History of the Jews in Australia

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year: "In the late twenties His Excellency Sir R. Bourke granted Barnett Levy a license for dramatic performances, with a restriction that he should confine himself to the representation of such pieces only as had been licensed in England by the Lord Chamberlain." Levy was at that time the owner of the original Royal Hotel in George Street; and he fitted up the saloon of that establishment as a theatre, where the first representations of the legitimate drama in the colony were given. The encouragement that this undertaking received induced the enterprising proprietor to enlarge his sphere of activity. He built a theatre called the Theatre Royal, which was opened in 1833, at a cost which almost bankrupted him.

4066: 6365: 2797: 3500: 2640: 2510: 2980: 3882:. He was influential in the introduction of Bauhaus principles into visual art and design curricula in Australia. E. P. Fox and Abbey Alston have achieved distinction. Paintings by both these artists have been hung in the Melbourne National Gallery. In the Adelaide Gallery hangs a tribute to the memory of H. Abrahams for the services he rendered to the progress of art in Australia. Two Jews of Australian birth, S. Alexander and Joseph Jacobs, have attained some distinction as writers. 3527: 3434: 4123: 2696: 2717: 4150: 3387: 4164: 2575: 3516: 6371: 3789: 2845:

allowance quota for orphaned children. After the war, the pre-war anti-Jewish refugee sentiment influenced the government's choice not to fund any Jewish immigration, saying it was the Jewish community's responsibility to bring over the refugees. This made it so sponsors and organisations were the ones to help fund the Jewish refugee's journey and settlement into the Australia Jewish community.

2922:. There, armed soldiers manned watchtowers and scanned the camp that was bordered by a barbed wire fence with searchlights, and other armed soldiers patrolled the camp. Petitions to Australian politicians, stressing that they were Jewish refugees and therefore being unjustly imprisoned, had no effect. They remained in the internment camp until 1942, when her father enlisted in the 5938: 3484:, as well as to "challenge visitors' perceptions of democracy, morality, social justice and human rights". There was an increase in immigration from Australia to Israel in 2010, when 240 Australians moved to Israel, up from 165 in 2009. On 30 June 2023, the Queensland Holocaust Museum and Education Centre in Brisbane opened as the first Jewish Museum in Queensland. 2389:

census only 29,115 identified themselves as Jewish by preferred ancestry, so the number of Jewish Australians simply is not known. Given more than two centuries of Jewish migration to Australia and the extent of moving away from or marrying out of Judaism, as many as 250,000 Australian residents may have Jewish ancestries. The majority are

2534:. From some difference of opinion then existing among the members of this faith, divine service was also performed occasionally in a room hired by Messrs. A. Elias and James Simmons. In this condition everything in connection with their religion remained until the arrival of Rev. Aaron Levi, in the year 1830. He had been a 2820:

came to Australia. The Australian government was initially hesitant in permitting entry to the many Jews who wanted to come, but in 1938, it allotted 15,000 visas for "victims of oppression". Some 7,000 Jews were able to take up the visas before the outbreak of World War II put an end to the program.

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for the production of sugar and spirits owed its brief existence as an industry to Levi's own interest in raw material for his distilling company. In his labours on behalf of this industry he published in 1870 a work of 250 pages on the value and adaptability of the sugar-beet. In Western Australia,

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of the 1850s attracted a wave of immigrants, and Jewish immigrants soon outnumbered native-born Jews. Initially, they settled in rural areas, but by the end of the 19th century the lack of Jewish communal connections and fear of assimilation led most Australian Jews in rural areas to relocate to the

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excluding them from full participation in public life. Jews have been active contributors in science, art, and literature, and in the government of the colonial and Commonwealth eras, with a number attaining prominent public offices, including several governors-general. Despite this tolerant ethos,

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is a Sydney barrister. He was president of the Australian Bar Association from 1995 to 1996 and of the NSW Bar Association from 1995 to 1997. Bennett was president of the Association of Lawyer Arbitrators and Mediates in 1998 and President of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences from 1999 to

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In the 1970s, the Australian Jewish community was concerned by the rising intermarriage rate which impacted the numbers of Jews with bonds to the community. By the early 1980s, intermarriage again dropped to one of the lowest rates in the diaspora. The community was further bolstered by immigration

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in their native lands. This immigration wave led to a divide among urban Jewish communities. Most Jews in Sydney were from Western and Central Europe, and were largely secular. Meanwhile, Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe settled in Melbourne, and were highly Orthodox. In addition, thousands of

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The 1841 census shows that New South Wales Jewry accounted for 65.3% of the total Australian Jewish population, and 0.57% of the total Australian population. In 1848, there were 200 Jews in Victoria, and they formed the Melbourne Jewish Philanthropic Society to provide assistance to those in need.

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have been identified as Jewish. There were probably more, but exact numbers are not possible as the transportation records did not indicate a convict's religion. Over a thousand more people of Jewish descent are estimated to have been sent to Australia as convicts during the next 60 years. Most of

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upon their arrival due to their having arrived with German identity papers. Beginning the year prior to their arrival in Australia, a new Australian law had designated people "enemy aliens" if they were Germans, or were Australians who had been born in Germany. The Australian government therefore

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By 1901 it is estimated there were over 15,000 Jews in Australia. When Australia was founded as an independent country in 1901, some of the founders were Jewish. From the outset, Jews were treated as equal citizens with freedom to participate in economic and cultural life, and played an important

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in the right-hand corner of the then-Christian cemetery. The Jewish section was created to enable the burial of one Joel Joseph. During the next ten years there was no great increase in membership of the society, and its services were not called for more than once a year. The actual allocation of

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In May 2004, art collector and dealer, Joseph Brown, donated his substantial collection of Australian art of the 20th century to the National Gallery of Victoria. It was the largest single gift of works of art ever made to a public gallery in Australia. Brown migrated from Poland in 1933. He was

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Barnett Levy founded an early theatre in Australia. He was refused a license by then Governor Darling in 1828, though in the following year he was permitted to hold approved performances in his Sydney Hotel. A record of the event is found in an entry in "Sydney in 1848", a work published in that

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also immigrated to Australia, and the community thrived during the mid-to-late 19th century. For some twenty years, there was a Sephardic congregation, and some Sephardi families occupied important communal positions. Gradually, however, the Sephardi population declined, and the congregation was

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97,335 Australian residents identified themselves as Jewish by religion in the 2011 census, but the actual number was estimated then to be 112,000. (An answer to the question on the census was optional.). In the 2021 census 99,956 residents identified themselves as religious Jews but in the same

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In 1827 and 1828 then the worldly condition of the Hebrews in the colony improved considerably, in consequence of the great influx of respectable merchants; and this, with other circumstances, has raised the Hebrews in the estimation of their fellow colonists. About this period Mr. P. J. Cohen

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was the established religion in the colony, and during the early years of transportation all convicts were required to attend Anglican services on Sundays. This included Irish Catholics as well as Jews. Similarly, education in the new settlement was Anglican church-controlled until the 1840s.

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Synagogues across Australia are often targeted in acts of vandalism. For instance, in the 21st century, vandalism and arson attacks on synagogues have occurred in 2000 (Sydney, Canberra), 2001 (Canberra), 2002 (Melbourne, Sydney), 2004 (Perth), 2005 (Melbourne, Newcastle), 2006 (Sydney) 2008

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From 1938 to 1961 the Jewish population almost tripled in size from the 1933 population to 61,000 Jews living in Australia. Organisations during the war tried to bring over and place children affected by the war, but were only able to after the war ended. Two organisations assisting with the

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Organisations during WWII tried to help children affected by the war by bringing them to Australia but were only able to after the war ended. During WWII transportation for civilians was limited, so no Jewish orphans could be brought over even though the Australian government increased their

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of Adelaide is remembered for the useful work he achieved in exploring the vast northern territory of his colony, the interests of which he represented in Parliament. M. V. Lazarus of Bendigo, known as Bendigo Lazarus, also did much to open up new parts in the back country of Victoria.

4047:(Masorti) services have been held as an alternative service usually in the Neuweg, the smaller second synagogue within Temple Emanuel, Woollahra, Sydney. In 1999, Kehilat Nitzan, Melbourne's first Conservative (Masorti) Congregation was established, with foundation president Prof 3895:, Australia's largest and longest running hard copy publication, to radio shows, online magazines, periodicals, and blogs, Jewish Australians have been dedicated contributors to media intended for internal communal consumption, as well as the wider Australian society. 5811: 3624:

during World War I, led Australian troops both in Gallipoli and on the Western Front. The agent-generalship of New South Wales has been administered by two Jews: Sir Saul Samuel, one of the most prominent and successful Jews in Australian politics, and Sir

2449:(started 1939) appears twice a year, published in Sydney and Melbourne respectively. There are also a number of published monographs on aspects of Australian Jewish history, for a guide to which (as well as to Australian Jewish literature) Serge Liberman, 3640:

was Chief Judge of the NSW Land and Environment Court from 1992 to 2003, and she was the first woman chief judge in any (State) jurisdiction in Australia. Jews are especially prominent in the legal profession; for example, in Melbourne alone, the Hon.

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internees, were all immediately sent to an internment camp in Hay Australia. A large number of the new immigrants were observant Jews, and day-school attendance rose steadily. A new Sephardic community also emerged in the post-war period. Previously,

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At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, as Australia was unifying its colonies into a single independent country, a new wave of Jewish immigration began. Jewish refugees from Russia and Poland began arriving in the 1890s, fleeing

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them came from London, were of working-class background and were male. Only 7% of Jewish convicts were female, compared to 15% for non-Jewish convicts. The average age of the Jewish convicts was 25, but ranged as young as 8 to some elderly people.

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who brought over a total of 317 orphaned Jewish children from Europe in the years after the war. The girls brought over were placed into orphanages, while the boys were placed into hostels, where they lived with other holocaust survivors.

2433:(1987) being the first overall history of Australian Jewry, and described by Rabbi Raymond Apple as skilfully and stylishly weaving together the strands of the story of a colourful minority group and its interaction with general society. 2372:

from the British settlement of Australia commencing in 1788. Though Europeans had visited Australia before 1788, there is no evidence of any Jewish sailors among the crew. The first Jews known to have come to Australia came as convicts

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was purchased by subscription, divine service was more regularly conducted, and from this time may be dated the establishment of the Jewish religion in Sydney. In 1832 they formed themselves into a proper congregation, and appointed

4062:. Later in 2012, a similar congregation was established in Sydney, known as Ayelet HaShachar. The services are loosely based on the Humanistic Jewish movement in the United States and the musical-prayer group Nava Tehila in Israel. 5812:

https://www.heraldsun.com.au/dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fnews%2Fvictoria%2Fmelbourne-synagogue-targeted-in-antisemitic-graffiti-attack-amid-jewish-new-year-celebrations%2Fnews-story%2F439b4f5adcd415c5472de8cd99a17e81

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In the aftermath of World War II Australia abandoned its previous Anglo-centric immigration policy and permitted immigration of large numbers of people from continental Europe. Large numbers of European Jews, survivors of the

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split from the Bourke St congregation in 1857. The St Kilda Hebrew Congregation was formed in 1871, with the first services held in St Kilda Town Hall and the building of a permanent building in Charnwood Road,

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in Australia, reported that in the 12-month period ending 30 September 2016 there was a 10% increase in antisemitic incidents in Australia involving threats or acts of violence over the previous year.

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to stem the flow of Jewish immigrants. Attacks on Jewish property and institutions increased with tensions in the Middle East, with corresponding increases in security precautions. In 1975,

2941:. However, the successful integration of Jews into Australian society led to a rise in assimilation. Intermarriage rates rose, synagogue attendance dropped, and many Jews stopped practicing 5780: 3736:, and J. B. Montefiore gave an impetus to the progress of New South Wales. Jacob owned one of the largest sheep-runs in the colony, and founded and for many years acted as director of the 2517:

The first Jewish services in the colony were conducted from 1820 in private homes by emancipist Joseph Marcus, one of the few convicts with Jewish knowledge. An account of the period is:

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2001. He was Solicitor-General of Australia from 1998 to 2008. Bennett was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2003. His wife, Annabelle Bennett is a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia.

2763:, there was a need for a larger synagogue in Melbourne. Construction of a larger 600 seat synagogue at South Yarra commenced in March 1855. Other Jewish congregations were formed in 7172: 7318: 7222: 7293: 7217: 7212: 7202: 7182: 7245: 3993:

website, "dedicated to free speech and Western restoration", was founded by white supremacist David Hiscox. It is an alt-right platform that publishes antisemitic content.

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Rubinstein and Freeman, (Editors), "A Time to Keep: The story of Temple Beth Israel: 1930 to 2005" A Special publication of the Australian Jewish Historical Society, 2005.

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JewishCare is among Australia's largest and oldest Jewish aid organisations, started in 1935 as the Australian Jewish Welfare Society to assist with Jewish migration from

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were allowed to enter. Over the following years, overtures from Jewish communities led the government to drop its previous stance on entry of Mizrahi Jews. By 1969, when

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documents revealed that Palestinian terrorists planned to kill high-profile Jewish figures including the Israeli ambassador Michael Elizur and "Zionist spokesmen"

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Melbourne and Anti-Defamation Unit in Sydney. The incidents include attacks on synagogues and various speeches with antisemitic content. The Jewish community in

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congregations as early as the 1890s. However, under the leadership of Ada Phillips, a sustained liberal congregation, Temple Beth Israel was established in

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supports an "anti-defamation commission" (ADC) which makes monthly reports to police of offensive graffiti found in public toilets and elsewhere.

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was the first Jew to become a magistrate, to sit in a colonial Parliament and to become a minister of the Crown. In 1854 he was appointed to the

1387: 4040:, was established in Sydney in 1938. Following these two congregations, a number of other Liberal synagogues have been founded in other cities. 3632:

Several Jews have served as Chief Justices of various states. Sir Julian Salomons was Chief Justice of New South Wales for a fortnight in 1886;

2937:, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Speaker of Parliament. Many Jewish elected officials simultaneously served as the heads of their 2655:

in 1865. The congregation used a number of venues as temporary places of worship, including a building in the grounds of Samuel Davis's home at

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Over the following decades, the community's numbers increased, primarily as a result of Jewish immigration from the United Kingdom and Germany.

4959: 3415: 5827: 4009:. To this day the vast majority of synagogues in Australia are Orthodox. However, there is a wide range of Orthodox congregations, including 3942: 1641: 3709: 7032: 6331: 5049: 2933:

Throughout the 20th century, many Jews served as elected officials. Among the positions held by a Jew were Mayor of Melbourne, Premier of

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was consecrated on 18 July 1886, its spiritual name being "Kehilla Kedosha Sha'ari Emuna" (The Holy Congregation of the Gates of Faith).

626: 589: 4902: 4358: 3155: 3075: 3003: 2429:(2001; first ed. 1988). Each of these academic historians has written more concise general histories also, with Hilary L. Rubinstein's 4884: 6946: 4269: 4182: 4083: 3225: 2498: 1565: 3708:(1801–1895), one of the founders of the colony of South Australia, as he was selected by the British government to act on the first 5960: 5704: 3879: 2538:, and, duly accredited, he succeeded in instilling into the minds of the congregation a taste for the religion of their fathers. A 1588: 5901: 5843: 4498: 3917:

Since the days of European settlement in Australia, Jews have enjoyed formal equality before the law and have not been subject to

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heritage, fled Germany to Paris in 1930, then to Melbourne in 1949. He established the Tolarno Gallery in Melbourne's bohemian

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in the Wellington valley. Joseph Montefiore was the first president of the first Jewish congregation formed in Sydney in 1832.

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who arrived during and after World War II, and their descendants. Jews make up about 0.5% of the Australian population.

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Jewish centres in cities. As a result, the rapidly growing community in Sydney needed larger facilities, and built the

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The history of the Jews in Australia is contained in comprehensive major general histories by the academic historians

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congregation, known as Kehilat Kolenu, was established in Melbourne with links to the cultural Jewish youth movement

4006: 3749: 3288: 3205: 2338: 1430: 1392: 1367: 1287: 1272: 1119: 1059: 1014: 3874:, spending time in internment camps in Hay, Orange and Tatura, before being sponsored for Australian citizenship by 3230: 3165: 3145: 3125: 3050: 1705: 1611: 1505: 1357: 1352: 1277: 1242: 1109: 5659: 6806: 4245: 4065: 3095: 3070: 2241: 2140: 1695: 1678: 1631: 1530: 1440: 1377: 1327: 1307: 1302: 1222: 1196: 1171: 1049: 1039: 1029: 1009: 1004: 7143: 6998: 6863: 6456: 6225:

Gouttman, Rodney. "A Jew, and coloured too! Immigration of ‘Jews of middle east origin’to Australia, 1949–58."

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The Jewish press in Australia was pioneered in Melbourne. In 1895, Sydney's first Jewish newspaper, called the

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parties being Moses Joseph and Rosetta Nathan. Three years later a Mr. Rose came from England and acted as the

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was performed for the first time in the colony according to the Hebrew form, and was continued regularly every

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In 1940 there were 2,500 German and Austrian refugee internees including 1,750 Jewish refugees, known as the

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were being persecuted, the government granted refugee status to Iraqi Jews who managed to reach Australia.

2879: 2652: 1743: 1663: 1626: 1550: 1495: 1362: 1337: 1262: 1237: 1227: 1166: 1089: 1084: 1064: 1054: 1034: 1019: 912: 616: 380: 375: 7288: 7167: 7127: 6837: 6751: 5828:"Jewish leaders condemn Nazi graffiti on gravestones as police probe suspected Hunter Valley hate crime." 5255: 5001: 4684: 4624: 3816: 3741: 3535: 3120: 2883: 2675:. Arthur Midson, a prominent Brisbane building contractor, built the Synagogue for the sum of £6450. The 2600:

was formed in York Street, Sydney using rented space, which continued in use for more than thirty years.

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that established the first European settlement on the continent, on the site of present-day Sydney.

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Goldlust, John. "‘The Russians are Coming’: Migration and Settlement of Soviet Jews in Australia."

5277: 3934: 3701: 3646: 2834: 2648: 2629: 2625: 2579: 2544: 2024: 2004: 1114: 594: 135: 5814:"Melbourne synagogue targeted in antisemitic graffiti attack amid Jewish new year celebrations."] 4543: 7101: 6971: 6956: 6915: 6741: 6693: 6530: 6451: 3886: 3705: 3682: 3110: 2998: 2740:

was formed in 1841, and the first synagogue building opened in 1847 at 472 Bourke Street, with a

2165: 2155: 2120: 1999: 1989: 1772: 943: 885: 719: 398: 355: 70: 5180: 2596:(1841). The condition of the Jewish community improved to such an extent that in 1844 the first 7120: 6726: 5155:"ECAJ Annual Report on Antisemitism in Australia - ECAJ - Executive Council of Australian Jews" 4307: 4212: 3859: 2871: 2830: 2620: 2535: 2502: 2461:

Australian Jews never constituted more than 1% of the total colonial community. Eight convicts

2284: 2019: 1933: 999: 551: 170: 140: 5103: 3971:. For example, antisemitic material had been found on five university campuses in March 2017. 3487:

On 27 November 2016, the Annual Report of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry (ECAJ) on

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Revolutionaries and reformists : Communism and the Australian Labour Movement, 1920-1955

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and other groups published cartoons to encourage the government and the immigration Minister

2729: 2414: 2175: 2170: 2115: 1903: 818: 546: 533: 428: 145: 6298: 6047: 4362: 3740:. The close connection of these two with the colony is further evidenced by the township of 3721: 7096: 7086: 7081: 6925: 6767: 6677: 6568: 6429: 6315: 6075: 4601: 4227: 4097: 4044: 3755: 3613: 3590: 3578: 3519: 3477: 3341: 3170: 2965: 2749: 2733: 2656: 2462: 2410: 2374: 2246: 2198: 1938: 1796: 609: 474: 463: 421: 4277: 8: 6711: 6636: 3875: 3737: 3658: 3336: 3324: 3317: 3305: 3269: 3188: 2760: 2660: 2299: 1994: 672: 539: 442: 435: 365: 253: 128: 4916: 7076: 6941: 6858: 6546: 6518: 6304:

Culture Victoria – stories and historical images relating to Jewish Australian families

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Online Far Right Extremist and Conspiratorial Narratives During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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from New South Wales in 1859, Jewish people began to settle in Brisbane, forming the

2633: 2486: 2434: 2294: 2236: 2216: 2033: 1593: 1232: 692: 563: 493: 370: 283: 150: 5307:, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 10 May 2013 5262:, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 10 May 2013 3445: with: antisemitism haș been more prevalent since October 2023. You can help by 2759:

With the arrival of large numbers of immigrants in the 1850s, especially during the

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Brisbane's First Synagogue in the grounds of Samuel Davis's home on North Quay, 1930

6853: 6562: 6120: 6110: 6079: 4573: 4409: 4155: 4002: 3832: 3733: 3499: 3391: 3105: 2796: 2741: 2264: 2145: 2105: 2069: 1767: 1317: 828: 584: 488: 403: 293: 85: 4724: 3469:. It is still engaged in assisting migrants and providing other welfare services. 2897:, who years later was a top tennis player for Australia, and her parents sculptor 7112: 6951: 6439: 4731: 4712: 4239: 4187: 4135: 4105: 4033: 3717: 3654: 3642: 3633: 3626: 3616:

since July 2015, the first woman and the first Jew to serve in the position. Sir

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Stratton, Jon. "The Colour of Jews: Jews, Race and the White Australia Policy."

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Stratton, Jon. "The impossible ethnic: Jews and multiculturalism in Australia."

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There are a number organisations that track antisemitic activity, including the

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Post-war Jewish immigration came at a time when antisemitism was rife, with the

3604:, and was the first Jewish vice-regal representative in the British Empire. Sir 6721: 6687: 6682: 6408: 5944: 4705: 4169: 4127: 4025: 3954: 3927: 3760: 3637: 2639: 2608: 2552: 2531: 2494: 2394: 2390: 2326: 2125: 1980: 1860: 1839: 1816: 1811: 1789: 1777: 1372: 853: 787: 752: 730: 667: 505: 483: 345: 324: 300: 66: 48: 6275:

Zuesse, Evan M. "From Assimilation to Affirmation: The Jews of Australia." in

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Following World War I, another stream of Jewish immigrants came, and when the

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Religion and Multiculturalism in Australia: Essays in Honour of Victor Hayes

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The first move towards organisation in the community was the formation of a

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is a justice of the Federal Court, and is appointed to be a justice of the

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in 1918. Monash was one of the most distinguished Allied commanders of the

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National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism

3820:

to a libretto by Jacob Levi Montefiore. It premiered on 3 May 1847 at the

3712:, appointed in 1835 to conduct its affairs. Jacob's portrait hangs in the 2945:

altogether. However, there were still many who chose to remain observant.

5360:"The Australian Jewish News - Galus Australis - Jewish Life in Australia" 4815: 4122: 3978:

that publish an annual report for all reported antisemitic activity, the

3946: 3937:

publishing cartoons to encourage the government and Immigration Minister

3867: 3851: 3617: 3558: 3547: 3531: 3511:

and was the first Jewish vice-regal representative in the British Empire.

2898: 2893:, Jews escaping the Nazis who had German passports, such as two-year-old 2875: 2539: 2470: 2382: 2289: 2231: 1896: 802: 797: 792: 762: 6990: 6308: 6249:

Silberberg, Sue. "Middle-class mobility: Jewish convicts in Australia."

5409: 4859:

People of the Boot; The Triumphs and Tragedy of Australian Jews in Sport

3433: 2478:(who arrived with the First Fleet, with her baby daughter Roseanna) and 6736: 6586: 5281:. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 16 November 1895. p. 20 4903:"Melbourne’s newest musical a multi-generational European family saga," 4324:"The Jewish Population of Australia: Key Findings from the 2011 Census" 3950: 3855: 3796: 3764: 3700:

Among the Jews who have figured as business pioneers in Australia were

3670: 2930:

from South Africa, and starting in 1989, from the former Soviet Union.

2915: 2894: 2862: 2809:, which was common in contemporary Europe, was very rare in Australia. 2466: 2378: 1947: 961: 890: 848: 677: 657: 216: 123: 43: 4958:

Meissner, Renate (2018). "Exil in Australian 2 / Exile in Australia".

6382: 6097:

Richards, Imogen; Rae, Maria; Vergani, Matteo; Jones, Callum (2021).

5359: 5078:"JAFI reforms may hurt Australian immigration to Israel, leader says" 4029: 4001:

Until the 1930s, all synagogues in Australia were at least nominally

3983: 3957: 3848: 3065: 2725: 2716: 2695: 2597: 2593: 2592:(organized communities) began to be established in Sydney (1831) and 2427:

Edge of the Diaspora: Two Centuries of Jewish Settlement in Australia

2110: 2095: 1185: 1133: 895: 843: 833: 514: 510: 500: 415: 175: 5536:. Canberra: Australian National University Press. pp. 158–161. 2506:

land for a consecrated Jewish cemetery was not approved until 1832.

863: 6035:"Marked increase in serious incidents – The Australian Jewish News" 4018: 3586: 2785: 2753: 2564: 2279: 1889: 1821: 652: 160: 111: 3515: 2709:

highly observant Jews immigrated from South Africa and settled in

2574: 6378: 5561: 5054: 3863: 3810:, who emigrated to Australia in 1841, wrote the first Australian 3650: 2942: 2556: 2527: 2255: 2221: 2090: 1884: 873: 868: 740: 631: 526: 522: 518: 267: 262: 239: 221: 96: 91: 81: 59: 34: 6370: 4816:"Australian Musical Charts Family's Escape from Nazis in Europe" 4661:. NSW: National Library of Australia. 1 November 1895. p. 3 3827:

There have been Jewish contributions to Australian visual arts.

6209:

Freiberg, Freda. "Lost in OZ?: Jews in the Australian cinema."

5725:. Executive Council of Australian Jewry. Accessed 3 March 2024. 4340: 4014: 3858:, became a prominent artist. Printmaker and projection artist 3836: 3788: 2745: 2705: 2667:

for £200 and in 1885 called for designs, choosing the plans of

2560: 1915: 1910: 1870: 1855: 966: 858: 278: 244: 230: 165: 6065:

Waldek, Lise; Droogan, Julian; Ballsun-Stanton, Brian (2021).

3636:

was the Chief Justice of NSW from 19 May 1998 to 31 May 2011.

2833:, but there was an outbreak of antisemitism. For example, the 6822: 4577:. National Library of Australia. 11 December 1930. p. 46 3811: 2710: 2588: 2568: 878: 307: 211: 180: 6064: 5337: 4832:

Editors Annalisa Pes, David Attwell, Susanna Zinato (2019).

4108:, as well as in specialised works by such scholars as Rabbi 2441:(1974) has authored the magisterial biographical directory, 6374: 6199:

Arts: The Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association

5781:"Police investigate swastika graffiti on Jewish synagogue." 4112:

and Yossi Aron covering specific topics and time periods.

2813: 2439:

Australian Genesis: Jewish Convicts and Settlers, 1788-1850

30: 5463: 6232:

Markus, Andrew. "Jewish migration to Australia 1938–49."

5961:"Antisemitism in Australia 2019: Incidents and Discourse" 5507: 2870:

were generally not permitted to enter due to Australia's

2443:

These Are The Names: Jewish Lives in Australia, 1788-1860

5231:"Victoria's first female Governor Linda Dessau sworn in" 4835:

Poetics and Politics of Shame in Postcolonial Literature

4715:, Adelaide Hebrew Congregation. Retrieved 9 August 2020. 4605:. National Library of Australia. 19 July 1886. p. 5 3608:

also served as Governor-General, between 1977 and 1982.

6096: 5741:. (via Trove newspaper archive). Accessed 3 March 2024. 5639:"Latest news briefs from the Jewish Telegraphic Agency" 3996: 5902:"Neo-Nazis target Adelaide synagogue and universities" 5050:"JA cuts deal to keep immigration emissary Down Under" 4792:"Eva De Jong-Duldig – Escape and survival through art" 3557:

Besides his diverse business interests in Sydney, Sir

2891:

Australia, in the wake of the outbreak of World War II

2497:(a Jewish burial society) in Sydney in 1817. In 1820, 5434: 4270:"The Jewish experience in Australia – Fact sheet 217" 2910:

interned the three of them for two years in isolated

2522:

having offered the use of his house for the purpose,

2409:

Major general histories of the Jews in Australia are

5705:"Police investigate vandalism in synagogue grounds." 4145: 3847:. This became a venue for exhibitions of Australian 3732:(1819–1885), whose mother was a first cousin of Sir 3522:

served briefly as South Australia's premier in 1899.

2849:

immigration, specifically of orphaned children were

1894: 1875: 298: 6182:see "AUSTRALIAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL" 5939:"Antisemitic material found on university campuses" 5130:"Brisbane's first Holocaust museum to open in 2023" 4203:

List of Jewish members of the Australian parliament

7142: 5937: 4446: 4435:A Social History of the Jews of England, 1850–1950 6414:Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings 6309:Suzanne D Rutland - University of Sydney (2008). 4748:Gigliotti, Simone; Tempian, Monica, eds. (2016). 4218:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 2451:A Bibliography of Australasian Judaica, 1788-2008 7336: 5766:"Report on Antisemitism in Australia (2011-12)." 5751:"Report on Antisemitism in Australia (2010-11)." 4747: 4115:Since 1939 the twice-a-year (June and November) 4032:. Subsequently, another synagogue linked to the 4024:There had been short-lived efforts to establish 3899:appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia ( 2447:The Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal 4017:and Adass Israel congregations. There are also 2582:, Elizabeth Street, Sydney, constructed in 1878 6197:Crown, Alan. "The Jewish Press in Australia." 4855: 4775: 3565:and subsequently was an elected member of the 7128: 7006: 6823:Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council 6347: 6294:of the e Australian Jewish Historical Society 5178: 4117:Australian Jewish Historical Society Journals 3969:antisemitic activities on university campuses 3409: 2800:Givat Zion Synagogue, Greenslopes, Queensland 2346: 6263:Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 6220:Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal 6090: 4885:"Holocaust Footnotes: Escaping To Singapore" 4778:"Driftwood: escape and survival through art" 4681:"Melbourne Hebrew Congregation – beginnings" 4077: 4005:, with most acknowledging leadership of the 2607:Although the Jewish community was primarily 590:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 7135: 7121: 7013: 6999: 6354: 6340: 5722:Report on Antisemitism in Australia (2008) 5685: 5683: 4856:Browne, Ashley; Lawrence, Dashiel (2018). 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4377:"A history of the Great Synagogue, Sydney" 3763:, for many years urged the cultivation of 3416: 3402: 2686:, was published, and is the forerunner of 2453:(2011) is a distinguished reference work. 2353: 2339: 7020: 6947:Australian Association for Jewish Studies 6124: 6114: 5821: 5735:"Spate of Vandalism in Jewish Melbourne." 4953: 4951: 4949: 4914: 4771: 4769: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4183:Australian Association for Jewish Studies 4084:Australian Association for Jewish Studies 3795:c. 1820. Artist unknown, probably one of 3776:owe their existence to the enterprise of 2501:allotted land for the establishment of a 2482:were among the convicts who were Jewish. 2419:The Jews in Australia: A Thematic History 6150:"Extremist candidate makes vile remarks" 5833:(www.abc.net.au). Accessed 3 March 2024. 5728: 4957: 4933: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4493: 4491: 4321: 4297: 4295: 4121: 4064: 3880:Geelong Church of England Grammar School 3787: 3525: 3514: 3498: 2795: 2744:of 100. Other synagogues were built in 2715: 2694: 2638: 2573: 2508: 5680: 5623:"Antisemitic incidents rock community." 5256:'Montefiore, Joseph Barrow (1803–1893)' 5222: 4625:"The Brisbane Synagogue (entry 600127)" 4544:"Australia Virtual Jewish History Tour" 4521: 3967:There have been numerous incidences of 2958:This article is part of a series on the 2841:to stem the flow of Jewish immigrants. 7337: 6906:Australian Jewish Genealogical Society 6299:Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Australia 5988: 5958: 5710:. 31 July 2006. Accessed 3 March 2024. 5677:. July 18 2004. Accessed 3 March 2024. 5672:"Police probe racist graffiti attack." 5531: 5174: 5172: 4946: 4927: 4895: 4876: 4813: 4766: 4394: 4346: 3744:, which stands at the junction of the 3542:Jews have also figured prominently in 7116: 6994: 6885:Australasian Union of Jewish Students 6797:Executive Council of Australian Jewry 6335: 6021:Executive Council of Australian Jewry 6011: 5981:"Racists attacks on Jewish property." 5968:Executive Council of Australian Jewry 5769:Executive Council of Australian Jewry 5754:Executive Council of Australian Jewry 5690:"A spate of attacks, but no arrests." 5641:. Cleveland Jewish News. 19 July 2004 5628:. 12 April 2003. Accessed 4 Mar 2024. 5596:. 20 Oct 2000. Accessed 4 March 2024. 5389:Mazeltovcocktailpodcast.podomatic.com 5228: 5101: 5075: 5047: 4849: 4802: 4776:de Jong-Duldig, Eva (8 August 2017). 4743: 4741: 4739: 4488: 4292: 4264: 4262: 4260: 3976:Executive Council of Australian Jewry 6911:Australian Jewish Historical Society 6833:Independent Australian Jewish Voices 6828:Australian Jewish Democratic Society 6802:Jewish Community Council of Victoria 6243:(Cambridge University Press, 2006). 6147: 5612:. 6 April 2001. Accessed 4 Mar 2024. 5301:'Montefiore, Jacob Levi (1819–1885)' 5127: 4882: 4784: 4750:The Young Victims of the Nazi Regime 4623: 4617: 4193:Australian Jewish Historical Society 4088:Australian Jewish Historical Society 3997:Synagogues and religious affiliation 3926:Australia rejected a Jewish refugee 3673:have all sat in recent years on the 3476:opened in Melbourne in 1982 and the 3427: 3116:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 2816:took power in Germany in 1933, many 2571:. He was succeeded by Jacob Isaacs. 2513:York Street Synagogue, Sydney, 1840s 5874:"We Must Act Against Anti-Semitism" 5802:. 12 Dec 2018. Accessed 4 Mar 2024. 5695:. 12 Jan 2007. Accessed 4 Mar 2024. 5660:"Synagogue attack is unacceptable." 5581:. 10 Nov 2000. Accessed 4 Mar 2024. 5169: 4359:"Brief History of Australian Jewry" 4303:"Census shows Jews are on the move" 4073:in St Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne. 3783: 3716:, and his memory is perpetuated by 3563:New South Wales Legislative Council 2788:) was set up in Melbourne in 1866. 13: 6191: 5305:Australian Dictionary of Biography 5260:Australian Dictionary of Biography 5104:"Jewish Brisbane: the early years" 4883:Katz, Deborah (4 September 2019). 4736: 4658:The Hebrew Standard of Australasia 4257: 3921:or other forms of state-sponsored 3831:, born Gunter Morawski in 1913 in 2777:East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation 2671:, an architect who worked for the 14: 7361: 6283: 6148:Kohn, Peter (21 September 2023). 6109:(1). SAGE Publications: 103–130. 6001:. Artsonline.monash.edu.au. 2011. 5959:Nathan, Julie (13 January 2020). 5330:"Macroscope – Human Intelligence" 4007:Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom 3885:There has always been a thriving 3866:was deported to Australia as an " 2948: 2636:, which was consecrated in 1878. 2555:in Australia was celebrated, the 381:Historical population comparisons 6369: 6363: 5662:ABC News. Accessed 3 March 2024. 5076:Ahren, Raphael (25 March 2011). 5024:"About the Sydney Jewish Museum" 4934:Benjamin, Henry (4 March 2013). 4780:. National Library of Australia. 4162: 4148: 3903:) for his services to the arts. 3432: 3385: 2978: 2366:The history of Jews in Australia 1025:Democratic Republic of the Congo 939:Historical population by country 7144:History of the Jews in Oceania 6807:Zionist Federation of Australia 6176: 6167: 6141: 6058: 6041: 6027: 6014:"2010 ECAJ Antisemitism Report" 6005: 5974: 5952: 5930: 5912: 5894: 5866: 5844:"O'Week Antisemitism Statement" 5836: 5805: 5789: 5774: 5759: 5744: 5713: 5698: 5665: 5653: 5631: 5615: 5599: 5584: 5568: 5550: 5525: 5500: 5478: 5452: 5427: 5402: 5377: 5352: 5322: 5310: 5293: 5273:"The Late Mr. Jacob Montefiore" 5265: 5248: 5147: 5128:Silk, Marty (27 October 2022). 5121: 5095: 5069: 5048:Ahren, Raphael (1 April 2011). 5041: 5016: 4990: 4908: 4826: 4718: 4699: 4673: 4645: 4589: 4561: 4467: 4246:Zionist Federation of Australia 3906: 2855:Jewish Welfare Guardian Scheme, 2791: 2724:Jews also began to assemble in 2456: 7163:Federated States of Micronesia 6864:Rabbinical Council of Victoria 5558:Palestinian plot to kill Hawke 5189:Australian National University 5102:Stern, Jeanne (17 July 2023). 4901:Miriam Cosic (29 April 2022). 4814:Mercer, Phil (29 April 2022). 4752:. Bloomsbury. pp. 71–85. 4597:"OPENING OF THE NEW SYNAGOGUE" 4440: 4427: 4369: 4333: 4315: 4274:National Archives of Australia 3862:graduate and professor of the 3822:Royal Victoria Theatre, Sydney 3714:Art Gallery of South Australia 3600:was the first Australian-born 3507:was the first Australian born 3494: 3480:opened in 1992 to commemorate 2918:, in the northern part of the 2829:, arrived in the country from 2684:Hebrew Standard of Australasia 1: 6869:Union for Progressive Judaism 6732:Mount Scopus Memorial College 6270:Journal of Australian Studies 6234:Journal of Australian Studies 5317:National Library of Australia 5181:"Sir Saul Samuel (1820–1900)" 4633:. Queensland Heritage Council 4339:(some having arrived via the 4251: 3620:, a distinguished Australian 3509:Governor General of Australia 2738:Melbourne Hebrew Congregation 2673:Queensland Colonial Architect 2431:Chosen: The Jews in Australia 596:Christianity and Judaism 5185:Samuel, Sir Saul (1820–1900) 4630:Queensland Heritage Register 4455:. Dictionary of Sydney Trust 3724:which overlooks the city of 3704:(1803–1893) and his brother 3569:. He also served periods as 2653:Brisbane Hebrew Congregation 7: 6838:Jewish Council of Australia 6227:Immigrants & Minorities 5576:"Bondi synagogue attacked." 5229:White, Alex (1 July 2015). 5108:State Library Of Queensland 4915:Mockridge, Melinda (2014). 4569:"BRISBANE'S HISTORIC HOMES" 4447:Suzanne D. Rutland (2008). 4141: 3780:, a large lumber merchant. 3742:Montefiore, New South Wales 3695: 3645:sits as Chief Judge of the 3009:European exploration (land) 2805:role in their development. 1895: 1876: 1603:Latin America and Caribbean 299: 10: 7366: 6921:Jewish Museum of Australia 6717:Beth Rivkah Ladies College 6457:Australia–Israel relations 6290:Issues since 1939 of the 6222:23.part 1 (2016): 149-186. 6154:The Australian Jewish News 6052:The Australian Jewish News 5693:The Australian Jewish News 5626:The Australian Jewish News 5610:The Australian Jewish News 5594:The Australian Jewish News 5579:The Australian Jewish News 5486:"Exile Never Felt So Good" 4242:, historian at U of Sydney 4198:Jewish Museum of Australia 4092:Jewish Museum of Australia 4081: 4071:Jewish Museum of Australia 3980:Anti-Defamation Commission 3910: 3892:The Australian Jewish News 3675:Federal Court of Australia 3583:Premier of South Australia 3474:Jewish Museum of Australia 3374:List of years in Australia 3004:European exploration (sea) 2912:Tatura Internment Camp 3 D 2851:Save the Children’s Scheme 2689:The Australian Jewish News 2659:(the house later known as 2404: 2208:Jewish political movements 1905:Conversion to Judaism 7350:Antisemitism in Australia 7345:Jewish Australian history 7254: 7231: 7150: 7028: 6934: 6898: 6877: 6846: 6815: 6789: 6780: 6760: 6704: 6665: 6656: 6628: 6579: 6555: 6539: 6487: 6476: 6469: 6435:Antisemitism in Australia 6422: 6396: 6389: 6116:10.1177/07255136211008605 5984:The Sydney Morning Herald 4921:Victorian History Library 4730:13 September 2009 at the 4178:Antisemitism in Australia 4126:The chapel of the Sydney 4078:Historiography and memory 3913:Antisemitism in Australia 2874:. However, following the 611:Hinduism and Judaism 7309:Northern Mariana Islands 6048:‘Best Jew is a dead Jew’ 5818:. Accessed 3 March 2024. 5786:. Accessed 3 March 2024. 5591:"Sydney Jewry targeted." 4838:, Taylor & Francis, 4548:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3935:Returned Services League 3702:Joseph Barrow Montefiore 3647:County Court of Victoria 3538:during World War I. 2901:and artist and inventor 2835:Returned Services League 2699:Brisbane Synagogue, 2012 2545:Joseph Barrow Montefiore 437:Temple in Jerusalem 130:Bar and bat mitzvah 7274:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6972:Moving Forward Together 6916:Jewish Holocaust Centre 6742:Sholem Aleichem College 6452:Australian Jewish media 6272:20.50-51 (1996): 51-65. 5607:"Synagogue firebombed." 5532:Gollan, Robin (1975). 5435:"Kvetchr – Too Jewish!" 5410:"Jewish Women of Words" 4972:. Vol. 5. Vienna: 3930:, during World War II. 3887:Australian Jewish media 3706:Jacob Barrow Montefiore 3683:High Court of Australia 3669:, Ronald Sackville and 3593:between 1975 and 1978. 3472:The Jewish community's 2831:displaced persons camps 2547:as the first president. 399:Twelve Tribes of Israel 6727:Leibler Yavneh College 6253:15.2 (2018): 289-305. 6084:10.5281/zenodo.5732611 6012:Jones, Jeremy (2010). 5771:. Accessed 4 Mar 2024. 5756:. Accessed 4 Mar 2024. 4998:"JewishCare - History" 4711:10 August 2020 at the 4437:, London, 1954, p.121. 4308:Australian Jewish News 4213:Melbourne Jewish Radio 4138: 4074: 3860:Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack 3800: 3710:board of commissioners 3539: 3523: 3512: 2872:White Australia policy 2801: 2721: 2700: 2644: 2583: 2549: 2514: 2368:traces the history of 7257:and other territories 7022:Religion in Australia 6747:The King David School 6241:The Jews in Australia 6126:10536/DRO/DU:30149989 5414:Jewish Women of Words 4862:. Hybrid Publishers. 4503:www.jewishcare.org.au 4414:The Jews in Australia 4343:or their descendants) 4223:Religion in Australia 4208:List of Oceanian Jews 4125: 4082:Further information: 4068: 3928:resettlement proposal 3791: 3730:Jacob Levi Montefiore 3529: 3518: 3502: 2905:, were classified as 2878:in 1956, a number of 2799: 2730:Port Phillip District 2719: 2698: 2642: 2577: 2519: 2512: 2435:Rabbi John Simon Levi 2415:William D. Rubinstein 1145:São Tomé and Príncipe 1140:Republic of the Congo 534:Second Temple Judaism 405:Kingdom of Judah 376:Modern historiography 6926:Sydney Jewish Museum 6678:Kesser Torah College 6430:Judaism in Australia 6316:Dictionary of Sydney 6265:5.3 (1996): 339-374. 6239:Rutland, Suzanne D. 6213:8.2 (1994): 196-205. 6076:Macquarie University 5556:Nicholson, Brendan: 5385:"Mazel Tov Cocktail" 5028:Sydney Jewish Museum 4687:on 13 September 2009 4602:The Brisbane Courier 4453:Dictionary of Sydney 4228:Hilary L. Rubinstein 4098:Hilary L. Rubinstein 3614:Governor of Victoria 3591:Lord Mayor of Sydney 3585:for a week in 1899. 3567:Legislative Assembly 3478:Sydney Jewish Museum 3392:Australia portal 2991:Timeline and periods 2649:Queensland separated 2421:(2 vols., 1991) and 2411:Hilary L. Rubinstein 2247:World Agudath Israel 1388:United Arab Emirates 475:Second Temple period 465:Babylonian captivity 6712:Adass Israel School 6236:7.13 (1983): 18-31. 6229:12.1 (1993): 75-91. 5926:. 27 February 2016. 5854:on 12 February 2020 5784:The Daily Telegraph 5605:Freedman, Bernard. 4054:In 2012, the first 3876:(Sir) James Darling 3817:Don John of Austria 3738:Bank of Australasia 3659:Raymond Finkelstein 2761:Victorian Gold Rush 2616:disbanded in 1873. 2551:In 1832, the first 2469:in 1788 aboard the 2381:in 1788 aboard the 540:Hellenistic Judaism 118:Land of Israel 77:Principles of faith 6942:AJAX Football Club 6859:Melbourne Beth Din 6620:Yeshivah Melbourne 6615:Temple Beth Israel 6547:Brisbane Synagogue 6055:, 12 February 2012 5719:Jones, J. (2008). 5364:Galusaustralis.com 5179:Bergman, G. F. J. 5157:. 28 November 2016 4280:on 30 October 2014 4234:William Rubinstein 4139: 4102:William Rubinstein 4075: 3919:civil disabilities 3801: 3622:Lieutenant-General 3575:Postmaster General 3544:Australian honours 3540: 3524: 3513: 3289:Northern Territory 3199:Chinese Australian 3189:African Australian 3156:Telecommunications 3076:Capital punishment 2802: 2722: 2720:St Kilda Synagogue 2701: 2677:Brisbane Synagogue 2645: 2584: 2515: 2423:Suzanne D. Rutland 2399:Holocaust survivor 2101:Jewish Koine Greek 1643:Dominican Republic 924:Judaism by country 603:Jews and Christmas 458:Assyrian captivity 7332: 7331: 7324:Wallis and Futuna 7232:Associated states 7110: 7109: 7053:Eastern Orthodoxy 6988: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6967:Maccabi Australia 6776: 6775: 6652: 6651: 6465: 6464: 6251:History Australia 5795:Clare Sibthorpe. 5574:Baden, Samantha. 5334:Macroscope.com.au 5319:nla.pic-an2292675 5299:Martha Rutledge, 5004:on 8 October 2009 4983:978-3-9504794-8-5 4936:"Times at Tatura" 4759:978-1-4725-2711-0 4056:humanistic Jewish 3939:Arthur A. Calwell 3768:the townships of 3657:, while Justices 3463: 3462: 3426: 3425: 3359: 3358: 3349:Western Australia 3211:Jewish Australian 3206:Indigenous people 2969: 2920:state of Victoria 2839:Arthur A. Calwell 2487:Church of England 2363: 2362: 2312: 2311: 2060: 2059: 1807:Reconstructionist 1751: 1750: 903: 902: 710: 709: 547:Jewish–Roman wars 495:Hasmonean dynasty 411:Kingdom of Israel 315: 314: 7357: 7314:Pitcairn Islands 7284:French Polynesia 7269:Christmas Island 7198:Papua New Guinea 7178:Marshall Islands 7151:Sovereign states 7137: 7130: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6992: 6991: 6854:Kosher Australia 6816:Political groups 6787: 6786: 6752:Yeshivah College 6663: 6662: 6485: 6484: 6474: 6473: 6394: 6393: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6333: 6332: 6328:(Jews in Sydney) 6327: 6325: 6323: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6118: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6073: 6062: 6056: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5986: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5924:Spectator.com.au 5916: 5910: 5909: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5850:. Archived from 5840: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5809: 5803: 5793: 5787: 5778: 5772: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5702: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5635: 5629: 5619: 5613: 5603: 5597: 5588: 5582: 5572: 5566: 5565:, 1 January 2007 5554: 5548: 5547: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5462:. Archived from 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5340:on 14 April 2021 5336:. Archived from 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5269: 5263: 5254:Israel Getzler, 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5000:. Archived from 4994: 4988: 4987: 4971: 4955: 4944: 4943: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4889:The Jewish Press 4880: 4874: 4873: 4853: 4847: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4820:Voice of America 4811: 4800: 4799: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4745: 4734: 4722: 4716: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4683:. Archived from 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4574:The Queenslander 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4540: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4505:. Archived from 4495: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4425: 4410:Rutland, Suzanne 4407: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4365:on 9 April 2013. 4361:. Archived from 4355: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4276:. Archived from 4266: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4156:Australia portal 4153: 4152: 4151: 3878:, headmaster of 3833:Leipzig, Germany 3799:'s portraitists. 3784:Arts and culture 3750:Macquarie Rivers 3734:Moses Montefiore 3602:Governor-General 3458: 3455: 3436: 3428: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3249: 3248: 3194:Asian Australian 3106:Eureka Rebellion 2992: 2982: 2972: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2742:seating capacity 2630:Elizabeth Street 2355: 2348: 2341: 2204: 2203: 2085: 1906: 1900: 1881: 1845: 1844: 1792: 1739:New Zealand 1691: 1654:El Salvador 1644: 1576:Northern America 1568: 1162: 918: 917: 829:Crimean Karaites 725: 724: 703: 701: 622: 620: 612: 606: 597: 585:Rabbinic Judaism 566: 560: 554: 542: 530: 496: 489:Maccabean Revolt 466: 459: 453: 445: 438: 432: 424: 406: 330: 329: 304: 199: 198: 131: 119: 18: 17: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7256: 7250: 7233: 7227: 7208:Solomon Islands 7146: 7141: 7111: 7106: 7024: 7019: 6989: 6976: 6952:Courage to Care 6930: 6894: 6873: 6842: 6811: 6772: 6756: 6700: 6694:Yeshiva College 6648: 6624: 6575: 6551: 6535: 6531:Yeshivah Sydney 6461: 6445:Notable figures 6440:Australian Jews 6418: 6385: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6321: 6319: 6286: 6279:7 (1992): 172+. 6194: 6192:Further reading 6189: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6142: 6095: 6091: 6078:. p. 45 . 6071: 6063: 6059: 6046: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6016: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5975: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5826: 5822: 5810: 5806: 5794: 5790: 5779: 5775: 5764: 5760: 5749: 5745: 5733: 5729: 5718: 5714: 5703: 5699: 5688: 5681: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5620: 5616: 5604: 5600: 5589: 5585: 5573: 5569: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5488:. 11 March 2017 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5227: 5223: 5211: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5177: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4969: 4956: 4947: 4932: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4831: 4827: 4812: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4746: 4737: 4732:Wayback Machine 4723: 4719: 4713:Wayback Machine 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4541: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4428: 4408: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4301: 4300: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4240:Suzanne Rutland 4188:Australian Jews 4168: 4163: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4136:New South Wales 4106:Suzanne Rutland 4094: 4080: 4034:Reform Movement 4021:congregations. 3999: 3915: 3909: 3854:art. His wife, 3786: 3728:. Their nephew 3718:Montefiore Hill 3698: 3655:Court of Appeal 3643:Michael Rozenes 3634:James Spigelman 3627:Julian Salomons 3497: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3443:needs expansion 3437: 3422: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3313:South Australia 3277:New South Wales 3253:State/Territory 3246: 3238: 3237: 3184: 3176: 3175: 3046: 3038: 3037: 3036: 2994: 2990: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2951: 2935:South Australia 2924:Australian Army 2794: 2665:Margaret Street 2626:Great Synagogue 2580:Great Synagogue 2503:Jewish cemetery 2476:Esther Abrahams 2459: 2437:, co-author of 2407: 2395:Jewish refugees 2393:, many of them 2370:Australian Jews 2359: 2314: 2313: 2201: 2191: 2190: 2181:Judeo-Malayalam 2161:Judaeo-Georgian 2081: 2072: 2062: 2061: 1962:Yiddish theatre 1904: 1842: 1832: 1831: 1790: 1763: 1753: 1752: 1689: 1642: 1566: 1160: 944:Genetic studies 915: 905: 904: 722: 712: 711: 699: 698: 618: 617: 610: 600: 595: 577:and Middle Ages 575:Rabbinic period 562: 556: 549: 537: 508: 494: 464: 457: 448: 440: 436: 427: 422:in Judaism 419: 404: 327: 317: 316: 196: 186: 185: 129: 117: 62: 12: 11: 5: 7363: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7304:Norfolk Island 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7264:American Samoa 7260: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7234:of New Zealand 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7055: 7050: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6878:Student groups 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6722:Bialik College 6719: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6688:Moriah College 6685: 6683:Masada College 6680: 6675: 6673:Emanuel School 6669: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6599: 6594: 6592:East Melbourne 6589: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6482: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6409:Kimberley Plan 6406: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6359: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6285: 6284:External links 6282: 6281: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6257: 6247: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6205: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6175: 6166: 6140: 6089: 6057: 6040: 6026: 6004: 5996:"Antisemitism" 5987: 5973: 5951: 5945:The Australian 5929: 5920:"Campus Nazis" 5911: 5908:. 22 May 2018. 5893: 5865: 5835: 5820: 5804: 5788: 5773: 5758: 5743: 5727: 5712: 5697: 5679: 5664: 5652: 5630: 5614: 5598: 5583: 5567: 5549: 5542: 5524: 5512:Plus61j.net.au 5499: 5477: 5466:on 18 May 2017 5451: 5426: 5401: 5376: 5351: 5321: 5309: 5292: 5264: 5247: 5221: 5168: 5146: 5134:Brisbane Times 5120: 5094: 5068: 5040: 5015: 4989: 4982: 4945: 4926: 4907: 4894: 4875: 4868: 4848: 4825: 4801: 4783: 4765: 4758: 4735: 4725:St Kilda Shule 4717: 4698: 4672: 4644: 4616: 4588: 4560: 4520: 4509:on 18 May 2021 4487: 4466: 4439: 4426: 4393: 4368: 4345: 4332: 4322:David Graham. 4314: 4291: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4170:Judaism portal 4159: 4143: 4140: 4128:Chevra kadisha 4079: 4076: 4049:John Rosenberg 4038:Temple Emanuel 3998: 3995: 3955:prime minister 3911:Main article: 3908: 3905: 3870:" on the ship 3785: 3782: 3761:Nathaniel Levi 3697: 3694: 3638:Mahla Pearlman 3579:Vaiben Solomon 3520:Vaiben Solomon 3496: 3493: 3461: 3460: 3440: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3161:Rail transport 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3121:Historiography 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2962: 2961: 2950: 2949:Recent history 2947: 2793: 2790: 2728:, then in the 2553:Jewish wedding 2524:divine worship 2499:William Cowper 2495:Chevra Kadisha 2485:At first, the 2458: 2455: 2406: 2403: 2391:Ashkenazi Jews 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2242:Territorialism 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2126:Judaeo-Spanish 2123: 2121:Judaeo-Iranian 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1567:United Kingdom 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000:Bilad-el-Sudan 997: 992: 984: 983: 977: 976: 975: 974: 969: 964: 956: 955: 953:Land of Israel 949: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 916: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 900: 899: 898: 893: 888: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 813: 812: 811:Related groups 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 744: 743: 738: 723: 718: 717: 714: 713: 708: 707: 706: 705: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 668:Jewish atheism 665: 660: 655: 647: 646: 642: 641: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619:Islamic–Jewish 614: 607: 592: 587: 579: 578: 571: 570: 569: 568: 544: 531: 503: 498: 491: 486: 484:Yehud Medinata 478: 477: 471: 470: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 433: 425: 413: 408: 401: 393: 392: 390:Ancient Israel 386: 385: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 346:Land of Israel 343: 335: 334: 328: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 312: 311: 310: 305: 301:Shulchan Aruch 296: 291: 286: 281: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 257: 256: 250: 249: 248: 247: 242: 234: 233: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 214: 206: 205: 197: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 126: 121: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 79: 74: 67:God in Judaism 63: 58: 57: 54: 53: 52: 51: 46: 38: 37: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7362: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7299:New Caledonia 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279:Easter Island 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058:Protestantism 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6768:Carmel School 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6472: 6470:Organisations 6468: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6357: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6179: 6170: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6103:Thesis Eleven 6100: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6022: 6015: 6008: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5977: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5785: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5767: 5762: 5755: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5640: 5634: 5627: 5624: 5618: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5513: 5509: 5508:"Home - +61J" 5503: 5487: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5460:"Sensiblejew" 5455: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5279: 5278:The Chronicle 5274: 5268: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5205: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5156: 5150: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4869:9781925283426 4865: 4861: 4860: 4852: 4845: 4844:9780429513756 4841: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499:"Our History" 4494: 4492: 4476: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4433:V.D. Lipman, 4430: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4160: 4157: 4146: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3889:sector. From 3888: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3756:V. L. Solomon 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722:vantage point 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3690: 3689:David Bennett 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679:James Edelman 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667:Mark Weinberg 3664: 3663:Alan Goldberg 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596:In 1931, Sir 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3536:Western Front 3533: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3482:the Holocaust 3479: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3441:This section 3439: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3241: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3171:Unfree labour 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2880:Egyptian Jews 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2628:, located on 2627: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2613:Sephardi Jews 2610: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2166:Judeo-Aramaic 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156:Judeo-Italian 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2136:Ghardaïa Sign 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761:Denominations 1757: 1756: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589:United States 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075:Guinea-Bissau 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 986: 985: 982: 979: 978: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 958: 957: 954: 951: 950: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 929:Lists of Jews 927: 925: 922: 921: 920: 919: 914: 909: 908: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 815: 814: 810: 809: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 721: 716: 715: 704: 696: 694: 691: 689: 688:The Holocaust 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 649: 648: 644: 643: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 615: 613: 608: 604: 598: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 581: 580: 576: 573: 572: 565: 559: 553: 548: 545: 541: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 480: 479: 476: 473: 472: 467: 462: 460: 455: 451: 447: 444: 439: 434: 430: 426: 423: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 391: 388: 387: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 337: 336: 332: 331: 326: 321: 320: 309: 306: 303: 302: 297: 295: 292: 290: 289:Mishneh Torah 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 275: 274: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 259: 258: 255: 252: 251: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 208: 207: 204: 201: 200: 195: 190: 189: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 127: 125: 122: 120: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 78: 75: 72: 68: 65: 64: 61: 56: 55: 50: 49:Who is a Jew? 47: 45: 42: 41: 40: 39: 36: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 7255:Dependencies 7241:Cook Islands 7157: 7043:Christianity 6962:Jewish House 6781: 6692: 6657: 6635: 6601: 6567: 6517: 6494: 6477: 6403: 6320:. Retrieved 6314: 6291: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6250: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6198: 6178: 6169: 6159:23 September 6157:. Retrieved 6153: 6143: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6067: 6060: 6050: 6043: 6029: 6020: 6007: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5967: 5954: 5943: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5884:. Retrieved 5880: 5868: 5856:. Retrieved 5852:the original 5847: 5838: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5721: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5674: 5667: 5655: 5643:. Retrieved 5633: 5625: 5621:Lee, Allon. 5617: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5560: 5552: 5533: 5527: 5515:. Retrieved 5511: 5502: 5490:. Retrieved 5480: 5468:. Retrieved 5464:the original 5454: 5442:. Retrieved 5438: 5429: 5417:. Retrieved 5413: 5404: 5392:. Retrieved 5388: 5379: 5367:. Retrieved 5363: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5338:the original 5333: 5324: 5312: 5304: 5295: 5283:. Retrieved 5276: 5267: 5259: 5250: 5238:. Retrieved 5234: 5224: 5192:. Retrieved 5184: 5159:. Retrieved 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5133: 5123: 5111:. Retrieved 5107: 5097: 5085:. Retrieved 5081: 5071: 5059:. Retrieved 5053: 5043: 5031:. Retrieved 5027: 5018: 5006:. Retrieved 5002:the original 4992: 4965: 4961:Erinnerungen 4960: 4939: 4929: 4920: 4910: 4897: 4888: 4878: 4858: 4851: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4795: 4786: 4749: 4720: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4685:the original 4675: 4663:. Retrieved 4656: 4647: 4635:. Retrieved 4628: 4619: 4607:. Retrieved 4600: 4591: 4579:. Retrieved 4572: 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4547: 4511:. Retrieved 4507:the original 4502: 4478:. Retrieved 4469: 4457:. Retrieved 4452: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4413: 4384:. Retrieved 4380: 4371: 4363:the original 4335: 4317: 4306: 4282:. Retrieved 4278:the original 4116: 4114: 4095: 4060:Habonim Dror 4053: 4045:Conservative 4042: 4023: 4000: 3988: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3932: 3923:antisemitism 3916: 3907:Antisemitism 3897: 3890: 3884: 3871: 3829:Georges Mora 3826: 3815: 3808:Isaac Nathan 3806: 3802: 3793:Isaac Nathan 3778:M. C. Davies 3754: 3699: 3687: 3653:sits on the 3631: 3610:Linda Dessau 3606:Zelman Cowen 3598:Isaac Isaacs 3595: 3556: 3552:Bernard Katz 3546:and include 3541: 3505:Isaac Isaacs 3489:antisemitism 3486: 3471: 3467:Nazi Germany 3464: 3451: 3447:adding to it 3442: 3257: 3252: 3210: 3091:Constitution 3081:Civil rights 3061:Antisemitism 3032:1945–present 2956: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2907:enemy aliens 2903:Slawa Duldig 2888: 2868:Mizrahi Jews 2860: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2823: 2811: 2807:Antisemitism 2803: 2792:20th century 2775:(1853). The 2758: 2723: 2702: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2669:Arthur Morry 2646: 2618: 2606: 2602: 2587: 2585: 2550: 2520: 2516: 2492: 2484: 2480:Ikey Solomon 2460: 2457:Colonial era 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2408: 2397:, including 2387: 2365: 2364: 2305:Post-Zionism 2176:Judeo-Berber 2171:Judeo-Arabic 2131:Judeo-Gascon 1878:Pidyon haben 1797:Conservative 1723: 1343:Saudi Arabia 1161:South Africa 1150:Sierra Leone 972:Israeli Jews 886:Mosaic Arabs 839:Kaifeng Jews 700:Arab–Israeli 673:Emancipation 552:Great Revolt 361:Anti-Judaism 356:Antisemitism 351:Name "Judea" 146:Baal teshuva 15: 7188:New Zealand 7092:Neopaganism 7063:Anglicanism 7048:Catholicism 6957:Jewish Care 6790:Roof bodies 6526:North Shore 6496:Broken Hill 6201:15 (1990). 6184:online 2024 5881:Ecaj.org.au 5848:Aujs.com.au 5739:Jewish News 5439:Kvetchr.com 5212:|work= 5087:8 September 5061:8 September 5033:8 September 4609:14 February 4581:14 February 4386:7 September 4381:Oztorah.com 4284:7 September 4236:, historian 4230:, historian 4043:Since 1992 3947:Isi Leibler 3868:enemy alien 3852:avant garde 3618:John Monash 3559:Saul Samuel 3548:Nobel Prize 3532:John Monash 3495:Public life 3454:August 2024 3231:Transgender 3126:Immigration 3056:Agriculture 2968:History of 2899:Karl Duldig 2876:Suez Crisis 2818:German Jews 2752:(1846) and 2632:, opposite 2557:contracting 2540:Sefer Torah 2471:First Fleet 2463:transported 2383:First Fleet 2375:transported 2300:Revisionist 2290:Neo-Zionism 1897:Zeved habat 1690:Puerto Rico 1516:Netherlands 1348:South Korea 1333:Philippines 1213:Afghanistan 1080:Ivory Coast 854:Crypto-Jews 819:Bnei Anusim 798:Bene Israel 763:Beta Israel 720:Communities 627:Middle Ages 366:Persecution 141:Bereavement 7339:Categories 7102:Irreligion 7033:Aboriginal 6899:Historical 6737:Ohel Chana 6569:Launceston 6479:Synagogues 6211:Continuum 5906:Abc.net.au 5816:Herald Sun 5543:0708102506 5235:Herald Sun 4796:SBS German 4665:24 January 4653:"Untitled" 4513:24 January 4480:4 December 4422:0521612853 4252:References 3951:Sam Lipski 3872:HMT Dunera 3856:Mirka Mora 3797:Lord Byron 3671:Ron Merkel 3649:, Justice 3301:Queensland 3111:Federation 2999:Prehistory 2916:Shepparton 2895:Eva Duldig 2884:Iraqi Jews 2750:Launceston 2657:North Quay 2467:Botany Bay 2379:Botany Bay 2285:Maximalism 2237:Secularism 2217:Autonomism 2034:Literature 1827:Humanistic 1431:Azerbaijan 1393:Uzbekistan 1368:Tajikistan 1288:Kyrgyzstan 1273:Kazakhstan 1120:Mozambique 1095:Madagascar 1015:Cape Verde 967:New Yishuv 962:Old Yishuv 913:Population 891:Subbotniks 849:Samaritans 788:Romanyotim 731:Ashkenazim 678:Old Yishuv 658:Sabbateans 645:Modern era 637:Golden Age 564:Bar Kokhba 284:Beit Yosef 151:Philosophy 7158:Australia 6847:Religious 6637:Fremantle 6610:Melbourne 6383:Australia 6322:4 October 6135:0725-5136 5214:ignored ( 5204:cite book 5008:31 August 4459:3 January 4132:Woollahra 4110:John Levi 4030:Melbourne 3984:Melbourne 3958:Bob Hawke 3953:. 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History of the Jews in Australia

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