138:
369:
32:
150:
19:
678:
400:
guise of expelling alien refugees, but in practice most of those expelled were from families that had lived in the region for the previous 50â100 years. Many who might have been able to prove their long-term residency were taken without being given the chance. Most of the deportees were immediately handed over to Nazi German
666:
The estimated number of surviving Jews from the area was 15,000â20,000 people. Most of them left
Carpatho-Ruthenia before the new Soviet borders were sealed in the fall of 1945, so there were only 4,000 Jews left in 1948. At the time of the first post-World War II census in the Soviet Union, in 1959,
410:
and machine-gunned over a three-day period in late 1941. A few thousand others were simply left to their own devices after being pushed across the border into
Galicia, in the area near Kaminets Podolsk. The vast majority of this group subsequently perished over the next two years in ghettos and death
646:
By June 1944, nearly all the Jews from ghettos of
Carpathian Ruthenia had been exterminated, together with other Hungarian Jews. Of more than 100,000 Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia, around 90,000 were murdered. Except for those who managed to flee, only a small number of Jews were saved by Rusyns who
92:
as early as the 15th century. Local rulers allowed Jewish citizens to own land and practice many trades that were precluded to them in other locations. Jews settled in the region over time and established communities that built great synagogues, schools, printing houses, businesses, and vineyards.
399:
Beginning in 1939, draconian laws had been passed banning Jews from going to school or from operating their previous businesses. Then in the summer of 1941, Hungarian authorities deported about 18,000 Jews from
Carpathian Ruthenia to the Galician region of Poland-Ukraine. This was done under the
328:
In 1921, about 27% of the Jews of
Subcarpathian Rus lived from agriculture, making it the highest percentage of Jewish peasantry in all of Europe. In the 1921 and 1930 censuses, 87 and 93 percent respectively of all Subcarpathian Jews considered themselves to be Jews by nationality. It was,
780:
PreclĂk, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), vĂĄz. kniha, 219 str., first issue - vydalo nakladatelstvĂ Paris KarvinĂĄ, ĆœiĆŸkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, CZ) ve spoluprĂĄci s
MasarykovĂœm demokratickĂœm hnutĂm (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,
337:
Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in the 19th and early 20th centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful and harmonious. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of
Ruthenia.
195:
Ung and Bereg were part of
Czechoslovakia after 1918, except a small part of Bereg that stayed with Hungary. Hungary annexed their lower or southern parts from Czechoslovakia in 1938, and their upper or northern parts from the Ruthenian state in 1939.
654:, archives have been opened to allow study of the facts about the implementation of the Final Solution in the province. The most discussed issue is whether, and to what extent, local collaborators helped the
432:). (Some Jewish males were on forced labor (munkaszolgĂĄlat); some trains did not pass through Kassa; and some Jews from the area were forced to board trains departing from neighboring counties):
421:
In April 1944, 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in
Ruthenia. 144,000 Jews were rounded up and held there. Starting on May 15, 1944: 14,000 Jews were taken out of these sites to
396:
was also extended to
Carpathian Ruthenia. To be sure, the legal government of Hungary and its fascist elements had already played a prominent role in killing Jews even before this.
418:
in which a high proportion perished. The remnant were ultimately returned to their homes in time to suffer deportation to concentration camps under Nazi rule after 1944.
658:
in performing the tasks and to what extent such collaboration was forced upon those collaborators by the threatâor actualityâof brutal violence against themselves.
904:
Mikhael Mitsel, "The Activity of "the Joint" in Mukachevo in 1944 - 1945 and the Soviet attitude toward It in 1953", Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe, 1(58)2007
184:
Ugocsa and MĂĄramaros counties were split between Czechoslovakia and Romania in 1918 (confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon) after the disintegration of the
711:
414:
Those Jews fortunate enough to avoid the 1941 deportations faced further privations under Hungarian rule. Men of working age were conscripted into
834:
137:
736:
981:
Khudish, Pavlo (2024). "Jewish Survivors in Transcarpathia: Restitution, Reintegration, and Interactions with Their Neighbours, 1944â1946".
192:
in 1939, and their southern parts from Romania in 1940. The northern parts now belong to Ukraine as a successor state to the Soviet Union.
972:, the scientific falsification of census records, the impact of the Hungarian administration, an archival review with full documentation.
129:(court), specifically in Munkacs. These groups were often fiercely competing with each other, and with secular or liberal Jewish groups.
1022:
731:
1007:
667:
the number of Jews in the Zakarpattia Oblast was 12,569 - most of which were immigrants from other parts of the Soviet Union.
786:
961:
349:
161:
The last antebellum census in Hungary was in 1910. The four counties of Hungary that covered the territory, now known as
368:
846:
Wein, Martin J.. A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Limited, 2019.
810:
Wein, Martin. 2015. History of the Jews in the Bohemian Lands. Leiden: Brill, p. 135-141 on Christian-Jewish relations
1027:
1012:
943:
929:
898:
75:
53:
88:
Jews settled in this small region variously called Ruthenia, Carpathian Ruthenia, Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia or simply
46:
1017:
670:
Most Jews who remained in the region emigrated to the United States and Israel during the 1970s in the wake of the
858:
811:
799:
770:
726:
671:
716:
706:
701:
685:
Today some synagogues have survived. The following cities have synagogues that existed prior to World War II:
847:
822:
428:
The following table shows the death trains originating from these four counties that went through Kassa (
869:
674:, while a few went to Hungary. The last Soviet census in 1989 found only 2,700 Jews living in the area.
102:
415:
40:
798:
Wein, Martin. 2015. History of the Jews in the Bohemian Lands. Leiden: Brill, p. 100-103, 157-171
188:, which lost in WWI. Hungary annexed their northern parts from the short lived Ruthenian state of
185:
909:
341:
The attitude of some Ruthenians to their Jewish neighbors is vividly represented in the play by
1032:
360:. In contrast to other areas of Ukraine, Ruthenia never experienced chaotic riots and pogroms.
57:
915:
342:
597:
8:
857:
Wein, Martin. 2015. History of the Jews in the Bohemian Lands. Leiden: Brill, p. 249-273
769:
Wein, Martin. 2015. History of the Jews in the Bohemian Lands. Leiden: Brill, p. 135-171
162:
93:
By the end of the 19th century there were as many as 150,000 Jews living in the region.
373:
758:
939:
925:
905:
894:
782:
986:
407:
189:
990:
823:
In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism 1890-1944
965:
721:
615:
958:
879:
402:
389:
149:
18:
1001:
677:
525:
393:
357:
329:
therefore, the least assimilated, Yiddish-speaking group in Czechoslovakia.
381:
170:
884:
Collective Memory and Collective Identity: Jews, Rusyns, and the Holocaust
178:
969:
893:(translated by Elaine Rusinko), East European Monographs, 1995, 85pp.,
507:
166:
651:
579:
489:
422:
429:
332:
968:
A historian analyzes the place of Carpathian Ruthenia in Hungarian
471:
453:
154:
142:
121:
789:, pages 8 - 77, 101-102, 124â125, 128, 129, 132, 140â148, 184â199.
975:
561:
385:
112:
119:
lived here or found refuge from neighbouring countries, leading
655:
174:
108:
689:
543:
116:
107:
Interwar Subcarpathian Ruthenia was an important centre of
96:
825:, Cornell University Press, Paul A. Hanebrink, pages 192-3
959:
Dr. Agnes Sagvari, "The Holocaust in Carpatho-Ruthenia"
425:
every day until the last deportation on June 7, 1944.
447:
Date of handover from Hungarians to Germans in Kassa
936:
Tanulmanyok a magyarorszagi holokauszt törteneteböl
712:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union
886:, Carpatho-Rusyn American, vol. 17 (1994), no. 3.
411:camps with other Jewish residents of the region.
333:Jewish-local relations on the eve of World War II
999:
132:
922:Studies on the History of Hungarian Holocaust
737:List of Jews from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
837:, Scarecrow Press, Jack R. Fischel, page 119
732:History of the Jews in the Czech Republic
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
676:
372:Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia arrive at
367:
148:
136:
97:Haredi Judaism in Subcarpathian Ruthenia
39:This article includes a list of general
17:
980:
501:May 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24
1000:
835:Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust
754:
752:
111:("Ultra-Orthodox") Judaism, including
891:Virtue Is More Important Than Riches
661:
388:was overthrown by the Germans, the "
347:Virtue is More Important than Riches
25:
749:
352:as well as in short-story triptych
13:
125:(religious schools) and keeping a
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1044:
1023:Jewish Russian and Soviet history
952:
323:
22:Jews of Carpathian Ruthenia, 1938
363:
30:
863:
727:History of the Jews in Slovakia
681:Interior of the Khust Synagogue
384:, once the legal government of
1008:History of Carpathian Ruthenia
851:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
774:
763:
717:History of the Jews in Ukraine
707:History of the Jews in Hungary
702:History of the Jews in Belarus
1:
991:10.1080/14623528.2024.2399910
976:Carpatho-Rusyn Knowledge Base
742:
133:Beginning of the 20th Century
983:Journal of Genocide Research
938:, Budapest, Napvilag, 2002.
924:, Budapest, Napvilag, 2002.
760:The Last Jews of Zakarpattia
7:
695:
10:
1049:
100:
871:Ukraine: In Our Synagogue
115:groups. Many outstanding
103:Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)
1028:Jewish Ukrainian history
1013:Jewish Hungarian history
1018:Jewish Romanian history
946:, 132pp. (in Hungarian)
672:JacksonâVanik amendment
465:May 17, 22, 25, 27, 31
186:Austro-Hungarian Empire
60:more precise citations.
889:Alexander Dukhnovich,
682:
555:May 24, 26, June 2, 6
438:Origin of death train
377:
158:
146:
23:
932:, 151pp. (in English)
680:
371:
217:part annexed in 1940
214:part annexed in 1939
211:part annexed in 1938
152:
141:Synagogue in UngvĂĄr (
140:
21:
483:May 16, 18, 24, 29,
343:Alexander Dukhnovych
627:May 19, 21, 23, 25
609:May 16, 18, 20, 22
519:May 20, 27, June 3
163:Carpathian Ruthenia
964:2010-04-27 at the
683:
650:Since the fall of
444:Total # of people
378:
374:Auschwitz-Birkenau
297:31,000 (southern)
159:
147:
24:
859:Table of Contents
812:Table of Contents
800:Table of Contents
787:978-80-87173-47-3
662:Post World War II
644:
643:
598:Sighetu MarmaĆŁiei
596:MĂĄramarossziget (
416:slave labor gangs
321:
320:
294:48,000 (northern)
277:4,000 (southern)
86:
85:
78:
1040:
994:
872:
867:
861:
855:
849:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
778:
772:
767:
761:
756:
435:
434:
408:Kaminets Podolsk
274:7,000 (northern)
208:Jan 1941 total
199:
198:
190:Carpatho-Ukraine
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1037:
998:
997:
966:Wayback Machine
955:
876:
875:
868:
864:
856:
852:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
779:
775:
768:
764:
757:
750:
745:
722:Oberlander Jews
698:
664:
366:
335:
326:
308:157,766 (13.7%)
305:128,791 (15.2%)
245:33,660 (14.2%)
157:(Szolyva), 1922
135:
105:
99:
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
12:
11:
5:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1030:
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1020:
1015:
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978:
973:
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953:External links
951:
950:
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933:
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902:
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880:Henry Abramson
874:
873:
862:
850:
839:
827:
815:
803:
791:
773:
762:
747:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
697:
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663:
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633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
611:
610:
607:
604:
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593:
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589:
586:
583:
578:Aknaszlatina (
575:
574:
571:
568:
565:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
521:
520:
517:
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511:
503:
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493:
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481:
478:
475:
467:
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460:
457:
449:
448:
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442:
439:
403:Einsatzgruppen
390:Final Solution
365:
362:
334:
331:
325:
324:Czechoslovakia
322:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:79,048 (16.2%)
286:
285:65,694 (18.4%)
283:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:10,932 (11.9%)
266:
265:11,850 (12.9%)
263:
259:
258:
255:
254:21,000 (upper)
252:
251:25,000 (lower)
249:
248:46,156 (12.9%)
246:
243:
239:
238:
235:
232:
231:13,000 (lower)
229:
226:
225:17,587 (10.9%)
223:
219:
218:
215:
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209:
206:
203:
134:
131:
101:Main article:
98:
95:
90:Transcarpathia
84:
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38:
36:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
1045:
1034:
1033:Rusyn history
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
992:
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977:
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956:
945:
944:963-9350-01-X
941:
937:
934:
931:
930:963-9350-10-9
927:
923:
920:
919:
917:
916:Ăgnes SĂĄgvĂĄri
914:
911:
907:
903:
900:
899:0-88033-290-5
896:
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
870:
866:
860:
854:
848:
843:
836:
831:
824:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
788:
784:
777:
771:
766:
759:
755:
753:
748:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
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713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
691:
688:
687:
686:
679:
675:
673:
668:
659:
657:
653:
648:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
509:
505:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
412:
409:
405:
404:
397:
395:
394:the Holocaust
391:
387:
383:
375:
370:
364:The Holocaust
361:
359:
358:Ivan Olbracht
355:
354:Golet v ĂșdolĂ
351:
348:
345:(1803â1865),
344:
339:
330:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
236:
234:8,000 (upper)
233:
230:
228:20,903 (9.8%)
227:
224:
221:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
193:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
153:Synagogye in
151:
144:
139:
130:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
104:
94:
91:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
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37:
28:
27:
20:
16:
982:
935:
921:
890:
883:
865:
853:
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
776:
765:
684:
669:
665:
649:
645:
616:ViĆeu de Sus
506:NagyszĆlĆs (
470:BeregszĂĄsz (
441:# of trains
427:
420:
413:
401:
398:
382:World War II
379:
353:
350:briefed here
346:
340:
336:
327:
194:
183:
160:
126:
120:
106:
89:
87:
72:
63:
44:
15:
970:irredentism
614:FelsĆvisĂł (
66:August 2011
58:introducing
1002:Categories
743:References
647:hid them.
526:Mizhhir'ya
524:ĂkörmezĆ (
508:Vynohradiv
376:, May 1944
41:references
910:1565-4907
652:Communism
580:Solotvyno
490:Mukachevo
488:MunkĂĄcs (
423:Auschwitz
406:units at
282:MĂĄramaros
205:Dec 1910
179:MĂĄramaros
985:: 1â22.
962:Archived
696:See also
573:May 28,
472:Berehove
454:Uzhhorod
452:UngvĂĄr (
155:Svaljava
143:Uzhhorod
122:yeshivot
638:109,789
591:May 25
562:Tiachiv
560:TĂ©csĆ (
542:Huszt (
537:May 17
386:Hungary
380:During
317:35,000
202:County
165:, were
145:), 1920
113:Hasidic
54:improve
942:
928:
908:
897:
785:
624:12,074
606:12,849
552:10,825
498:28,587
480:10,849
462:16,188
430:KoĆĄice
314:84,000
311:38,000
262:Ugocsa
175:Ugocsa
127:hatzer
117:rabbis
109:Haredi
43:, but
690:Khust
656:Nazis
632:Total
588:3,317
570:2,208
544:Khust
534:3,052
516:9,840
392:" of
302:Total
242:Bereg
171:Bereg
940:ISBN
926:ISBN
906:ISSN
895:ISBN
783:ISBN
177:and
987:doi
356:by
222:Ung
167:Ung
1004::
918:,
882:,
751:^
635:36
257:-
237:-
181:.
173:,
169:,
993:.
989::
912:.
901:.
621:4
618:)
603:4
600:)
585:1
582:)
567:1
564:)
549:4
546:)
531:1
528:)
513:3
510:)
495:9
492:)
477:4
474:)
459:5
456:)
291:-
271:-
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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