefront – became interested in Namibia. 280: 272: 256: 244: 79: 74: 2632:

Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923

847:, who headed the commission. Its goal was to introduce South African racist 504:

The first territorial claim on a part of Namibia came when Britain occupied

1613: 1568: 1497: 1252: 1077: 924: 896:(13,000 people), starting in Windhoek and Walvis Bay and soon spreading to 844: 735: 621: 474: 443: 383: 292: 199: 175:

in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990.

2867: 1496:, and in 2004 only 12,600 remained in Namibia. Most of them reside in the 894:

general strike of 25% of the entire working population of contract workers

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In 1999 Namibia signed a mutual defence pact with its northern neighbour

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432 (1978), which declared Walvis Bay to be an integral part of Namibia.

1259: 1173: 1132: 1117: 792: 750: 593: 467: 92: 1899:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 800. 1768:. Windhoek, Namibia: Elena Travel Services Namibia. 2017. Archived from 515: 511: 435: 402:

Detail of a map of Southern Africa from 1707, labelling the area as the

2363: 2080: 1912:"Namibia Continues Seeking Justice for Germany's Colonial-Era Genocide" 1769: 1386: 1324: 1304: 1299: 1280: 1265: 1156: 944: 788: 772: 563: 505: 431: 96: 696:

In the beginning of the war the Herero, under the leadership of chief

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One of the first European groups to show interest in Namibia were the

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The transition got off to a shaky start. Contrary to SWAPO President

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2nd International Conference on Wars and Violent Conflicts in Africa

1455: 374:; descendants of Boer men and African women (mostly Khoisan). Being 351: 3170: 2733:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

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The first European to set foot on Namibian soil was the Portuguese

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Botha, Christo. "People and the environment in colonial Namibia."

1084:, comprising a bilateral agreement between Cuba and Angola, and a 603: 3201: 2972: 1315:

was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and

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launched a military campaign and occupied the German colony of

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occurs when internal migrants move to the cities and live in

1320: 1288: 1212: 1149: 1032: 659: 128: 2541:"Namibian presidential election won by Swapo's Hage Geingob" 2265: 2263: 1641:

A Nation Is Born: The Inside Story of Namibia's Independence

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Rogers, Barbara (Spring 1972). "Namibia's General Strike".

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in New York City on 22 December 1988. (UN Commissioner N°4

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in the North Sea, Britain assumed control of the island of

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to claim it. In 1884 Bismarck did so, thereby establishing

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was not present at the signing ceremony. He was killed on

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Popp, Maximilian; Riedmann, Bernhard (10 November 2022).

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German troops in combat with the Herero in a painting by

295:, who are still there today. During German occupation of 268: 1859:"History of Namibia. From Adolf Luederitz to Sam Nujoma" 1255:, who jointly conferred formal independence on Namibia. 682:

The ongoing local rebellions escalated in 1904 into the

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The Caprivi conflict was an armed conflict between the

438:(which he named Angra Pequena) on his way to round the 1540:(CLA), a rebel group working for the secession of the 1444:

President Sam Nujoma has been vocal in his support of

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has passed through several distinct stages from being

911:

leaders as well as white Namibian political parties.

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which pre-dates European settlement was recognised.

2571:"Namibia's President Hage Geingob wins re-election" 2450:"Main treason trial set to soldier on in September" 2312: 2310: 2027: 1665: 1555: 877:. The first attack of this kind was the battle at 459:") and similar terms over the next few centuries. 2717:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 1766:The Online Guide to Namibia & Travel Boutique 1702: 1635: 4150: 2307: 1412:Nujoma was succeeded as President of Namibia by 547:as a colony (Deutsch-Südwestafrika in German). 362:1872, with the constitution lying on the table. 263: 2684:History of Namibia: From the Beginning to 1990 2422:. United Nations High Commission on Refugees. 2324:. United Nations High Commission on Refugees. 2289: 977: 843:known as the Odendaal commission, named after 671: 3740: 3186: 2949: 2804:Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law 2675:Silvester, Jeremy, and Jan-Bart Gewald. eds. 2478: 2447: 1047:In May 1988, a US mediation team – headed by 148: 2788:"History and economy – Namibia Travel Guide" 2481:"Caprivi treason trial up and running again" 2384: 1992: 1909: 1851: 1353: 1023:(SADF) from southern Angola. The so-called " 771:The Odendaal Plan for dividing Namibia into 247:, and the smaller and closely related group 2884:"People and culture – Namibia Travel Guide" 2417:"2004 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook – Namibia" 2385:Alden, Chris; Anseeuw, Ward (8 July 2016). 923:(WCG) was formed including Canada, France, 596:. Under the leadership of the tribal chief 573: 3747: 3733: 3193: 3179: 2956: 2942: 2145:United Nations Transition Assistance Group 1745:, vol. II (1st ed.), Edinburgh: 1468:Involvement in conflicts in Angola and DRC 1041:UN Commissioner for Namibia Bernt Carlsson 765: 366:The last group of people today considered 311:In the 19th century white farmers, mostly 155: 141: 2753:Learn how and when to remove this message 1657: 1037:Transitional Government of National Unity 914: 323:, these Khoisan adopted Boer customs and 2349: 2343: 2297:"Benjamin Ulenga: Congress of Democrats" 1903: 1883: 1454: 1396:Ben Ulenga is a former SWAPO member and 1298: 1279:On 1 March 1994, the coastal enclave of 1237: 989: 981: 706: 658: 638: 602: 583: 510: 397: 350: 267: 2650:Journal of contemporary African studies 2472: 2441: 2299:. Congress of Democrats. Archived from 1734: 1525: 1211:by the UN Special Representative, with 867:South West Africa People's Organisation 632:compared to the more centrally located 222: 198:to administer the territory. Following 14: 4151: 2808:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2511:"Namibia's founding president retires" 2208:"Country report: Spotlight on Namibia" 2058: 1843:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1663: 1484:in Angola to fight the rebel movement 1370:had a two-thirds majority in both the 1348:Southern African Development Community 1294: 299:about one third of the population was 251:, lived in northern Namibia, southern 4164:History of Southern Africa by country 3754: 3728: 3174: 2937: 2581:from the original on 26 February 2021 2409: 2248:from the original on 17 February 2010 2182:"Chronology of Namibian Independence" 2040:from the original on 7 September 2012 1958: 1924:from the original on 11 November 2022 1712:. Rehobothbasters.org. Archived from 1676: 1393:(COD), that won 10.49% of the votes. 1031:for the Angolan opposition movement, 744: 346: 3200: 2697: 2634:(Ohio State University Press, 1999). 2277:from the original on 8 February 2007 2028:Petronella Sibeene (17 April 2009). 1690:from the original on 19 October 2019 903:In 1975, South Africa sponsored the 422:in 1485, who stopped briefly on the 2839:. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. 2667:Journal of Southern African Studies 2429:from the original on 24 August 2006 2331:from the original on 24 August 2006 2316: 1995:Journal of Southern African Studies 1865:from the original on 19 August 2017 1514:, sending troops in support of the 1063:Resolution 435 (UNSCR 435). At the 998:issued during the 1989 election – ( 905:Turnhalle Constitutional Conference 871:People's Liberation Army of Namibia 394:European influence and colonization 315:, moved further north, pushing the 24: 3287: 2639:A history of resistance in Namibia 2610: 2551:from the original on 21 April 2021 2491:from the original on 17 March 2012 2460:from the original on 17 March 2012 1668:Africa: A Biography of a Continent 1120:. South African foreign minister, 986:Map of South West Africa (Namibia) 855:Namibian struggle for independence 239:The north – the Ovambo and Kavango 25: 4175: 2927:"The Rehoboth Basters of Namibia" 2693: 2686:(Oxford University Press, 2014). 2660:South African Historical Journal 2521:from the original on 5 April 2023 2479:Werner Menges (2 November 2005). 2397:from the original on 21 June 2021 1686:. The Cardboard Box Travel Shop. 1684:"The Rehoboth Basters of Namibia" 1567:In December 2014, Prime Minister 1201:UN High Commissioner for Refugees 449:The area was vaguely regarded as 370:that arrived in Namibia were the 4055:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 3825:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2965: 2929:. The Cardboard Box Travel Shop. 2919:"Basters – Namibia Travel Guide" 2878:. The Cardboard Box Travel Shop. 2815:"History of Namibia – A Summary" 2796:African Activist Archive Project 2770:. United Nations. Archived from 2702: 2618:South African Historical Journal 2188:from the original on 23 May 2020 1974:Forced Removal from Old Location 1890:"German South-West Africa" 1344:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1257:United States Secretary of State 1004:Georgia House of Representatives 884:In a 1971 advisory opinion, the 588:Flag of German South West Africa 53: 2593: 2563: 2533: 2503: 2448:Werner Menges (8 August 2007). 2378: 2230: 2200: 2174: 2156: 2138: 2120: 2106: 2087: 2052: 2021: 1986: 1967: 1947: 1936: 1877: 1710:"Constitution of Rehoboth 1872" 1608:Shark Island Concentration Camp 1556:After Sam Nujoma (2005-present) 1510:Namibia also intervened in the 1227: 534:. The price he paid was 10,000 430:, who stopped at what today is 2625:Revista Brasileira de Historia 2238:"IRIN country profile Namibia" 1805: 1787: 1754: 1728: 1629: 1419: 1342:(NDF) troops were sent to the 1303:Namibia's founding president, 1285:Joint Administrative Authority 1251:and President of South Africa 886:International Court of Justice 869:'s (SWAPO) military wing, the 832:International Court of Justice 714:chained during 1904 rebellion. 306: 13: 1: 2837:"WHKMLA:: History of Namibia" 2641:(London: James Currey, 1988) 2273:. African Election Database. 2007:10.1080/03057070.2015.1025337 1762:"Bethanie Village in Namibia" 1737:Plate LXXXVII. Fig. 2. World. 1623: 1603:List of presidents of Namibia 1578:as new President of Namibia. 1459:A Congolese rebel during the 1222:Democratic Turnhalle Alliance 726:region, a western arm of the 607:Namaqua chief Hendrik Witbooi 232:creators of these paintings. 2768:"Namibia – UNTAG Background" 1516:Democratic Republic of Congo 1372:National Assembly of Namibia 1012:UN Commissioners for Namibia 889:the South African presence. 824:killing of eleven protesters 279:During the 17th century the 264:Bantu Migration – the Herero 18:History of South West Africa 7: 3647:Sanitation and water supply 2868:"Southern African Rock Art" 2782:. U.S. Department of State. 2319:"Namibia: Situation Report" 2214:Secretariat. Archived from 2127:Profile of Martti Ahtisaari 1581: 1021:South African Defence Force 978:Negotiations and transition 732:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 678:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 672:The Herero and Namaqua wars 109:Herero and Namaqua genocide 10: 4180: 2823:UN peacekeeping in Namibia 2780:"Background Note: Namibia" 2164:"Baker arrives in Namibia" 1593:History of Southern Africa 1529: 1268:was sworn in as the first 1231: 994:Identification badge of a 858: 834:of a complaint brought by 820:Parliament of South Africa 675: 577: 556:Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty 522:In 1883, a German trader, 114:South West Africa campaign 4068: 4043: 3762: 3691: 3584: 3575: 3518: 3509: 3388: 3379: 3307: 3298: 3285: 3212: 2980: 2862:. Survival International. 2800:National Namibia Concerns 1428:. Namibia's colonial and 1354:Re-election of Sam Nujoma 1169:South West African Police 892:The summer 1971-72 saw a 479:London Missionary Society 355:The first council of the 3810:Central African Republic 3322:Villages and settlements 3269:South African Border War 3234:German South West Africa 2853:Pre-colonisation history 2828:17 December 2014 at the 1799:15 December 2018 at the 1742:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1385:with 76.82%. Second was 1207:, and were certified as 861:South African Border War 580:German South West Africa 574:German South West Africa 545:German South West Africa 492:In the 1840s the German 184:German South West Africa 124:South African Border War 3538:State-owned enterprises 2876:"The people of Namibia" 1896:Encyclopædia Britannica 1538:Caprivi Liberation Army 1331:in 2005 went smoothly. 1249:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1035:. From 1985 to 1989, a 1025:constructive engagement 783:, the last king of the 684:Herero and Namaqua Wars 494:Rhenish Mission Society 301:wiped out in a genocide 3292: 3249:Mandate and occupation 2652:26.3 (2008): 313–339. 2627:2011, 31#61 pp 85–103. 2271:"Elections in Namibia" 2150:29 August 2009 at the 2030:"Swapo Party Turns 49" 1861:. Namibia-travel.net. 1464: 1308: 1243: 1007: 987: 915:International pressure 845:Frans Hendrik Odendaal 715: 668: 644: 608: 589: 519: 415: 411: 363: 276: 3970:São Tomé and Príncipe 3830:Republic of the Congo 3492:Deputy-Prime Minister 3291: 2921:. Bradt Travel Guids. 2899:"Rehobothbasters.org" 2886:. Bradt Travel Guids. 2817:. Namibia-travel.net. 2790:. Bradt Travel Guids. 2620:52.1 (2005): 170–190. 2303:on 27 September 2007. 1664:Reader, John (1998). 1550:Caprivi treason trial 1520:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1458: 1391:Congress of Democrats 1340:Namibia Defence Force 1302: 1241: 1138:Administrator-General 993: 985: 968:Administrator-General 921:Western Contact Group 710: 662: 642: 606: 587: 514: 401: 354: 271: 182:was a German colony: 119:South African Mandate 2723:improve this article 2669:47.1 (2020): 37–55. 2637:Katjavivi, Peter H. 2132:19 July 2010 at the 2099:16 July 2011 at the 1526:The Caprivi conflict 1476:. This affected the 1439:informal settlements 1313:Multiparty democracy 1270:President of Namibia 1108:on 21 December 1988 1100:which exploded over 1086:tripartite agreement 1074:Brazzaville Protocol 1010:In the period, four 781:Mandume Ya Ndemufayo 530:from the Nama chief 223:Pre-colonial history 194:gave South Africa a 4045:States with limited 2847:. Dr. Klaus Dierks. 2735:footnote references 2662:62.1 (2010): 29–53. 2577:. 1 December 2019. 2547:. 1 December 2014. 1979:8 June 2011 at the 1716:on 15 December 2018 1598:Politics of Namibia 1562:Hifikepunye Pohamba 1414:Hifikepunye Pohamba 1329:Hifikepunye Pohamba 1295:Independent Namibia 1189:settlement proposal 1080:as observers. The 1061:UN Security Council 972:settlement proposal 929:settlement proposal 720:Battle of Waterberg 499:Scramble for Africa 442:. The inhospitable 216:UN General Assembly 104:German colonisation 84:Traditional kingdom 4159:History of Namibia 3633:Living conditions 3553:Telecommunications 3293: 3222:Colonial governors 2774:on 29 August 2009. 2630:Gewald, Jan-Bart. 2603:. 4 February 2024. 2364:10.1007/BF03036525 2317:William, Vincent. 2114:The New York Times 1825:on 9 February 2014 1465: 1448:and its president 1327:to his successor, 1317:national elections 1309: 1244: 1049:Chester A. Crocker 1008: 988: 779:In February 1917, 745:South African rule 716: 669: 645: 609: 590: 532:Josef Frederiks II 520: 455:("the land of the 416: 364: 347:Baster immigration 277: 209:South African rule 204:trusteeship system 169:history of Namibia 4146: 4145: 4072:other territories 3845:Equatorial Guinea 3756:History of Africa 3722: 3721: 3687: 3686: 3629:List of Namibians 3571: 3570: 3505: 3504: 3472:Political parties 3465:National Assembly 3423:Foreign relations 3375: 3374: 3274:Tripartite Accord 3168: 3167: 2821:Besenyo, Molnar: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2682:Wallace, Marion. 1747:Colin Macfarquhar 1650:978-99916-0-521-0 1637:Cedric Thornberry 1588:History of Africa 1478:Angolan Civil War 1406:High Commissioner 1404:and Tourism, and 1220:. The opposition 1205:foreign observers 1165:Margaret Thatcher 1163:took advice from 1098:flight Pan Am 103 1082:Tripartite Accord 1069:Mikhail Gorbachev 1000:Chesley V. Morton 933:front-line states 849:homeland politics 806:agreement by the 800:League of Nations 795:over his people. 759:South West Africa 691:Lothar von Trotha 541:Otto von Bismarck 440:Cape of Good Hope 412:Costa de Caffares 297:South West Africa 192:League of Nations 165: 164: 100: 16:(Redirected from 4171: 4133: 4132:(United Kingdom) 4128:Tristan da Cunha 4124:Ascension Island 4116: 4103: 4094: 4070:Dependencies and 3763:Sovereign states 3749: 3742: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3707: 3700: 3582: 3581: 3516: 3515: 3460:National Council 3386: 3385: 3332:Great Escarpment 3317:Cities and towns 3305: 3304: 3279:Caprivi conflict 3195: 3188: 3181: 3172: 3171: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2905:on 14 March 2016 2901:. 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In 1805 the 424:Skeleton Coast 395: 392: 348: 345: 308: 305: 265: 262: 240: 237: 224: 221: 163: 162: 160: 159: 152: 145: 137: 134: 133: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 82: 77: 72: 67: 65:Khoisan people 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4176: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3885:Guinea-Bissau 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 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1944: 1939: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1546:Katima Mulilo 1543: 1542:Caprivi Strip 1539: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1518:'s president 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1450:Robert Mugabe 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1346:as part of a 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1218:Louis Pienaar 1214: 1210: 1209:free and fair 1206: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:Louis Pienaar 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1065:Ronald Reagan 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 984: 975: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 919:In 1977, the 912: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 890: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 862: 852: 850: 846: 841: 837: 833: 827: 825: 821: 817: 811: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 774: 768: 762: 760: 756: 752: 742: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 713: 709: 705: 703: 699: 694: 692: 687: 685: 679: 666: 661: 657: 653: 651: 641: 637: 635: 634:Herero people 631: 630:Ovambo people 627: 623: 618: 613: 605: 601: 599: 595: 586: 581: 571: 569: 565: 561: 560:Zambezi River 557: 553: 552:Caprivi Strip 548: 546: 542: 537: 533: 529: 528:Angra Pequena 525: 517: 513: 509: 507: 502: 500: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 453: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 413: 409: 405: 400: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 361: 358: 353: 344: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 274: 270: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 236: 233: 229: 220: 217: 212: 210: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 158: 153: 151: 146: 144: 139: 138: 136: 135: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 83: 81: 80:Dorsland Trek 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 4120:Saint Helena 4091: 3995:South Africa 3985:Sierra Leone 3949: 3790:Burkina Faso 3604:Demographics 3433:Human rights 3413:Constitution 3403:Coat of arms 3362:Conservation 3347:Namib Desert 3213: 2909:30 September 2907:. Retrieved 2903:the original 2891: 2890: 2852: 2851: 2772:the original 2749: 2740: 2725:by removing 2712: 2683: 2676: 2666: 2659: 2649: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2574: 2565: 2553:. Retrieved 2544: 2535: 2523:. Retrieved 2514: 2505: 2493:. Retrieved 2485:The Namibian 2484: 2474: 2462:. Retrieved 2454:The Namibian 2453: 2443: 2431:. Retrieved 2411: 2399:. Retrieved 2390: 2380: 2358:(1): 29–47. 2355: 2351: 2345: 2333:. Retrieved 2301:the original 2291: 2279:. Retrieved 2250:. Retrieved 2232: 2220:. Retrieved 2216:the original 2212:Commonwealth 2202: 2190:. Retrieved 2176: 2167: 2158: 2140: 2122: 2112: 2108: 2089: 2064: 2061:Africa Today 2060: 2054: 2042:. Retrieved 2023: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1969: 1960: 1949: 1938: 1926:. Retrieved 1915: 1905: 1894: 1879: 1869:30 September 1867:. Retrieved 1853: 1827:. Retrieved 1820:the original 1807: 1789: 1781: 1774:. Retrieved 1770:the original 1765: 1756: 1740: 1730: 1720:30 September 1718:. Retrieved 1714:the original 1704: 1694:30 September 1692:. Retrieved 1678: 1667: 1659: 1640: 1631: 1573: 1569:Hage Geingob 1566: 1559: 1535: 1509: 1498:refugee camp 1490: 1471: 1443: 1423: 1411: 1395: 1380: 1368: 1357: 1333: 1310: 1278: 1264: 1253:F W de Klerk 1245: 1228:Independence 1197: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1154: 1130: 1109: 1078:Soviet Union 1073: 1046: 1009: 971: 961: 928: 925:West Germany 918: 902: 891: 883: 864: 828: 815: 812: 797: 778: 755:South Africa 748: 740: 736:Namib Desert 731: 717: 695: 688: 681: 654: 646: 622:Schutztruppe 614: 610: 591: 549: 521: 503: 491: 475:missionaries 472: 462:In 1793 the 461: 450: 448: 444:Namib Desert 417: 384:Orange River 365: 342: 310: 293:Himba people 278: 242: 234: 230: 226: 213: 200:World War II 186:. After the 177: 168: 166: 43: 26: 4047:recognition 4000:South Sudan 3890:Ivory Coast 3523:Agriculture 3445:Land reform 3244:World War I 2352:Urban Forum 1928:10 November 1917:Der Spiegel 1426:land reform 1420:Land reform 1402:Environment 1272:watched by 1260:James Baker 1174:Otjiwarongo 1152:) mission. 1133:P. W. Botha 793:sovereignty 751:World War I 487:ǁKhauxaǃnas 468:Cape Colony 327:similar to 307:The Oorlams 178:From 1884, 93:Uukwaluudhi 44:History of 4153:Categories 4102:(Portugal) 4060:Somaliland 3980:Seychelles 3945:Mozambique 3930:Mauritania 3915:Madagascar 3870:The Gambia 3805:Cape Verde 3455:Parliament 3428:Government 3352:Ecoregions 3254:Bantustans 3227:Walvis Bay 2806:, and the 2067:(2): 3–8. 1624:References 1387:Ben Ulenga 1325:Sam Nujoma 1305:Sam Nujoma 1281:Walvis Bay 1266:Sam Nujoma 1157:Sam Nujoma 945:Mozambique 789:Ovamboland 773:bantustans 564:Heligoland 506:Walvis Bay 432:Walvis Bay 368:indigenous 317:indigenous 275:circa 1910 97:Uukwangali 3935:Mauritius 3652:Squatting 3624:Languages 3609:Education 3563:Transport 3528:Companies 3477:President 3418:Elections 3300:Geography 3259:Apartheid 2971:Years in 2860:"Bushmen" 2727:excessive 2433:26 August 2372:153889189 2335:26 August 2281:26 August 2073:0001-9887 2015:142811673 1983:Vantaa.fi 1612:Windhoek 1503:north of 1435:Squatting 1430:Apartheid 1416:in 2005. 1389:from the 1126:Pik Botha 1122:Pik Botha 1102:Lockerbie 964:elections 909:bantustan 865:In 1966, 643:A diamond 536:marks (ℳ) 526:, bought 420:Diogo Cão 380:Afrikaans 376:Calvinist 329:Afrikaans 289:Kaokoland 173:colonised 4126: / 4122: / 4115:(France) 4109: / 4087: / 4083: / 4035:Zimbabwe 4010:Tanzania 3860:Ethiopia 3855:Eswatini 3835:Djibouti 3800:Cameroon 3785:Botswana 3714:Category 3674:Religion 3548:Taxation 3450:Military 3381:Politics 3367:Wildlife 3206:articles 2985:Pre-1990 2826:Archived 2579:Archived 2575:BBC News 2549:Archived 2545:BBC News 2519:Archived 2495:22 April 2489:Archived 2464:22 April 2458:Archived 2424:Archived 2401:29 April 2395:Archived 2326:Archived 2275:Archived 2246:Archived 2192:4 August 2186:Archived 2148:Archived 2130:Archived 2103:SADC.int 2097:Archived 2038:Archived 1977:Archived 1922:Archived 1863:Archived 1839:cite web 1797:Archived 1776:11 April 1688:Archived 1639:(2004). 1618:timeline 1582:See also 1505:Windhoek 1446:Zimbabwe 1374:and the 1118:New York 1110:en route 1106:Scotland 957:Zimbabwe 949:Tanzania 941:Botswana 836:Ethiopia 816:de facto 785:Kwanyama 650:diamonds 626:Red Line 568:Zanzibar 518:in 1884. 516:Lüderitz 483:Bethanie 452:Cafreria 436:Lüderitz 388:Rehoboth 357:Rehoboth 285:pastoral 89:Uukwambi 35:a series 33:Part of 4111:Réunion 4107:Mayotte 4098:Madeira 4093:(Spain) 4089:Melilla 4020:Tunisia 3990:Somalia 3975:Senegal 3960:Nigeria 3950:Namibia 3940:Morocco 3905:Liberia 3900:Lesotho 3850:Eritrea 3820:Comoros 3795:Burundi 3770:Algeria 3698:Outline 3642:Poverty 3599:Culture 3589:Cuisine 3577:Society 3558:Tourism 3511:Economy 3398:Cabinet 3337:Islands 3327:Geology 3312:Regions 3214:History 3202:Namibia 2973:Namibia 2721:Please 2713:use of 2688:excerpt 2643:excerpt 2252:12 July 2222:12 July 2081:4185227 2044:25 June 2034:New Era 1829:14 June 1614:history 1463:, 2001. 1383:turnout 1362:of the 1185:crowbar 1181:Koevoet 1002:of the 840:Liberia 804:Mandate 724:Omaheke 594:Namaqua 457:kaffirs 406:Coast ( 372:Basters 360:Basters 321:Oorlams 249:Kavango 196:mandate 180:Namibia 46:Namibia 4130: 4113: 4100: 4030:Zambia 4025:Uganda 3965:Rwanda 3920:Malawi 3880:Guinea 3775:Angola 3679:Sports 3637:Health 3533:Mining 3393:Anthem 3204: 2802:, the 2671:online 2654:online 2585:2 June 2555:2 June 2525:2 June 2370: 2079: 2071: 2013: 1749:, 1771 1647: 1474:Angola 1336:Angola 1193:SWAPOL 1114:London 1053:Angola 955:, and 953:Zambia 937:Angola 898:Tsumeb 875:Zambia 712:Herero 404:Kaffir 281:Herero 273:Herero 253:Angola 245:Ovambo 190:, the 37:on the 4085:Ceuta 4005:Sudan 3955:Niger 3910:Libya 3895:Kenya 3875:Ghana 3865:Gabon 3840:Egypt 3780:Benin 3705:Index 3664:Music 3659:Media 3264:SWAPO 2427:(PDF) 2420:(PDF) 2368:S2CID 2329:(PDF) 2322:(PDF) 2077:JSTOR 2011:S2CID 1823:(PDF) 1816:(PDF) 1501:Osire 1494:UNHCR 1486:UNITA 1321:SWAPO 1289:UNSCR 1213:SWAPO 1150:UNTAG 1112:from 1033:UNITA 408:Latin 337:Oaseb 313:Boers 257:Bantu 129:SWAPO 4015:Togo 3925:Mali 3815:Chad 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