History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)

2502: 1172: 3878: 743: 3649: 3295: 33: 1351: 1529: 2181: 2066:(NID) was shorn of its responsibility for war planning and strategy when the outgoing Fisher created the Navy War Council as a stop-gap remedy to criticisms emanating from the Beresford Inquiry that the Navy needed a naval staff—a role the NID had been in fact fulfilling since at least 1900, if not earlier. After this reorganisation, war planning and strategic matters were transferred to the newly created Naval Mobilisation Department and the NID reverted to the position it held prior to 1887—an intelligence collection and collation organisation. 1755:. In the 1850s Naval Arms Race screw battleships and frigates, both conversions and new constructions, were built in large numbers. These ships retained a full capacity for sail as steam engines were not yet efficient enough to permit long ocean voyages under power. Steam power was intended only for use during battle and to allow ships to go to sea at will instead of being held in port by adverse winds. A triple expansion steam engine was introduced in 1881 which was more efficient than earlier ones. These changes were followed by the 2950: 2920:, carriers, cruisers, and some destroyers) were retained and refitted for service. The increasingly powerful United States Navy took on the former role of the Royal Navy as global naval power and police force of the sea. The combination of the threat of the Soviet Union, and Britain's commitments throughout the world, created a new role for the Navy. Governments since the Second World War have had to balance commitments with increasing budgetary pressures, partly due to the increasing cost of weapons systems, what historian 3734: 1970: 3437: 2311: 1304: 2894: 11602: 983: 870: 3266: 2777: 1300:

thrived until the build-up of the regular Royal Naval establishment, which began in 1795, reduced the Admiralty's reliance on privateers in the Western Atlantic. During the American War of 1812, however, Bermudian privateers alone captured 298 enemy ships (the total captures by all British naval and privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies was 1,593 vessels.)

2942:(1946) was the last battleship constructed by any nation, and nicknamed "Britain’s Mightiest Mothball", as she saw only limited use, often for non-military purposes. A badminton court was constructed on the deck in 1947, for use by the royal family during her time as a royal yacht. It was the last British battleship when it was decommissioned in 1960. Rear-Admiral 1079:. The Royal Navy was too hard-pressed in European waters to release significant forces to combat the privateers, and its large ships of the line were not very effective at seeking out and running down fast and manoeuvrable privateers which operated as widely spread single ships or small groups. The Royal Navy reacted by commissioning small warships of traditional 1908:, which received royal assent on 31 May 1889, to increase British naval strength and formally adopt the country's "two-power standard". The standard called for the Royal Navy to be as strong as the world's next two largest navies combined (at that point, France and Russia) by maintaining a number of battleships at least equal to their combined strength. 387:, a time when the practice of fighting under sail was developed to its highest point. The ensuing century of general peace saw Britain virtually uncontested on the seas, and considerable technological development. Sail yielded to steam and cannon supplanted by large shell-firing guns, and ending with the race to construct bigger and better 734:

17 sunk or destroyed by either battle or storm, 3 frigates captured and 14 sunk, but added 40 ships-of-the-line during the course of the war. British crews suffered 20,000 casualties, including POWs. Actual naval combat deaths for Britain were only 1,500, but the figure of 133,708 is given for those who died of sickness or deserted.

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to which the guns could fire) than their British counterparts, and were handled by larger volunteer crews (where the Royal Navy was hindered by a relative shortage of trained seamen, the US Navy was not large enough to make full use of the large number of American merchant seamen put out of work, even before the war, by the

1327:, following American independence, permanently establishing itself in the colony in 1795. The development of the intended site was delayed by a dozen years as a suitable passage through the surrounding reefline needed to be located. Until then, the Royal Navy operated from the old capital in the East End, 2884:

By the end of the war the Royal Navy comprised over 4,800 ships. However, it had lost its position as the largest or equal largest navy in the world to the United States Navy in 1943. The Royal Navy had become the second-largest fleet in the world, losing a supremacy that had been maintained for over

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Faced with the expansion of the United States Navy, by 1922 the British navy adopted the "one-power standard", which saw the Royal Navy required to match the United States Navy in size. This change has sometimes been connected with the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, however this is incorrect as the

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closed off access to the English Channel. As well as closing off the Imperial German Navy's access to the Atlantic, the blockade largely blocked neutral merchant shipping heading to or from Germany. The blockade was maintained during the eight months after the armistice was agreed to force Germany to

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had voted to double the rates. The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads. In 1814, only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship

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other's trade, but only the Royal Navy was in a position to enforce a blockade. Another irritant was the suspected presence of British deserters aboard US merchant and naval vessels. Royal Navy ships often attempted to recover these deserters. In one notorious instance in 1807, otherwise known as the

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captured and 17 destroyed, and suffered casualties of 20,000 killed, drowned, or missing, as well as another 20,000 wounded or captured. Spain lost 12 ships-of-the-line captured or destroyed, 4 frigates, and 10,000 seamen killed, wounded, or captured. The Royal Navy lost 2 ships-of-the-line captured,

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and threatened to withdraw from NATO, a peace settlement was reached. The conflict resulted in British recognition of an Icelandic economic zone over a large area of water. As the area in question was a prime fishing ground, the exclusive Icelandic access resulted in thousands of British job losses.

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The accumulated tensions in international relations finally broke out into the hostilities of World War I. From the naval point of view, it was time for the massed fleets to prove themselves, but caution and manoeuvring resulted in few major engagements at sea. Although there was no decisive battle,

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committed to the "big gun only" concept and caused a shift in thinking around the world. This ship had ten 12-inch guns with a top speed of 21.5 knots, a speed and firepower that rendered all existing battleships obsolete. The industrial and economic development of Germany had by this time overtaken

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Despite successful American claims for damage having been pressed in British courts against British privateers several years before, the War was probably the last occasion on which the Royal Navy made considerable reliance on privateers to boost Britain's maritime power. In Bermuda, privateering had

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were impressed (conscripted), with resultingly poor morale. The US Navy could not begin to equal the Royal Navy in number of vessels, and had concentrated in building a handful of better-designed frigates. These were larger, heavier and better-armed (both in terms of number of guns, and in the range

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In the years following the battle of Trafalgar there was increasing tension at sea between Britain and the United States. American traders took advantage of their country's neutrality to trade with both the French-controlled parts of Europe, and Britain. Both France and Britain tried to prevent each

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during the late 18th century eroded the real value of seamen's pay while, at the same time, the war caused an increase in pay for merchant ships. Naval pay also often ran years in arrears, and shore leave decreased as ships needed to spend less time in port with better provisioning and health care,

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handily, destroying or capturing many of its vessels. However, France soon took the American side, and in 1778 a French fleet sailed for America, where it attempted to land at Rhode Island and nearly engaged with the British fleet before a storm intervened, while back home another fought the British

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to abandon their base. With the wayward squadron now intending to attack shipping in the region, a small number of Royal Navy ships attempted to engage them at the Battle of Coronel, which resulted in significant British losses. The German East Asia Squadron was eventually defeated at the Battle of

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When armoured ships were first introduced, in-service guns had very little ability to penetrate their armour. However, starting in 1867, guns started to be introduced into service capable of penetrating the armour of the first generation iron-clads, albeit at favourable angles and at short range.

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The blockade resulted in American exports decreasing from $ 130 million in 1807 to $ 7 million in 1814. Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies. The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value

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used in English euphemistically connotes a threat by example.) Minorca was lost but subsequent operations went more successfully (due more to government support and better strategic thinking, rather than admirals "encouraged" by Byng's example), and the British fleet won several victories, starting

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was stationed in nearby international waters from 1999 over humanitarian concerns. A larger Royal Navy flotilla supported UN troops in late 2000, but only remained in the area for a few weeks. The intervention took place late in the Civil War, and while successful it demonstrated issues with post-

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in 1859 were for a ship with far more than 10 turrets. Consequently, a range of coastal-service turret-ships were built in parallel with the seagoing iron-clads. Because of agitation from Coles and his supporters, the issue of turret-ships became deeply political, and resulted in the ordering of

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By concentrating its military resources in the navy, Britain could both defend itself and project its power across the oceans as well as threaten rivals' ocean trading routes. Britain therefore needed to maintain only a relatively small, highly mobile, professional army that sailed to where it was

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on their own, this was followed by a naval attack on November 6. Following in behind their minesweepers, the fleet advanced on the Egyptian coast- this allowed them to avoid Russian mines which had been set in their path. The navy supported a successful amphibious landing, but the force failed to

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Anglo-French forces had begun gathering in the Mediterranean that August. In terms of Royal Navy assets, this included an aircraft carrier task group, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, minesweepers and an amphibious warfare squadron. The action began with a week long air assault, and when it became

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between small ships, and disruption of merchant shipping. The Royal Navy struggled to build as many ships as it could, generally sacrificing on the size and armament of vessels, and struggled harder to find adequate personnel, trained or barely trained, to crew them. Many of the men crewing Royal

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While the operation had broadly met its military objectives, Britain and France faced an extreme negative response internationally, even from allies including the United States and Canada. The fact that the United States had refused to support the endeavour – not wishing to compromise wider Arab

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in ship construction was first used for diagonal-cross-bracing in major warships. The adoption of iron hulls for ocean-going ships had to wait until after Admiralty experiments had solved the problem of an iron-hull's effect on compass deviation. Because iron hulls were much thinner than wooden

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battleships was not completed until October 1886. Many of these long-delayed ships were completed in the second half of the 1880s, and this was misrepresented as the French having more new battleships than the Royal Navy in various publications including the famous 1884 articles in the Liberal

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at remarkably modest expense. The British defence burden fell progressively to a minimum of 2 per cent (of GDP) in 1870. Britain's dominance flowed not so much from the size of her active fleets as from the vast potential strength implicit in the reserve fleet and, behind that, the unrivalled

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In numeric terms the Royal Navy has significantly reduced in size since the 1960s, reflecting the reducing requirement of the state. This raw figure does not take into account the increase in technological capability of the Navy's ships, but it does show the general reduction of capacity. The

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white paper, which promised a somewhat brighter long-term future for the Navy, putting in place the largest naval procurement programme since the end of the Second World War in order to enhance and rebuild the fleet, with a view to bringing the Navy's capabilities into the 21st century, and

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from 1904 to 1909. During this period, 154 obsolete ships, including 17 battleships, were scrapped to make way for newer vessels. Reforms in training and gunnery were introduced to make good perceived deficiencies, which in part Tirpitz had counted upon to provide his ships with a margin of

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on May 31, 1814. In May 1814, following the abdication of Napoleon, and the end of the supply problems with Wellington's army, New England was blockaded. The blockade was so significant to British victory at sea that it confined most merchant and naval vessels to port. The American frigates

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Total naval losses in the War of the Austrian Succession, including ships lost in storms and in shipwrecks were: France—20 ships-of-the-line, 16 frigates, 20 smaller ships, 2,185 merchantmen, 1,738 guns; Spain—17 ships-of-the-line, 7 frigates, 1,249 merchantmen, 1,276 guns; Britain—14

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during the 2010s. The review reduced the number of personnel by 5,000 to a total of 30,000. A 2013 report found that the navy was already too small, and that Britain would have to depend on her allies if her territories were attacked. These losses were partially mitigated in the

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Between 1990 and 1992 the system was changed. The Third Flotilla was abolished and the remaining two flotillas were re-designated. The Surface Flotilla under the Flag Officer, Surface Flotilla (FOSF) became responsible for operational readiness and training. The other officer,

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came into being; local defence forces that would however operate within an overall imperial strategy led by the RN. All these reforms and innovations of course required a large increase in funding. Between 1900 and 1913 the Naval Estimates nearly doubled to total £44,000,000.

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The most important aspect of the Royal Navy's involvement of The war of 1812 was the blockade it enforced on America and American shipping. Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict. In March 1813, the Royal Navy punished the

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in 2008, due to a shortage of troops with specialist skills. The navy personnel worked in support roles such as radio operators, drivers, and medics. From 2006 to 2014, the navy personnel were also responsible for repair work for aircraft. The navy was not part of

3575:. Between 1971 and the 1990s the Admiral supervised five flag officers: Flag Officer, Carriers and Amphibious Ships; Flag Officer, First Flotilla; Flag Officer, Second Flotilla, the submarines, and Flag Officer, Third Flotilla. In 1992 Fleet Headquarters moved to 4085:. This drew the Royal Navy back into Libyan and Iraqi waters, which it had withdrawn from only three years previously. In Libya this was in order to evacuate civilians while in Iraq and Syria this was to support air strikes. During the initial hostilities, HMS 2763:

commanded a fleet that launched the first all-aircraft naval attack in history. Cunningham was determined that the Navy be perceived as the United Kingdom's most daring military force: when warned of risks to his vessels during the Allied evacuation after the

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to placate neutral opinion. A resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 raised the prospect of Britain and its allies being starved into submission. The Navy's response to this new form of warfare had proved inadequate due to its refusal to adopt a

2213:. Critical however was the flow of oil for ships, lorries and industrial use. There were no oil wells in Britain so everything was imported. In 1917 total British consumption was 827 million barrels, of which 85% was supplied by the United States, and 6% by 2725:. The threat was at last effectively broken by devastating losses inflicted on the U-boats in the spring of 1943. Intense convoy battles of a different sort, against combined air, surface and submarine threats, were fought off enemy-controlled coasts in 528:, which were retained in the peace settlement, providing the Navy with Mediterranean bases. Early in the war French naval squadrons had done considerable damage to English and Dutch commercial convoys. However, a major victory over France and Spain at 957:

were massed on the French coast with 2,300 vessels. The French fleet at Toulon went to the West Indies where it was intended to meet the Spanish one but it was chased by the British fleet and returned without meeting up. After fighting an action off

3164:. All four North Korean vessels were sunk in ten minutes, and were never able to launch any torpedoes. The engagement would deter North Korea from further conflict with UN warships, though they continued to make use of coastal bombardment, with 2245:

At the start of the war the German Empire had armed cruisers scattered across the globe. The Royal Navy, along with the Royal Australian Navy, captured German colonies in the Pacific shortly after the outbreak of the war. This forced the German

1598:. It also showed the need for a permanent pool of trained seamen. There were two Anglo-French campaigns against Russia. In the Black Sea, success at Sevastopol was paralleled by successful operations in the Baltic including the bombardments of 10566:

Universal History Americanized, or an Historical View of the World from the Earliest Records to the Nineteenth Century, with a Particular Reference to the State of Society, Literature, Religion, and Form of Government of the United States of

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attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean, but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron, and by the end of the war, the United States had six frigates and four ships-of-the-line sitting in port.

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at targets in Iraq. By the later stages of the operation the navy was present in a training capacity, working with Iraqi sailors. The war also saw two major international incidents caused by Iranian capture of Royal Navy personnel in the

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and construction techniques that had dominated the preceding century. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the

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Although brief in retrospect, the years of the Napoleonic wars came to be remembered as the apotheosis of "fighting sail", and stories of the Royal Navy at this period have been told and retold regularly since then, most famously in the

3281:, and were part of a dispute relating to fishing waters. Royal Navy ships were involved in attempts to cut the nets of Icelandic trawlers, and later equipped with ramming equipment to intentionally strike Icelandic ships. After Iceland 3948:(Arvand Rud in Persian) river, between Iran and Iraq. They were released three days later following diplomatic discussions between the UK and Iran. In August 2005 the Royal Navy rescued seven Russians stranded in a submarine off the 2431:

and by 1938 treaty limits were effectively ignored. The re-armament of the Royal Navy was well under way by this point, with construction underway on the still treaty-affected new battleships and its first full-sized purpose-built

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was also applied, where each British county was required to supply a certain number of volunteers. Many nationalities served on British ships, with foreigners comprising fifteen per cent of crews by the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

626:(1744–1748), once again pitting Britain against France. Naval fighting in this war, which for the first time included major operations in the Indian Ocean, was largely inconclusive, the most significant event being the failure of 8076: 4048:, which granted the international mandate for the action. The Navy was involved on several levels - this included submarine-launched missile strikes, particularly in the early stages of the fighting, and evacuation of civilians. 994:

Theoretically, the highest commands of the Royal Navy were open to all within its ranks showing talent. In practice, family connections, political or professional patronage were very important for promotion to ranks higher than

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of 29 mutineers. It is worth noting that neither of the mutinies included flogging or impressment in their list of grievances and, in fact, the mutineers themselves continued the practice of flogging to preserve discipline.

1520:. With a fleet larger than any two rivals combined, the British nation could take security for granted, but at all times the national leaders and public opinion supported a powerful navy, and service was of high prestige. 1895:

and Britain would not face a serious military threat until the World Wars, by which point they were long out of date. They received much ridicule in later years, and are sometimes referred to as "Palmerston's Follies".

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to prevent American victory. On land, this meant a great reliance on militia and Native American allies. On the water, the Royal Navy kept its large men-of-war in Europe, relying on smaller vessels to counter the weak

1849:, had a long and successful career. However the need to combine high-free-board at the bow with sails meant that both these ships had very poor end-on fire. The Admiralty's next seagoing mastless turret-ship design 838:. Although combat was over in North America, it continued in the Caribbean and India, where the British experienced both successes and failures. Though Minorca had been recaptured, it was returned to the Spanish. The 2205:

system for merchant shipping, despite the demonstrated effectiveness of the technique in protecting troopships. The belated introduction of convoys sharply reduced losses and brought the U-boat threat under control.

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was of interest to the Royal Navy from the beginning of the 19th century, since it neatly solved the difficult and dangerous sailing problems encountered in estuaries and other inshore areas. It was first adopted in

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which added 400 personnel, due to "concern about the ability of the armed forces to fulfil all the tasks expected of them". The surface fleet was reduced by 9 ships to 19 over the period. The decommission of the

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of 1922 imposed limits on individual ship tonnage and gun calibre, as well as total tonnage of the navy. The treaty, together with the deplorable financial conditions during the immediate post-war period and the

1705:, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. 634:

ships-of-the-line, 7 frigates, 28 smaller ships, 3,238 merchantmen, 1,012 guns. Personnel losses at sea were about 12,000 killed, wounded, or taken prisoner for France, 11,000 for Spain, and 7,000 for Britain.

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in 2017. The reviews also resulted in a significant reduction in defence estate, with approximately 30% of MoD estate to be disposed in the period. This included a small amount of the naval estate, including

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After the Second World War, the decline of the British Empire and the economic hardships in Britain forced the reduction in the size and capability of the Royal Navy. All of the pre-war ships (except for the

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of 1931, with crews of various warships refused to sail on exercises, which caused great shock. This led to changes with the pay cuts reduced to 10%, though around 200 sailors were jailed in the aftermath.

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decisively defeated the combined French and Spanish fleet. The victory at Trafalgar consolidated the United Kingdom's advantage over other European maritime powers, but Nelson was killed during the battle.

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once more. Whilst several smaller vessels were to be withdrawn from service, it was confirmed that two new large aircraft carriers would be constructed. New and more capable ships were built; notably the

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allowed the invasion forces to be kept resupplied. The successful invasion of Europe reduced the European role of the navy to escorting convoys and providing fire support for troops near the coast as at

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At this time, 80% of merchant steamships were built in British shipyards. The rate of French construction was low, and construction times were stretched out. For instance, the last of the three French

2853:). This required the use of wholly different techniques, requiring a substantial fleet support train, resupply at sea and an emphasis on naval air power and defence. Their largest attack was as part of 3339:. Even so, the Labour government had announced in 1966 that Britain would not mount major operations without the help of allies, and that the existing carrier force would be maintained into the 1970s. 2020:, as well armed as a battleship but faster. However, to achieve this the ship's armour was less compared to a battleship. The result was a potentially fatal weakness when fighting other capital ships. 1423:

was released for service in North America. This 2,500-man force, composed of detachments from the 4, 21, 44, and 85 Regiments with some elements of artillery and sappers and commanded by Major-General

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The Navy began plans to replace its fleet of aircraft carriers in the mid-1960s. A plan was drawn up for three large aircraft carriers, each displacing about 60,000 tons; the plan was designated

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defending Britain's vital commercial supply lines against U-boat attack. A traditional convoy system was instituted from the start of the war, but German submarine tactics, based on group attacks by "

818:, which dealt a severe blow to the commerce of Great Britain. Action shifted to the Caribbean, where there were a number of battles with varying results. A Spanish fleet was defeated at the battle of 2009:, Britain succeeded in maintaining a substantial numerical advantage over Germany, but for the first time since 1805 another navy now existed with the capacity to challenge the Royal Navy in battle. 1594:

was destroyed. The Crimean War was a testing ground for the new technologies of steam and shell. It was shown that explosive shells ripped wooden hulls to pieces, which led to the development of the

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During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. These changes marked the end of the

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agreed to resist British warships searching neutral shipping for French goods and in 1801 the Danes closed their ports to British shipping. This caused Britain to attack ships and the fort at the

881: 2436:. In addition to new construction, several existing old battleships, battlecruisers and heavy cruisers were reconstructed, and anti-aircraft weaponry reinforced, while new technologies, such as 2196:

requiring merchant ships to be warned and evacuated before sinking. In 1915 the Germans renounced these restrictions and began to sink merchant ships on sight but later returned to the previous

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The war did not see any further large engagements between ships, though there were engagements between minesweepers and other smaller ships. Navy carriers would continue to provide support for

8084: 3775:. The project was intended to defend against an attack from the Warsaw Pact nations—a foe which had disbanded by the time the first Trident missiles ultimately entered service in 1994, aboard 10941: 6025:

The Naval Chronicle: Volume 33, January–July 1815: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects

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was formed in 1914 but was mainly limited to reconnaissance. Converted ships were initially used to launch aircraft with landings in the sea. The first purpose-built aircraft carrier was HMS

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treaty limited maximum fleet scale, not minimum fleet scale. British naval supremacy was lost in 1943, when the United States Navy overtook the Royal Navy in size amid the Second World War.

403:. The Royal Navy has remained one of the world's most capable navies and currently operates a fleet of modern ships, though the size of the fleet has declined significantly since the 1980s. 4830:

that provide at sea replenishment, as sea maintenance if required, some patrol tasks acting as "mothership" and also form as a main logistics transport fleet, utilising vessels such as the

3506: 3664:, the objectives and purpose of the Royal navy changed significantly. Major cutbacks were made over the following decades, with around half of the submarine fleet disposed of by 1995. The 3452:

in the Falkland War. Only four days after the invasion on 2 April, a Task Force sailed for the South Atlantic, with other warships and support ships following. On 25 April the navy retook

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The Royal Navy began developing submarines beginning on 4 February 1901. These submarines were ordered in late 1900 and were built by Vickers under a licensing agreement with the American

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while their families were sent to the dockyard in Bermuda for the duration of the war, employed by the Royal Navy. These marines fought for the Crown on the Atlantic Seaboard, and in the

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The blockade kept most of the American navy trapped in port. The Royal Navy also occupied coastal islands, encouraging American slaves to defect. Military-aged males were enlisted into a

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The two-power standard was abandoned before the First World War, and after the war it was replaced by a "one-power standard", with the navy kept equal in size to the United States Navy.

1102:, the former Bermudian merchantman that carried news of victory back from Trafalgar. At the end of the war the manning levels of the Royal Navy decreased sharply from 145,000 to 19,000. 1095:—were sloops of 200 tons, armed with twelve 24-pounder guns. A great many more ships of this type were ordered, or bought from trade, primarily for use as couriers. The most notable was 3428:

The patrol was a costly endeavour that was difficult to organise from a legal and political perspective, and failed to achieve its goals. It has been described as a "cautionary tale".

5256: 2705:", were much more effective than in the previous war, and the threat remained serious for well over three years. Defences were strengthened by deployment of purpose-built escorts, of 678:

famously wrote, in reference to Byng's execution, that "in this country it is wise to kill an admiral from time to time to encourage the others" (admirals). (Today the French phrase

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needed, and was supported by the navy with bombardment, movement, supplies and reinforcement. The Navy could cut off enemies' sea-borne supplies, as with Napoleon's army in Egypt.

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as opposed to its former position with worldwide strike capability. Along with the war era carriers, all of the war built cruisers and destroyers, along with the post-war built

3417:, were authorised to use force against non compliant tankers. Approximately 80 Royal Navy ships were involved in the blockade at various points, including the aircraft carrier 763:

was a strategically significant location for the Royal Navy because it provided much of its timber supply. The Royal Navy also began to have a larger presence there during the

8440: 885: 8952: 3351:, cancelling its planned CVA-01 large carrier, and other than Polaris focused on its NATO responsibilities of anti-submarine warfare, defending US Navy carrier groups in the 1780:, the Admiralty was also concerned about the vulnerability of iron in combat, and experiments with iron in the 1840s seemed to indicate that iron would shatter under impact. 1390:

that the Royal Navy had been deprived of by American independence. During the War of 1812 the Royal Navy's blockade of the US Atlantic ports was coordinated from Bermuda and

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from the United States, for the purpose of submarine based nuclear deterrent. The highly favourable terms came at a surprise to the British, and it represented a warming of

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The History of the Reign of George Iii. to Which Is Prefixed, a View of the Progressive Improvement of England, in Prosperity and Strength, to the Accession of His Majesty.

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was destroyed by the combined fleets of Britain, France and Russia. This was the last major action between fleets of sailing ships. Ottoman involvement continued, with the

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With the retirement of the Polaris missile planned for the mid 1990s, Trident was designed in the later stages of the Cold War as a continuing submarine-launched British

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submarines in the North Atlantic. There were also mine countermeasures and submarine forces as well as support ships. As the Cold War ended, the Royal Navy fought in the

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Tank testing of hull models was introduced and mechanical calculators as range finders. The torpedo came in during the 1870s and the first ship to fire one in battle was

1171: 3676: 5369:, Volume 3, London 1815. Coxe gives the overall loss of the expedition during the campaign as 20,000 lives lost; Reed Browning considers this "not implausible", p. 382. 3501:

In the Home and Mediterranean Fleets after 1951, flotillas became headquarters supervising multiple squadrons, to conform with American practice. The squadrons of the

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was well. However, as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813, the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it, first to the coast south of

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of Britain prompted a major programme of coastal fortifications. Over 70 forts were constructed by the end of the decade, many of which were in the vicinity of the

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out of Washington, D.C.. Ross shied from the idea of burning the public buildings in the city, but Cockburn and others set it alight. Buildings burned included the

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The age of naval dominance at low cost was ended by increased naval competition from old rivals, such as France and Russia. These challenges were reflected by the

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against the Ottoman Empire. It suffered heavy losses during a failed attempt to break through the system of minefields and shore batteries defending the straits.

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in 1707 virtually cleared the Navy's opponents from the seas for the latter part of the war. Naval operations also enabled the conquest of the French colonies in

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many of these poor fellows, after voluntarily serving for a few months in a sort of provisional battalion, called the "Colonial Marines", obtained grants of land

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was sunk in June 1940, the greatest maritime disaster in Britain's history. There were however also successes against enemy surface ships, as in the battles of

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of 1803–15 saw the Royal Navy reach a peak of efficiency, dominating the navies of all Britain's adversaries. Initially Britain did not involve itself in the

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cold war naval policy that had not been addressed in the 1998 Strategic Defence Review (SDR). The document had not foreseen a need for British involvement in

2217:. Fuel oil for the Royal Navy was the highest priority. In 1917 the Royal Navy consumed 12,500 tons a month, but had a supply of 30,000 tons a month from the 11218: 11163: 7475: 3597:

at Portsmouth. In April 2012 CINCFLEET and CINCNAVHOME were downgraded from full Admirals to Vice-Admirals and their roles redesignated. The new titles were

1880: 3824:

on that scale. This was one of the reasons for the change of direction in naval policy offered by the 2003 paper "Delivering Security in a Changing World".

1044:

in 1797 when the crews of the Spithead and Nore fleets refused to obey their officers and some captains were sent ashore. This resulted in the short-lived "

11418: 11173: 8229: 6812: 3386: 954: 11332: 11322: 11117: 11012: 3860: 3533: 2876:

would have been the largest amphibious landing ever conducted. The Royal Navy would have committed 18 aircraft carriers and 4 battleships to the action.

11148: 4870: 2768:

he said, "It takes the Navy three years to build a new ship. It will take three hundred years to build a new tradition. The evacuation will continue."

6284: 11413: 11158: 783: 7302: 3970:

was seized in the waters between Iran and Iraq, in the Persian Gulf. They were released thirteen days later. The Royal Navy was also involved in an

11564: 11263: 10771: 8820: 8721: 3602: 101: 7910: 10696: 8648: 7628: 4045: 4010: 3737:

Royal Navy personnel guard the crew of an Iraqi oil tanker during Maritime Interdiction Operations supporting United Nations sanctions, in 2002.

755: 4823:'Patrol ships and craft' as of 2020 include: 7 Offshore Patrol Vessels, 3 Survey Ships, 1 Survey Motor Launch, 1 Icebreaker and 18 Patrol Boats. 4059:

destroyed the battery with her main gun, along with a munitions convoy later that day. The operation concluded on 31 October, shortly after the

1035:

The conditions of service for ordinary seamen, while poor by modern standards, were better than many other kinds of work at the time. However,

579:

from 1715 to 1727 to protect supplies of naval stores. It was used at Cape Passaro during the War of the Quadruple Alliance in 1718, during the

11584: 3414: 3374: 3355:. Polaris-armed submarines patrolled the North Atlantic from 1968 to 1996. The Polaris program was eventually abolished in favour of the newer 2913:

light cruisers) were quickly retired and most sold for scrapping over the years 1945–48, and only the best condition ships (the four surviving

2370:—were converted to aircraft carriers. New additions to the fleet were therefore minimal during the 1920s, the only major new vessels being two 2063: 7719: 1948:, which was first published in 1887. Reforms were also gradually introduced in the conditions for enlisted men with the abolition of military 11373: 8977: 8615: 3994: 3956:, a remote-controlled mini-sub, the submarine was freed from the fishing nets and cables that had held the Russian submarine for three days. 3518: 2946:

commented at the time that "The battleship is out of date and has now been replaced as a capital ship of the fleet by the aircraft carrier".

2059:

with France allowed the fleet to be concentrated in home waters. By 1906 the Royal Navy's only likely opponent was the Imperial German Navy.

5421: 1911:

That led to a new ship building programme, which authorised ten new battleships, 38 cruisers, and additional vessels. The books by American

10651: 5002: 3960: 3941: 2510: 3016:. These carriers would be able to operate the latest aircraft coming into service and keep the Royal Navy's place as a major naval power. 2931:

Battleships were quickly disposed of, as they were very expensive to operate and maintain, but their only conceivable role after 1945 was

1944:, which alarmed the public just before the General Election, and helped create an increased market for books on naval matters such as the 1734:

were introduced in the 1830s and, after some reluctance, were adopted in the mid-1840s (the famous tug-of-war between the screw-propelled

11248: 11243: 11183: 11143: 11133: 10691: 9122: 8938: 7071: 6147: 5251: 4104:

following table is a breakdown of the fleet numbers since 1960. The separate types of ship and how their numbers have changed are shown.

4055:

was attacked by a shore battery during the fighting, the first time a Royal Navy ship had been fired at since the Falklands War in 1982.

831: 10631: 9103: 3790:, on the west coast of Scotland. Particularly since the end of the Cold War, the programme has seen public opposition, notably from the 3168:

struck by a shell on July 8. While the ship survived, four artillerymen were killed and became the first British casualties in the war.

11238: 10909: 10716: 8634: 3999: 3990: 3326: 421: 11383: 10149:

Lambert, Nicholas A. "Strategic Command and Control for Maneuver Warfare: Creation of the Royal Navy's 'War Room' System, 1905–1915."

842:

later the same year symbolised the restoration of British naval ascendancy, but this came too late to prevent the independence of the

11193: 11178: 11138: 2552: 1726:

accompanied the expedition to Algiers. Steam vessels appeared in greater numbers through the 1830s and 1840s, all using side-mounted

627: 272: 11345: 9085: 7501: 3877: 3846:

country, the navy was involved less than other branches of the British armed forces. However, 1,000 navy personnel were deployed in

1748:

was entertaining, but records show the Admiralty had already decided on and ordered screw ships). The first major steam warship was

1578:

To try to prevent Russia gaining access to a warm water port, the Crimean War was fought in the 1850s. Britain (in concert with the

914:. The Dutch Republic declared war in 1795 and Spain in 1796, on the side of France. Further action came in 1797 and 1798, with the 11340: 11258: 11233: 11153: 11107: 11007: 7826: 7782: 5044: 4864: 3730:, but never in the numbers of the ships that they replaced. As a result, the Royal Navy surface fleet continues to reduce in size. 2392:

which deferred new capital ship construction until 1937 and reiterated construction limits on cruisers, destroyers and submarines.

1417: 429: 214: 10600: 10556:

A New Geographical, Historical And Commercial Grammar And Present State Of The World.Complete With 30 Fold Out Maps – All Present.

1500:

After 1827 there were no major battles until 1914. The navy was used against shore installations, such as those in the Baltic and

11253: 11022: 10949: 10644: 3688: 3521:

with similar seagoing duties. Increasingly the term 'Submarine Flotilla' was used to describe the squadrons under command of the

1475: 651: 219: 187: 19: 9183: 11448: 11168: 10893: 6561: 5261: 3971: 3336: 2676: 2324: 2293: 1649:. They were thrown back by the Chinese in 1859 but succeeded the following year. As a result of these actions Britain gained a 1332: 591:, which saw the Royal Navy dispatch a fleet to resupply the British garrison in Gibraltar, which proved crucial in repelling a 139: 9308: 11453: 11363: 11284: 11070: 10877: 10491: 10322: 10009: 9726: 9684: 9337: 9318: 9263: 8447: 8011: 7879: 7250: 7216: 6948: 6788: 6603: 6390: 5822: 4883: 3903:. The Navy was both involved in the 2003 invasion as well as the subsequent insurgency period. This conflict saw RN warships 3839: 2914: 606:(1739–1748) against Spain, which was dominated by a series of costly and mostly unsuccessful attacks on Spanish ports in the 3448:

The most important operation conducted predominantly by the Royal Navy after the Second World War was the defeat in 1982 of

2331:

to scrap all capital ships with a gun calibre under 13.5 inches and to cancel plans for new construction. Three of the

11268: 10885: 10853: 9045: 5107: 4078: 3390: 3282: 3025: 1032:, around 200 captured French sailors were also persuaded to join after their fleet was defeated at the Battle of the Nile. 338: 250: 209: 11228: 11213: 11198: 11188: 11086: 10917: 10804: 10628:, Naval History of the 20th Century, World Wars 1, 2, post-war and Falklands War – navies, ships, ship losses, casualties 8871: 7023:. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. IX (9th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 4041: 3584: 3493: 3335:

was commissioned, armed with the new missiles. The Royal Navy later became wholly responsible for the maintenance of the

3245:

relations – exposed the weakness of Britain and France after their retreat. Britain in particular had lost its status as

2262: 2148: 2138: 1541: 1513: 971: 873: 742: 10247:

Morgan-Owen, David. "A Revolution in Naval Affairs? Technology, Strategy and British Naval Policy in the ‘Fisher Era’."

8484: 6085: 3532:

By the end of 1969 the posts of Commanders-in-Chief at Portsmouth and Plymouth were unified into a single office of the

3409:, the Royal Navy began a nine year blockade of the port- though they could not approach closer than the 6 nautical mile 11626: 11299: 11223: 10933: 10901: 10837: 10527: 10451: 10432: 10395: 10373: 10351: 10300: 10281: 10231: 10194: 10172: 10120: 10095: 10076: 10035: 9987: 9951: 9897: 9857: 9819: 9786: 9745: 9703: 9565: 9440: 9421: 9282: 9225: 8266: 8134: 7561: 6739: 6249: 5870: 5294: 5246: 3717: 3197: 2122: 1424: 1209:). As a result of the American frigates being larger some British ships were defeated and, midway through the war, the 927: 861:, which ordered fresh lemon juice to be given to sailors on ships. Other navies soon adopted this successful solution. 399:

came to the fore and, after the successes of World War II, the Royal Navy yielded its formerly preeminent place to the

6037: 1774:

hulls, they appeared to be more vulnerable to damage when ships ran aground. Although Brunel had adopted iron in the

1067:

acted to counter Britain's maritime supremacy and economic power, closing European ports to British trade through the

11543: 11474: 11458: 11358: 11075: 11042: 10845: 10721: 10501: 10054: 9764: 9665: 9641: 9622: 9603: 9584: 9542: 9516: 9497: 9478: 9402: 9379: 9358: 9300: 9244: 8388: 8239: 7428: 6921: 6855: 6824: 6543: 6522: 6501: 5989: 5530: 5497: 3329:

which had been troubled in the immediate aftermath of the Suez crisis. In 1968 the first ballistic missile submarine

3124: 3091: 2960: 2472: 2234: 2210: 1669: 1383: 1075:, operating from French territories in the West Indies, placing great pressure on British mercantile shipping in the 1041: 915: 819: 747: 588: 8156: 6868: 3032:

the project was cancelled. The existing carriers (all built during, or just after World War II) were refitted, two (

11505: 11466: 11353: 11289: 10925: 10869: 10711: 7745: 7629:"Operation Downfall — The Campaign to Conquer Japan Would Have Dwarfed the D-Day Landings – MilitaryHistoryNow.com" 7610: 2985: 2588: 2448:, were developed. The Navy had lost control of naval aviation when the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the 1681: 959: 383:. The Navy grew considerably during the global struggle with France that had started in 1690 and culminated in the 287: 283: 6619: 6437: 3477:

is the only nuclear-powered submarine to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the Argentine cruiser

1512:; and to assist the army when sailors and marines were landed as naval brigades, as on many occasions between the 1434:, three frigates, three sloops and ten other vessels. The combined force was to launch raids on the coastlines of 11368: 11112: 11102: 10726: 9275:

Gladstone Centenary Essays: Gladstone's Fourth Administration, 1892–1894, David Bebbington and Roger Swift (eds.)

9129: 8414: 8349: 7669: 7181: 3661: 3470:

ships the Royal Navy proved it was still able to fight a battle 8,345 miles (12,800 km) from Great Britain.

2971: 2943: 2492: 1919:

held out against another large programme of naval construction in 1894, he found himself alone, and so resigned.

1443: 1420: 1242: 706:

from the war, leading France to abandon major operations. Spain entered the war against Britain in 1762 but lost

242: 237: 8791: 6972: 2121:. The British blockade and cut-off from international trade led to increasing public discontent and finally the 1803:—an intensive programme of construction that eclipsed French efforts by 1870. She was called a "Black Snake" by 11510: 10681: 10667: 9838: 9063: 9031: 5038: 4858: 3859:

troops withdrawn in 2014. The withdrawal took place amidst significant debate about the rationale, impact, and

3766: 3665: 3526: 3306: 2978: 2726: 2110: 623: 618:

was driven to withdraw from the war in the space of half an hour by the threat of a bombardment of its capital

41: 8506: 6121: 5839: 5573: 2729:, where Britain ran supply convoys through to Russia, and in the Mediterranean, where the struggle focused on 11500: 11443: 11294: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10776: 10686: 4852: 4846: 3254: 3072:, one by one these carriers were decommissioned without replacement, culminating with the 1979 retirement of 2999: 2667: 2496: 2039: 2016:

straits in 1905 where the Japanese decisively defeated the Russian fleet. Another innovative concept was the

1887:

and the surrounding waters. The mid 19th century saw such rapid technological development that some, such as

1855:

solved these problems by having very large coal bunkers, and put the 35-ton guns in turrets on a breastwork.

1553: 1537: 1316: 1308: 1288: 1124: 611: 592: 549: 144: 106: 10615: 9013: 2675:

The defence of the ports and harbours and keeping sea-lanes around the coast open was the responsibility of

1155:. Occupied by its struggle with France, British policy was to commit only sufficient forces to the American 420:

in 1707, Scotland and England possessed separate navies that operated as one force – albeit for a period of

11032: 10761: 10606:

Download service records of officers who joined the Royal Navy between 1756–1917 from The National Archives

7651: 6288: 5241: 5232: 4983: 3794:. The UK parliament voted to renew Trident in 2016, an action which extended the programme into the 2030s. 3742: 2838: 2114: 2087: 2006: 1964: 1865:. This led to the development of torpedo boats and torpedo boat destroyers (later called just destroyers). 966:

where it met up with the Spanish one. The height of the Navy's achievements came on 21 October 1805 at the

791: 201: 86: 10409: 8309: 7445: 7093: 6201: 3786:

bomb in 1998, Trident became the only British nuclear programme in operation. The submarines are based at

1287:

of American exports and imports falling from $ 114 million in 1811 down to $ 20 million by 1814 while the

11589: 11533: 11479: 11403: 11388: 7294: 7049: 6064: 5525:. Oxford History of the United States. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 219–222. 5032: 3498:

Between 1954 and 1971 the Royal Navy's geographical commands were merged into fewer but larger commands.

3201: 2468: 2332: 2305: 2102: 1840: 939: 725:

Naval losses of the Seven Years' War testify to the extent of the British victory. France lost 20 of her

615: 425: 10336: 8830: 5620: 949:

in 1802 proved to be but a brief interruption in the years of warfare, and the Navy was soon blockading

11495: 10809: 10766: 10561: 7906: 7796: 5608:

Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail

3422: 3192: 2680: 2661: 2528:

At the start of the war in 1939, the Royal Navy was the largest in the world, with over 1,400 vessels.

2424: 2188:

The most serious menace faced by the Navy came from the attacks on merchant shipping mounted by German

2155:(the German "High Seas Fleet") into an engagement where a decisive victory could be gained. The Navy's 1238: 1226: 1222: 1210: 999:. British captains were responsible for recruiting their ship's crew from a combination of volunteers, 798: 684: 533: 277: 267: 134: 96: 10610: 8561: 3105:-class cruisers and large County-class guided-missile destroyers were either retired or sold by 1984. 2012:

The British were aided in this development by having naval observers aboard the Japanese fleet at the

1990:(from 1901), which challenged traditional ideas about the power of battleships. At the same time the 1826:

design in the late 1850s as a result of experience in the Crimean War. Initial designs, published in

11438: 10254:

Morgan-Owen, David G. "Continuity and Change: Strategy and Technology in the Royal Navy, 1890–1918."

6990: 6976: 4877: 3856: 3556: 3140: 2910: 2797: 2755:, and as the ultimate deterrent to a German invasion of Britain during the following four months. At 2649: 2230: 2218: 1650: 1560: 1398: 1152: 1008: 891: 835: 564:(1718), and in an undeclared war in the 1720s, in which Spain tried to retake Gibraltar and Menorca. 485: 9433:

Iron, as a material for ship-building; being a communication to the Polytechnic society of Liverpool

9165: 8923: 8902: 7394: 7159: 7013: 3648: 11548: 11037: 11017: 10751: 10108: 8543: 7723: 5189: 4060: 3669: 3657: 3548: 3029: 2801: 2710: 2598: 2476: 1760: 1661: 1609:

The Chinese government placed unilateral restraints on British trade with China. Acting under the

1462:

which would "deter the enemy from a repetition of such outrages". The British force arrived at the

1340: 1336: 1328: 1269: 827: 368: 331: 195: 76: 10512:

The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession

9929: 7880:"Perspective | The Suez crisis toppled the British Empire. The pandemic will bring down ours" 7115: 3294: 2318:

In the wake of the First World War, there was an international movement to begin disarmament. The

930:, though French forces remained in control of that country for three more years. In 1800, Russia, 11378: 11047: 10706: 10404:

Seligmann, Matthew S. "A Service Ready for Total War? The State of the Royal Navy in July 1914."

8175: 8051: 7765:"How British and American Cruisers Shut Down the North Korean Navy in a 10-Minute Battle in 1950" 6911: 6381: 5981: 5455: 3791: 3522: 3425:

in 1971 to only two ships, and the operation ended after Mozambique gained independence in 1975.

3318: 3144: 3128: 2702: 2371: 2319: 2277: 2052: 2048: 1923:

Being unchallenged and unchallengable, Britain was able to exercise her maritime imperium of the

1916: 1891:, were obsolete before construction had even finished. France was crippled by defeat in the 1870 1828: 1642: 1556: 1324: 1265: 1040:

and copper bottoms (which delayed fouling). Discontent over these issues eventually resulted in

815: 596: 10605: 8176:"Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013: Summary of Fleet Organisation 1972-1981" 7420: 6467:

Jon Tetsuro Sumida, "Geography, Technology, and British Naval Strategy in the Dreadnought Era."

5698: 4013:

since they were introduced to the fleet in 1918. Capability was restored with the commission of

2395:

There were significant pay cuts in the 1920s, amounting to 25% for some. This culminated in the

8796: 6197: 5812: 5167: 5117: 5062: 5014: 4975: 4831: 3809: 3613: 3564: 3312: 3148: 3006: 2698: 2692: 2657: 2339: 2209:

Energy was a critical factor for the British war effort. Most of the energy supplies came from

2069:

Some countries from within the British Empire started developing their own navies. In 1910 the

1991: 1973: 1905: 1850: 1789: 1451: 1292: 1218: 996: 903: 839: 807: 719: 691: 603: 561: 10611:

Download wills made by seamen of the Royal Navy between 1786- 1882 from The National Archives.

9133: 7536: 7242: 7236: 6151: 3543:

In November 1971, further reductions resulted in the Western Fleet being amalgamated with the

1982:

Both naval construction and naval strategising became intense, prompted by the development of

11559: 10814: 10786: 9774: 9152: 8910: 8380: 8256: 7706: 5236: 5209: 5056: 4827: 3467: 3406: 3274: 2850: 2818: 2714: 2514: 2070: 2024: 1702: 1587: 1572: 1479: 1402: 1276: 1138: 823: 545: 311: 306: 169: 129: 10127: 10102: 9918: 7861:"London Gazette Despatches - SUEZ CAMPAIGN - OPERATIONS IN EGYPT, November to December 1956" 7468:"BBC2 tv show Coast records memories of Grimsby's wartime minesweepers. – Grimsby Telegraph" 7270:"(339) – Navy lists > 1913–1921, 1944–1945 – Quarterly > 1945 > July > Volume 3" 6350: 5664: 3692:

restructuring the fleet from a North Atlantic-based, large anti-submarine force into a true

3679:

highlighted several oversights in naval policy at the time, including a need for Britain to

970:

where a numerically smaller but more experienced British fleet under the command of Admiral

11515: 10968: 10819: 10632:

American Vessels captured by the British During the American Revolution and the War of 1812

8743: 6893: 6693: 6065:"Recollections of the Expedition to the Chesapeake, and against New Orleans, by an Old Sub" 5789: 5135: 4889: 3746: 3560: 3537: 3514: 3478: 3330: 3049: 3028:

was determined to cut defence expenditure as a means to reduce public spending, and in the

2953: 2747:

During one of the earliest phases of the War the Royal Navy provided critical cover during

2619: 2378: 2352:

of 18-inch battleships were cancelled. Also under the treaty, three "large light cruisers"—

2255: 2169: 1998: 1811:

This had already been anticipated, and armour thicknesses grew, resulting in turn in a gun

1749: 1720: 1583: 1509: 1428: 1344: 1184: 718:. Britain was also able to seize the Spanish fleet that had been sheltering at Havana. The 567:

The subsequent quarter-century of peace saw a few naval actions. The navy was used against

475: 160: 50: 9615:

Wars of the Americas, a Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present

8693: 6494:

The Cost of Seapower, the Influence of Money on Naval Affairs from 1815 to the Present Day

1528: 1350: 8: 11606: 11538: 10829: 9394: 7497: 6183: 5068: 4091: 4049: 4015: 4005: 3977:

While most British forces were recalled in 2009, 81 Royal Navy personnel were present in

3949: 3919: 3912: 3881: 3471: 3461: 3299: 3229: 3172: 3061: 2992: 2842: 2830: 2418: 2389: 2359: 2346: 2266: 2197: 2074: 1912: 1892: 1819: 1459: 1406: 1387: 1206: 967: 950: 858: 764: 729:

captured and 25 sunk, burned, destroyed, or lost in storms. The French navy also lost 25

643: 364: 324: 91: 10417:

The Victorian Empire and Britain's Maritime World, 1837–1901: The Sea and Global History

10242:

Deterrence through strength: British naval power and foreign policy under Pax Britannica

9797: 7967:

Dawson, R.; Rosecrance, R. (1966). "Theory and Reality in the Anglo-American Alliance".

7347: 3741:

From 2001, Britain became engaged in several long running conflicts in Afghanistan, the

2180: 1915:

and his visit to Europe in the 1890s heightened interest even more. When Prime Minister

1599: 1144:

causing significant casualties before boarding and seizing suspected British deserters.

11554: 10636: 10380: 10358: 10293:

The Late Victorian Navy: The Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War

10137: 9994: 9656: 9451: 7992: 7984: 7949: 7413: 6913:

The History of the British Petroleum Company: Volume 1, The Developing Years, 1901–1932

6415: 6108:

The Late Victorian Navy: The Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War

5691: 5173: 5026: 5020: 5008: 4946: 4926: 4909: 3964: 3821: 3813: 3803: 3776: 3568: 3410: 3340: 3213: 2869: 2854: 2805: 2789: 2604: 2570: 2564: 2449: 2396: 2382: 2247: 2098: 2013: 1844: 1834: 1794: 1735: 1564: 1549: 1192: 1161: 1131: 1107: 1076: 1068: 1057: 935: 919: 911: 787: 580: 529: 468: 400: 360: 356: 9850:

British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603-1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates

8953:"Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review" 3208:

states and increasingly moved against British goals in the region- and prime minister

3097:

aircraft carriers, and the fleet was now centred around anti-submarine warfare in the

10781: 10523: 10497: 10447: 10428: 10391: 10369: 10347: 10318: 10296: 10277: 10227: 10190: 10168: 10116: 10091: 10072: 10050: 10031: 10005: 9983: 9965: 9947: 9893: 9853: 9834: 9815: 9782: 9760: 9741: 9722: 9718: 9699: 9680: 9661: 9637: 9618: 9599: 9580: 9561: 9554: 9538: 9512: 9493: 9474: 9436: 9417: 9398: 9375: 9354: 9333: 9314: 9296: 9278: 9259: 9240: 9221: 9187: 8995: 8384: 8373: 8262: 8235: 8116: 8098: 7996: 7953: 7424: 7246: 7212: 7024: 6954: 6944: 6917: 6851: 6820: 6794: 6784: 6735: 6599: 6539: 6518: 6497: 6386: 5985: 5866: 5818: 5702: 5526: 5503: 5493: 5290: 5183: 5113: 5098: 5050: 3833: 3772: 3698: 3402: 3356: 3067: 3033: 3021: 2936: 2932: 2897: 2862: 2756: 2653: 2625: 2328: 2118: 2106: 1940: 1742: 1654: 1375: 1247: 1230: 1096: 899: 843: 517: 489: 445: 111: 10215: 8415:"History of the Women's Royal Naval Service and its integration into the Royal Navy" 6815:

Distant Victory: The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War

6557: 6382:

Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy

4826:

Current figures exclude the main 13 auxiliary support vessels currently used by the

3745:, including hostilities in Syria, Iraq, and Libya. These wars largely stem from the 3413:. Navy personnel boarded and questioned oil tankers arriving in the port, and after 1815:

as larger guns gave better penetration. The explosive shell was introduced in 1820.

444:

when she entered service in 1705, and being promoted to commodore in 1706. With the

11318:

Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Aviation, Amphibious Capability & Carriers)

10478: 10218:; MacDougall argues that naval stores sold by Russia made Royal Navy much stronger. 10064: 9651: 9531: 9526: 7976: 7941: 7204: 6649: 6591: 5215: 5205: 5139: 4989: 4940: 4082: 4072: 4035: 3926: 3908: 3847: 3680: 3152: 3077: 3039: 2809: 2748: 2742: 2464: 2433: 2365: 2056: 1874: 1775: 1713: 1638: 1610: 1595: 1467: 1261: 802: 726: 509: 433: 392: 376: 10592:, extensive source for Royal Navy History with photos and documents. (Broken Link) 8026: 2861:

to deny Japanese access to supplies. The fleet supported allied forces during the

2638:, only three survived its sinking. Over 3,000 people were lost when the converted 1818:

In parallel with this there was a debate over how guns should be mounted on ship.

11574: 11393: 11327: 11065: 10701: 10269: 9369: 9118: 5199: 4993: 3904: 3896: 3872: 3852: 3724: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3693: 3598: 3552: 3394: 3322: 3180: 3055: 2793: 2781: 2765: 2613: 2592: 2576: 2453: 2156: 2126: 1888: 1884: 1800: 1673: 1665: 1634: 1591: 1517: 1471: 1391: 1335:, and then as its year-round headquarters, naval station, and dockyard, with its 1111: 946: 895: 772: 760: 646:(1756–1763) saw the Navy conduct amphibious campaigns leading to the conquest of 417: 384: 10333:

Reform in the Royal Navy : a social history of the lower deck, 1850 to 1880

9972:

The Challenges of Command: The Royal Navy's Executive Branch Officers, 1880–1919

9049: 8597: 8579: 7201:

The Politics of Seapower: the 'One-Power Standard' and British Maritime Security

6588:

The Politics of Seapower: the 'One-Power Standard' and British Maritime Security

5863:

Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron: The War of 1812 and the Forging of the American Navy

11579: 11569: 10482: 10469: 10310: 10224:

From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: the Royal Navy in the Fisher era, 1904-1919

6376: 5145: 4902: 3929: 3544: 3457: 3250: 3176: 3160: 3098: 2949: 2722: 2718: 2706: 2642: 2610: 2226: 2043: 1677: 1626: 1579: 1545: 1495: 1463: 1455: 1413: 1371: 1254: 923: 814:

entered the war in 1780. Also the same year a large British convoy of 63 ships

811: 768: 690:

The French tried to invade Britain in 1759 but their force was defeated at the

572: 568: 372: 32: 10154: 9928: 7945: 7860: 3733: 3509:

becoming the main seagoing flag officer. A similar arrangement applied to the

1969: 1028:. While most foreigners in the Navy were obtained through impressment or from 504:. Amphibious operations by the Anglo-Dutch fleet brought about the capture of 11620: 11398: 10796: 10756: 10572: 10263:

The Fear of Invasion: Strategy, Politics, and British War Planning, 1880–1914

8666: 7028: 6798: 5706: 5507: 5266: 5155: 5074: 4967: 4958: 3945: 3900: 3754: 3591: 3453: 3238: 3083: 3017: 2925: 2730: 2457: 2152: 2028: 2017: 1756: 1367: 1234: 1080: 931: 907: 854: 776: 614:

in 1741. These led to heavy loss of life from tropical diseases. In 1742 the

500:

allies to seize control of Spain and its Mediterranean dependencies from the

461: 120: 81: 9873:

Ashworth, William J. "Expertise and authority in the Royal Navy, 1800–1945"

8769: 7208: 7147:

At the crossroads between peace and war: the London Naval Conference in 1930

6958: 6595: 6003:"Bermuda Naval Base: management, artisans and enslaved workers in the 1790s" 5978:

The Andrew And The Onions: The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda, 1795–1975

2991:

large carriers being completed between 1948 through 1958), along with three

2456:

in 1918, but regained control of ship-board aircraft with the return of the

2038:

Major reforms of the British fleet were undertaken, particularly by Admiral

1684:

in 1882 brought the fleet into action, carried out to ensure control of the

1575:

in 1840, and additional Mediterranean crises during the rest of the decade.

1291:

took in $ 13 million in 1811 and $ 6 million in 1814, despite the fact that

10861: 10212:

The Great Anglo-Russian Naval Alliance of the Eighteenth Century and Beyond

10182: 10160: 10142:

Lambert, Andrew. "The Royal Navy and the defence of empire, 1856–1918." in

10020:

Empire, Technology and Seapower: Royal Navy crisis in the age of Palmerston

8286: 8057:. The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent. Ministry of Defence 6536:

Ironclad to Trident, 100 Years of Defence Commentary, BRASSEYS's 1886–1986

5193: 5177: 5149: 5125: 3934: 3368: 3348: 3209: 3087: 2921: 2353: 2164: 2002: 1804: 1568: 1017: 663: 659: 493: 10203:

Leggett, Don. "Navy, nation and identity in the long nineteenth century."

10047:

The making of the modern Admiralty: British naval policy-making, 1805–1927

6778: 6662: 5487: 3963:

Royal Navy personnel, including Royal Marines, when a boarding party from

3317:

became Britain's first nuclear-powered submarine. The following year, the

2970:

A modest new construction programme was initiated with some new carriers (

2475:

to evacuate British citizens from cities under Japanese attack during the

2310: 1221:, who were most vocal about annexing British North America, by blockading 9924: 9906:

Black, Jeremy. "The Victorian Maritime Empire in Its Global Context." in

8528: 8258:

The Toothwrights' Tale A History of Dentistry in the Royal Navy 1964-1995

6938: 5642: 5086: 4934: 4896: 3750: 3684: 3621: 3398: 3277:

from 1958 to 1976. These largely bloodless incidents became known as the

3221: 3217: 3205: 3136: 3132: 2846: 2834: 2631: 2544:

45 escort and patrol vessels – with 9 under construction and one on order

2445: 2193: 2144: 1727: 1708: 1697: 1622: 1505: 1483: 1303: 1165: 1156: 1029: 1021: 1004: 1000: 703: 655: 584: 552:(1718–1720), in which the Navy helped thwart a Spanish attempt to regain 541: 10002:

The British Museum Maritime History of Britain and Ireland: C.400 – 2001

3974:

in November 2008, after the pirates tried to capture a civilian vessel.

882:

Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the French Revolutionary Wars

10743: 9388: 8852: 8012:"Carrier 2000: A Consideration of Naval Aviation in the Millennium – I" 7988: 7326:"Evacuation of British nationals from China in event of war with Japan" 7014:"Chapter 9, Service Overseas, East Africa, Dardanelles, North Atlantic" 6940:

The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933

6319: 5080: 4971: 4022: 3953: 3843: 3787: 3637: 3576: 3502: 3436: 3344: 3246: 3120: 3114: 2521: 2269:. The Royal Marines took part in many operations including the raid on 2222: 1823: 1685: 1016:

were the most common foreign nationality in naval service, followed by

864: 647: 576: 488:, which saw the Navy operate in conjunction with the Dutch against the 449: 388: 380: 67: 10595: 9915:

The Royal Navy : a history from the earliest times to the present

9104:"HMS Diamond sails for maritime security mission in the Mediterranean" 8418: 5980:, Lt. Commander Ian Strannack, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The 5220:

Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

2143:

The majority of the Royal Navy's strength was deployed at home in the

9677:

Warriors at Suez : Eisenhower takes America into the Middle-East

9634:

Treaty Cruisers: The first international warship building competition

9330:

Blair's Successful War: British Military Intervention in Sierra Leone

8825: 4954: 4922: 4916: 3617: 3449: 3233: 2814: 2639: 2506: 2441: 2428: 2270: 2160: 1987: 1731: 1630: 1501: 1447: 1343:, and then at Spanish Point, opposite Ireland Island on the mouth of 1072: 1036: 1013: 699: 667: 658:, and of small islands off the French coast, while operations in the 607: 532:(1702), further successes in battle, and the scuttling of the entire 521: 513: 396: 9350:

The Admiralty Sessions, 1536-1834: Maritime Crime and the Silver Oar

7980: 7325: 6538:, Brassey's Defence Publishing (part of the Pergamon Group), 1986. 6002: 3587:(COMUKTG), would command any larger specially deployed naval force. 3525:. In 1967 the Home and Mediterranean Fleets were merged to form the 2893: 2125:. The British fighting advantage proved insurmountable, leading the 1331:. Bermuda replaced Newfoundland initially as the winter base of the 8698: 7199:

Bell, Christopher M. (23 August 2000). Bell, Christopher M. (ed.).

6586:

Bell, Christopher M. (18 August 2000). Bell, Christopher M. (ed.).

5161: 5129: 5092: 3978: 3892: 3633: 3625: 3609: 3382: 3378: 3352: 3278: 2582: 1949: 1859: 1784: 1764: 1614: 1603: 1439: 1435: 1427:, arrived in Bermuda in 1814 aboard a fleet composed of the 74-gun 1064: 1049: 1025: 982: 695: 675: 505: 501: 497: 10425:

In the Hour of Victory: The Royal Navy at War in the Age of Nelson

7369: 7269: 6150:. Naval History of Great Britain. pp. 471–490. Archived from 5257:

List of all naval vessels current and former of the United Kingdom

4040:

The Royal Navy was among the British forces that took part in the

3842:

in the wake of the September 11 attacks. With Afghanistan being a

2868:

Had Japan not surrendered, the Royal Navy would have been part of

2535:

15 battleships and battlecruisers – with 5 more under construction

2338:

had already been cancelled by the time the treaty was signed. The

2225:. The need for oil would also lead to the British colonisation of 1378:, Nova Scotia, and 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi) North-East of 963: 853:

from the Royal Navy in the 1790s came about due to the efforts of

622:

by a small British squadron. The war became subsumed in the wider

7689:

Post War RN Frigate and Guided Missile Destroyer Design 1944-1969

7160:"Respectful rebels: The Invergordon Mutiny and Granny's MI5 file" 6515:

Les Cuirasses Redoutable, Devastation, Courbet, Programme de 1872

2858: 2752: 2189: 2032: 1983: 1646: 1320: 1164:. Some of the action consisted of small-scale engagements on the 922:(also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay), which brought Admiral 869: 730: 715: 671: 602:

After a period of relative peace, the Navy became engaged in the

525: 10625: 10620: 10520:

English/British Naval History to 1815: A Guide to the Literature

9116: 3347:

resigned in protest, but to no avail. Britain withdrew from the

2192:. For much of the war this submarine campaign was restricted by 1147:

In 1812, while the Napoleonic wars continued, the United States

1052:

was quelled by promising improvements in conditions, but at the

826:

in 1782. The most important operation came in 1781 when, in the

10069:

To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World

9779:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815

3812:(1991–2002) saw a brief British military intervention in 2000. 3783: 3572: 3265: 3131:

nations such as Australia. Britain, like its allies, supported

3013: 2873: 2214: 2202: 1213:

issued the order not to engage American frigates individually.

850: 711: 707: 619: 553: 537: 406: 8485:"Delivering Security in a Changing World: Future Capabilities" 8117:"The Beira Patrol: Britain's Broken Blockade against Rhodesia" 7932:

Guðmundsson, Guðmundur J. (2006). "The Cod and the Cold War".

7295:"The History of the Fleet Air Arm Officers Association, FAAOA" 6909: 5393: 3241:, which had simply re-positioned back into the dense streets. 2879: 2555:

in the first two years of the war, including the carriers HMS

1629:

being allowed to export to China and instituted a blockade of

886:

Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the Napoleonic Wars

375:

between the two countries. This had the effect of merging the

10621:

Royal Navy in World War 1, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses

10589: 10274:

The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649

9882:

British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866–1880

6898:

The American Petroleum Industry: the Age of Energy 1899–1959

6783:(1st ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 3273:

The Royal Navy was involved in three confrontations with the

2776: 2437: 1618: 1379: 786:

and was attacked led colonial legislatures starting with the

557: 448:

in 1707, the Royal Scottish Navy was merged with the English

9908:

The Victorian Empire and Britain’s Maritime World, 1837–1901

9389:

Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal; Budzbon, Przemyslaw (1985).

3981:

for training purposes until their final withdrawal in 2011.

1958: 1508:

in 1854 and 1855. They were also used to fight pirates; to

1083:

design. The first three ordered from Bermudian builders—HMS

11384:

Commodore RFA and Deputy Director Royal Navy Afloat Support

10539:

British Naval History after 1815: A Guide to the Literature

8722:"Gulf Challenge: Iran's Seizure of British Naval Personnel" 8231:

Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy

5817:

The Hickory Press, Charleston, South Carolina. p. 54.

5713: 3677:

British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War

3629: 1770: 1315:

By this time, the Royal Navy was building a naval base and

1053: 1003:

and the requisitioning of existing crew members from ships

8939:"Flagship aircraft carrier Ark Royal to be sold for scrap" 6663:"British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War" 4011:

without a commissioned aircraft carrier for the first time

3855:, the continued British presence in Afghanistan, with all 3753:. Some of these conflicts are also considered part of the 2489:

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

926:

to the public's attention. The latter engagement cut off

702:. Once again the British fleet effectively eliminated the 452:, but there were already much larger English ships called 10444:

Empire of the Deep: The Rise and Fall of the British Navy

10165:

Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1793-1815

8417:. Women's Royal Naval Service Association. Archived from 6125: 5770: 5749: 5588: 5436: 3466:. Despite losing four naval ships and other civilian and 2849:, the Royal Navy sent a large task force to the Pacific ( 2423:

As international tensions increased in the mid-1930s the

822:

in 1780 while a Franco-Spanish fleet was defeated at the

595:. In 1745, the Royal Navy contributed to collapse of the 512:

and a number of Spanish mainland ports, most importantly

10666: 8635:"Troop shortages force Navy to plug gaps in Afghanistan" 8541: 7415:

Soldiers lost at sea: a chronicle of troopship disasters

5737: 5372: 5303: 3547:, resulting in a single operational Commander-in-Chief, 3444:, one of the Royal Navy's ships during the Falklands War 3204:. The Egyptian government had signed arms treaties with 2092:

History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

2047:

superiority. Changes in British foreign policy, such as

1466:

on 17 August and landed the soldiers within 36 miles of

737: 411: 10616:

The service registers of Royal Naval Seamen 1873 – 1923

9237:

Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland

6038:"British Navy played a central role in the War of 1812" 3672:

of 1998 further reduced the size of the surface fleet.

2129:

to abandon any attempt to challenge British dominance.

8234:. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 62. 8077:"Refworld | Chronology for Europeans in Zimbabwe" 7783:"Command of the Sea: The Naval Side of the Korean War" 5523:

The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789

4912:

is the last fleet action between wooden sailing ships.

3540:

responsible for ashore support in the United Kingdom.

2299: 1672:

the British sent a fleet of battleships under Admiral

1319:. It had begun buying land, mostly at the West End of 9759:. Campaign series. Vol. 106. Osprey Publishing. 9715:

How to Survive in the Georgian Navy: A Sailor's Guide

5961: 5959: 5944: 5932: 5908: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5367:

Memoirs of the kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon

3636:

anti-ship missiles sinking a large proportion of the

2660:

in 1941, and the sinking of the German capital ships

2296:

were established as New Zealand force within the RN.

1552:

to free Christian slaves and to halt the practice of

10548:

The Renaissance of Pre-First World War Naval History

9310:

Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology

9177: 9175: 8818: 7892:

Adam Klug and Gregor W. Smith, 'Suez and Sterling',

6218:"The Progress of the Japanese War", 4 October 1863, 3616:(ASW) aircraft carriers and a force of frigates and 3082:

survived and received a refit (just in time for the

3066:) being completed or rebuilt. Starting in 1965 with 2686: 2532:

7 aircraft carriers – with 5 more under construction

2412: 2117:. The one great confrontation came in 1916 with the 865:

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815)

830:, the British failed to lift the French blockade of 767:

in order to suppress illegal smuggling to evade the

516:. While most of these gains were turned over to the 391:. That race, however, was ultimately a dead end, as 11118:

List of fleets and major commands of the Royal Navy

9977: 9757:

Culloden Moor 1746: The Death of the Jacobite Cause

7611:"What You Need to Know About the Battle of Okinawa" 7446:"The Sinking of the 'Scharnhorst', Wreck discovery" 3984: 3760: 3536:(CINCNAVHOME). The office was originally held by a 801:(1775–83), the Royal Navy dealt with the fledgling 714:, though the latter was given back in exchange for 10493:A Guide to the Sources of British Military History 10134:The rise of the Anglo-German antagonism, 1860–1914 9962:Tempest: The Royal Navy and the Age of Revolutions 9944:In Nelson's Wake: The Navy and the Napoleonic Wars 9553: 9530: 9469:Harbottle, Thomas Benfield; Bruce, George (1979). 8872:"Royal Navy is now 'too small' to protect Britain" 8616:"Royal Navy task force dispatched to Sierra Leone" 8372: 7848:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army 7412: 5956: 5920: 5879: 5693:British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole 5690: 4838: 4095:, while other ships acted from the Mediterranean. 4044:. The operation began on 19 March, two days after 3283:ended diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom 3009:guided missile destroyers completed in the 1960s. 2427:of 1935 failed to halt the development of a naval 1442:, with the aim of drawing US forces away from the 902:, but in 1793 France declared war, leading to the 496:, in support of the efforts of Britain's Austrian 10550:. Journal of Strategic Studies. pp. 454–479. 9537:. Urbana; Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 9414:The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650-1840 9391:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 9202:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 9172: 7670:"HMS Vanguard– The Battleship That Never Arrived" 6848:Britain's Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914–1919 6208:. Vol. 3. Groombridge and sons. p. 186. 6206:Medals of the British Army, and how they were won 6027:, reprinted by Cambridge University Press, p. 371 3421:, though the operation was scaled back after the 2254:The Royal Navy was also heavily committed in the 1382:, Bermuda replaced the continental bases between 484:The Act of Union took effect mid-way through the 11618: 10388:A History of the Royal Navy: The Napoleonic Wars 10088:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy 9509:Luxury Fleet, The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 8819:Crilly, Rob; Evans, Michael (12 November 2008). 8649:"Vital support in Afghanistan | Royal Navy" 8289:, 117:666, 17-20, DOI: 10.1080/03071847209429770 7966: 7925: 7524:The Second World War. Vol. 2, Their Finest Hour. 5984:, P.O. Box MA 133, Mangrove Bay, Bermuda MA BX. 4081:resulted in British military intervention under 3652:Royal Navy ships in the Persian Gulf during 1998 3220:the Suez Canal, threatening Western access to a 2872:in 1946. The planned invasion and occupation of 2314:The signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, 1922 355:reached an important juncture in 1707, when the 11323:Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Capability) 10697:Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff 7746:"H.M.S. Jamaica - Korea - Britain's Small Wars" 7691:. Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA). 7182:"NAVAL DISARMAMENT. (Hansard, 6 December 1922)" 6694:"Holland One submarine given engineering award" 6023:James Stanier Clarke and John McArthur (2010) 5814:The enduring journey of the USS Chesapeake: ... 4089:took on the role of escort in the gulf for the 4046:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 4029: 3289: 756:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War 18:For the earlier history of the Royal Navy, see 9468: 9110: 8900: 6620:"NAVY (EXCESS) 1929. (Hansard, 18 March 1931)" 6375: 5767:Marshall (1828), Supplement, Part 3, pp.384-88 4009:was brought forward to 2011, leaving the navy 3989:The navy faced significant cuts following the 3415:United Nations Security Council Resolution 221 3127:(BCFK), which also included forces from other 2717:and sensors, and by the deciphering of German 2482: 2388:heavy cruisers. This was followed by the 1930 2287: 2175: 2159:and a mining program closed off access to the 2001:to attempt to outpace British construction of 1868: 1586:) sent 150 transports and 13 warships and the 637: 548:. Further conflict with Spain followed in the 11374:Commander United Kingdom Carrier Strike Group 10652: 10028:Strategy and War Planning in the British Navy 9490:The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995 9456:. Edinburgh; London: Wm. Blackwood & Sons 8821:"Royal Navy in firefight with Somali pirates" 8544:"U.S. Officials Retool Slogan for Terror War" 8375:Desert Storm at sea: what the Navy really did 8350:"New Fleet Commander appointed to Royal Navy" 7960: 7516: 7323: 6819:. Praeger Security International. July 2006. 6754:The British Battle-Fleet, Fred T. Jane , p354 6385:(Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. 3612:, the Royal Navy was reconfigured with three 3519:Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet 3224:, Egypt was invaded by Israel on 29 October. 3139:. The most significant naval engagement, the 3090:. She operated along with three much smaller 2538:66 cruisers – with 23 more under construction 2081: 1191:At sea, the War of 1812 was characterised by 332: 10558:J. Johnson Publishing (1808) ASIN B002N220JC 10341: 9910:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) pp. 167–187. 8009: 7585:"Obituary:Lieutenant-Commander David Foster" 7116:"The Washington Naval Conference, 1921–1922" 6086:"British troops set fire to the White House" 5730: 5728: 4945:1860 First iron-hulled armoured battleship, 4066: 3620:. Its purpose was to search for and destroy 3511:Flag Officer, Flotillas, Mediterranean Fleet 1489: 407:A united navy and resurgent France 1707–1815 11333:Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy) 10692:First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff 9064:"End of Libya operations announced by NATO" 8901:Brooke-Holland, Louisa (19 November 2015). 8869: 8542:Eric Schmitt; Thom Shanker (26 July 2005). 8441:"1998 Strategic Defence Review:Full report" 8379:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 8157:"1982: British sub sinks Argentine cruiser" 8003: 7931: 7234: 5520: 5252:List of ships and sailors of the Royal Navy 2880:End of the war, and loss of naval supremacy 2824: 2541:184 destroyers – with 52 under construction 1366:Located 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) off 612:huge expedition against Cartagena de Indias 10717:Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces 10659: 10645: 10342:Redford, Duncan; Grove, Philip D. (2014). 10113:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 9712: 8580:"MPs vote to renew Trident weapons system" 7896:, Vol. 36, No. 3 (July 1999), pp. 181–203. 7827:"Israel invades Egypt: Suez crisis begins" 6763:Geoffrey Bennett, "The Battle of Jutland" 6638:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 5837: 5776: 5743: 5719: 4098: 3991:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010 3362: 2888: 2697:The Navy's most critical struggle was the 1374:, 1,239 kilometres (770 mi) South of 834:, resulting in a British surrender in the 674:; he was executed on his own quarterdeck. 339: 325: 10545: 10366:A History of the Royal Navy: World War II 10290: 9487: 9239:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 9086:"Royal Navy evacuates Britons from Libya" 9032:"UK: Warship's Gun Halts Resupply Convoy" 8905:– via commonslibrary.parliament.uk. 8529:"Arab Spring standby role for HMS Albion" 8470: 8468: 7566:, Veterans Affairs Canada., 14 April 2014 7410: 7264: 7262: 7230: 7228: 6910:Ronald W. Ferrier; J. H. Bamberg (1982). 6780:Weimar Germany : promise and tragedy 6320:"HMS Warrior – Black snake among rabbits" 6250:"How did Britain come to rule the waves?" 5725: 5489:The Oxford history of the American people 3827: 3668:was amalgamated with the RN in 1993. The 3551:(CINCFLEET). He was a member of both the 3397:. After Rhodesia sought to circumvent an 2736: 2547:60 submarines – with 9 under construction 1959:Reforms and increasing tension, 1901–1914 782:in which a revenue cutter ran aground in 11341:Commander Fleet Operational Sea Training 10044: 9980:A History of the Royal Navy: World War I 9964:(Yale University Press, 2023) on 1790s; 9847: 9809: 9631: 9430: 9411: 9371:War and government in Britain, 1598-1650 9235:Barrow, Geoffrey Wallis Steuart (2005). 9014:"HMS Cumberland deploys to Libyan coast" 8307: 7203:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–48. 7145:John Maurer, and Christopher Bell, eds. 6991:"Winston Churchill's World War Disaster" 6869:"British naval convoy system introduced" 6727: 6590:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–48. 5284: 5184:Operation Herrick – Afghanistan Campaign 5168:Operation Allied Force – Kosovo conflict 3876: 3732: 3647: 3487: 3435: 3293: 3264: 3143:, took place on July 2, 1950, when four 3108: 2948: 2892: 2837:because of Japanese incursions into the 2775: 2771: 2500: 2309: 2179: 1968: 1843:and Coles. The rival Admiralty design, 1783:In 1858 France built the first seagoing 1527: 1349: 1302: 1170: 981: 868: 741: 460:, so the Scottish frigates were renamed 11023:History of the Royal Navy (before 1707) 10363: 10309: 10107: 9551: 8936: 8632: 8370: 8227: 7554: 6936: 6581: 6579: 6488: 6486: 6181: 5485: 3689:Delivering Security in a Changing World 2251:the Falkland Islands in December 1914. 2035:) was 63 feet 4 inches long. 1536:The first action of the period was the 1362:(left foreground) with her stern chaser 628:an attempted French invasion of England 20:History of the Royal Navy (before 1707) 11619: 11449:Commando Training Centre Royal Marines 10489: 10441: 10422: 10385: 10268: 10221: 10181: 10159: 10063: 10025: 9923: 9773: 9735: 9693: 9650: 9636:. Pen & Sword Maritime, Barnsley. 9612: 9574: 9525: 9506: 9449: 9367: 9066:. Ministry of Defence. 28 October 2011 9046:"Navy News - Reporting from the Fleet" 8465: 8352:. Ministry of Defence. 5 December 2012 7763:Roblin, Sebastien (7 September 2019). 7762: 7686: 7537:"Hughes War Plans – Mulberry Harbours" 7443: 7259: 7225: 6731:The First World War: Volume I: To Arms 6196: 6119: 5938: 5902: 5755: 5697:. Princeton University Press. p. 5621:"Nelson's dispatch to Sir Hyde Parker" 5594: 5442: 5399: 5378: 5309: 5262:Maritime history of the United Kingdom 3866: 3534:Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command 3431: 3260: 2792:carried out, such as the invasions of 2463:The Navy made a show of force against 2294:New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy 2132: 2031:(Type 7) submarine (assembled by 1668:to accept foreign traders. During the 1657:in 1839 and a base in Canton in 1857. 1333:North America and West Indies Squadron 1179:leading the captured American frigate 816:was captured by a Franco-Spanish fleet 11454:Defence Academy of the United Kingdom 11419:Serving senior Royal Marines officers 11364:Commander United Kingdom Strike Force 11071:Commander United Kingdom Strike Force 10640: 10536: 10517: 10471:Review of History of the Royal Navy, 9999: 9941: 9828: 9795: 9533:The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict 8724:. Washington Institute. 26 March 2007 8562:"Do the SNP support Trident renewal?" 8254: 8173: 8135:"1982: Marines land in South Georgia" 7913:from the original on 16 November 2017 7674:Naval Historical Society of Australia 7504:from the original on 23 December 2017 7411:Baron, Scott; Wise, James E. (2004). 7350:. Naval-history.net. 8 September 1943 6875:from the original on 31 December 2017 6776: 6438:"Palmerston's Follies hit the market" 6145: 6122:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 6062: 5865:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery History. 5840:"Dobbs and the Royal Navy at Niagara" 5688: 3797: 3401:by importing oil through the port of 3269:The collision of HMS Scylla and Odinn 3212:privately wished to depose President 3024:government that came to power in the 2403: 1899: 1680:. Over the next thirty years, only a 1446:. In response to American actions at 738:American Revolutionary War, 1775–1783 412:Wars with France and Spain, 1707–1748 10344:The Royal Navy: A History since 1900 10085: 9887: 9754: 9674: 9593: 9295:. Barnsley, England: Pen and Sword. 9253: 8937:Harding, Thomas (9 September 2012). 8882:from the original on 23 October 2014 8598:"UK frigate arrives at Sierra Leone" 8509:. Maritime Executive. 8 October 2016 7813: 7526:1949 Houghton Mifflin Company:p. 229 7198: 7021:The Royal Australian Navy, 1914–1918 7011: 6973:"The Battle of the Falkland Islands" 6640:(2013) cover the 1890s to 1914; ch 5 6585: 6576: 6555: 6483: 6184:"The History of the War with Russia" 5965: 5950: 5926: 5914: 5890: 4892:suppresses the Atlantic slave trade. 4079:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 3861:casualties of the war in Afghanistan 3249:, and it accelerated the process of 3186: 1839:an unsatisfactory private design by 1540:by a joint Anglo-Dutch fleet under 10467: 10146:(Routledge, 2007) pp. 111–132. 9831:The Jacobites and Russia, 1715-1750 8792:"Sailors reunited – inquiry starts" 8667:"Last British troops leave Helmand" 8446:. National Archives. Archived from 7882:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 7722:. World Naval Ships. Archived from 7652:"HMS Vanguard (23) Fast Battleship" 7444:Fenton, Norman (17 February 2011). 6943:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6558:"Cardwell's Army Reforms 1870—1881" 5860: 5492:. London: Oxford University Press. 3959:In 2007, Iranian armed forces also 3585:Commander United Kingdom Task Group 3559:Boards. This command was held by a 3507:Flag Officer, Flotillas, Home Fleet 3494:Structure of the Royal Navy in 1989 3298:Royal Navy Polaris missile, at the 3228:clear that paratroopers landing in 2300:Disarmament and pay cuts, 1922–1935 2101:fought many small engagements: the 1676:to intimidate Russia from entering 1241:by November 1813 and to the entire 440:on the North Sea patrol, moving to 13: 10707:Commander, Allied Maritime Command 10522:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 9978:Farquharson-Roberts, Mike (2014). 9884:(Stanford University Press, 1997). 9867: 9799:The Egyptian Campaigns (1882–1885) 8978:"MOD estate optimisation strategy" 8853:"UK's Iraq military campaign ends" 8744:"Iran releases British servicemen" 7877: 7305:from the original on 18 April 2012 6683:Gardiner, Gray, and Budzbon, p. 86 6564:from the original on 4 August 2016 6017: 5289:. Vol. I. David and Charles. 5247:History of the Royal Naval Reserve 5200:Operation Telic – Invasion of Iraq 3944:, including Royal Marines, on the 3942:took Royal Navy personnel prisoner 3782:. Following the retirement of the 3662:end of the Soviet submarine threat 3387:unilaterally declared independence 3200:had soured considerably since the 2998:cruisers (completed 1959–61), the 2780:Landing craft convoy crossing the 2345:of 16-inch battlecruisers and the 2240: 1625:, but the British insisted on the 698:, fought in a gale on a dangerous 662:contributed to the destruction of 14: 11638: 11475:Royal Corps of Naval Constructors 11043:National Museum of the Royal Navy 10722:Warrant Officer to the Royal Navy 10583: 10461: 9930:"The Navy and the Colonies" 9694:Ollard, Richard Lawrence (1984). 9556:The Rise and Fall of Great Powers 9471:Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles 9450:Hamley, Sir Edward Bruce (1877). 9353:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 8770:"UK sub saves sailors from death" 8308:Friedman, Norman (1 March 1992). 8281:Commander R. W. Moland RN (1972) 7419:. Naval Institute Press. p. 7241:. New York: Crown Forum. p. 6256:from the original on 7 March 2019 5623:. National Archives. 3 April 1801 3972:incident involving Somali pirates 3887:on patrol in the gulf, March 2003 3590:From 2004 CINCFLEET was based at 3147:torpedo boats engaged a fleet of 3125:British Commonwealth Forces Korea 2788:Naval supremacy was vital to the 2687:Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945 2413:Tensions and arms race, 1937–1939 2235:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1532:The bombardment of Algiers, 1816. 1196:Naval vessels were rated only as 906:battle in the following year off 432:became the last commander of the 11601: 11600: 11539:Chief of the Admiralty War Staff 11354:Commandant General Royal Marines 10712:Commandant General Royal Marines 10601:A Naval History of Great Britain 10265:(Oxford University Press, 2017). 9679:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 9307:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (2013). 9293:The Royal Navy and Falklands War 9106:. Royal Navy. 29 September 2018. 9096: 9078: 9056: 9038: 9024: 9006: 8988: 8970: 8945: 8941:– via www.telegraph.co.uk. 8930: 8894: 8863: 8845: 8812: 8784: 8762: 8736: 8714: 8686: 8677: 8659: 8641: 8637:– via www.telegraph.co.uk. 8633:Harding, Thomas (30 July 2008). 8626: 8608: 8590: 8572: 8554: 8535: 8521: 8499: 8477: 8433: 8407: 8364: 8342: 8333: 8324: 8301: 8292: 8283:One Fleet: A Structural Outline, 8275: 8248: 8221: 8212: 8203: 8194: 8167: 8149: 8127: 8109: 8091: 8069: 8044: 7899: 7894:Explorations in Economic History 7886: 7871: 7853: 7841: 7819: 7807: 7789: 7775: 7756: 7738: 7712: 7695: 7680: 7662: 7644: 7635: 7621: 7603: 7577: 7529: 7490: 7460: 7437: 7404: 7387: 7362: 7340: 7317: 7287: 7192: 7174: 7152: 7139: 7130: 7108: 7086: 7064: 5838:Malcolmson, Robert (June 2000). 5108:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3985:Strategic Review Cuts, 2010–2020 3761:Trident programme, 1994- present 3321:allowed Britain to purchase the 3222:strategically important waterway 2721:signals by the code-breakers of 1799:of 1860, the first of the 1860s 1719:, launched in 1822, and in 1824 1641:from 1856 to 1860. In 1857, the 1472:Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn 912:French colonies in the Caribbean 587:in 1726. Another war with Spain 31: 11565:Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff 11369:Commander Littoral Strike Group 11113:Standing Royal Navy deployments 11103:List of active Royal Navy ships 10727:Corps Regimental Sergeant Major 10596:Royal Navy - Royal Navy History 9937:. John Murray. pp. 213–26. 9374:. Manchester University Press. 9332:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 9130:Royal United Services Institute 8507:"The Decline of the Royal Navy" 8083:. 16 April 2013. Archived from 7934:Scandinavian Journal of History 7042: 7005: 6983: 6965: 6930: 6916:. Cambridge UP. pp. A–13. 6903: 6887: 6861: 6840: 6805: 6770: 6757: 6748: 6721: 6712: 6686: 6677: 6655: 6643: 6630: 6612: 6549: 6528: 6507: 6474: 6461: 6452: 6430: 6408: 6399: 6369: 6343: 6334: 6312: 6303: 6277: 6268: 6242: 6233: 6224: 6212: 6190: 6175: 6166: 6139: 6113: 6100: 6078: 6056: 6030: 5995: 5971: 5854: 5831: 5804: 5782: 5761: 5682: 5657: 5635: 5613: 5600: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5514: 5479: 5470: 5448: 5414: 5405: 4839:Royal Navy timeline and battles 4063:which concluded the civil war. 3995:austerity in the United Kingdom 3603:Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff 3377:, Britain applied sanctions on 3216:. When the Egyptian government 2841:. Despite opposition from the 2751:, the British evacuations from 2493:British World War II destroyers 2139:Blockade of Germany (1914–1919) 1358:(right foreground) engages HMS 560:, defeating a Spanish fleet at 11328:Director People & Training 10682:Secretary of State for Defence 10546:Seligmann, Matthew S. (2013). 10276:. Vol. 1. HarperCollins. 10049:. Cambridge University Press. 9802:. London: Hurst and Blackett. 9511:. London: The Ashfield Press. 9277:. Liverpool University Press. 8174:Smith, Gordon (12 July 2015). 8052:"Fact sheet 4: Current system" 7709:/The Bodley Head, London, 1987 7149:(Naval Institute Press, 2014). 6120:Davies, Robert (1 July 2003). 5486:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). 5384: 5359: 5346: 5333: 5324: 5315: 5278: 4859:War of the Austrian Succession 4042:military intervention in Libya 3940:In 2004, Iranian armed forces 3767:Trident (UK nuclear programme) 3307:Polaris (UK nuclear programme) 3005:in the 1950s, and finally the 2551:The Royal Navy suffered heavy 2111:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1474:, the British force drove the 1296:leaving port would be seized. 1175:An 1830 representation of HMS 1117: 928:Napoleon's expedition to Egypt 624:War of the Austrian Succession 556:and Sardinia from Austria and 1: 11585:Vice Chief of the Naval Staff 11501:Uniforms of the Royal Marines 11444:Britannia Royal Naval College 11003:Admiralty in the 18th century 10998:Admiralty in the 17th century 10993:Admiralty in the 16th century 10687:Minister for the Armed Forces 10205:Journal for Maritime Research 10045:Hamilton, Charles I. (2011). 9888:Bell, Christopher M. (2012). 9875:Journal for Maritime Research 9368:Fissel, Mark Charles (1991). 9258:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 9123:"The Royal Navy at the Brink" 9048:. 6 June 2014. Archived from 8870:John Ingham (18 March 2013). 8694:"Hero's welcome for sub crew" 8487:. UK Parliament. 21 July 2004 8010:James, D. R. (January 1999). 7348:"Royal Navy in 1939 and 1945" 4853:War of the Quadruple Alliance 4847:War of the Spanish Succession 3643: 3119:The Royal Navy served in the 2857:, striking oil refineries in 2497:Naval history of World War II 2064:Naval Intelligence Department 1793:, and Britain responded with 1691: 1523: 1412:After British victory in the 1311:(HMD Bermuda), Ireland Island 1309:Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda 1200:, and many of those rated as 962:the French fleet withdrew to 910:, followed by the capture of 550:War of the Quadruple Alliance 11404:Commodore Submarine Flotilla 11033:History of the Royal Marines 11013:Historic forces and commands 10514:(Bloomsbury Academic, 1998). 10249:Journal of Strategic Studies 10244:(U of Nebraska Press, 2011). 9804:1882 alexandria bombardment. 9781:. Allen Lane. p. 1000. 9473:(second ed.). Granada. 9220:. US Naval Institute Press. 7374:National Library of Scotland 7324:Robert George, Howe (1939). 7274:National Library of Scotland 7094:"The Royal New Zealand Navy" 6767:(June 1960) 10#6 pp 395-405. 6005:. Mariner's Mirror. May 2009 5810: 5521:Middlekauff, Robert (1982). 5242:History of the Royal Marines 5233:Articles of War (Royal Navy) 4871:American War of Independence 4125:Mine countermeasure vessels 4030:First Libyan civil war, 2011 3907:positions in support of the 3743:Middle East and North Africa 3608:In the latter stages of the 3290:Polaris programme, 1962–1996 3255:British Empire was broken up 2123:German Revolution of 1918–19 2088:Naval warfare of World War I 2051:with the United States, the 1965:Anglo-German naval arms race 1613:, 1839 the Chinese official 1260:ended the war blockaded and 792:committees of correspondence 680:"pour encourager les autres" 202:History of the Royal Marines 7: 11590:Judge Advocate of the Fleet 11534:First Lord of the Admiralty 11480:University Royal Naval Unit 11399:Rear-Admiral, Fleet Air Arm 11389:Commander Maritime Reserves 11219:Mine countermeasure vessels 11164:Pre-dreadnought battleships 10668:His Majesty's Naval Service 10419:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 10226:. Oxford University Press. 10151:Journal of Military History 10090:. Oxford University Press. 9892:. Oxford University Press. 9810:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 9181:created from data found at 7541:Kaller Historical Documents 7235:Crocker III, H. W. (2006). 6734:. Oxford University Press. 5422:"Battle of Cartagena, 1758" 5226: 5033:Battle of the Mediterranean 4873:(against France 1778-1783.) 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4315: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4265: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4215: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 3911:landings by Royal Marines. 3838:An international coalition 3202:Egyptian revolution of 1952 3076:. By the early 1980s, only 2845:Commander-in-Chief Admiral 2483:Second World War, 1939–1945 2306:Washington Naval Conference 2288:Inter-war period, 1918–1939 2221:, using their oil wells in 2176:Defending merchant shipping 1869:Palmerston Forts, 1860–1869 1807:, but was soon superseded. 1538:1816 bombardment of Algiers 788:Virginia House of Burgesses 638:Seven Years' War, 1756–1763 616:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 10: 11643: 11496:Uniforms of the Royal Navy 11409:Commodore Surface Flotilla 10810:Royal Marines Band Service 10767:Royal Navy Medical Service 9935:The Empire and the century 9713:Pappalardo, Bruno (2019). 9579:. University of Michigan. 9507:Herwig, Holger H. (1980). 9328:Dorman, Andrew M. (2009). 9209: 6846:Osbourne, Eric W. (2004). 6355:battleships-cruisers.co.uk 6172:Harbottle and Bruce, p. 10 5842:. The War of 1812 Magazine 5792:. National Maritime Museum 5097:1959 The last battleship, 4770: 4769: 4720: 4719: 4670: 4669: 4620: 4619: 4570: 4569: 4520: 4519: 4470: 4469: 4420: 4419: 4370: 4369: 4320: 4319: 4270: 4269: 4220: 4219: 4170: 4169: 4134: 4108: 4070: 4033: 3891:The Navy took part in the 3870: 3831: 3801: 3764: 3716:frigates, new LPDs of the 3491: 3423:independence of Madagascar 3366: 3304: 3232:would be unable to occupy 3198:British-Egyptian relations 3193:Operation Musketeer (1956) 3190: 3135:against invasion from the 3112: 2740: 2690: 2681:Royal Naval Patrol Service 2634:. Of the 1,418 men on the 2486: 2460:to Naval control in 1937. 2425:Second London Naval Treaty 2416: 2303: 2265:to the land forces of the 2136: 2103:Battle of Heligoland Bight 2085: 2082:First World War, 1914–1918 1962: 1872: 1493: 1403:attack on Washington, D.C. 1071:. He also authorised many 879: 799:American Revolutionary War 753: 534:French Mediterranean fleet 422:Anglo-Scottish hostilities 220:Flag officer command flags 135:Royal Marines Band Service 97:Royal Navy Medical Service 17: 11627:History of the Royal Navy 11598: 11524: 11488: 11439:Admiralty Interview Board 11427: 11308: 11277: 11126: 11095: 11056: 10981: 10961: 10828: 10795: 10742: 10735: 10674: 10537:Rasor, Eugene L. (1990). 10518:Rasor, Eugene L. (2004). 10406:English Historical Review 10315:History of the Royal Navy 10291:Parkinson, Roger (2008). 10256:English Historical Review 10167:. Naval Institute Press. 10026:Grimes, Shawn T. (2012). 9946:. Yale University Press. 9740:. Arms and Armour Press. 9416:. Conway Maritime Press. 9412:Gardiner, Robert (2004). 9397:: Naval Institute Press. 9347:Durston, Gregory (2017). 9216:Ballantyne, Iain (2004). 8903:"The 2015 SDSR: a primer" 7946:10.1080/03468750600604184 7563:The Battle of the Scheldt 7118:. Office of the historian 5689:Baugh, Daniel A. (1965). 5458:. Office of the Historian 4878:French Revolutionary Wars 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4067:War on ISIL, 2014–present 3141:Battle of Chumonchin Chan 2261:The Navy contributed the 2231:League of Nations mandate 2219:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2168:end the war and sign the 1952:in 1879, amongst others. 1928:capacity of her industry. 1881:fear of a French invasion 1682:bombardment of Alexandria 1561:Greek War of Independence 1490:Pax Britannica, 1815–1914 1399:Corps of Colonial Marines 916:Battle of Cape St Vincent 892:French Revolutionary Wars 857:, chairman of the Navy's 748:Battle of Cape St Vincent 486:War of Spanish Succession 371:, following a century of 353:history of the Royal Navy 11549:Commander-in-Chief Fleet 11149:Amphibious warfare ships 11038:National Maritime Museum 11018:Future of the Royal Navy 10772:Nursing Service (QARNNS) 10368:. London, I. B. Tauris. 10364:Redford, Duncan (2014). 10346:. London, I. B. Tauris. 10258:135.575 (2020): 892–930. 10240:Matzke, Rebecca Berens. 10004:. British Museum Press. 9812:Naval Warfare, 1815-1914 9488:Heathcote, Tony (2002). 8371:Pokrant, Marvin (1999). 8025:(1): 3–8. Archived from 7641:Kennedy, 1989, pp. 570-1 6469:Naval War College Review 5734:Lavery 2012, pp. 126-128 5424:. Royal Collection Trust 5402:, pp. 263–279, 284. 5272: 5190:Combined Maritime Forces 5045:South-East Asian Theatre 3670:Strategic Defence Review 3549:Commander-in-Chief Fleet 3523:Flag Officer, Submarines 3030:1966 Defence White Paper 2825:Operations against Japan 2477:Second Sino-Japanese War 1885:naval base in Portsmouth 1662:bombardment of Kagoshima 828:Battle of the Chesapeake 797:At the beginning of the 369:Kingdom of Great Britain 102:Nursing Service (QARNNS) 11414:Serving senior officers 11048:Naval Historical Branch 10408:133.560 (2018): 98–122 10386:Robson, Martin (2014). 10222:Marder, Arthur (1961). 10216:online scholarly review 10214:(Boydell Press, 2022); 9890:Churchill and Sea Power 9829:Wills, Rebecca (2002). 9814:. New York: Routledge. 9796:Royle, Charles (1900). 9736:Pemsel, Helmut (1977). 9575:Leckie, Robert (1998). 9492:. Pen & Sword Ltd. 9431:Grantham, John (2012). 9184:"UK defence statistics" 8566:Scottish National Party 7656:www.militaryfactory.com 7209:10.1057/9780230599239_1 7162:. BBC. 20 December 2016 6777:Weitz, Eric D. (2009). 6596:10.1057/9780230599239_1 6517:, pub Marines edition, 6379:; Warlow, Ben (2006) . 6182:Tyrrell, Henry (1858). 5982:Bermuda Maritime Museum 5861:Utt, Ronald D. (2012). 5287:Ships of the Royal Navy 5285:Colledge, J.J. (1969). 4970:-powered "all big-gun" 4128:Patrol ships and craft 4099:Trends in ship strength 3792:Scottish National Party 3755:global war on terrorism 3687:. This led to the 2003 3363:Beira Patrol, 1966–1975 3319:Polaris Sales Agreement 2889:Cold War era, 1945–1991 2320:Washington Naval Treaty 2278:Royal Naval Air Service 2237:at the end of the war. 2097:the Royal Navy and the 2053:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 2049:the Great Rapprochement 1917:William Ewart Gladstone 1643:British captured Canton 1266:New London, Connecticut 436:, taking charge of HMS 359:merged the kingdoms of 11379:Commodore, Naval Staff 11350:Director General Ships 11337:Director Naval Support 11204:Gunboat and gunvessels 11008:Customs and traditions 10483:10.14296/RiH/2014/1706 10261:Morgan-Owen, David G. 10153:69.2 (2005): 361–410. 9880:Beeler, John Francis. 9848:Winfield, Rif (2009). 9738:Atlas of Naval Warfare 9632:Marriott, Leo (2005). 9613:Marley, David (1998). 9598:. Chatham Publishing. 9552:Kennedy, Paul (1989). 9273:Brooks, David (2000). 9160:Cite journal requires 8918:Cite journal requires 8797:Yorkshire Evening Post 8310:"World Navies in 1992" 8228:Roberts, John (2009). 7750:britains-smallwars.com 7687:Purvis, M. K. (1974). 7328:. University of London 7012:Jose, Arthur (1941) . 6937:Steiner, Zara (2005). 6728:Strachan, Hew (2003). 6471:2006 59(3), p. 89–102. 6274:Day and McNeil, p. 694 6069:United Service Journal 6063:Gleig, George (1840). 5811:Dickon, Chris (2008). 5063:Corfu Channel Incident 5015:Battle of the Atlantic 4832:Bay-class landing ship 3888: 3828:Afghanistan, 2001–2014 3810:Sierra Leone Civil War 3738: 3653: 3614:anti-submarine warfare 3571:, on the outskirts of 3565:Northwood Headquarters 3445: 3337:UK's nuclear deterrent 3302: 3270: 2967: 2905: 2833:had been withdrawn to 2785: 2737:Operation Dynamo, 1940 2715:anti-submarine weapons 2699:Battle of the Atlantic 2693:Battle of the Atlantic 2581:and the battlecruiser 2525: 2315: 2185: 1997:Britain, enabling the 1979: 1930: 1906:Naval Defence Act 1889 1763:, demonstrated by the 1741:and the paddlewheeled 1533: 1484:US President's Mansion 1363: 1312: 1188: 1153:tried to invade Canada 991: 955:French invasion forces 904:Glorious First of June 877: 874:Admiral Horatio Nelson 808:First Battle of Ushant 751: 692:Battle of Quiberon Bay 416:From 1603 until their 215:Customs and traditions 11560:Deputy First Sea Lord 11544:Admirals of the Fleet 11511:Ratings rank insignia 11506:Officer rank insignia 11346:Chaplain of the Fleet 11108:Royal Fleet Auxiliary 10815:Royal Marines Reserve 10787:Naval Careers Service 10490:Higham, John (2015). 10251:38.7 (2015): 944–965. 10207:13.2 (2011): 151–163. 10189:. Conway Publishing. 9942:Davey, James (2016). 9755:Reid, Stuart (2002). 9675:Neff, Donald (1981). 9291:Brown, David (1987). 9186:. MOD. Archived from 8958:. Ministry of Defence 8255:Grant, E. J. (2013). 8180:www.naval-history.net 7909:. National Archives. 7865:www.naval-history.net 7769:The National Interest 7707:Naval Institute Press 7096:. New Zealand History 6556:Bloy, Marjie (2002). 5237:Armed Forces Act 2006 5057:British Pacific Fleet 4828:Royal Fleet Auxiliary 4077:The 2014 rise of the 3925:launched a number of 3880: 3736: 3651: 3505:were grouped under a 3488:Operations after 1982 3460:submarine called the 3439: 3407:Portuguese Mozambique 3297: 3275:Icelandic Coast Guard 3268: 3109:Korean War, 1950–1953 3026:1964 general election 2952: 2896: 2851:British Pacific Fleet 2831:British Eastern Fleet 2819:battle of the Scheldt 2790:amphibious operations 2779: 2772:Amphibious operations 2504: 2379:County-class cruisers 2336:-class battlecruisers 2313: 2211:coal mines in Britain 2183: 2115:Battle of Dogger Bank 2071:Royal Australian Navy 2025:Electric Boat Company 1972: 1921: 1703:Industrial Revolution 1588:Imperial Russian Navy 1531: 1510:hunt down slave ships 1353: 1339:at Mount Wyndham, in 1306: 1174: 1151:on Great Britain and 985: 894:of 1793–1802 and the 872: 824:Battle of the Saintes 745: 664:French power in India 654:in the Caribbean and 520:, Britain held on to 307:Royal Fleet Auxiliary 288:ratings rank insignia 170:Naval Careers Service 130:Royal Marines Reserve 11553:Commander-in-Chief, 11359:Commander Operations 11269:Historic ships names 11076:Commander Operations 10969:Special Boat Service 10820:Royal Marines Police 10541:. New York: Garland. 10442:Wilson, Ben (2013). 10423:Willis, Sam (2013). 10210:MacDougall, Philip. 10071:. Harper Perennial. 9660:. Ballantine Books. 9596:The First Destroyers 9594:Lyon, David (1996). 9090:www.royalnavy.mod.uk 8772:. BBC. 7 August 2005 8653:www.royalnavy.mod.uk 8531:. BBC. 15 July 2011. 8312:. US Naval Institute 8137:. BBC. 25 April 1982 7615:Imperial War Museums 7498:"Operation Pedestal" 7050:"The Zeebrugge Raid" 6979:This Day in History. 6894:Harold F. Williamson 6636:Margaret Macmillan, 6534:Ranft, Bryan (ed.), 6496:, pub Conway, 1986, 6340:Gardner 2004, p. 154 6148:"Battle of Navarino" 5790:"Horatio Hornblower" 5665:"Battle of the Nile" 5330:Reid 2002, pp. 88–90 5136:Operation Journeyman 5103:, is decommissioned. 4890:West Africa Squadron 3747:September 11 attacks 3515:5th Cruiser Squadron 3173:Supermarine Seafires 3145:Korean People's Navy 3048:carriers, and four ( 2984:light carriers, and 2603:, the battlecruiser 2284:, launched in 1918. 2263:Royal Naval Division 2256:Dardanelles Campaign 2184:U-boat warfare, 1917 2170:Treaty of Versailles 2027:. The first British 1999:Imperial German Navy 1829:Blackwood's Magazine 1820:Captain Cowper Coles 1584:Second French Empire 1307:1848 Woodcut of the 1185:Halifax, Nova Scotia 940:Battle of Copenhagen 161:Special Boat Service 51:British Armed Forces 11264:Royal Marines Boats 10830:Royal Naval Reserve 10510:Lambert, Andrew D. 10415:Taylor, Miles, ed. 10086:Hill, J.R. (1995). 10000:Friel, Ian (2003). 9970:Davison, Robert L. 9919:1996 reprint online 9577:The Wars of America 9560:. London: Fontana. 9254:Benn, Carl (2002). 9218:Strike From the Sea 8833:on 23 November 2008 8568:. 24 November 2015. 8421:on 22 February 2014 7801:www.fleetairarm.com 7703:Vanguard to Trident 7522:Churchill, Winston. 7370:"1939 – Navy lists" 6322:. War Times Journal 6202:"Capture of Canton" 5758:, pp. 441–447. 5597:, pp. 353–357. 5445:, pp. 277–283. 5381:, pp. 234–256. 5354:Austrian Succession 5312:, pp. 164–180. 5112:1963 First British 4953:1902 First British 4122:Surface combatants 4092:USS George H W Bush 4016:HMS Queen Elizabeth 3950:Kamchatka peninsula 3867:Iraq war, 2003–2011 3840:invaded Afghanistan 3658:end of the Cold War 3513:. The Flag Officer 3432:Falklands War, 1982 3393:including adopting 3300:Imperial War Museum 3261:Cod Wars, 1958–1976 3230:Operation Telescope 2419:British re-armament 2390:London Naval Treaty 2198:rules of engagement 2133:Blockade of Germany 2075:Royal Canadian Navy 1913:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1893:Franco-Prussian war 1573:bombardment of Acre 1514:siege of Sevastopol 1460:punitive expedition 1317:dockyard in Bermuda 1193:single-ship actions 968:Battle of Trafalgar 859:Sick and Hurt Board 849:The eradication of 840:relief of Gibraltar 765:American Revolution 685:Battle of Cartagena 604:War of Jenkins' Ear 481:retained its name. 243:Current deployments 92:Royal Naval Reserve 11555:Naval Home Command 11174:Corvette and sloop 11087:3 Commando Brigade 11083:Submarine Flotilla 10805:3 Commando Brigade 10777:Chaplaincy Service 10590:Royal Navy History 10554:Guthrie, William. 10473:Reviews in History 10468:Harding, Richard. 10427:. Atlantic Books. 10187:Empire of the Seas 10022:(Routledge, 2014). 10018:Fuller, Howard J. 9974:(Routledge, 2016). 9966:online book review 9913:Clowes, W. Laird. 9877:(2014) pp 103–116. 9696:Pepys: A biography 8683:Ballantyne, p. 204 8673:. 27 October 2014. 8622:. 31 October 2000. 8453:on 26 October 2012 7631:. 7 November 2013. 7500:. Melbourne Star. 6416:"Royal Commission" 6291:on 10 January 2008 6220:The New York Times 6146:James, W. (1837). 6044:. 10 November 2012 5574:"Treaty of Amiens" 5476:Clodfelter, p. 84. 5390:Clodfelter, p. 78. 5321:Simms pp. 210–211. 5235:superseded by the 5174:Operation Palliser 5027:Dunkirk evacuation 5021:Norwegian Campaign 5009:Invergordon Mutiny 4910:Battle of Navarino 3889: 3822:sub-Saharan Africa 3804:Operation Palliser 3798:Sierra Leone, 2000 3739: 3654: 3446: 3341:Christopher Mayhew 3303: 3271: 3214:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2968: 2918:-class battleships 2906: 2904:off Korea in 1952. 2870:Operation Downfall 2855:Operation Meridian 2786: 2761:Admiral Cunningham 2591:, and the carrier 2569:, the battleships 2526: 2471:, and operated in 2450:Royal Flying Corps 2404:One-power standard 2397:Invergordon Mutiny 2375:-class battleships 2316: 2248:East Asia Squadron 2186: 2147:, in an effort to 2099:Kaiserliche Marine 2014:battle of Tsushima 1980: 1900:Two-power standard 1879:During the 1860s, 1565:Battle of Navarino 1534: 1456:Sir George Prevost 1364: 1313: 1189: 1162:United States Navy 1126:Chesapeake–Leopard 1108:Horatio Hornblower 1077:Western Hemisphere 1069:Continental System 992: 920:Battle of the Nile 878: 836:Battle of Yorktown 820:Cape Saint Vincent 752: 670:failed to relieve 581:Great Northern War 401:United States Navy 298:Auxiliary services 210:Coloured squadrons 179:History and future 11614: 11613: 11244:Ships of the line 11144:Seaplane carriers 11134:Aircraft carriers 10977: 10976: 10762:Submarine Service 10626:Naval-History.Net 10331:Rasor, Eugene L. 10324:978-0-86124-121-7 10295:. Boydell Press. 10132:Kennedy, Paul M. 10011:978-0-7141-2718-7 9728:978-1-47-283086-9 9719:Osprey Publishing 9686:978-0-671-41010-0 9527:Hickey, Donald R. 9339:978-0-7546-7299-9 9320:978-0-203-02829-2 9265:978-1-84176-466-5 9121:(13 March 2007). 9117:Vice-Admiral Sir 9034:. 17 August 2011. 8261:. Chaplin Books. 8087:on 16 April 2013. 7878:Marche, Stephen. 7472:Grimsby Telegraph 7299:fleetairarmoa.org 7252:978-1-4000-5363-6 7238:Don't Tread on Me 7218:978-1-349-42246-3 7186:api.parliament.uk 6950:978-0-19-151881-2 6790:978-0-691-14096-4 6700:. BBC. 4 May 2011 6624:api.parliament.uk 6605:978-1-349-42246-3 6458:Sondhaus, p. 161. 6418:. Victorian Forts 6392:978-1-86176-281-8 6351:"HMS Devastation" 6285:"Charles Parsons" 6252:. History Extra. 6230:Heathcote, p. 120 6106:Roger Parkinson, 5953:, pp. 56–57. 5917:, pp. 55–56. 5824:978-1-59629-298-7 5722:, pp. 27–29. 5606:Bown, Stephen R. 5576:. Napoleon Series 5456:"Treaty of Paris" 5114:nuclear submarine 5051:Normandy landings 5003:Russian Civil War 4925:-driven warship, 4905:for auxiliary use 4820: 4819: 3834:Operation Herrick 3773:Nuclear deterrent 3702:-class destroyers 3561:four star admiral 3538:four star admiral 3411:territorial limit 3257:within a decade. 3187:Suez Crisis, 1956 3181:Hawker Sea Furies 3151:ships, including 3003:-class destroyers 2933:shore bombardment 2863:Battle of Okinawa 2810:Mulberry harbours 2808:. The use of the 2597:, the battleship 2434:aircraft carriers 2350:-class battleship 2119:Battle of Jutland 2107:Battle of Coronel 2005:. In the ensuing 1978:, 1906 photograph 1941:Pall Mall Gazette 1670:Russo-Turkish War 1376:Cape Sable Island 1046:Floating Republic 951:Napoleon's France 900:French Revolution 844:Thirteen Colonies 810:. Spain and the 750:, 16 January 1780 727:ships-of-the-line 694:off the coast of 589:broke out in 1727 393:aircraft carriers 349: 348: 112:Royal Navy Police 87:Submarine Service 11634: 11604: 11603: 11080:Surface Flotilla 10740: 10739: 10661: 10654: 10647: 10638: 10637: 10569:. Vol. VI (1819) 10551: 10542: 10533: 10507: 10486: 10457: 10438: 10401: 10390:. I. B. Tauris. 10379: 10357: 10328: 10306: 10287: 10270:Rodger, Nicholas 10237: 10200: 10178: 10144:Imperial Defence 10126: 10101: 10082: 10060: 10041: 10015: 9993: 9957: 9938: 9932: 9903: 9863: 9844: 9825: 9806: 9792: 9775:Rodger, Nicholas 9770: 9751: 9732: 9709: 9690: 9671: 9647: 9628: 9609: 9590: 9571: 9559: 9548: 9536: 9522: 9503: 9484: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9446: 9427: 9408: 9385: 9364: 9343: 9324: 9288: 9269: 9250: 9231: 9204: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9179: 9170: 9169: 9163: 9158: 9156: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9138: 9132:. 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Archived from 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8690: 8684: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8452: 8445: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8378: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8305: 8299: 8296: 8290: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8201: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8056: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8032:on 26 April 2012 8031: 8019:The Naval Review 8016: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7903: 7897: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7726:on 8 August 2014 7716: 7710: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7589:Sunday Telegraph 7581: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7533: 7527: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7474:. 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Massie 6647: 6641: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6583: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6553: 6547: 6532: 6526: 6525:pages 72 and 77. 6511: 6505: 6490: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6287:. Archived from 6281: 6275: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6034: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5999: 5993: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5877: 5876: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5643:"Death / burial" 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5617: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5282: 5216:Operation Shader 5210:Libyan Civil War 5206:Operation Ellamy 5140:Falkland Islands 5073:incident on the 4990:aircraft carrier 4988:1918 First true 4941:Second Opium War 4865:Seven Years' War 4107: 4106: 4083:Operation Shader 4073:Operation Shader 4061:death of Gaddafi 4036:Operation Ellamy 3909:Al Faw Peninsula 3899:under Commander 3848:Helmand Province 3481:General Belgrano 3389:without meeting 3177:Fairey Fireflies 2966:aircraft carrier 2794:Northwest Africa 2749:Operation Dynamo 2743:Operation Dynamo 2731:Convoys to Malta 2709:, of long-range 2589:European Theatre 2469:war in Abyssinia 2325:Great Depression 2151:and to draw the 2149:blockade Germany 2057:Entente Cordiale 1875:Palmerston Forts 1822:had developed a 1639:Second Opium War 1633:, beginning the 1611:Daoguang Emperor 1596:"iron clad" ship 1468:Washington, D.C. 1444:Canada–US border 1056:resulted in the 1042:serious mutinies 803:Continental Navy 644:Seven Years' War 510:Balearic Islands 490:navies of France 478:Dumbarton Castle 434:Royal Scots Navy 377:Royal Scots Navy 341: 334: 327: 54: 53: 36: 35: 27: 26: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11610: 11594: 11575:Fourth Sea Lord 11526: 11520: 11484: 11431: 11429: 11423: 11394:Naval Secretary 11310: 11304: 11290:Admiralty Board 11285:Defence Council 11273: 11139:Escort carriers 11122: 11091: 11066:Fleet Commander 11058: 11052: 10985: 10983: 10973: 10957: 10824: 10791: 10731: 10702:Fleet Commander 10670: 10665: 10586: 10530: 10504: 10464: 10454: 10435: 10398: 10376: 10354: 10325: 10311:Preston, Antony 10303: 10284: 10234: 10197: 10175: 10123: 10098: 10079: 10057: 10038: 10012: 9990: 9954: 9900: 9870: 9868:Further reading 9860: 9841: 9822: 9789: 9767: 9748: 9729: 9706: 9687: 9668: 9644: 9625: 9606: 9587: 9568: 9545: 9519: 9500: 9481: 9459: 9457: 9443: 9424: 9405: 9382: 9361: 9346: 9340: 9327: 9321: 9306: 9285: 9272: 9266: 9256:The War of 1812 9247: 9234: 9228: 9215: 9212: 9207: 9193: 9191: 9182: 9180: 9173: 9161: 9159: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9140: 9139:on 10 July 2007 9136: 9125: 9119:Jeremy Blackham 9115: 9111: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9052:on 6 June 2014. 9044: 9043: 9039: 9030: 9029: 9025: 9012: 9011: 9007: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8935: 8931: 8919: 8917: 8908: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8868: 8864: 8851: 8850: 8846: 8836: 8834: 8817: 8813: 8803: 8801: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8775: 8773: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8705: 8703: 8692: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8678: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8631: 8627: 8620:The Independent 8614: 8613: 8609: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8586:. 19 July 2016. 8578: 8577: 8573: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8540: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8306: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8172: 8168: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8014: 8008: 8004: 7981:10.2307/2009841 7965: 7961: 7930: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7891: 7887: 7876: 7872: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7832: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7761: 7757: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7701:Eric J. Grove, 7700: 7696: 7685: 7681: 7676:. 22 June 2016. 7668: 7667: 7663: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7569: 7567: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7451: 7449: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7409: 7405: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7322: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7268: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7197: 7193: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7140: 7136:Marriott, p. 35 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6951: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6718:Herwig p. 48–50 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6635: 6631: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6584: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6554: 6550: 6533: 6529: 6512: 6508: 6491: 6484: 6480:Brooks, p. 239. 6479: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6377:Colledge, J. J. 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6309:Grantham, p. 73 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6195: 6191: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6154:on 6 April 2013 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5880: 5873: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5777:Pappalardo 2019 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5744:Pappalardo 2019 5742: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5720:Pappalardo 2019 5718: 5714: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5519: 5515: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365:Coxe, William. 5364: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5229: 5224: 4984:First World War 4884:Napoleonic Wars 4841: 4101: 4075: 4069: 4038: 4032: 3987: 3930:cruise missiles 3897:Operation Telic 3875: 3873:Operation Telic 3869: 3853:Operation Toral 3836: 3830: 3806: 3800: 3769: 3763: 3694:blue water navy 3646: 3599:Fleet Commander 3496: 3490: 3456:, crippling an 3434: 3395:racial equality 3371: 3365: 3323:Polaris missile 3309: 3292: 3263: 3195: 3189: 3123:as part of the 3117: 3111: 2891: 2882: 2827: 2782:English Channel 2774: 2766:Battle of Crete 2745: 2739: 2711:patrol aircraft 2707:escort carriers 2695: 2689: 2650:the River Plate 2600:Prince of Wales 2499: 2485: 2454:Royal Air Force 2421: 2415: 2406: 2308: 2302: 2290: 2243: 2241:Other campaigns 2178: 2157:Northern Patrol 2141: 2135: 2127:High Seas Fleet 2094: 2084: 1967: 1961: 1902: 1889:Fort Brockhurst 1877: 1871: 1801:Naval Arms Race 1761:Charles Parsons 1694: 1674:Geoffrey Hornby 1645:and threatened 1635:First Opium War 1592:Black Sea Fleet 1544:, to force the 1526: 1518:Boxer Rebellion 1498: 1492: 1452:Burning of York 1394:, Nova Scotia. 1337:Admiralty House 1219:Southern states 1187:, in June 1813. 1120: 1112:C. S. Forrester 947:Peace of Amiens 896:Napoleonic Wars 888: 880:Main articles: 867: 832:Lord Cornwallis 773:Navigation Acts 761:British America 758: 740: 722:ended the war. 720:Treaty of Paris 652:French colonies 642:The subsequent 640: 597:Jacobite rising 414: 409: 385:Napoleonic Wars 345: 316: 312:Marine Services 293: 290: 273:Senior officers 247: 224: 198: 165: 149: 116: 48: 47: 46: 43: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 11640: 11630: 11629: 11612: 11611: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11580:Fifth Sea Lord 11577: 11572: 11570:Third Sea Lord 11567: 11562: 11557: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11464: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11314: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11278:Administration 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11259:Survey vessels 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11234:Patrol vessels 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11209:Hospital ships 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11154:Battlecruisers 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11081: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11062: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10989: 10987: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10965: 10963: 10962:Special Forces 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10947: 10939: 10931: 10923: 10915: 10907: 10899: 10891: 10883: 10875: 10867: 10859: 10851: 10843: 10834: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10801: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10748: 10746: 10737: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10585: 10584:External links 10582: 10581: 10580: 10579:Vol III (1820) 10573:Bisset, Robert 10570: 10559: 10552: 10543: 10534: 10529:978-0313305474 10528: 10515: 10508: 10502: 10487: 10463: 10462:Historiography 10460: 10459: 10458: 10453:978-0297864080 10452: 10439: 10434:978-0857895707 10433: 10420: 10413: 10402: 10397:978-1780765440 10396: 10383: 10375:978-1780765464 10374: 10361: 10353:978-1780767826 10352: 10339: 10329: 10323: 10307: 10302:978-1843833727 10301: 10288: 10283:978-0140297249 10282: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10233:978-0192151223 10232: 10219: 10208: 10201: 10196:978-1844861323 10195: 10179: 10174:978-1591146124 10173: 10157: 10147: 10140: 10130: 10122:978-0141011554 10121: 10115:. Scribner's. 10105: 10097:978-0198605270 10096: 10083: 10078:978-0060534257 10077: 10061: 10055: 10042: 10037:978-1843836988 10036: 10023: 10016: 10010: 9997: 9989:978-1780768380 9988: 9975: 9968: 9960:Davey, James. 9958: 9953:978-0300200652 9952: 9939: 9921: 9911: 9904: 9899:978-0199693573 9898: 9885: 9878: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9859:978-1848320406 9858: 9845: 9839: 9826: 9821:978-0415214780 9820: 9807: 9793: 9788:978-0141026909 9787: 9771: 9765: 9752: 9747:978-0853683513 9746: 9733: 9727: 9710: 9705:978-0689706790 9704: 9691: 9685: 9672: 9666: 9652:Massie, Robert 9648: 9642: 9629: 9623: 9610: 9604: 9591: 9585: 9572: 9567:978-0049090194 9566: 9549: 9543: 9523: 9517: 9504: 9498: 9485: 9479: 9466: 9447: 9442:978-1130800548 9441: 9435:. Rare Books. 9428: 9423:978-0851779546 9422: 9409: 9403: 9386: 9380: 9365: 9359: 9344: 9338: 9325: 9319: 9304: 9289: 9284:978-0853239352 9283: 9270: 9264: 9251: 9245: 9232: 9227:978-1591148449 9226: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9190:on 9 June 2007 9171: 9162:|journal= 9109: 9095: 9077: 9055: 9037: 9023: 9005: 8996:"Libya update" 8987: 8969: 8944: 8929: 8920:|journal= 8893: 8862: 8859:. 22 May 2011. 8844: 8811: 8800:. 6 April 2007 8783: 8761: 8750:. 24 June 2004 8735: 8713: 8702:. 17 July 2003 8685: 8676: 8658: 8640: 8625: 8607: 8602:news.bbc.co.uk 8589: 8571: 8553: 8548:New York Times 8534: 8520: 8498: 8476: 8474:Dorman, p. 48. 8464: 8432: 8406: 8389: 8363: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8300: 8291: 8274: 8268:978-1909183315 8267: 8247: 8240: 8220: 8211: 8202: 8193: 8182:. Gordon Smith 8166: 8148: 8126: 8108: 8099:"Beira Patrol" 8090: 8068: 8043: 8002: 7969:World Politics 7959: 7924: 7898: 7885: 7870: 7852: 7840: 7818: 7806: 7788: 7774: 7755: 7737: 7711: 7694: 7679: 7661: 7643: 7634: 7620: 7602: 7591:. 18 July 2010 7576: 7553: 7528: 7515: 7489: 7478:on 3 June 2012 7459: 7436: 7429: 7403: 7386: 7361: 7339: 7316: 7286: 7258: 7251: 7224: 7217: 7191: 7173: 7151: 7138: 7129: 7107: 7085: 7063: 7041: 7004: 6982: 6964: 6949: 6929: 6922: 6902: 6886: 6860: 6839: 6825: 6804: 6789: 6769: 6756: 6747: 6741:978-0199261918 6740: 6720: 6711: 6685: 6676: 6654: 6642: 6629: 6611: 6604: 6575: 6548: 6527: 6513:Saibene, Marc 6506: 6482: 6473: 6460: 6451: 6440:. Inside Media 6429: 6407: 6398: 6391: 6368: 6342: 6333: 6311: 6302: 6276: 6267: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6211: 6198:Carter, Thomas 6189: 6186:. p. 334. 6174: 6165: 6138: 6112: 6099: 6077: 6055: 6029: 6016: 5994: 5970: 5955: 5943: 5941:, p. 255. 5931: 5919: 5907: 5905:, p. 214. 5895: 5878: 5872:978-1621570028 5871: 5853: 5830: 5823: 5803: 5781: 5779:, p. 136. 5769: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5681: 5656: 5645:. About Nelson 5634: 5612: 5610:, Viking 2003. 5599: 5587: 5565: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5531: 5513: 5498: 5478: 5469: 5447: 5435: 5413: 5411:Hamley, p. 177 5404: 5392: 5383: 5371: 5358: 5345: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5302: 5296:978-1861762818 5295: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5202: 5196: 5186: 5180: 5170: 5164: 5162:First Gulf War 5158: 5152: 5146:Armilla patrol 5142: 5132: 5122: 5110: 5104: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5039:Arctic Convoys 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4980: 4964: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4903:paddle steamer 4899: 4893: 4888:1808–1856 The 4886: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119:Assault ships 4117: 4114: 4111: 4100: 4097: 4071:Main article: 4068: 4065: 4034:Main article: 4031: 4028: 3986: 3983: 3871:Main article: 3868: 3865: 3832:Main article: 3829: 3826: 3802:Main article: 3799: 3796: 3765:Main article: 3762: 3759: 3645: 3642: 3563:were based at 3545:Far East Fleet 3489: 3486: 3458:Argentine Navy 3433: 3430: 3367:Main article: 3364: 3361: 3357:Trident system 3311:In 1962 a new 3305:Main article: 3291: 3288: 3262: 3259: 3253:. Most of the 3251:decolonisation 3191:Main article: 3188: 3185: 3161:HMS Black Swan 3113:Main article: 3110: 3107: 3099:north Atlantic 3086:), to operate 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2826: 2823: 2773: 2770: 2741:Main article: 2738: 2735: 2723:Bletchley Park 2691:Main article: 2688: 2685: 2677:Coastal Forces 2611:heavy cruisers 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2484: 2481: 2417:Main article: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2304:Main article: 2301: 2298: 2289: 2286: 2242: 2239: 2177: 2174: 2137:Main article: 2134: 2131: 2083: 2080: 2044:First Sea Lord 1960: 1957: 1935:1872-programme 1901: 1898: 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1759:, invented by 1693: 1690: 1678:Constantinople 1637:. There was a 1627:British Empire 1580:Ottoman Empire 1525: 1522: 1496:Pax Britannica 1491: 1488: 1421:Light Division 1414:Peninsular War 1372:North Carolina 1325:Ireland Island 1243:American coast 1119: 1116: 1007:. From 1795 a 936:Denmark–Norway 924:Horatio Nelson 866: 863: 812:Dutch Republic 769:Townshend Acts 754:Main article: 746:The moonlight 739: 736: 639: 636: 610:, primarily a 413: 410: 408: 405: 373:personal union 347: 346: 344: 343: 336: 329: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 309: 303: 300: 299: 295: 294: 292: 291: 282: 280: 275: 270: 264: 261: 260: 256: 255: 254: 253: 251:Historic ships 246: 245: 240: 234: 231: 230: 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 212: 206: 205: 204: 199: 186: 181: 180: 176: 175: 174: 173: 164: 163: 157: 156: 155: 153:Special Forces 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 126: 125: 124: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 72: 71: 61: 60: 56: 55: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11639: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11609: 11608: 11597: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11523: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11463: 11462: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11426: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11254:Support ships 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11125: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11055: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10980: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10797:Royal Marines 10794: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10757:Fleet Air Arm 10755: 10753: 10752:Surface fleet 10750: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10662: 10657: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10568: 10563: 10562:Ramsay, David 10560: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10503:9781317390213 10499: 10496:. Routledge. 10495: 10494: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10382: 10377: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10317:. W.H.Smith. 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10294: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10183:Lavery, Brian 10180: 10176: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10161:Lavery, Brian 10158: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10129: 10124: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10109:Kennedy, Paul 10106: 10104: 10099: 10093: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10065:Herman, Artur 10062: 10058: 10056:9780521765183 10052: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10003: 9998: 9996: 9991: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9940: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9922: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9861: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9805: 9801: 9800: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9766:1-84176-412-4 9762: 9758: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9669: 9667:0-345-37556-4 9663: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9643:1-84415-188-3 9639: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9624:9780874368376 9620: 9616: 9611: 9607: 9605:1-55750-271-4 9601: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9586:0-06-012571-3 9582: 9578: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9550: 9546: 9544:0-252-01613-0 9540: 9535: 9534: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9518:0-948660-03-1 9514: 9510: 9505: 9501: 9499:0-85052-835-6 9495: 9491: 9486: 9482: 9480:0-246-11103-8 9476: 9472: 9467: 9455: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9434: 9429: 9425: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9406: 9404:0-87021-907-3 9400: 9396: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9381:0-7190-2887-6 9377: 9373: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9360:9781443873611 9356: 9352: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9313:. Routledge. 9312: 9311: 9305: 9302: 9301:9781473817791 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9248: 9246:0-7486-2022-2 9242: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9219: 9214: 9213: 9203: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9176: 9167: 9154: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9105: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9065: 9059: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8954: 8948: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8912: 8904: 8897: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8832: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8815: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8787: 8771: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8723: 8717: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8689: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8636: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8538: 8530: 8524: 8508: 8502: 8486: 8480: 8471: 8469: 8449: 8442: 8436: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8403: 8392: 8390:0-313-31024-6 8386: 8382: 8377: 8376: 8367: 8351: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8311: 8304: 8295: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8241:9781848320437 8237: 8233: 8232: 8224: 8215: 8206: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8163:. 2 May 1982. 8162: 8158: 8152: 8136: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8053: 8047: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7940:(2): 97–118. 7939: 7935: 7928: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7895: 7889: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7850:(1994) p. 349 7849: 7844: 7829:. Sky History 7828: 7822: 7816:, p. 180 7815: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7784: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7638: 7630: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7565: 7564: 7557: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7430:1-59114-966-5 7426: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7407: 7401:". Royal Navy 7400: 7398: 7390: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7349: 7343: 7327: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7231: 7229: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7155: 7148: 7142: 7133: 7117: 7111: 7095: 7089: 7074:. Marimequest 7073: 7067: 7051: 7045: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7008: 6992: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6923:9780521246477 6919: 6915: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6856:0-7146-5474-4 6853: 6850:. Routledge. 6849: 6843: 6828: 6826:9780275990732 6822: 6818: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6773: 6766: 6765:History Today 6760: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6724: 6715: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6680: 6665:. World War I 6664: 6658: 6652:, 1991 p. 471 6651: 6646: 6639: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6580: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6544:0-08-031191-1 6541: 6537: 6531: 6524: 6523:2-909675-16-5 6520: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6502:0-85177-419-9 6499: 6495: 6492:Pugh, Philip 6489: 6487: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6455: 6439: 6433: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6337: 6321: 6315: 6306: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6239:Royle, p. 606 6236: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6185: 6178: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6043: 6042:National Post 6039: 6033: 6026: 6020: 6004: 5998: 5991: 5990:0-921560-03-6 5987: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5968:, p. 57. 5967: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5929:, p. 56. 5928: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5893:, p. 55. 5892: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5807: 5791: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5746:, p. 26. 5745: 5740: 5731: 5729: 5721: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5685: 5670: 5669:History Today 5666: 5660: 5644: 5638: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5575: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5545:Guthrie p.354 5542: 5534: 5532:0-19-502921-6 5528: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5499:0-19-500030-7 5495: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5473: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5342: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5267:Naval history 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5214:2014–present 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5188:2002–present 5187: 5185: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5156:Falklands War 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5138:to guard the 5137: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5075:Yangtze River 5072: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4968:steam turbine 4965: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4312: 4309: 4262: 4259: 4212: 4209: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145:SS & SSK 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3993:, amid wider 3992: 3982: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3961:took prisoner 3957: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946:Shatt al-Arab 3943: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3901:David Snelson 3898: 3894: 3893:2003 Iraq War 3886: 3885: 3879: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3681:project power 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3527:Western Fleet 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3454:South Georgia 3451: 3443: 3438: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3391:preconditions 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3239:Egyptian army 3235: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3084:Falklands War 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018:Harold Wilson 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2926:Upward Spiral 2923: 2919: 2917: 2916:King George V 2912: 2903: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2817:, during the 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632:Asian Theatre 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2524:, August 1943 2523: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2458:Fleet Air Arm 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2410: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2327:, forced the 2326: 2321: 2312: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:Hochseeflotte 2150: 2146: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2062:In 1910, the 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2040:Jackie Fisher 2036: 2034: 2030: 2029:Holland No. 1 2026: 2021: 2019: 2018:battlecruiser 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1925:Pax Britanica 1920: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1777:Great Britain 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:steam turbine 1754: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1660:In 1864, the 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1569:Turkish fleet 1567:in 1827, the 1566: 1562: 1559:. During the 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:Barbary state 1543: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1519: 1516:and the 1900 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:US government 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Cape Hatteras 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1272:United States 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1250:United States 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:New York City 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 989: 984: 980: 976: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 887: 883: 875: 871: 862: 860: 856: 855:Gilbert Blane 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 779: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 749: 744: 735: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 635: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 593:Spanish siege 590: 586: 583:, and in the 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 479: 474:, while only 473: 472: 466: 465: 459: 455: 454:Royal William 451: 447: 443: 442:Royal William 439: 435: 431: 430:Thomas Gordon 428:(1649–1660). 427: 423: 419: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 342: 337: 335: 330: 328: 323: 322: 320: 319: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 302: 301: 297: 296: 289: 285: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 268:The Admiralty 266: 265: 263: 262: 258: 257: 252: 249: 248: 244: 241: 239: 238:Current fleet 236: 235: 233: 232: 228: 227: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 203: 200: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184: 183: 182: 178: 177: 172: 171: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 154: 151: 150: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 123: 122: 121:Royal Marines 118: 117: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 82:Fleet Air Arm 80: 78: 77:Surface Fleet 75: 74: 70: 69: 65: 64: 63: 62: 58: 57: 52: 45: 44:Naval Service 42:His Majesty's 40: 39: 34: 29: 28: 25: 21: 16: 11605: 11468: 11460: 11300:Navy Command 11239:Royal yachts 11169:Bomb vessels 11026: 10951: 10943: 10935: 10927: 10919: 10911: 10903: 10895: 10887: 10879: 10871: 10863: 10855: 10847: 10839: 10576: 10565: 10555: 10547: 10538: 10519: 10511: 10492: 10474: 10470: 10443: 10424: 10416: 10405: 10387: 10365: 10343: 10332: 10314: 10292: 10273: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10223: 10211: 10204: 10186: 10164: 10150: 10143: 10133: 10112: 10087: 10068: 10046: 10027: 10019: 10001: 9982:. B Tauris. 9979: 9971: 9961: 9943: 9934: 9925:Colomb, John 9914: 9907: 9889: 9881: 9874: 9852:. Seaforth. 9849: 9830: 9811: 9803: 9798: 9778: 9756: 9737: 9714: 9698:. Atheneum. 9695: 9676: 9655: 9633: 9617:. ABC-CLIO. 9614: 9595: 9576: 9555: 9532: 9508: 9489: 9470: 9458:. Retrieved 9452: 9432: 9413: 9390: 9370: 9349: 9329: 9309: 9292: 9274: 9255: 9236: 9217: 9201: 9192:. Retrieved 9188:the original 9153:cite journal 9141:. Retrieved 9134:the original 9112: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9068:. Retrieved 9058: 9050:the original 9040: 9026: 9017: 9008: 8999: 8990: 8981: 8972: 8960:. Retrieved 8947: 8932: 8911:cite journal 8896: 8884:. Retrieved 8875: 8865: 8856: 8847: 8835:. Retrieved 8831:the original 8824: 8814: 8802:. Retrieved 8795: 8786: 8774:. Retrieved 8764: 8752:. Retrieved 8747: 8738: 8726:. Retrieved 8716: 8704:. Retrieved 8697: 8688: 8679: 8670: 8661: 8652: 8643: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8583: 8574: 8565: 8556: 8547: 8537: 8523: 8511:. Retrieved 8501: 8489:. Retrieved 8479: 8455:. 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Using its 3939: 3935:Persian Gulf 3920: 3914: 3890: 3883: 3837: 3815: 3807: 3778: 3770: 3740: 3726: 3718: 3699: 3683:outside the 3674: 3655: 3607: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3542: 3531: 3500: 3497: 3480: 3473: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3427: 3418: 3372: 3369:Beira Patrol 3349:east of Suez 3331: 3313: 3310: 3272: 3243: 3237:cripple the 3226: 3218:nationalised 3210:Anthony Eden 3196: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3154: 3129:Commonwealth 3118: 3102: 3092: 3088:Sea Harriers 3078: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3011: 3007:County-class 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2961: 2955: 2938: 2930: 2922:Paul Kennedy 2915: 2907: 2899: 2883: 2867: 2839:Indian Ocean 2828: 2787: 2746: 2696: 2674: 2668: 2666:in 1941 and 2662: 2658:Cape Matapan 2656:in 1940 and 2644: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2527: 2517:Duke of York 2516: 2511:Bruce Fraser 2509:and Admiral 2462: 2452:to form the 2422: 2407: 2394: 2383: 2377:and fifteen 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2317: 2292:In 1921 the 2291: 2281: 2275: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2208: 2187: 2165:Dover Patrol 2163:, while the 2142: 2095: 2068: 2061: 2037: 2022: 2011: 2003:dreadnoughts 1992: 1981: 1974: 1954: 1946:Naval Annual 1945: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1910: 1903: 1878: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1835: 1827: 1817: 1813:calibre-race 1812: 1809: 1805:Napoleon III 1795: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1751: 1746: (1839) 1743: 1737: 1728:paddlewheels 1722: 1715: 1707: 1695: 1659: 1608: 1577: 1542:Lord Exmouth 1535: 1499: 1458:requested a 1454:), however, 1430: 1418:Wellington's 1411: 1396: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1341:Bailey's Bay 1329:St. George's 1314: 1298: 1285: 1278: 1271: 1256: 1249: 1239:Narragansett 1215: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1180: 1176: 1149:declared war 1146: 1140: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1063: 1045: 1034: 1030:prison ships 1022:Scandinavian 1009:Quota System 993: 987: 977: 944: 889: 848: 796: 784:Rhode Island 777: 759: 724: 689: 679: 660:Indian Ocean 641: 632: 601: 566: 562:Cape Passaro 546:Newfoundland 483: 477: 470: 463: 457: 453: 446:Act of Union 441: 437: 415: 357:Act of Union 352: 350: 286: / 194: / 191: 190: / 168: 152: 119: 66: 24: 15: 11159:Battleships 10912:King Alfred 10782:Navy Police 10446:. W&N. 10030:. Boydell. 9833:. Dundurn. 9657:Dreadnought 8886:23 November 8837:14 November 8457:1 September 8356:27 November 8339:Smith.2015. 8330:Smith.2015. 8316:27 November 8298:Smith.2015. 8218:Smith.2015. 8209:Smith.2015. 8200:Smith.2015. 8186:31 December 7833:2 September 7730:30 December 7508:30 December 7379:21 February 7354:28 December 7279:21 February 7072:"HMS Argus" 7034:22 February 6977:History.com 6879:30 December 6871:. History. 6009:17 November 5939:Leckie 1998 5903:Hickey 1989 5756:Rodger 2004 5595:Rodger 2004 5563:Bisset p.46 5443:Rodger 2004 5400:Rodger 2004 5379:Rodger 2004 5310:Rodger 2004 5119:Dreadnought 5087:Suez Crisis 4977:Dreadnought 4966:1905 First 4935:Crimean War 4921:1840 First 4901:1821 First 4897:War of 1812 4834:and others. 4163:Destroyers 4113:Submarines 4000:2015 review 3923: (S87) 3895:as part of 3751:Arab Spring 3685:Middle East 3399:oil embargo 3385:) after it 3314:Dreadnought 3206:Warsaw Pact 3133:South Korea 3044:) becoming 2924:called the 2902: (R29) 2885:a century. 2847:Ernest King 2835:East Africa 2713:, improved 2669:Scharnhorst 2621:Dorsetshire 2446:hydrophones 2233:during the 2194:prize rules 2145:Grand Fleet 1993:Dreadnought 1975:Dreadnought 1852:Devastation 1709:Steam power 1698:age of sail 1506:Crimean War 1504:during the 1425:Robert Ross 1388:West Indies 1345:Great Sound 1207:Embargo Act 1166:Great Lakes 1157:War of 1812 1118:War of 1812 1048:" which at 1005:in ordinary 1001:impressment 972:Lord Nelson 876:, 1758–1805 704:French Navy 656:West Africa 585:West Indies 542:Nova Scotia 426:interregnum 424:during the 389:battleships 188:before 1707 11527:leadership 11295:Navy Board 11249:Submarines 11184:Destroyers 11027:after 1707 10888:Flying Fox 10744:Royal Navy 10736:Components 10675:Leadership 9840:1862321426 9717:. London: 8081:archive.vn 8036:16 January 7907:"Cod Wars" 7482:8 December 6295:6 February 5846:2 December 5796:9 February 5352:Browning, 5198:2003–2009 5182:2001–2014 5144:1980–2002 5124:1966–1975 5106:1962–1966 5091:1958–1976 5081:Korean War 5079:1950–1953 5055:1944–1945 5043:1941–1945 5037:1941–1945 5031:1940–1944 5013:1939–1945 5001:1918–1920 4982:1914–1918 4972:battleship 4939:1856–1860 4933:1853–1856 4915:1839–1842 4895:1812–1814 4882:1803–1815 4876:1793–1802 4869:1775–1783 4863:1754–1763 4857:1740–1748 4851:1718–1720 4845:1701–1713 4023:HMS Sultan 3954:Scorpio 45 3844:landlocked 3788:HMNB Clyde 3749:, and the 3660:, and the 3644:Since 1991 3638:Iraqi Navy 3618:destroyers 3577:Portsmouth 3503:Home Fleet 3492:See also: 3442:Invincible 3375:UN support 3345:David Luce 3332:Resolution 3247:superpower 3149:UN Command 3121:Korean War 3115:Korean War 3093:Invincible 3051:Victorious 2962:Invincible 2956:Invincible 2944:John Grant 2911:Town-class 2843:U.S. Fleet 2727:the Arctic 2703:wolf-packs 2645:Lancastria 2557:Courageous 2522:Scapa Flow 2487:See also: 2361:Courageous 2223:Qajar Iran 2113:, and the 2086:See also: 2055:, and the 1988:submarines 1963:See also: 1824:gun turret 1732:propellers 1692:Technology 1686:Suez Canal 1617:impounded 1524:Operations 1494:See also: 1480:US Capitol 1416:, part of 1407:Chesapeake 1323:, notably 1289:US Customs 1279:Macedonian 1257:Macedonian 1227:Port Royal 1223:Charleston 1181:Chesapeake 1141:Chesapeake 1110:series of 1073:privateers 960:Finisterre 953:. In 1805 666:. Admiral 648:New France 450:Royal Navy 438:Royal Mary 397:submarines 381:Royal Navy 192:after 1707 107:Chaplaincy 68:Royal Navy 59:Components 11516:Cutlasses 11489:Equipment 11428:Personnel 11229:Ironclads 11214:Ironclads 11199:Gun-brigs 11189:Fireships 11057:Operating 10920:President 9460:1 October 9395:Annapolis 9143:10 August 9070:27 August 8826:The Times 8776:1 January 8728:25 August 8513:23 August 8491:1 January 8425:1 January 8141:1 January 8103:Helis.com 7997:155057300 7954:143956818 7917:1 January 7814:Neff 1981 7570:10 August 7332:20 August 7166:1 January 7122:1 January 7100:13 August 7078:1 January 7056:1 January 7029:271462423 6997:1 January 6993:. History 6799:276340728 6669:1 January 6444:23 August 6422:23 August 6361:29 August 6326:1 January 6158:1 January 6131:1 January 6092:1 January 6088:. History 6048:1 January 5966:Benn 2002 5951:Benn 2002 5927:Benn 2002 5915:Benn 2002 5891:Benn 2002 5707:729683642 5674:2 January 5649:2 January 5627:2 January 5580:2 January 5508:221276825 5462:2 January 5428:18 August 5339:Beatson, 4994:HMS 4961:Holland 1 4959:HMS 4955:submarine 4917:Opium War 4166:Frigates 4160:Cruisers 4116:Carriers 4057:Liverpool 4052:Liverpool 4050:HMS 4006:Ark Royal 3965:HMS 3921:Turbulent 3913:HMS 3884:Edinburgh 3814:HMS 3777:HMS 3725:HMS 3700:Sheffield 3656:With the 3594:Excellent 3592:HMS 3569:Middlesex 3553:Admiralty 3474:Conqueror 3472:HMS 3450:Argentina 3419:Ark Royal 3327:relations 3234:Port Said 3153:HMS 3074:Ark Royal 3063:Ark Royal 2987:Audacious 2954:HMS 2937:HMS 2898:HMS 2815:Walcheren 2672:in 1943. 2652:in 1939, 2643:RMS 2640:troopship 2572:Royal Oak 2566:Ark Royal 2515:HMS 2507:George VI 2465:Mussolini 2442:Huff-Duff 2429:arms race 2329:Admiralty 2271:Zeebrugge 2161:North Sea 2007:arms race 1984:torpedoes 1938:magazine 1860:HMS 1767:in 1899. 1752:Agamemnon 1750:HMS 1723:Lightning 1721:HMS 1714:HMS 1655:Hong Kong 1631:Guangzhou 1600:Bomarsund 1563:, at the 1557:Europeans 1554:enslaving 1502:Black Sea 1448:Lake Erie 1431:Royal Oak 1429:HMS 1356:President 1255:USS 1248:USS 1211:Admiralty 1139:USS 1137:fired on 1132:HMS 1097:HMS 1037:inflation 1014:Americans 997:commander 700:lee shore 687:in 1758. 683:with the 668:John Byng 630:in 1744. 608:Caribbean 522:Gibraltar 518:Habsburgs 514:Barcelona 476:HMS 469:HMS 464:Edinburgh 462:HMS 379:into the 367:into the 259:Personnel 140:Equipment 11621:Category 11607:category 11432:training 11311:officers 11224:Monitors 11194:Frigates 11179:Cruisers 10952:Wildfire 10936:Sherwood 10904:Hibernia 10864:Dalriada 10840:Calliope 10313:(1985). 10272:(1997). 10185:(2009). 10163:(2012). 10111:(1976). 10067:(2004). 9927:(1905). 9777:(2004). 9654:(1992). 9529:(1989). 9453:Voltaire 9194:3 August 8962:4 August 8880:Archived 8857:BBC News 8748:BBC News 8699:BBC News 8671:BBC News 8584:BBC News 8396:12 March 8161:BBC News 8061:24 March 7911:Archived 7502:Archived 7303:Archived 6959:86068902 6873:Archived 6698:BBC News 6562:Archived 6504:page 34. 6254:Archived 6200:(1861). 6110:, (2008) 5227:See also 5130:Rhodesia 5128:against 5100:Vanguard 5093:Cod Wars 5070:Amethyst 4087:Defender 3979:Umm Qasr 3967:Cornwall 3927:Tomahawk 3915:Splendid 3779:Vanguard 3634:Sea Skua 3628:against 3626:Gulf War 3610:Cold War 3463:Santa Fė 3383:Zimbabwe 3379:Rhodesia 3353:GIUK gap 3343:and Sir 3279:Cod Wars 3046:commando 2973:Majestic 2939:Vanguard 2806:Normandy 2679:and the 2663:Bismarck 2627:Cornwall 2609:and the 2561:Glorious 2355:Glorious 2267:New Army 2229:under a 2073:and the 1950:flogging 1785:ironclad 1765:Turbinia 1730:; screw 1615:Lin Zexu 1604:Sveaborg 1582:and the 1482:and the 1464:Patuxent 1440:Virginia 1436:Maryland 1405:and the 1386:and the 1360:Endymion 1293:Congress 1231:Savannah 1198:landsmen 1091:and HMS 1065:Napoleon 1050:Spithead 918:and the 790:to form 771:and the 731:frigates 696:Brittany 676:Voltaire 530:Vigo Bay 506:Sardinia 502:Bourbons 498:Habsburg 365:Scotland 278:Uniforms 145:Uniforms 11461:Raleigh 10982:History 10896:Forward 10848:Cambria 10567:America 10335:(1976) 10155:excerpt 10136:(1980) 9917:(1897) 9210:Sources 8876:Express 8804:6 April 8754:4 April 8706:10 June 7989:2009841 7595:18 July 6260:6 March 5356:, p. 60 5341:Memoirs 5192:in the 5148:in the 4948:Warrior 4928:Rattler 3905:bombard 3857:Helmand 3816:Norfolk 3714:Type 23 3710:Type 22 3706:Type 21 3632:, with 3517:became 3166:Jamaica 3155:Jamaica 3069:Centaur 3035:Bulwark 3020:'s new 2980:Centaur 2900:Charity 2859:Sumatra 2784:in 1944 2757:Taranto 2753:Dunkirk 2630:in the 2606:Repulse 2587:in the 2513:aboard 2367:Furious 2334:Admiral 2190:U-boats 2033:Vickers 1846:Monarch 1836:Captain 1796:Warrior 1738:Rattler 1664:forced 1647:Beijing 1550:Algiers 1470:Led by 1392:Halifax 1321:Bermuda 1177:Shannon 1134:Leopard 1081:Bermuda 1058:hanging 1026:Italian 990:in 1884 988:Victory 806:in the 716:Florida 672:Minorca 575:in the 526:Menorca 471:Glasgow 361:England 284:Officer 49:of the 11525:Former 11469:Sultan 11309:Senior 11059:forces 10986:future 10928:Scotia 10880:Ferret 10872:Eaglet 10526: 10500: 10450: 10431: 10410:online 10394: 10381:online 10372: 10359:online 10350: 10337:online 10321: 10299: 10280: 10230: 10193: 10171: 10138:online 10128:online 10119: 10103:online 10094: 10075: 10053: 10034: 10008: 9995:online 9986: 9950: 9896: 9856: 9837: 9818: 9785: 9763: 9744: 9725: 9702: 9683: 9664: 9640: 9621: 9602: 9583: 9564: 9541: 9515: 9496: 9477: 9439: 9420: 9401: 9378: 9357: 9336: 9317: 9299: 9281: 9262: 9243: 9224: 9018:GOV.UK 9000:GOV.UK 8982:GOV.UK 8387: 8265: 8238: 7995: 7987: 7952: 7452:2 July 7427: 7309:8 June 7249: 7215: 7027: 6957: 6947: 6920: 6854: 6832:30 May 6823: 6797: 6787: 6738: 6602: 6542: 6521: 6500: 6389: 6357:. 2013 5988: 5869: 5821: 5705: 5529: 5506: 5496: 5293: 4157:Total 4154:CV(L) 4148:Total 4136:Total 4131:Total 3784:WE.177 3723:, and 3719:Albion 3712:, and 3704:, the 3622:Soviet 3573:London 3095:-class 3079:Hermes 3060:, and 3041:Albion 3022:Labour 3014:CVA-01 3001:Daring 2996:-class 2989:-class 2982:-class 2964:-class 2874:Kyushu 2804:, and 2798:Sicily 2719:Enigma 2654:Narvik 2615:Exeter 2594:Hermes 2578:Barham 2553:losses 2495:, and 2386:-class 2373:Nelson 2343:-class 2215:Mexico 2203:convoy 2109:, the 2105:, the 1841:Lairds 1790:Gloire 1744:Alecto 1384:Canada 1262:hulked 1202:seamen 1128:affair 1099:Pickle 1093:Hunter 1089:Driver 1087:, HMS 1085:Dasher 932:Sweden 851:scurvy 780:Affair 778:Gaspee 775:. The 712:Manila 708:Havana 620:Naples 577:Baltic 573:Sweden 569:Russia 554:Sicily 538:Toulon 508:, the 196:future 11127:Ships 11096:Fleet 10944:Vivid 10856:Ceres 9137:(PDF) 9128:. 1. 9126:(PDF) 8956:(PDF) 8451:(PDF) 8444:(PDF) 8055:(PDF) 8030:(PDF) 8015:(PDF) 7993:S2CID 7985:JSTOR 7950:S2CID 7448:. BBC 7052:. BBC 7017:(PDF) 6704:4 May 6071:(2). 5273:Notes 5204:2011 5172:2000 5166:1999 5160:1991 5154:1982 5134:1977 5085:1956 5067:1949 5061:1946 5049:1944 5025:1940 5019:1940 5007:1931 4996:Argus 4923:screw 4908:1827 4771:2020 4721:2015 4671:2010 4621:2005 4571:2000 4521:1995 4471:1990 4421:1985 4371:1980 4321:1975 4271:1970 4221:1965 4171:1960 4139:SSBN 4110:Year 3727:Ocean 3721:class 3567:, in 3403:Beira 3381:(now 3373:With 3137:North 3103:Tiger 3057:Eagle 2994:Tiger 2959:, an 2802:Italy 2505:King 2473:China 2438:ASDIC 2282:Argus 1716:Comet 1666:Japan 1623:India 1621:from 1619:opium 1450:(the 1380:Miami 1183:into 1018:Dutch 964:Cadiz 908:Brest 650:, of 558:Savoy 494:Spain 418:union 229:Ships 11467:HMS 11459:HMS 10950:HMS 10942:HMS 10934:HMS 10926:HMS 10918:HMS 10910:HMS 10902:HMS 10894:HMS 10886:HMS 10878:HMS 10870:HMS 10862:HMS 10854:HMS 10846:HMS 10838:HMS 10524:ISBN 10498:ISBN 10448:ISBN 10429:ISBN 10392:ISBN 10370:ISBN 10348:ISBN 10319:ISBN 10297:ISBN 10278:ISBN 10228:ISBN 10191:ISBN 10169:ISBN 10117:ISBN 10092:ISBN 10073:ISBN 10051:ISBN 10032:ISBN 10006:ISBN 9984:ISBN 9948:ISBN 9894:ISBN 9854:ISBN 9835:ISBN 9816:ISBN 9783:ISBN 9761:ISBN 9742:ISBN 9723:ISBN 9700:ISBN 9681:ISBN 9662:ISBN 9638:ISBN 9619:ISBN 9600:ISBN 9581:ISBN 9562:ISBN 9539:ISBN 9513:ISBN 9494:ISBN 9475:ISBN 9462:2011 9437:ISBN 9418:ISBN 9399:ISBN 9376:ISBN 9355:ISBN 9334:ISBN 9315:ISBN 9297:ISBN 9279:ISBN 9260:ISBN 9241:ISBN 9222:ISBN 9200:and 9196:2007 9166:help 9145:2007 9072:2020 8964:2020 8924:help 8888:2014 8839:2008 8806:2007 8778:2018 8756:2007 8730:2020 8708:2015 8515:2020 8493:2018 8459:2020 8427:2018 8398:2008 8385:ISBN 8358:2023 8318:2023 8285:The 8263:ISBN 8236:ISBN 8188:2017 8143:2017 8063:2018 8038:2012 7919:2018 7835:2020 7732:2017 7597:2010 7572:2014 7548:2015 7510:2017 7484:2014 7454:2012 7425:ISBN 7399:1920 7397:Hood 7395:HMS 7381:2016 7356:2011 7334:2020 7311:2015 7281:2016 7247:ISBN 7213:ISBN 7168:2018 7124:2018 7102:2016 7080:2018 7058:2018 7036:2017 7025:OCLC 6999:2017 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