History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany

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aged, and the young. The "Decree on Collective Agreements, Workers' and Employees' Committees, and the Settlement of Labour Disputes" of December 1918 boosted the legal effectiveness of collective bargaining contracts, while a number of measures were carried out to assist veterans, including the Decree on Social Provision for Disabled Veterans and Surviving Dependents of February 1919 and the Compensation Law for Re-enlisted Men and Officers of September 1919. As noted by one study, “The Social Democrats were not only ideologically committed to state intervention in the economic process, but also had been the main force behind the soziale volkstaat (social welfare state), that net of social services and public insurance schemes that remains one of the Weimar Republic’s most lasting legacies.” The War Victims' Benefits Law of May 1920 introduced a more generous war-disability system than had existed in the past. This new piece of legislation took into account all grievances voiced during the war and, for the first time in social legislation in Germany, considered child maintenance in calculating widows' pensions.

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catastrophic effects of the economic crisis, as characterised by the massive rise in the numbers of registered unemployed. In 1928–29, 2.5 million were estimated to be unemployed, a figure that reached over 3 million by the following winter. A major problem facing Müller's government was a deficit in the Reich budget, which the government spending more than it was receiving. This situation was made worse by the inadequacy of the unemployment scheme which was unable to pay out enough benefits to the rising numbers of unemployed, forcing the government to make contributions to the scheme (which in turn worsened the budget deficit). The coalition was badly divided on this issue, with the SPD wishing to raise the level of contributions to the scheme while safeguarding both those in work and those out of work as much as possible. The right-wing parties, by contrast, wished to reduce unemployment benefits while lightening the tax burden. Unable to garner enough support in the Reichstag to pass laws, Müller turned to President

1487:(excluding rent) as a percentage of average gross earnings of men in manufacturing industries rose during the Social-Liberal coalition's time in office, while social welfare provision was greatly extended, with pensions and health care opened up to large sections of the population. This in turn substantially increased the size and cost of the social budget, as social program costs grew by over 10% a year during much of the 1970s. Government spending as a percentage of GDP rose significantly under the SPD-FDP coalition, from 39% in 1969 to around 50% by 1982. Between 1970 and 1981, social spending as a proportion of GNP rose by 21.4%, and in terms of percentage of GNP went up from 25,7% in 1970 to 31.2% in 1981. Much was accomplished in the way of social reform during the SDP-FDP coalition's first five years on office, with one study noting that ""the years 1969 to 1974 represent a phase of social policy in which the state introduced new minimum benefits and extended existing ones." 153: 145: 830:, and the extension of wage agreements to all branches of trade and industry. The People's Commissioners made these changes legally binding. In addition, the SPD-steered provisional government introduced binding state arbitration of labor conflicts, created worker's councils in large industrial firms, and opened the path to the unionization of rural labourers. In December 1918, a decree was passed providing relief for the unemployed. This provided that communities were to be responsible for unemployment relief (without fixing an amount) and established that the Reich would contribute 50% and the respective German state 33% of the outlay. That same month, the government declared that labour exchanges were to be further developed with the financial assistance of the Reich. Responsibility for job placement was first transferred from the Demobilization Office to the Minister of Labour and then to the National Employment Exchange Office, which came into being in January 1920. 1604:

disadvantaged groups to tax subsidies. During the mid-Seventies recession, eligibility for short-term unemployment benefits was extended from 6 to 12 months, and to 24 months in some cases. Active Labour Market Policies were substantially expanded, with the number of people benefiting from such schemes increasing from 1,600 in 1970 to 648,000 by 1975. In addition, the SPD-FDP government gave more priority to raising minimum housing standards. The Law on Nursing Homes and Homes for the Elderly (1974) sought to guarantee minimum standards in an important area of social services, while the Beratungshilfegesetz (Legal Advice Act) of 1980 strengthened the position of the indigent in need of out of court legal advice and representation. The Maternity Leave Act of 1979 permitted mothers in work to take leave of 6 months after the birth of a child, granted a maternity allowance, and safeguarded jobs for 8 months.

1588:. A law was passed in 1974 allowing for worker representation on the boards of large firms, although this change was not enacted until 1976, after alterations were made. In 1974, redundancy allowances in cases of bankruptcies were introduced. The Federal Law on Personnel Representation, which came into force in April 1974, gave increased co-management rights to those employed in factories and offices in the public sector. The staff councils were given an increased say in social and personal matters, together with a wider operational basis for their activities in connection with day release and training opportunities. The arrangements governing cooperation between the staff councils and the trade union were also improved. Young workers were given increased rights of representation, while foreign workers received voting rights and thus achieved equality in this respect with German employees. 1355:, The SPD aspired to be a "constructive opposition," which expressed itself not only in the role it played in framing the significant amount of new legislation introduced in the first parliamentary terms of the Bundestag, but also in the fact that by far the biggest proportion of all laws were passed with the votes of SPD members. The SPD played a notable part in legislation on reforms to the national pensions scheme, the integration of refugees, and the building of public-sector housing. The SPD also had a high-profile "in judicial policy with the Public Prosecutor Adolf Arndt, in the parliamentary decision on the Federal Constitutional Court, and reparations for the victims of National Socialism." In 1951, the law on the right of "co-determination" for employees in the steel, iron, and mining industries was passed with the combined votes of the SPD and CDU, and against those of the FDP. 1434: 52: 956:

cities. This provided Social Democrats with a considerable degree of influence in social policy, as most welfare programmes (even those programmes mandated by national legislation) were implemented by municipal government. By the Twenties, with the absence of a revolution and the reformist and revision element dominant in the SPD, Social Democrats regarded the expansion of social welfare programmes, and particularly the idea that the citizen had a right to have his or her basic needs met by society at large, as central to the construction of a just and democratic social order. Social Democrats therefore pushed the expansion of social welfare programmes energetically at all levels of government, and SPD municipal administrations were in the forefront of the development of social programmes. As remarked by

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by at least 50%. Another law, passed in August that same year, supplemented this protection by providing that henceforth the benefits for the purposes of medical and occupational rehabilitation would be the same for all the categories of persons concerned: war victims, the sick, the victims of industrial accidents, congenitally handicapped persons, representing a total of about 4 million persons in all. In addition, a new benefit was introduced to help such people in all branches of social security, taking the form of an adaptation benefit equivalent to 80% of the previous gross salary and to be granted over the period between the time when the person in question is forced to stop work and the time when he resumes work. A law on home-based workers, passed by the

1953:, refuses to do coalitions with the Left Party. Members of the right-wing include Frank-Walter Steinmeier and Gerhard Schröder. The other side of the party, the political left of the SPD, whose members include Andrea Ypsilanti and Andrea Nahles, embraces coalitions with the Left. A reason for such struggle with the Left is that the SPD is in a national coalition with the conservative coalition and is in a dual struggle, at first the struggle for not endangering the national coalition with Merkel and endangering a national political crisis that maybe result in further losses for the SPD, and secondly the struggle for not forgetting the roots where the SPD came from because the SPD is left-leaning party, whose political positions have been eaten by the Left party. 1564:

extended the criteria for voluntary membership of employees, and introduced preventive medical check-ups for certain groups. The Law on Sickness Insurance for Farmers (1972) included the self-employed, their dependants and people who receive old age assistance in sickness insurance. The Law on the Social Insurance of Disabled Persons (1975) included in sickness and pension insurance disabled persons employed in workshops and institutions under certain conditions, while a law was passed in June that year to include all students in statutory sickness insurance. Social protection against the risks of an occupational accident, death, disability, and old age was newly regulated in 1974 through a Civil Servant Provisioning Law that was standard throughout the country.

380:, the SPD was successful in extracting various socio-political and democratic concessions (including the replacement of the class-based electoral systems with universal suffrage) through electoral alliances with bourgeois parties, voting for parliamentary bills and state budgets. In the Reichstag, the SPD resorted to a policy of tactical compromise in order to exert direct influence on legislation. In 1894, the parliamentary SPD voted for a government bill for the first time ever. It reduced the import duty on wheat, which led to a reduction in the price of food. In 1913, the votes of SPD parliamentarians helped to bring in new tax laws affecting the wealthy, which were necessary due to the increase in military spending. 839: 1556:" was renamed "help for overcoming particular social difficulties," and the number of people eligible for assistance was greatly extended to include all those "whose own capabilities cannot meet the increasing demands of modern industrial society." The intention of these amendments was to include especially such groups as discharged prisoners, drug and narcotic addicts, alcoholics, and the homeless. Under the SPD, people who formerly had to be supported by their relatives became entitled to social assistance. In addition, the recreational and residential value of towns (building schools, training institutions, baths, sports facilities, Kindegarten etc.) was increased from 1970 with the help of a new programme. 1545:

increases in the pensions of war victims, a revision of child benefit, a new youth employment protection law, health insurance for farmers, pension schemes for the self-employed, and guaranteed works' pensions. Although the principle of the social welfare state was enshrined in the constitution of West Germany, and laws and measures taken (often jointly by the CDU/CSU coalition partners and the SPD) to meet this commitment, it was only when the SPD came to power in Bonn that the provisions of the social welfare system "reached a level which few other countries could equal." In 1975, three tax levels were introduced that removed many lower-income persons from the tax rolls and raised child benefit payments.

648:. Some elites looked to a foreign war as a solution to Germany's internal problems. SPD policy limited antimilitarism to aggressive wars—Germans saw 1914 as a defensive war. On 25 July 1914, the SPD leadership appealed to its membership to demonstrate for peace and large numbers turned out in orderly demonstrations. The SPD was not revolutionary and many members were nationalistic. When the war began, some conservatives wanted to use force to suppress the SPD, but Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg refused. However, the increasing loyalty of the party establishment towards Emperor and Reich, coupled with its antipathy toward Russia led the party under Bebel's successor 1336:, SPD-controlled Lander governments were more active in the social sphere and transferred more funds to public employment and education than CDU/CSU-controlled Lander. During the mid-sixties, mainly SPD-governed Lander such as Hesse and the three city-states launched the first experiments with comprehensive schools as a means of as expanding educational opportunities. SPD local governments were also active in encouraging the post-war housing boom in West Germany, with some of the best results in housing construction during this period achieved by SPD-controlled Lander authorities such as West Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen. In the 259: 847: 1584:, the Works' Constitution Act and Personnel Representation Act strengthened the position of individual employees in offices and factories, and the Works' Safety Law required firms to employ safety specialists and doctors. An amendment to the Labour Management Act (1971) granted workers co-determination on the shop floor while the new Factory Management Law (1972) extended co-determination at the factory level. This Act acknowledged for the first time the presence of trade unions in the workplace, expanded the means of action of the works councils, and improved their work basics as well as those of the 1596:

right to a home help, to be paid for by the health service, where the parents are in hospital or undergoing treatment, provided that the household included a child under 8 or a handicapped child required special care. The SPD-FDP coalition's time in office also saw a considerable expansion in the number of childcare places for three- to six-year-old children, with the number of facilities rising from 17,493 in 1970 to 23,938 in 1980, and the number of places from 1,160,700 to 1,392,500 during that same period. Subsidies for day care rose between 1970 and 1980, but fell between 1980 and 1983.

985:) an important housing law was passed in 1918 which empowered local authorities to erect small dwellings and buildings of public utility, provide open spaces, and enact planning measures. The law further directed that all districts with more than 10,000 inhabitants had to issue police ordinances regarding housing hygiene. In addition, a reform in education was carried out. Similar measures were introduced in other areas subjected to the influence of the SPD, with the Reich (also under the influence of the SPD) controlling rents and subsidising the construction of housing. 352:

advice from it. With its counseling service (provided free of charge by the mostly trade union maintained workers' secretarial offices), the German social democratic movement helped large numbers of Germans to secure their legal rights, primarily in social security. There also existed a dynamic educational movement, with hundreds of courses and individual lectures, theatre performances, libraries, peripatetic teachers, a central school for workers' education, and a famous Party School, as noted by the historians Susanne Miller and Heinrich Potthoff:

1395:. The welfare state was considerably expanded, while social spending was almost doubled between 1969 and 1975. Changes were made to income maintenance schemes which met some of the SPD's long-standing demands, and many other social reforms were introduced, including the equalising of wages and salaries between white-collar and blue-collar employees, the continuation of wage and salary payments, a law to promote employment, and a vocational training law. Although these measures were largely due to the efforts of the CDU minister 1592:

law, the Federal Criminal Investigation Office became a modern crime-fighting organisation, and the Federal Education Promotion Act was extended to include large groups of pupils attending vocational schools. In 1973, the minimum statutory retirement age was reduced from 65 to 63, while "flexible" retirement was provided for those between the ages of 63 and 67. In 1974, a federal law was passed that obliged television stations to spend certain amounts of money each year to sponsor productions by independent film companies.

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expenditure on education at all levels was increased, a tax reform bill was passed, lowering the tax burden for low-income and middle-income groups, the average age of entry into the workforce was increased, working time was reduced, social assistance and unemployment compensation were made more generous, early-retirement options were introduced, and municipalities received more generous federal grants to expand social infrastructure such as conference halls, sports facilities and public swimming pools.

1929: 1503:, while a law was passed that same year on the establishment of an additional relief fund for persons employed in agriculture and forestry. The Law on the Improvement of Works' Old Age Schemes of 1974 brought conditional non-forfeiture of qualifying periods for works pensions as well as the prohibition of cuts in works pensions due to increases in social insurance pensions. In addition, a number of reforms in areas such as civil and consumer rights the environment, 1925:), the SPD lost heavily in opinion polls and lost a couple of statewide elections. There was the urgency to form new coalitions with the Left, a party with a similar political agenda, than the weakened Green Party or the other conservative parties in Germany; however, the leader of the Left was the lost child of the SPD, Oskar Lafontaine, who had fallen out with the SPD. There is a common oath in the SPD not to form coalitions with the Left, because of Lafontaine. 1422:

economic recession of 1966/67. Unemployment was quickly reduced (standing at just under 1% by Autumn 1968), while industrial output rose by almost 12% in 1968. The successful economic and financial policies pursued by the Grand Coalition under the direction of Schiller was also helped by the persuasion of entrepreneurs and trade unions to accept a programme of "concerted action." According to Lisanne Radice and Giles Radice, "concerted action" was not a formal

1426:, but it did nevertheless ensure that collective bargaining took place "within a broadly agreed view of the direction of the economy and the relationships between full employment, output and inflation." In addition, Schiller's economic policies were not only successful in restoring West Germany's economic growth, but they also demonstrated the SPD's economic competence, and this undoubtedly played a major role in the victory of the SPD in the 1725:

internal rivalry persisted, albeit always being disputed by the two. After the election victory Lafontaine joined the government as finance minister. The rivalry between the two party leaders escalated in March 1999 leading to the overnight resignation of Lafontaine from all his party and government positions. After staying initially mum about the reasons for his resignation, Lafontaine later cited strong disagreement with the alleged

1846:, the SPD ended up trailing its rivals by less than 1%, a much closer margin than had been expected. Although the party had presented a program that included some more traditional left themes, such as an additional 3% tax on the highest tax bracket, this did not prevent the Left Party from making a strong showing, largely at the SPD's expense. Nevertheless, the overall result was sufficient to deny the opposition camp a majority. 1156:, declaring the party "subversive and inimical to the State." All SPD deputies at the state and federal level were stripped of their seats, and all SPD meetings and publications were banned. Party members were also blacklisted from public office and the civil service. Frick took the line that the SPD members in exile were committing treason from abroad, while those still in Germany were helping them. The party was a member of the 1706: 1008:, with supporters of the proposal arguing that all the possibilities left for German armaments should be fully used, while the SPD and the KPD saw this as a wasteful expenditure, arguing that such money should instead be spent on providing free meals for schoolchildren. The SPD's lack of a parliamentary majority (which prevented it from undertaking any major domestic reform) meant that, in order to hold the coalition together, 399:

and working-class men, with no other income, to put themselves forward as deputies for the Reichstag. In 1911, they supported measures whereby Alsace-Lorraine was given Reichstag representation and universal male suffrage at 21 years was introduced. They also successfully resisted the taxation proposals that would hit the working man harder and promoted progressive taxes, whereby those with the most would be forced to pay more.

337:, the SPD was able to extract some concessions from time to time in areas for which the assembly was responsible, such as education and social policy. In Hesse, the party was successful in demanding that church tax be listed separately in assessments, and it was able to secure improvements in judicial procedure. The SPD also had occasional successes in raising wages and improving the working conditions of municipal labourers. 270: 1794: 1949:. Several other state leaders of SPD have started flirting with The Left and there is a huge struggle in the SPD on how to treat the Left in order to gain Bundesrat seats to be once again a true national party. In November 2008, the SPD was at 25% in national opinion polls, one of the lowest values in recent memory, and there remained rift between two internal factions of the party. One side of the party, the right-wing 1364: 1734: 1418:

as the Magna Carta of medium-term economic management, the legislation provided for coordination of federal, Lander, and local budget plans in order to give fiscal policy a stronger impact. It also set a number of optimistic targets for four basic standards by which West German economic success would henceforth be measured, which included trade balance, employment levels, economic growth, and currency stability.

1499:. In addition, farm and household assistance was introduced as a new service in agricultural accident insurance. A major pension reform law extended the accessibility of pension insurance by providing generous possibilities for backpayments of contributions, while adjustment of currently paid out pensions was brought forward by 6 months. The Rehabilitation and Assimilation Law of 1974 improved and standardised 814:). The new government faced a social crisis in the German Reich following the end of the First World War, with Germany threatened by hunger and chaos. There was, for the most part, an orderly return of soldiers back into civilian life, while the threat of starvation was combated. Wage levels were raised, universal proportional representation for all parliaments was introduced, and a series of regulations on 22: 1252: 969:, expanded disability, health, and social insurance programmes, the restoration of an eight-hour workday in large firms, and the implementation of binding arbitration by the Labour Ministry. In 1926, the Social Democrats were responsible for a law which increased maternity benefit "to cover the cost of midwifery, medical help and all necessary medication and equipment for home births." 1805:(WASG) in opposition to what they consider to be neoliberal leanings displayed by the SPD. Former SPD chairman Oskar Lafontaine also joined this new party. (Later, to contest the early federal election called by Schröder after the SPD lost heavily in a state election in their traditional stronghold of North Rhine-Westphalia, the western-based WASG and the eastern-based post-communist 1549:

time-limit to in-patient care was removed. That same year, the cover of rehabilitation services was increased, together with the cover of dental and orthodontic services. Health insurance coverage was extended to self-employed agricultural workers in 1972, and to students and the disabled in 1975. in 1971, an International Transactions Tax Law was passed.

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benefits were made for farmers, students, war invalids, the sick, families with many children, women, and pensioners between 1970 and 1975, which led to a doubling of benefit and social security payments during that period. By 1979, old age and survivors' benefits were 53% higher in real terms than in 1970, while family benefits were 95% higher.

1901:, a woman from the left-wing of the party, as secretary general over Müntefering's choice, his long-time aide Kajo Wasserhövel. After Müntefering said her election indicated that he had lost the confidence of the party and he would therefore resign, Nahles turned down the post of secretary general to prevent the party splitting, and 1145:. On 19 May, the few SPD deputies who had not been jailed or fled into exile voted in favour of Hitler's foreign policy statement, in which he declared his willingness to renounce all offensive weapons if other countries followed suit. They also publicly distanced themselves from their brethren abroad who condemned Hitler's tactics. 1294:(SED) in 1946. The few recalcitrant SPD members were quickly pushed out, leaving the SED as essentially a renamed and enlarged KPD. In the British Occupation Zone, the SPD held a referendum on the issue of merging with the KPD, with 80% of party members rejecting such a fusion. This referendum was ignored by the newly formed SED. 1649:"Ostpolitik and detente, the extension of the welfare safety net, and a greater degree of social liberality were the fruits of Social Democratic government during this period which served as a pointer to the future and increased the respect in which the federal republic was held, both in Europe and throughout the world." 1766:, and was again able to form a government with the help of The Greens. The European elections of 2004 were a disaster for the SPD, marking its worst result in a nationwide election after World War II with only 21.5% of the vote. Earlier the same year, leadership of the SPD had changed from chancellor Gerhard Schröder to 361:

turn of the century, the urban-rural ratio was reversed, and almost two-thirds of all Germans lived in cities and towns. Even with this change, the party still managed to become the largest single faction in the Reichstag at the 1912 elections. It would be the largest party in Germany for the next two decades.

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1971), to automatically index pensions for war victims (passed in 1970), to increase family allowances (passed in 1970), and to reform "shop rules" (which came into force in 1972). In 1974, a bankruptcy allowance was introduced for employed persons when their employers became insolvent. Developments in

1975:

to let its members decide about the new coalition treaty with the CDU and CSU parties. Of all 378.437 members that took part in the vote, 66,02 % (239.604) of members voted for the new coalition treaty while 33,98 % (123.329) of members voted against it, resulting in another grand coalition

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A law to improve the system of sickness benefits provided that those insured would receive compensation when obliged to stay at home to care for a sick child and thereby incurring a loss of income. An insured person could request unpaid leave of absence on such occasions. The same law established the

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A number of liberal social reforms in areas like censorship, homosexuality, divorce, education, and worker participation in company management were introduced, whilst social security benefits were significantly increased. Increases were made in unemployment benefits, while substantial improvements in

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The SPD also helped promote Germany's extensive system of welfare support giving Germany the most comprehensive system of social insurance in Europe by 1913. They pressed successfully for some constitutional changes like the secret ballot (1904) and payment of MPs (1906), which permitted lower middle

1944:

after a lost state election in January 2008; this decision was heavily criticized by national leaders of the SPD, as Buck, the leader at that time was for the coalition in Hesse and supported Ypsilanti. Beck, who was a popular minister-president, has lost a lot reputation on a national level because

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In the field of housing, Brandt stated that the aims of the SPD-FDP government were improving housing benefit, developing a long-term programme of social housing construction, and to increase owner-occupation. As noted by Mark Kleinman, this led to a boom in housing construction, with output peaking

1515:

Under a law of April 1974, the protection hitherto granted to the victims of war or industrial accidents for the purpose of their occupational and social reintegration was extended to all handicapped persons, whatever the cause of their handicap, provided that their capacity to work has been reduced

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In 1919, the federal government launched a campaign to recolonize parts of the German interior including in Silesia, and new provisions for maternity were introduced. In February 1920, an industrial relations law was passed, giving workers in industry legally guaranteed representation, together with

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Growth in strength did not initially translate into larger numbers in the Reichstag. The original constituencies had been drawn at the empire's formation in 1871, when Germany was almost two-thirds rural. They were never redrawn to reflect the dramatic growth of Germany's cities in the 1890s. By the

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Despite the passage of anti-socialist legislation, the SPD continued to grow in strength in the early twentieth century, with a steady rise in membership from 384,327 in 1905/06 to 1,085,905 in 1913/14. SPD was seen as a populist party, and people from every quarter of German society sought help and

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Changes introduced by the Kohl government on pensions, the continued payment of wages in the case of sickness, and wrongful dismissal were all rescinded. In 1999, for instance, the wage replacement rate for sick pay (which was reduced from 100% to 80% of earnings under the previous Kohl Government)

1511:

were carried out. in 1972, a pension reform act was passed which, according to one historical study, ensured that workers "would not suffer financial hardship and could maintain an adequate standard of living after retirement." In 1973, sickness benefits became available in cases where a parent had

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for the first time ever. Schiller called for legislation that would provide both his ministry and the federal government with greater authority to guide economic policy. In 1967, Schiller introduced the Law for Promoting Stability and Growth, which was subsequently passed by the Bundestag. Regarded

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During the Weimar era, the SPD held the chancellorship on two occasions, first from 1918 to 1920, and then again from 1928 to 1930. Through aggressive opposition politics, the SPD (backed by the union revival linked to economic upsurge) was able to effect greater progress in social policy from 1924

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in 1926, under Social Democratic administration many of the country's larger cities began to become experimental "proletarian cooperatives." As noted by another study, “The Party achieved a great deal at this local level in areas such as social welfare, health, education, and training, although the

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and the democratisation of the state and local franchise provided Social Democracy with a greater degree of influence at all levels of government than it had been able to achieve before 1914. As a result of the reform of municipal franchises, socialists gained control of many of the country's major

917:

Under Weimar, the SPD was able put its ideas of social justice into practice by influencing a number of progressive social changes while both in and out of government. The SPD re-introduced and overhauled the Bismarckian welfare state, providing protection for the disadvantaged, the unemployed, the

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The political and organizational success of the Social Democrats had enabled them to demand and obtain a respectable body of legislation incorporating social reform, outlawing child labor and improving working conditions and wages, to the point where the German Social Democratic Party was the model

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and proposed stronger involvement of the federal state in order to promote economic justice. This triggered a debate that dominated the national news for several weeks. Müntefering's suggestions have been met with both popular support harsh criticism. Political opponents claimed that Müntefering's

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Welfare cuts, which affected mainly the SPD's clientele, led to disillusionment amongst supporters and precipitated a fall in party membership. For many years, membership in the SPD had been declining. Down from a high of over 1 million in 1976, there were about 775,000 members at the time of

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to 16, increased expenditure on education at all levels, and the introduction of a generous student stipend system. Although the coalition failed to restructure the education system along comprehensive lines, the cumulative impact of its educational reforms was such that according to Helmut Becker

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A new federal scale of charges for hospital treatment and a law on hospital financing were introduced to improve hospital treatment, the Hire Purchase Act entitled purchasers to withdraw from their contracts within a certain time limit, compensation for victims of violent acts became guaranteed by

1567:

Educational reforms were introduced which led to the setting up of new colleges and universities, much greater access for young people to the universities, increased provision for pre-school education, and a limited number of comprehensive schools. An educational law of 1971 providing postgraduate

1482:

Under the SDP-FDP coalition, social policies in West Germany took on a more egalitarian character and a number of important reforms were carried out to improve the prospects of previously neglected and underprivileged groups. Greater emphasis was placed on policies favouring single parents, larger

1402:

The 1969 Employment Promotion Act, which was based largely on a proposal prepared by the SPD in 1966, established active labour market intervention measures such as employment research, and offered "substantial state assistance to employees with educational aspirations." Under the direction of the

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The Social Democrats gave particular attention to carrying out reforms at the local level, founding a tradition of community politics which intensified after 1945. The establishment of local labour exchanges and the introduction of unemployment benefits can be credited in part to the SPD. In 1913,

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increased, from €112 per month in 1998 to €154 in 2002. Housing allowances were also increased, while a number of decisions by the Kohl Government concerning social policy and the labour market were overturned, as characterised by the reversal of retrenchments in health policy and pension policy.

1603:

A Federal Education Grants Act was also introduced, which opened up better chances of higher education for low-income children. In addition, labor-protection and anti-trust laws were significantly strengthened, while from 1969 to 1975 alone some 140 laws were passed that entitled various socially

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to 1928 than during the previous and subsequent periods of the party's participation in government. In Prussia, the SPD was part of the government from 1918 to 1932, and for all but nine months of that time (April–November 1921 and February–April 1925), a member of the SPD was minister president.

1920:

serves as provisional chairman. During the Schröder administration, Schröder and Lafontaine disliked each other, because Lafontaine quit as Finance Minister in 1999. After his resignation there was a huge distrust of Lafontaine in the SPD which lasts to today. Due to the rise of Merkel and Guido

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was introduced, together new measures designed to out a stop to those designating themselves as "self-employed" for tax purposes, and new regulations on 630-DM jobs, which were subject for the first time to national insurance contributions. Tax reforms brought relief to people on low-incomes and

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The Second Sickness Insurance Modification Law linked the indexation of the income-limit for compulsory employee coverage to the development of the pension insurance contribution ceiling (75% of the ceiling), obliged employers to pay half of the contributions in the case of voluntary membership,

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In April 1970, the government drew up an Action Programme for the Promotion of the Rehabilitation of Handicapped Persons. During that same year, bills were tabled to extend and increase housing allowances (passed in 1970), to extend and standardise the promotion of vocational training (passed in

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Protective measures for workers were vastly improved, under the influence or direction of the SPD, and members of the SPD pointed to positive changes that they had sponsored, such as improvements in public health, unemployment insurance, maternity benefits, and the building of municipal housing.

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and was widely believed to be the best chance for Social Democrats to regain the Chancellorship after 16 years in opposition. From the beginning of this teaming up between Party chair Lafontaine and chancellor candidate Schröder during the election campaign 1998, rumors in the media about their

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Wage rates also rose significantly under the coalition, as characterised by a 60% real increase in the hourly wages of manufacturing sector employees between 1970 and 1980. In addition, educational opportunities were significantly widened as a result of policies such as the introduction of free

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Children's allowances for students up to the age of twenty-seven were introduced, together with a flexible retirement age, new married couples' and families' legislation, an extension of co-determination, rehabilitation and special employment rights for the severely handicapped, adjustments and

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One of the rare German Keynesians of that era, Schiller believed that government had both "the obligation and the capacity to shape economic trends and to smooth out and even eliminate the business cycle," and his adopted policy of Keynesian demand management helped West Germany to overcome the

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SPD governments also introduced unemployment insurance benefits for all workers (in 1918), trade union recognition and an eight-hour workday, while municipalities that came under SPD control or influence expanded educational and job-training opportunities and set up health clinics. Off the shop

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As Sally Waller wrote, the SPD encouraged great loyalty from its members by organising educational courses, choral societies, sports clubs, and libraries. The party also ran welfare clinics, founded libraries, produced newspapers, and organised holidays, rallies, and festivals. As also noted by

1785:

stance as it did under the Schröder government. Its ever-increasing tendency towards liberal economic policies and cutbacks in government spending on social welfare programs led to a dramatic decline in voter support. The Schroeder Administration presided over a significant rise in poverty and

931:. In addition to workers' councils at national, regional, and factory level, the government made provision for economic councils in which employers and employees would work together on matters affecting the economy as a whole (such as nationalisation) and lend support to the Weimar parliament. 1571:

A more active regional and industrial policy was pursued, tighter rules against dismissal were introduced, day care was introduced for children between the ages of three and six, spending on dental services, drugs, and appliances was increased, environmental protection legislation was passed,

1026:

Müller's SPD government eventually fell as a result of the catastrophic effects of the Great Depression. Müller's government, an ideologically diverse "Grand Coalition" representing five parties ranging from the left to the right, was unable to develop effective counter-measures to tackle the

411:

the socialists of Germany have organized a liberal party of unrivaled strength; they have educated the working classes to a very high standard of political intelligence and to a strong sense of their independence and of their social mission, as the living and progressive force in every social

340:

SPD pressure in the Reichstag in the late nineteenth century supported an expansion in the system of factory inspection, together with a minor reform in military service under which the families of reservists, called up for training or manoeuvres, could receive an allowance. In the 1880s, SPD

1741:

A number of progressive measures were introduced by the Schröder Administration during its first term in office. The parental leave scheme was improved, with full-time working parents legally entitled to reduce their working hours from 2001 onwards, while the child allowance was considerably

1548:

Various improvements were also made to health care provision and coverage during the social-liberal coalition's time in office. In 1974, domestic aid during in-patient or in-patient cures was established, sick pay to compensate for wages lost while caring for a child was introduced, and the

1945:

of the support. At an emergency session of leaders of the SPD, Beck resigned the chairmanship of the SPD, because after 8 months there was no coalition and Beck was criticized for supporting Ypsilanti. In November 2008, the Landtag in Hesse was dissolved and new elections were held in

1126:, which granted extraconstitutional powers to the government. The SPD was the only party to vote against the act (the KPD being already outlawed and its deputies were under arrest, dead, or in exile). Several of its deputies had been detained by the police under the provisions of the 254:

replaced the democratic vote with a Prussian-style three-tiered suffrage, upper class votes counting the most. They did this to drive out the local SPD which lost its last seat in 1901. However, in the 1903 election, the number of socialist deputies increased from 11 to 22 out of 23.

939:

between 1924 and 1928 helped to narrow the gap between unskilled and skilled workers. A number of reforms were also made in education, as characterised by the introduction of the four-year common primary school. Educational opportunities were further widened by the promotion of

1617:(an authoritative commentator on German education), there was greater achievement at all levels and the chances of a twenty-year-old working-class child born in 1958 going to college or university was approximately six times greater than a similar child born ten years earlier. 660:

voted 96–14 on 3 August 1914 to support the war. They next voted the money for the war, but resisted demands for an aggressive peace policy that would involve takeover of new territories Even if socialists felt beleaguered in Germany, they knew they would suffer far more under

1916:. He won the full leadership on a small party convention on 14 May. He resigned on 7 September 2008; on 8 September 2008 the party's executive committee nominated Müntefering to be elected as chairman at an extraordinary party conference on 18 October 2008. In the meantime, 1066:. The SPD decided to tolerate Brüning's government and not repeal his decrees in an effort to avoid further instability and Nazi gains. As the Brüning government implemented austerity to counter the depression, the SPD debated its own economic program. The proto-Keynesian 935:

floor, Social Democratic workers took advantage of the adult education halls, public libraries, swimming pools, schools, and low-income apartments built by municipalities during the Weimar years, while considerable wage increases won for the majority of workers by the

1275:, it was initially in opposition from the first election of the newly founded Federal Republic in 1949 until 1966. The party had a leftist period and opposed the republic's integration into Western structures, believing that this might diminish the chances for 1479:, payments to families with children, subsidies to encourage savings and investments, and measures to "humanize the world of work" such as better medical care for on-the-job illnesses or injuries and mandated improvements in the work environment.' 1729:

and anti-social course Schröder had taken the government on. Schröder himself has never commented on the row with Lafontaine. It is known however, that they haven't spoken to each other ever since. Schröder succeeded Lafontaine as party chairman.

1305:

served as East Germany's first prime minister from 1949 to 1964. For much of that time he retained some vestiges of his SPD roots. For instance, he publicly advocated a less repressive approach to governing, especially during the crackdown on the

1533:

Protection from dismissal was extended. The periods of notice, which are graduated according to the length of time the worker has been employed, were considerably increased. In addition, the guarantee of payment during the period of notice was

1134:. Others suspected that the SPD would be next, and fled into exile. However, even if they had all been present, the Act would have still passed, as the 441 votes in favour would have still been more than the required two-thirds majority. 1996:, the SPD returned to polling between 14% and 18%, closing the gaps with the Greens for the second place (in some cases, beating them for the second place) and overcoming the far-right. Earlier in December 2019, progressive candidates 1720:, elected SPD chairman in November 1996 had in the run-up to the election forgone a bid for the SPD nomination for the chancellor candidacy, after Gerhard Schröder won a sweeping re-election victory as prime minister of his state of 926:

in cases of hiring and firing, holiday arrangements, the fixing of working hours and regulations, and the introduction of new methods of payment. A Socialisation Law was also passed, while the government adopted guidelines on the

885:, a decision that has remained the source of much controversy amongst historians to this day. While the KPD remained in staunch opposition to the newly established parliamentary system, the SPD became a part of the so-called 388:

Here, and in their work in the administration of industrial insurance, in community employment offices and courts of arbitration, lay one of the roots of the gradual penetration by the Social Democrats of the imperial German

1627:"There were few difficulties with the wave of domestic reforms, which the SPD-led coalitions initiated. In fact, the SPD's domestic reform program was often compared with contemporary American developments, like such as 456:("The Prerequisites for Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy"), published in 1899, in which he argued that the winning of reforms under capitalism would be enough to bring about socialism. Radical party activist 707:, who tried to legitimize the support of the First World War by the German SPD group in the Reichstag with Marxist arguments. Instead of the class struggle they proclaimed the struggle of peoples. The group was led by 1575:

Various measures were introduced to improve environmental conditions and to safeguard the environment, the Federal Emission Control Law established the basis for taking of legal action against those responsible for

1980:. Following the decision to confirm the Grand Coalition, the SPD further declined in polls, suffering heavy defeats in all local elections. In mid-2019, the party was scoring 12% in polls, being surpassed by 329:

were able to win some improvements in working and living conditions for working-class Germans, thereby advancing the cause of its policies in a general way and securing material benefits for its supporters.

2004:

defeated more moderate candidates and were elected co-leaders by the party's membership. Their election raised prospects of the coalition government collapsing and early elections being called, although

356:

With all of this, the SPD and the Free Trade Unions were not only delivering the necessary tools for the political and social struggle, but were also a cultural movement in the widest sense of the term.

1019:

demanded that the funds be spent on free school meals as had been promised during the election campaign. However, against the wishes and votes of Wels and the other SPD deputies, the SPD ministers in

69: 992:

The SPD's last period in office was arguably a failure, due to both its lack of a parliamentary majority (which forced it to make compromises to right-wing parties) and its inability to confront the

826:

saw the institution of important political and social reforms. In February 1918, workers made an agreement with employers which secured them total freedom of association, the legal guarantee of an

944:

and culture. The SPD also played an active and exemplary role in the development of local politics in thousands of towns and communities during this period. In 1923, the SPD Minister of Finance,

1282:

The SPD was somewhat hampered for much of the early history of the Federal Republic, in part because the bulk of its former heartland was now in the Soviet occupation sector, which later became

6095: 412:

respect; they have promoted the organization of trade unions; and have by their incessant agitation compelled the other parties and the government to take up social and labor legislation.

1332:

Despite remaining out of office for much of the postwar period, the SPD were able to gain control of a number of local governments and implement progressive social reforms. As noted by

893:. The threat of the Communists put the SPD in a difficult position. The party had a choice between becoming more radical (which could weaken the Communists but lose its base among the 4922:

Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low-income countries?".

1790:

the 1998 election victory, and by February 2008, the figure had dropped to 537,995. By early 2009, membership figures had fallen behind the ones of the CDU for the first time ever.

1972: 1058:

was propped up by President Hindenburg without the support of the Reichstag and operated by emergency decree. When the decrees were repealed, the Reichstag was dissolved and the

294: 1777:, its commitment to these goals has been disputed by some since 1918, when its leaders supported the suppression of more radical socialist and communist factions during the 6289: 1050:

saw as necessary. The government finally collapsed in March 1930 when Müller (lacking support from Hindenburg) resigned, a fall from office that according to the historian

438:

of Germany's major industries. In fact in 1891 the party officially became a Marxist Party to the gratification of aging Engels. However, the party began to move away from

238:

Anti-socialist campaigns were counterproductive. 1878 to 1890 was the SPD's "heroic period". The party's new program drawn up in 1891 at Halle was more radical than 1875's

965:

During its time in opposition throughout the Twenties, the SPD was able to help push through a series of reforms beneficial to workers, including increased investment in

5532: 1802: 1082: 2068: 1661:

who subsequently won four terms as chancellor. The Social Democrats were unanimous about the armament and environmental questions of that time, and the new party

6172: 1770:, in what was widely regarded as an attempt to deal with internal party opposition to the economic reform programs set in motion by the federal government. 1512:

to care for a sick child. In March 1974, Social Assistance (SA) was expanded, "concerning family supplements, means test, and certain additional payments."

1012:

and the other SPD ministers were forced to make concessions on issues such as taxation, unemployment insurance, and the construction of pocket battleships.

1148:

It was to no avail. Over the course of the spring, the police confiscated the SPD's buildings, newspapers and property. On 21 June 1933, Interior Minister

568: 306: 700:

after the war; they both came back to the SPD in the early 1920s. From 1915 on theoretical discussions within the SPD were dominated by a group of former

545: 152: 144: 5066:[Election program of the SPD: with Willy Brandt for peace, security and a better quality of life: Social Democratic Party of Germany] (in German) 1537:

The agreed wage for the same or equivalent work in industry would be used more than previously as the standard for wage increases for home-based workers.

1196:, was established, initially in Prague. Others left the areas where they had been politically active and moved to other towns where they were not known. 6716: 6136: 1639: 493: 286: 274: 5497: 4248: 1797:"For nuclear phase-out, against new nuclear plants." Election placard of the Social Democratic Party of Germany for the German federal election, 2005. 5064:"Wahlprogramm der SPD : mit Willy Brandt fur Frieden, Sicherheit und eine bessere Qualitat des Lebens: Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands" 5026: 621: 1657:

In 1982, the SPD, after governing the Federal Republic of Germany almost 16 years, lost power to the new CDU/CSU-FDP coalition under CDU Chancellor

6239: 1921:

Westerwelle on the national stage of politics in 2005 and a belief in the German public of the failed social policies of the SPD on labour issues (

601: 278: 298: 1137:

After the passing of the Enabling Act, dozens of SPD deputies were arrested, and several more fled into exile. Most of the leadership settled in

656:

announced mobilization to begin its own mobilization, allowing Germany to claim it was the victim of Russian aggression. The SPD members of the

4347: 2260: 2196: 2029:

became the new chancellor in December 2021. Chancellor Scholz formed a coalition government with the Green Party and the Free Democrats (FDP).

1702:, the SPD thus returned to power for the first time since 1982. In so doing, it formed the first left-wing government in the Federal Republic. 681: 506: 192: 1520:

in June 1974, sought to modernise the working conditions of approximately 300 000 people who work at home by means of the following measures:

1070:

was supported by the unions but rejected by the party. They went into 1932 with no specific economic programme, and faced harsh defeat in the

5428:

Weidner, Helmut (1995). 25 years of modern environmental policy in Germany: Treading a well-worn path to the top of the international field.

1396: 1318:

from 1949 to 1967; he'd reportedly been blackmailed into supporting the merger by using his father's role in the schism of 1918 against him.

290: 1023:(including Müller himself) voted in favour of the first battleship being built, a decision that arguably destroyed the party's credibility. 1223: 317:

Because Social Democrats could be elected as list-free candidates while the party was outlawed, SPD continued to be a growing force in the

6262: 2009:

reported that the duo would seek to achieve agreement from the CDU/CSU on increasing public spending rather than collapse the government.

6696: 6200: 3442:: Studies of Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria, and Switzerland edited by Peter A. Kohler and Hans F. Zacher in collaboration with 665:; they believed that the gains they had made for the working class, politically and materially, now required them to support the nation. 558: 221:

had the party outlawed for its pro-revolution, anti-monarchy sentiments in 1878; but in 1890 it was legalized again after the successful

5990: 4735: 1399:, it is arguable that he would never have been able to push his programme through the cabinet (let alone envisage it) without the SPD. 897:) or stay moderate, which would damage its base among the working class. Splinter groups formed: In 1928, a small group calling itself 384:

the number of Social Democrats on municipal and district councils approached 13,000. As noted by Heinrich Potthoff and Susanne Miller:

6347:

Bonnell, A. G. (1 March 2011). "Oligarchy in Miniature? Robert Michels and the Marburg Branch of the German Social Democratic Party".

5269: 1348:

Administration, having put parliamentary pressure on the CDU to carry out more progressive social policies during its time in office.

6674: 6317: 6059: 1932:

Candidate for chancellorship in 2009: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, minister of the exterior from 2005 to 2009 and again from 2013 to 2017

1433: 2975: 2222: 1118:

as chancellor on 30 January 1933 by President Hindenburg, the SPD received 18.25% of the votes during the last (at least partially)

1009: 2388:

Chairman of the SPD in the British zone, resisting Grotewohl's claims and implementing the formation of the SPD in the new founded

780: 1786:

inequality, with the percentage of Germans living in poverty, according to one measure, rising from 12% in 2000 to 16.5% in 2006.

1483:

families, and the lower paid, and further improvements were made in social benefits for pensioners and disabled persons. Rates of

51: 1806: 1212: 403:

The influence of the SPD on policymaking was noted by one socialist politician, who told the leading American liberal politician

325:, the parliamentary balance of forces had no influence on the formation of the cabinet). During this period, SPD deputies in the 6078: 1524:

Employers were obliged to inform their home-based workers concerning the method of calculation and the composition of their pay.

1168: 4116: 1204: 902: 522: 174: 1004:, although the Federal Council (largely for financial reasons) stopped this action. This issue played a major role during the 1000:

to provide funds in its draft budget of 1928 for the construction of the first of six small battleships allowed for under the

6706: 6446:

Guettel, Jens-Uwe (2012). "The Myth of the Pro-Colonialist SPD: German Social Democracy and Imperialism before World War I".

6384: 5973: 5944: 5859: 5830: 5758: 5677: 5648: 5613: 5578: 5469: 5412: 5387: 5362: 5333: 5248: 5217: 5188: 5156: 5127: 5102: 5036: 4996: 4879: 4844: 4797: 4766: 4687: 4656: 4618: 4590: 4561: 4517: 4483: 4412: 4327: 4231: 4193: 4134: 3944: 3917: 3883: 3841: 3810: 3782: 3757: 3728: 3699: 3670: 3637: 3557: 3522: 3482: 3315: 3152: 1322: 1234:

in September 1939 the exiled SPD in Paris declared its support for the Allies and for the military removal from power of the

116: 4553: 1859: 1759: 1568:

support provided highly qualified graduates with the opportunity "to earn their doctorates or undertake research studies."

1372: 6235: 1461:

while it favoured neutrality and reunification with East Germany, it now strongly supports German ties with the alliance.

6701: 5063: 1751:

benefited families, while a second pillar was added to the pension system which relied on self-provision for retirement.

866:(KPD), which consisted mostly of former members of the SPD, became bitter rivals, not least because of the legacy of the 787: 3455: 3720: 3169: 3015: 2541: 2537: 2469: 1495:

led to the inclusion of schoolchildren, students and children at kindergarten and thus to more widespread measures for

1326: 1268: 1157: 1119: 952: 64: 692:, who had played an important role as the leading Marxist theoretician and editor of the theoretical journal of SPD, " 644:

Conservative elites nevertheless became alarmed at SPD growth—especially after it won 35% of the national vote in the

5148: 3284: 3078: 1960:

in 2009, meaning the SPD ended up into the opposition for the first time in 11 years. After the 2013 German federal

1863: 1763: 1427: 1071: 3860:

The German Left and the Weimar Republic A Selection of Documents Translated and Introduced by Ben Fowkes, 2014, P.13

1090:

symbol representing resistance against reactionary conservatism, Nazism and Communism, and with the slogan "Against

5180: 4988: 3474: 2368: 1291: 1032: 764: 243: 108: 6290:"German election: Social Democrats narrowly beat Angela Merkel's party as Germany faces prolonged coalition talks" 1453:, the SPD officially abandoned the concept of a workers' party and Marxist principles, while continuing to stress 5015:

Time and Poverty in Western Welfare States: United Germany in Perspective by Lutz Leisering and Stephan Leibfried

4819:

A History of West Germany Volume 2: Democracy and its discontents 1963–1988 by Dennis L. Bark and David R. Gress.

3346: 3177: 1684:

Running on a platform emphasizing the need to reduce unemployment, the SPD emerged as the strongest party in the

1376: 120: 6109: 4535:

A History of West Germany Volume 2: Democracy and its discontents 1963–1988 by Dennis L. Bark and David R. Gress

838: 5354: 5326:

Health Financing and Costs: A Comparative Study of Trends in Eighteen Countries with Special Reference to India

4758:

Japan and Central Europe Restructuring: Geographical Aspects of Socio-economic, Urban, and Regional Development

341:

deputies in Saxony successfully agitated in support of improved safety for miners and better control of mines.

5914: 4249:"Labor Parties and Labor Movements in a Post-Fordist Political Economy: The British, French, and German Cases" 84:

in German politics for much of the 20th and 21st centuries. From 1891 to 1959, the SPD theoretically espoused

6711: 1527:

In order to increase safety at work the employer was obliged to explain accident risks and dangers to health.

209: 6595:

Unions in politics: Britain, Germany, and the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

5501: 4959: 4924: 4475: 4259: 3514: 2811: 2022: 2018: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1882: 1843: 1755: 1685: 1307: 1059: 1005: 645: 222: 157: 1363: 909:, founded in December 1931, was not a splinter party but a nonpartisan association led mostly by the SPD. 6426:

Proletarians and politics: socialism, protest and the working class in Germany before the First World War

5991:"Switch-On and Switch-Off Effects of Sick Pay Reform on Absence from Work and on Health-Related Outcomes" 5640: 2389: 1946: 1609: 1177: 936: 871: 819: 776: 465: 421:

for socialist parties in every other nation, and the German worker the most envied in Continental Europe.

4836: 4679: 3875: 3691: 3584: 2364: 1908:

On 10 April 2006, Matthias Platzeck announced his resignation of the Chair because he suffered a major

1875: 1699: 1662: 1540:

The Law also applied to office work at home, which was becoming increasingly important and substantial.

1392: 1287: 1185: 863: 697: 5601:

Children, Families, and States: Time Policies of Childcare, Preschool, and Primary Education in Europe

5778: 5209: 1329:), independent of the rump SED, and then merged with its West German counterpart upon reunification. 657: 326: 318: 247: 6448: 3970: 3833: 3749: 3629: 3024: 2128: 1688:

with 40.9% of the votes cast. Crucial for this success was the SPD's strong base in big cities and

1581: 1465: 1454: 1442: 1298: 1189: 573: 310: 1530:

Home-based workers were now given the opportunity of making contributions towards asset formation.

1020: 550: 5670:

Housing, Welfare, and the State in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Britain, France, and Germany

5240: 3265:

The Kings Depart: The Tragedy of Germany: Versailles and the German Revolution by Richard M. Watt

2941: 2706: 1989: 1917: 1681:

with The Greens to take control of the German federal government for the first time in 16 years.

439: 258: 242:. From 1881 to 1890 the party's support increased faster than in any other period. In 1896, the 3070: 2874: 1997: 1985: 1043: 846: 498: 404: 124: 6045: 5744: 5634: 5599: 5234: 4832:

Two Centuries of Solidarity: German, Belgian, and Dutch Social Health Care Insurance 1770-2008

4830: 4787: 4756: 4673: 3827: 3623: 3602: 3578: 3543: 3142: 1054:

marked "the effective end of parliamentary government under Weimar." The new government under

40: 6001: 5564: 4982: 4865: 4355: 4170: 3934: 3549: 3508: 2363:

claiming national authority, chairman of the SPD in the Soviet zone, merged with the Eastern

1628: 1472: 1404: 1153: 1127: 978: 889:, one of the pillars of the struggling republic, leading several of the short-lived interwar 815: 626: 6602:

The party that came out of the Cold War: the Party of Democratic Socialism in United Germany

1819:) party. These developments put pressure on the SPD to do something about its social image. 1325:

in 1989, the SPD (first called SDP) was re-established as a separate party in East Germany (

5716: 5714:

Levitan, Sar A.; Belous, Richard S. (1977). "Work-sharing initiatives at home and abroad".

4789:

How to Make Successful Urban Development Programme: Experience from Nine European Countries

1782: 1695: 1553: 1384: 1311: 1276: 1181: 1123: 1001: 606: 226: 5795: 5566:

Women in the Two Germanies: A Comparative Study of A Socialist and a Non-Socialist Society

3131:

The German Social Democratic Party, 1875–1933: From Ghetto To Government by W. L. Guttsman

3030: 2723: 2656: 1823: 1767: 1552:

In 1974, a number of amendments were made to the Federal Social Assistance Act. "Help for

8: 6615:

Rüdig, Wolfgang (December 1985). "Eco-socialism: Left environmentalism in West Germany".

6026:

Biewen, Martin; Juhasz, Andos (2010). Understanding rising income inequality in Germany.

5822: 5524: 4095: 3394: 2960: 2208: 2113: 2062: 1778: 1710: 1500: 1496: 1411: 1036: 1028: 928: 878: 823: 795: 772: 461: 214: 4284: 3906:

Confronting Hitler: German Social Democrats in Defense of the Weimar Republic, 1929-1933

3301: 3103: 2993: 2639: 1674: 1055: 1047: 652:

to support the war. This was helped by the fact that Germany had waited until after the

6575: 6546: 6538: 6509: 6473: 6465: 6263:"The SPD's surge reveals the essence of the German election: the search for Merkel 2.0" 5896: 5725: 4372: 4255: 3987: 3371: 3363: 2090: 1964:, Chancellor Angela Merkel's CDU party formed a new coalition government with the SPD. 1890: 1854:

From 2005 to 2009 and again since 2013 until 2021, the SPD was the junior partner in a

1810: 1747: 1678: 1613: 1492: 1333: 1172:

Former SPD minister president of Oldenburg, Bernhard Kuhnt, humiliated by Nazis in 1933

982: 302: 182: 164: 44: 30: 25:

Protagonists of the political party organized early German workers' movement (Top row:

4937: 1114:, the new Chancellor, by means of a Presidential decree. Following the appointment of 6550: 6477: 6380: 6210: 6146: 6041: 5969: 5940: 5855: 5826: 5754: 5673: 5644: 5609: 5574: 5465: 5408: 5383: 5358: 5329: 5244: 5213: 5184: 5152: 5123: 5098: 5032: 4992: 4941: 4875: 4840: 4793: 4762: 4712: 4683: 4652: 4614: 4586: 4557: 4513: 4479: 4408: 4376: 4323: 4320:

Foe Into Friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt

4227: 4189: 4130: 3991: 3940: 3913: 3879: 3837: 3806: 3778: 3753: 3724: 3695: 3666: 3633: 3553: 3518: 3478: 3443: 3375: 3311: 3280: 3148: 3074: 2673: 2556: 2453: 2360: 1993: 1886: 1849: 1484: 1450: 1414: 1200: 957: 945: 867: 858:(in office 1919–1925), one of the first social democratic heads of state in the world 685: 662: 588: 218: 195:), which merged with the ADAV at a conference held in Gotha in 1875, taking the name 6677:— Contains minutes of the SPD Reichstag representatives' meetings in 1898-1920 1457:. Although the SPD originally opposed West Germany's 1955 rearmament and entry into 1122:, gaining 120 seats. However, the SPD was unable to prevent the ratification of the 1099: 6624: 6567: 6530: 6501: 6457: 6356: 6031: 5888: 5433: 5304: 5075: 4933: 4364: 4223: 4112: 3979: 3510:

West Germany Under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era

3355: 2929: 2805: 2623: 2606: 2520: 2420: 1937: 1717: 1620:

In summarising the domestic reforms introduced by the SPD-FDP coalition, historian

1227: 1208: 1051: 993: 923: 886: 807: 752: 726: 701: 443: 344:

In 1908, the same year the government legalized women's participation in politics,

3936:

The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties

2572: 2482: 1340:, the SPD opposition were partly responsible for the establishment of the postwar 6412: 6402:

Demonstration culture: European socialism and the Second International, 1889-1914

5960:

Merkel, Wolfgang; Petring, Alexander; Henkes, Christian; Egle, Christoph (2008).

5892: 5700: 5693: 4151: 3909: 3497:

Weimar Prussia, 1925–1933 The Illusion of Strength By Dietrich Orlow, 1991, P.174

3307: 2954: 2923: 2403: 2377: 2250: 2182: 1950: 1855: 1621: 1577: 1476: 1437:

Party convention of 1982: SPD chairman Willy Brandt and chancellor Helmut Schmidt

1380: 1256: 1235: 1131: 1111: 1091: 961:

onset of the Great Depression after 1929 undermined many of these achievements.”

941: 855: 791: 786:

A revolutionary government met for the first time in November 1918. Known as the

746: 736: 716: 673: 649: 435: 92: 73: 5351:

Mobilizing Against Nuclear Energy: A Comparison of Germany and the United States

5177:

Social Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Constitution of the Social

6322: 5851: 5605: 4455: 4087: 4037: 3359: 3039: 2987: 2894: 2739: 2351: 2021:, the SPD surged to first place in polls. They won a plurality of seats at the 1832: 1827: 1643: 1446: 1445:

with the FDP and led the federal government under Chancellors Willy Brandt and

1423: 1302: 966: 827: 799: 708: 669: 653: 532: 457: 431: 6628: 6461: 5309: 5292: 3983: 3872:

Creating German Communism, 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State

3172:[Marie Juchacz (1879-1956), founder of workers' welfare] (in German). 369: 6690: 6492:

Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1917). "The History of German Socialism Reconsidered".

6267: 6214: 6205: 6150: 4716: 4368: 4126: 4122: 4055: 3968:

in the Democratization and Right-Wing Radicalization of Germany, 1918–1923".

2788: 2755: 2503: 2134: 1928: 1902: 1898: 1867: 1774: 1773:

While the SPD was founded in the 19th century to defend the interests of the

1726: 1632: 1585: 1508: 1407: 1341: 1216: 1149: 740: 693: 516: 322: 239: 200: 6637:

The German revolution of 1918: A study of German socialism in war and revolt

6360: 4905:"Report on the development of the social situation in the Community in 1973" 4220:

The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism Since 1945

3829:

The Politics of German Child Welfare from the Empire to the Federal Republic

3625:

The Politics of German Child Welfare from the Empire to the Federal Republic

3607:. American association for labor legislation. 1920. p. 152 – via 3425:

German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation by William W. Hagan

1031:

for support, wishing him to grant him the use of the emergency powers under

948:, laid much of the groundwork for the stabilization of the German currency. 148:

Medal 1890 Bebel and Liebknecht after their success in the federal elections

6141: 6096:

Factbox: What happens if Germany's SPD votes against coalition with Merkel?

5764: 5654: 5619: 5584: 5254: 5049: 5002: 4945: 4885: 4867:

Politics of Segmentation: Party Competition and Social Protection in Europe

4850: 4803: 4772: 4693: 4433: 4019: 3950: 3847: 3643: 3608: 3588: 3563: 3528: 2981: 2969: 2935: 2868: 2589: 2473: 2437: 2096: 2001: 1909: 1721: 1388: 1283: 1272: 1264: 1231: 1115: 1095: 1087: 997: 898: 894: 874: 689: 282: 262: 178: 100: 96: 56: 26: 4399:

Jobert, Annette; Marry, Catherine; Rainbird, Helen; Tanguy, Lucie (2013).

1885:, Müntefering resigned as party chairman and was succeeded as chairman by 1441:

In 1969 the SPD won a majority for the first time since 1928 by forming a

1383:

between CDU/CSU and SPD was formed under the leadership of CDU Chancellor

725:") and was close to the Russian-German revolutionary and social scientist 668:

There remained an antiwar element, especially in Berlin. They – including

5598:

Allemann-Ghionda, Cristina; Hagemann, Karen; Jarausch, Konrad H. (2011).

5551: 4829:

Companje, Karel-Peter; Veraghtert, Karel; Widdershoven, Brigitte (2009).

4740: 4675:

Time and Poverty in Western Welfare States: United Germany in Perspective

3045: 2999: 2817: 2771: 2026: 1897:. Müntefering's decision came after the party's steering committee chose 1894: 1871: 1658: 1315: 712: 453:

Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie

345: 269: 128: 104: 81: 6680: 6670: 6469: 5900: 5876: 5729: 4305:

Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy by Peter Flora

1781:. But never before has the party moved so far away from its traditional 1042:

Müller refused to agree to reductions in unemployment benefit which the

881:

throughout Germany in early 1919 with the use of the extreme right wing

348:

became the first woman appointed to the executive committee of the SPD.

6579: 6542: 6521:

Honeycutt, Karen (1979). "Socialism and Feminism in Imperial Germany".

6513: 6377:

The German Social Democrats Since 1969: A Party In Power And Opposition

6036: 5438: 5270:"Farewell to the Family as We Know it: Family Policy Change in Germany" 4186:

The German Social Democrats Since 1969: A Party In Power And Opposition

3458:[Just seen on LeMO: LeMO Chapter: Weimar Republic] (in German). 2292: 2168: 1142: 1107: 1063: 906: 811: 803: 768: 677: 394:

Weller, they played a role in shaping a number of progressive reforms:

3367: 1246: 1106:

On 20 July 1932, the SPD-led Prussian government in Berlin, headed by

6318:"Olaf Scholz: Germany's new chancellor is level-headed and pragmatic" 6079:"Angela Merkel agrees to form German coalition with Social Democrats" 5965: 5750: 5461: 5028:

Can Germany Be Saved?: The Malaise of the World's First Welfare State

4871: 4648: 4645:

Can Germany Be Saved?: The Malaise of the World's First Welfare State

4582: 4404: 3662: 3471:

Origins of the German Welfare State: Social Policy in Germany to 1945

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Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics

6137:"Merkel secures fourth term in power after SPD backs coalition deal" 4609:

Lewis, Derek R.; Schwitalla, Johannes; Zitzlsperger, Ulrike (2001).

2259:

Crispien co-opted in September as a representative of the returning

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Groh, Dieter (1966). "The 'Unpatriotic Socialists' and the State".

1922: 1705: 1345: 1067: 996:. In 1927, the defence ministry had prevailed on the government of 890: 434:

of 1891 was more radical than the Gotha Program of 1875, demanding

80:, SPD) can be traced back to the 1860s, and it has represented the 3256:

The Old World and its Ways By Bryan, William Jennings, 1907, P.424

3247:

AQA History: The Development of Germany, 1871–1925 by Sally Waller

1971:, coalition talks completed in February 2018 and the party held a 1850:

Merkel-led grand coalitions and the decline of the SPD (2005–2021)

1793: 1758:, the SPD reached 38.5% of the national vote, barely ahead of the 1251: 688:

was influential.. Bernstein left the party during the war, as did

6651:"Not one man! Not one penny!": German social democracy, 1863-1914 6558:

Lidtke, Vernon L. (1974). "Naturalism and Socialism in Germany".

6177: 4454:

Germany in Our Time: A Political History of the Postwar Years by

4152:

Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19

3181: 2006: 1981: 1977: 1673:

Kohl lost his last re-election bid in 1998 to his SPD challenger

842:

SPD activists calling for the National Assembly elections in 1919

704: 365: 334: 112: 91:

The SPD has been the ruling party at several points, first under

85: 6201:"The Social Democrats' surge upends Germany's election campaign" 5597: 2667:

Resigned after his candidate for party secretary was not chosen

1912:

in March 2006. The interim chairman from 10 April to 14 May was

1733: 981:, (which became an SPD stronghold following the introduction of 862:

Subsequently, the Social Democratic Party and the newly founded

6644:

The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany

6440:

Making Their Place: Feminism After Socialism in Eastern Germany

6433:

Bernstein to Brandt: A Short History of German Social Democracy

6419:

Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000

3803:

Bernstein to Brandt: A Short History of German Social Democracy

2305: 1193: 1138: 1039:

so that he did not have to rely on support from the Reichstag.

251: 5120:

Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

4828: 3170:"Marie Juchacz (1879-1956), Begründerin der Arbeiterwohlfahrt" 3144:

Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

2912: 2617:

Elected by a members' vote; the experiment was never repeated

1801:

In January 2005, some SPD members left the party to found the

1646:, in their evaluation of the record of the SPD-FDP coalition, 1367:

Logo of the Social Democratic Party during the 1960s and 1970s

877:, the party aided in putting down the Communist and left wing 21: 4208:

The German education system since 1945 by Ivan Christoph Führ

3964:

Donson, Andrew (September 2011). "The Teenagers' Revolution:

3067:

Fire in the Minds of Men — Origins of the Revolutionary Faith

2494: 2326: 1941: 1297:

Nonetheless, a few former SPD members held high posts in the

425: 377: 373: 119:; as of 2024, the SPD is in government in coalition with the 5525:"New Private Pension Law in the Federal Republic of Germany" 4904: 4709:

Survey of social security in the Federal Republic of Germany

3279:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 377. 3277:

Fire in the Minds of Men —Origins of the Revolutionary Faith

1709:

Chancellor Gerhard Schröder on a election campaign event in

1600:

at 714,000 in 1973 before falling to under 400,000 in 1976.

273:

SPD members in Reichstag 1889, (sitting from left to right:

4707:

Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972).

4608: 3542:

Higonnet, Margaret R.; Jenson, Jane; Michel, Sonya (1987).

3407:

Comparative Economic Systems, Volume 3 by Richard L. Carson

3173: 1458: 1286:. In the latter area, the SPD was forced to merge with the 3456:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Weimarer Republik" 1230:

in 1940, in London. Only a few days after the outbreak of

1226:

in 1938 the exile party resettled in Paris and, after the

6236:"German election: SPD sees poll surge ahead of TV debate" 6173:"New SPD leaders pull back from sinking German coalition" 4398: 729:, who gave a public forum to the group with his journal " 1826:

publicly criticized excessive profiteering in Germany's

1086:

A widely publicized SPD election poster from 1932, with

468:, and Bernstein's program was not adopted by the party. 5959: 4548:

Walker, Robert; Lawson, Roger; Townsend, Peter (1984).

4543: 4541: 3006: 972: 4510:

Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity

4401:

Education and Work in Great Britain, Germany and Italy

1184:, the SPD was banned in the summer of 1933 by the new 1141:. Those that remained tried their best to appease the 55:

SPD party convention in 1988, with Nobel prize winner

4921: 4706: 4472:

Paradoxes of Peace: German Peace Movements Since 1945

4348:"The Political Economy of Active Labor-Market Policy" 2550:

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), since 1990

1940:

choose to form a minority coalition with the Left in

1803:

Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative

1737:

Gerhard Schröder before the federal elections in 2002

1199:

Between 1936 and 1939 some SPD members fought in the

5636:

Canadian Family Policies: Cross-national Comparisons

5091:

The Military-Industrial Complex and American Society

4547: 4538: 4428: 4426: 4424: 3541: 2397:

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 1949–1990

2122:

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 1890–1933

2012: 1314:, son of former president Ebert, served as mayor of 1255:

World War I volunteer and concentration camp inmate

680:– were expelled from the SPD in 1917 and formed the 199:(SAPD). At this conference, the party developed the 4155:. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 287 3140: 1468:, including, as summarised by one historical study 1464:A wide range of reforms were carried out under the 1247:

From occupation to the Federal Republic (1946–1966)

790:, it consisted of three Majority Social Democrats ( 474:Programs of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 5819:The Federal Republic of Germany: The End of an Era 4984:International Handbook on Comparative Business Law 4960:"Development of the Health Care System in Germany" 4711:. Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs. 4671: 4247:Daley, Anthony; Howell, Chris; Silvia, Stephen J. 3746:Imitation and Politics: Redesigning Modern Germany 2948: 1163: 5962:Social Democracy in Power: The Capacity to Reform 5746:Poverty and Inequality in Common Market Countries 4579:Poverty and Inequality in Common Market Countries 4421: 3775:The Social Democratic Party of Germany, 1848-2005 2917: 2650:Took over after sudden resignation of Lafontaine 1669:Gerhard Schröder and the consequences (1998–2005) 1062:delivered an enormous and shocking surge for the 6688: 6683:at the International Institute of Social History 5743:George, Victor; Lawson, Roger (1 January 1980). 5236:Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933-1990 5018: 4009:Germany In The Twentieth Century by David Childs 3235:The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848–2005 2308:(party in exile during World War II), 1933–1945 1471:'improved health and accident insurance, better 1152:ordered the SPD closed down on the basis of the 758: 5937:Modernising the Welfare State: The Blair Legacy 5328:. Foundation for Research in Community Health. 3545:Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars 2325:Wels died on 16 September 1939 in his Exile in 1746:was restored to 100%. A programme on combating 1665:was not ready for a coalition government then. 321:, becoming the strongest party in 1912 (in the 4785: 4285:"Germany - Social Democratic Party of Germany" 3800: 3772: 3717:German Social Democracy and the Rise of Nazism 3232: 1358: 833: 682:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 639: 6486:The German Social Democratic Party, 1875–1933 5713: 5483: 5481: 5451: 5449: 5293:"Second births in western Germany and France" 5206:German Political Parties: A Documentary Guide 5170: 5168: 4952: 4815: 4813: 4531: 4529: 4341: 4339: 4277: 4246: 4072:Essential Modern World History by Steve Waugh 4060:Germany, 1858–1990: Hope, terror, and revival 3796: 3794: 3435: 3433: 3431: 1831:choice of words, especially his reference to 1188:. Many of its members were jailed or sent to 464:and argued against his ideas in her pamphlet 430:As a reaction to government prosecution, the 107:branch of the SPD was merged with the ruling 6025: 5742: 4738:[Thirteen years of borrowed power]. 4672:Leisering, Lutz; Leibfried, Stephan (2001). 4576: 4507: 3773:Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006). 3233:Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (1987). 3134: 2017:By August 2021, just one month ahead of the 1814: 1689: 912: 850: 744: 730: 720: 580:Orientation towards United States of Europe 451: 230: 186: 168: 156:The reverse of that medal commemorating the 139: 6588:Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany 5988: 5779:"BerHG - nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis" 5707: 4434:"Germany - The Economic Miracle and Beyond" 4082: 4080: 4078: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3440:The Evolution of Social Insurance 1881–1981 3096: 2913:Well-known politicians in important offices 2534: 2110: 743:, there is a link to the current centrist " 193:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany 5478: 5446: 5323: 5165: 4810: 4786:Burgers, Jack; Vranken, Jan, eds. (2004). 4730: 4728: 4726: 4526: 4336: 4313: 4311: 3957: 3791: 3595: 3428: 3274: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3064: 2116:from 22 October 1878 to 30 September 1890. 2056:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAP) 802:) and three Independent Social Democrats ( 426:Erfurt Program and revisionism (1891–1899) 6717:History of organisations based in Germany 6675:International Institute of Social History 6520: 6374: 6134: 6076: 6060:"Disaster at the polls – DW – 09/29/2009" 6035: 5736: 5626: 5591: 5556: 5455: 5437: 5308: 5117: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4761:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 150. 4550:Responses to Poverty: Lessons from Europe 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4465: 4463: 4183: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3825: 3621: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3167: 1652: 613:Ecological renewal of industrial society 450:between 1896 and 1898, and later a book, 6609:The social democrats in imperial Germany 5816: 5796:"OUCLF: articles: Tobias Schrank (2011)" 5788: 5667: 5458:Helmut Schmidt: Perspectives On Politics 5324:Gill, Sonya; Kavadi, Shirish N. (1999). 5226: 4980: 4974: 4857: 4822: 4754: 4604: 4602: 4107: 4105: 4075: 3903: 3892: 3468: 3388: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3161: 1956:Social Democrats lost Germany's federal 1927: 1792: 1732: 1704: 1432: 1362: 1250: 1167: 1081: 845: 837: 818:, job-creation and protection measures, 416:According to historian Richard M. Watt: 268: 257: 163:The party was founded on 23 May 1863 by 151: 143: 99:but returned to government in 1969 with 50: 20: 6445: 6346: 5874: 5562: 5427: 5232: 5203: 5088: 5056: 4779: 4748: 4723: 4665: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4508:Radice, Giles; Radice, Lisanne (1986). 4317: 4308: 4012: 3932: 3926: 3819: 3801:Fletcher, Roger; Brandt, Willy (1987). 3615: 3570: 3535: 3506: 3332:Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 3118: 2540:dissolve itself and joined the Western 1694:with traditional industries. Forming a 1077: 767:, Ebert controversially sided with the 593:People's party of democratic socialism 232:Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands 78:Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands 6689: 6557: 6260: 6170: 6077:Oltermann, Philip (27 November 2013). 5989:Puhani, Patrick A.; Sonderhof, Katja. 5934: 5848:The American Impact on Postwar Germany 5845: 5694:"De-Socialization in a United Germany" 5377: 5348: 5290: 5267: 5174: 5145:Germany, 1945-1990: A Parallel History 4892: 4577:George, Victor; Lawson, Roger (1980). 4492: 4469: 4460: 4345: 4217: 4086: 4042:A history of modern Germany, 1800–2000 4024:A history of modern Germany: 1840–1945 3998: 3963: 3743: 3714: 3500: 3147:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 755–. 3141:Joseph A. Biesinger (1 January 2006). 265:in 1863, co-chairman from 1892 to 1913 6614: 6491: 6395:German socialism and Weimar democracy 6315: 5632: 5402: 5261: 5142: 4863: 4599: 4111: 4102: 3869: 3685: 3656: 3604:The American Labor Legislation Review 3195: 3093:Retallack, Imperial Germany, page 187 2195:Haase broke away in 1916 to form the 951:As noted by Edward R. Dickinson, the 446:authored a series of articles on the 6411:(1894) 387pp; politics and parties, 6339:Bark, Dennis L. and David R. Gress. 5024: 4642: 4627: 4554:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 4164: 4092:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 3659:The Foundations of the Welfare State 3576: 3416:Weimar Germany by Anthony McElligott 3343: 3168:Striewski, Jennifer (8 March 2013). 3007:German Vice-Chancellors from the SPD 2544:and becoming one single party again. 2346:Allied-Occupied Germany (1945–1949) 973:In government (1918–1924; 1928–1930) 557:Strongly revisionist program of the 170:Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein 6316:Welle, Deutsche (8 December 2021). 6261:Cliffe, Jeremy (1 September 2021). 6107: 5877:"The End of an Era in West Germany" 5522: 5500:(in German). Bpb.de. Archived from 5490: 5487:My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt 4389:The German economy by E. Owen Smith 4036: 4018: 3688:Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy 2684:Resigned because of health reasons 1866:under the leadership of Chancellor 1839:, were bordering on Nazi language. 903:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany 235:(SPD), as it is known to this day. 229:convention, it changed its name to 197:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany 175:General German Workers' Association 95:in 1918. The party was outlawed in 13: 6697:Social Democratic Party of Germany 6333: 6171:Hansen, Holger (20 January 2020). 6135:Oltermann, Philip (4 March 2018). 5405:Willy Brandt: Prisoner of His Past 4346:Bonoli, Giuliano (December 2010). 4054: 3721:University of North Carolina Press 3391:The First World War: A New History 3036:Frank-Walter Steinmeier, 2007–2009 2542:Social Democratic Party of Germany 2538:Social Democratic Party in the GDR 2032: 1449:from 1969 until 1982. In its 1959 1327:Social Democratic Party in the GDR 1241: 1192:. An exile organization, known as 1158:Labour and Socialist International 188:Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei 65:Social Democratic Party of Germany 16:Aspect of German political history 14: 6728: 6664: 5233:Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). 5149:Central European University Press 4094:(Touchstone ed.). New York: 2799:First female leader of the party 2583:Resigned after political scandal 2493:Resigned after allegations about 2013:Comeback with Olaf Scholz (2021-) 1410:, the federal government adopted 1267:in 1946 and admitted in all four 788:Council of People's Commissioners 755:, Schumacher's former secretary. 442:at the turn of the 20th century. 6671:SPD. Reichstagsfraktion Archives 6309: 6282: 6254: 6228: 6193: 6164: 6128: 6101: 6089: 6070: 6052: 6019: 5982: 5953: 5928: 5907: 5868: 5839: 5810: 5771: 5686: 5661: 5544: 4736:"Dreizehn Jahre geliehene Macht" 4611:Contemporary Germany: A Handbook 4169:(4th ed.). United Kingdom: 1292:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 109:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 6110:"Ergebnis Mitgliedervotum 2018" 5922:Researchbriefings.parliament.uk 5753:& Kegan Paul. p. 223. 5516: 5421: 5396: 5371: 5342: 5317: 5291:Köppen, Katja (28 April 2006). 5284: 5197: 5181:Springer Science+Business Media 5136: 5111: 5082: 5009: 4989:Springer Science+Business Media 4915: 4909:Archive of European Integration 4700: 4570: 4448: 4392: 4383: 4299: 4240: 4211: 4202: 4177: 4167:A History of Germany: 1815-1990 4158: 4143: 4066: 4048: 4030: 3863: 3854: 3826:Dickinson, Edward Ross (1996). 3766: 3737: 3708: 3679: 3650: 3622:Dickinson, Edward Ross (1996). 3491: 3475:Springer Science+Business Media 3462: 3448: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3382: 3347:Journal of Contemporary History 3337: 3324: 3306:(1 ed.). Harrow, England: 3293: 3268: 3259: 2949:German Chancellors from the SPD 1164:Nazi era and SoPaDe (1933–1945) 134: 6560:The American Historical Review 6494:The American Historical Review 5456:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. (2019). 5355:University of California Press 3250: 3241: 3087: 3058: 2918:German Presidents from the SPD 1822:In April 2005, party chairman 953:German Revolution of 1918–1919 115:, the SPD's main rival is the 1: 5118:Biesinger, Joseph A. (2006). 4938:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X 4925:Social Science & Medicine 4864:Picot, Georg (17 June 2013). 4470:Cooper, Alice Holmes (1996). 4118:The Coming of the Third Reich 3580:The German Revolution of 1918 3275:Billington, James H. (1999). 3104:"Germany - Political Parties" 3065:Billington, James H. (1999). 3052: 1807:Party of Democratic Socialism 1371:In 1966 the coalition of the 901:, in the autumn of 1931, the 759:German Revolution (1918–1919) 633:Current programme of the SPD 295:Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Dietz 210:Critique of the Gotha Program 6707:Political history of Germany 5893:10.1525/curh.1982.81.479.405 4476:University of Michigan Press 3577:Lutz, Ralph Haswell (1922). 3515:University of Michigan Press 3178:Landschaftsverband Rheinland 2023:2021 German federal election 2019:2021 German federal election 1844:2005 German federal election 1308:East German uprising of 1953 1263:The SPD was recreated after 1259:, SPD chairman after the war 1224:annexation of Czechoslovakia 1176:Being the only party in the 1006:1928 German federal election 751:" within the SPD founded by 722:Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch-Gruppe 646:1912 German federal election 131:from the SPD as Chancellor. 59:, chairman from 1964 to 1987 7: 5915:"New Government in Germany" 5817:Kolinsky, Eva, ed. (1991). 5641:University of Toronto Press 5550:Germany and the Germans by 5403:Drath, Viola Herms (2005). 4755:Flüchter, Winfried (1995). 4744:(in German). 10 March 1982. 4322:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3507:Moeller, Robert G. (1997). 2965:as Reich Minister President 2390:Federal Republic of Germany 2037: 1359:Governing party (1966–1982) 872:Defense Minister of Germany 834:Weimar Republic (1918–1933) 640:First World War (1912–1917) 466:Social Reform or Revolution 113:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 6733: 6702:History by political party 6375:Braunthal, Gerard (1994). 5875:Conradt, David P. (1982). 5563:Shaffer, Harry G. (2013). 5349:Joppke, Christian (1993). 5025:Sinn, Hans-Werner (2007). 4837:Amsterdam University Press 4680:Cambridge University Press 4643:Sinn, Hans-Werner (2007). 4184:Braunthal, Gerard (1994). 3933:Usborne, Cornelie (1992). 3904:Smaldone, William (2010). 3876:Princeton University Press 3692:Princeton University Press 3587:. p. 101 – via 3469:Stolleis, Michael (2012). 3360:10.1177/002200946600100406 2468:Chairmen of the refounded 1905:was elected in her place. 1373:Christian Democratic Union 1288:Communist Party of Germany 1180:to have voted against the 864:Communist Party of Germany 781:head of the new government 698:Communist Party of Germany 537:Classical Marxist program 223:elections to the Reichstag 6658:Modern European Socialism 6629:10.1080/07393148508429598 6462:10.1017/S0008938912000350 6407:Dawson, William Harbutt. 6341:A History of West Germany 5846:Reiner, Pommerin (1995). 5310:10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.14 5210:University of Wales Press 5089:Pavelec, S. Mike (2010). 4981:Campbell, Dennis (2013). 3984:10.1017/S0008938911000380 2549: 2536:On 26 September 1990 the 2467: 2396: 2345: 2304: 2121: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2044: 1501:benefits for the disabled 1473:unemployment compensation 1120:free elections on 5 March 913:Social reform (1918–1926) 735:". From the teachings of 473: 140:German Empire (1863–1918) 6449:Central European History 5533:Social Security Bulletin 5175:Zacher, Hans F. (2012). 4369:10.1177/0032329210381235 4318:Dönhoff, Marion (1982). 3971:Central European History 3939:. Springer. p. 47. 3834:Harvard University Press 3750:Cornell University Press 3630:Harvard University Press 2392:(West Germany) in 1949. 2112:The party was banned by 1756:September 2002 elections 1686:September 1998 elections 1466:Social-Liberal coalition 1455:social welfare provision 1443:social-liberal coalition 1428:federal election of 1969 1190:Nazi concentration camps 521:Unification of SDAP and 505:Founding program of the 6409:Germany and the Germans 6367:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 5935:Martin, Powell (2008). 5668:Kleinman, Mark (1996). 5633:Baker, Maureen (1995). 5241:Oxford University Press 5204:Edwards, G. E. (1998). 5122:. Infobase Publishing. 4792:. Garant. p. 100. 3870:Weitz, Eric D. (2021). 3686:Weitz, Eric D. (2007). 3300:Robson, Stuart (2007). 3069:. New Brunswick, N.J.: 3021:Willy Brandt, 1966–1969 3012:Gustav Bauer, 1921–1922 2942:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 2834:Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel 2812:Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel 2707:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 1990:Alternative for Germany 1967:After the 2017 federal 1918:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 1881:After the 2005 federal 1160:between 1923 and 1940. 440:revolutionary socialism 33:for the SDAP - Middle: 5378:Childs, David (1971). 5268:Ostner, Ilona (2010). 5143:Weber, Jürgen (2004). 4962:. germanculture.com.ua 4356:Politics & Society 4218:Childs, David (2000). 4171:Hodder & Stoughton 4165:Carr, William (1991). 3715:Harsch, Donna (2000). 3389:Strachan, Hew (2014). 3071:Transaction Publishers 2875:Norbert Walter-Borjans 2086:Georg Wilhelm Hartmann 2069:Georg Wilhelm Hartmann 1998:Norbert Walter-Borjans 1986:Alliance 90/The Greens 1933: 1815: 1798: 1738: 1714: 1690: 1677:, as the SPD formed a 1653:Opposition (1982–1998) 1438: 1375:(CDU) and the liberal 1368: 1323:fall of Communist rule 1299:East German government 1260: 1173: 1103: 859: 851: 843: 745: 731: 721: 696:". Neither joined the 452: 423: 414: 405:William Jennings Bryan 401: 391: 358: 314: 266: 231: 187: 169: 160: 149: 77: 63:The foundation of the 60: 48: 6617:New Political Science 6431:Fletcher, Roger, ed. 6379:. Avalon Publishing. 6361:10.1093/gerhis/ghq146 5274:German Policy Studies 4188:. Avalon Publishing. 3744:Jacoby, Wade (2001). 3550:Yale University Press 1931: 1796: 1736: 1708: 1629:civil rights movement 1612:, the raising of the 1436: 1405:Minister of Economics 1377:Free Democratic Party 1366: 1254: 1171: 1154:Reichstag Fire Decree 1128:Reichstag Fire Decree 1085: 979:Free State of Prussia 849: 841: 816:unemployment benefits 460:accused Bernstein of 448:Problems of Socialism 418: 409: 396: 386: 354: 272: 261: 155: 147: 54: 24: 6712:History of socialism 6635:Ryder, Arthur John. 5717:Monthly Labor Review 5382:. Harper & Row. 5297:Demographic Research 4096:Simon & Schuster 3395:Simon & Schuster 3073:. pp. 367–378. 2978:, 1920 and 1928–1930 1878:from 2018 to 2021. 1809:would merge to form 1696:coalition government 1638:As noted further by 1385:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1312:Friedrich Ebert, Jr. 1277:German reunification 1078:Collapse (1932–1933) 1002:Treaty of Versailles 225:. That year, in its 6642:Sperber, Jonathan. 6400:Callahan, Kevin J. 6393:Breitman, Richard. 5998:Tel Aviv University 5823:Bloomsbury Academic 5798:. ouclf.iuscomp.org 4436:. countrystudies.us 4173:. pp. 369–370. 3657:Thane, Pat (2016). 3303:The First World War 2961:Philipp Scheidemann 2842:10 September 2019 – 2562:26 September 1990 – 2426:27 September 1952 – 2209:Philipp Scheidemann 2114:Anti-Socialist Laws 2082:Wilhelm Hasenclever 2063:Wilhelm Hasenclever 1988:and even far-right 1779:Spartacist Uprising 1679:red-green coalition 1497:accident prevention 1072:July 1932 elections 1037:Weimar Constitution 1029:Paul von Hindenburg 879:Spartacist uprising 796:Philipp Scheidemann 773:Spartacist uprising 215:Anti-Socialist Laws 158:1890 Reichstagswahl 41:Carl Wilhelm Tölcke 6649:Steenson, Gary P. 6586:Lidtke, Vernon L. 6424:Evans, Richard J. 5407:. Hamilton Books. 5380:Germany Since 1918 4585:& Kegan Paul. 4287:. country-data.com 4256:Harvard University 4149:Kowalski, Werner. 3310:. pp. 17–19. 3106:. country-data.com 2900:11 December 2021 – 2777:13 February 2018 – 2745:13 November 2009 – 2712:7 September 2008 – 2679:15 November 2005 – 2629:16 November 1995 – 2443:16 February 1964 – 2106:Central Committee 2091:Wilhelm Liebknecht 2025:. Social Democrat 1934: 1891:minister-president 1799: 1748:youth unemployment 1739: 1715: 1614:school-leaving age 1493:accident insurance 1439: 1387:, with SPD leader 1369: 1261: 1174: 1130:, which suspended 1104: 983:universal suffrage 860: 844: 828:eight-hour workday 569:Heidelberg Program 485:Brief description 315: 307:Karl Grillenberger 303:Wilhelm Liebknecht 267: 207:criticized in his 183:Wilhelm Liebknecht 165:Ferdinand Lassalle 161: 150: 61: 49: 45:Ferdinand Lassalle 31:Wilhelm Liebknecht 6656:Wilde, Lawrence. 6438:Guenther, Katja. 6386:978-0-8133-1535-5 6209:. 2 August 2021. 5975:978-1-134-07179-1 5946:978-1-84742-039-8 5861:978-1-57181-004-5 5832:978-0-85496-287-7 5760:978-0-7100-0517-5 5703:. 18 August 2014. 5679:978-1-85898-451-3 5650:978-0-8020-7786-8 5615:978-0-85745-097-5 5580:978-1-4831-5336-0 5504:on 3 January 2015 5498:"IZPB | bpb" 5471:978-0-429-72453-4 5414:978-1-4616-2711-1 5389:978-0-06-010759-8 5364:978-0-520-91252-6 5335:978-81-87078-23-4 5250:978-0-19-150061-9 5219:978-0-7083-1417-3 5190:978-3-642-22525-3 5158:978-963-9241-70-1 5129:978-0-8160-7471-6 5104:978-1-59884-188-6 5038:978-0-262-19558-4 4998:978-94-017-4399-0 4932:(10): 1559–1587. 4881:978-1-136-47682-2 4846:978-90-5260-344-5 4799:978-90-441-1393-8 4768:978-3-447-03531-6 4689:978-0-521-00352-0 4658:978-0-262-19558-4 4620:978-0-340-74040-8 4592:978-0-7100-0424-6 4563:978-0-8386-3222-2 4519:978-0-333-38846-4 4485:978-0-472-10624-0 4414:978-1-134-68733-6 4329:978-0-297-78058-8 4233:978-0-415-22195-5 4195:978-0-8133-1535-5 4136:978-0-14-100975-9 4113:Evans, Richard J. 3946:978-1-349-12244-8 3919:978-0-7391-3211-1 3885:978-0-691-22812-9 3843:978-0-674-68862-9 3812:978-0-7131-6480-0 3805:. Edward Arnold. 3784:978-3-8012-0365-8 3759:978-0-8014-8769-9 3730:978-0-8078-6192-9 3701:978-0-691-01695-5 3672:978-1-317-88906-9 3639:978-0-674-68862-9 3559:978-0-300-04429-4 3524:978-0-472-06648-3 3484:978-3-642-22522-2 3444:Martin Partington 3317:978-1-4058-2471-2 3154:978-0-8160-7471-6 3031:Franz Müntefering 2966: 2910: 2909: 2880:6 December 2019 – 2825:10 September 2019 2729:18 October 2008 – 2724:Franz Müntefering 2674:Matthias Platzeck 2657:Franz Müntefering 2557:Hans-Jochen Vogel 2528:26 September 1990 2454:Hans-Jochen Vogel 2361:Central Committee 1994:COVID-19 pandemic 1936:SPD state leader 1887:Matthias Platzeck 1824:Franz Müntefering 1768:Franz Müntefering 1713:on 24 August 2005 1485:social assistance 1451:Godesberg Program 1415:demand management 1379:(FDP) fell and a 1201:Spanish Civil War 958:Hedwig Wachenheim 946:Rudolf Hilferding 937:Free Trade Unions 929:workers' councils 868:German Revolution 686:Spartacist League 663:Tsarist autocracy 637: 636: 589:Godesberg Program 364:In the states of 244:National Liberals 219:Otto von Bismarck 103:. Meanwhile, the 37:as an ideal pulse 6724: 6681:SPD Parteiarchiv 6632: 6607:Roth, Guenther. 6583: 6554: 6517: 6484:Guttsman, W. L. 6481: 6390: 6364: 6328: 6327: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6242:. 29 August 2021 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6000:. Archived from 5995: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5939:. Policy Press. 5932: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5887:(479): 405–438. 5872: 5866: 5865: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5529: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5076:Internet Archive 5073: 5071: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4901: 4890: 4889: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4732: 4721: 4720: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4640: 4625: 4624: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4545: 4536: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4505: 4490: 4489: 4467: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4430: 4419: 4418: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4315: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4265:on 22 March 2014 4264: 4258:. Archived from 4253: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4224:Psychology Press 4215: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4162: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4084: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4016: 4010: 4007: 3996: 3995: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3901: 3890: 3889: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3437: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3341: 3335: 3334:(1974) pp 178-85 3330:V. R. Berghahn, 3328: 3322: 3321: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3062: 2994:Gerhard Schröder 2964: 2930:Gustav Heinemann 2882:11 December 2021 2857:1 October 2019 – 2806:Manuela Schwesig 2763:13 February 2018 2731:13 November 2009 2698:7 September 2008 2664:15 November 2005 2640:Gerhard Schröder 2624:Oskar Lafontaine 2614:16 November 1995 2607:Rudolf Scharping 2600:Acting chairman 2521:Wolfgang Thierse 2488:7 October 1989 – 2428:14 December 1963 2421:Erich Ollenhauer 2042: 2041: 1938:Andrea Ypsilanti 1818: 1718:Oskar Lafontaine 1693: 1675:Gerhard Schröder 1640:Henrich Potthoff 1610:higher education 1269:occupation zones 1228:defeat of France 1209:Francisco Franco 1110:, was ousted by 1056:Heinrich Brüning 1052:William Smaldone 1048:Heinrich Brüning 1021:Müller's cabinet 994:Great Depression 924:co-determination 887:Weimar Coalition 854: 820:health insurance 808:Wilhelm Dittmann 753:Annemarie Renger 750: 734: 727:Alexander Parvus 724: 702:anti-revisionist 630: 610: 577: 554: 502: 494:Eisenach Program 471: 470: 455: 444:Eduard Bernstein 287:Heinrich Meister 275:Georg Schumacher 234: 190: 172: 111:. In the modern 72: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6687: 6686: 6667: 6600:Oswald, Franz. 6572:10.2307/1868314 6506:10.2307/1837686 6413:Volume 2 online 6387: 6336: 6334:Further reading 6331: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6075: 6071: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6007:on 21 July 2011 6004: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5933: 5929: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5881:Current History 5873: 5869: 5862: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5761: 5741: 5737: 5712: 5708: 5701:Mises Institute 5696: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5666: 5662: 5651: 5643:. p. 215. 5631: 5627: 5616: 5608:. p. 280. 5596: 5592: 5581: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5540:(7): 38–39, 56. 5527: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5454: 5447: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5322: 5318: 5289: 5285: 5266: 5262: 5251: 5243:. p. 182. 5231: 5227: 5220: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5087: 5083: 5069: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 4999: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4920: 4916: 4903: 4902: 4893: 4882: 4862: 4858: 4847: 4839:. p. 210. 4827: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4734: 4733: 4724: 4705: 4701: 4690: 4682:. p. 185. 4670: 4666: 4659: 4641: 4628: 4621: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4506: 4493: 4486: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4422: 4415: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4182: 4178: 4163: 4159: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4110: 4103: 4088:Shirer, William 4085: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4053: 4049: 4038:Kitchen, Martin 4035: 4031: 4017: 4013: 4008: 3999: 3962: 3958: 3947: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3910:Lexington Books 3902: 3893: 3886: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3844: 3836:. p. 147. 3824: 3820: 3813: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3632:. p. 144. 3620: 3616: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3575: 3571: 3560: 3552:. p. 134. 3540: 3536: 3525: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3438: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3308:Pearson Longman 3299: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3009: 2955:Friedrich Ebert 2951: 2924:Friedrich Ebert 2920: 2915: 2901: 2892: 2881: 2872: 2859:6 December 2019 2858: 2847:Acting leaders 2843: 2836: 2828:Acting leaders 2824: 2815: 2809: 2795: 2794:22 April 2018 – 2778: 2762: 2761:19 March 2017 – 2746: 2730: 2714:18 October 2008 2713: 2697: 2696:10 April 2006 – 2680: 2663: 2662:21 March 2004 – 2646: 2645:12 March 1999 – 2630: 2613: 2596: 2579: 2563: 2527: 2510: 2509:26 March 1990 – 2489: 2460: 2444: 2431:Died in office 2427: 2414:Died in office 2410: 2404:Kurt Schumacher 2384: 2378:Kurt Schumacher 2316: 2290: 2288:Arthur Crispien 2286: 2272:Arthur Crispien 2270: 2251:Arthur Crispien 2248: 2244: 2226: 2206: 2204:Friedrich Ebert 2186: 2183:Friedrich Ebert 2166: 2150: 2132: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2066: 2040: 2035: 2033:Leading members 2015: 1951:Seeheimer Kreis 1876:Vice-Chancellor 1856:grand coalition 1852: 1671: 1655: 1622:Reiner Pommerin 1578:excessive noise 1393:Vice-Chancellor 1381:grand coalition 1361: 1334:Manfred Schmidt 1257:Kurt Schumacher 1249: 1244: 1242:German Republic 1236:Nazi government 1215:and the German 1186:Nazi government 1166: 1132:civil liberties 1112:Franz von Papen 1080: 1015:Party chairman 975: 942:adult education 915: 856:Friedrich Ebert 852:Reichspräsident 836: 792:Friedrich Ebert 779:elected him as 765:1918 revolution 761: 747:Seeheimer Kreis 737:Kurt Schumacher 717:Konrad Haenisch 684:, in which the 674:Karl Liebknecht 650:Friedrich Ebert 642: 624: 622:Hamburg Program 604: 571: 548: 546:Görlitz Program 496: 436:nationalization 428: 167:under the name 142: 137: 93:Friedrich Ebert 68: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6730: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6685: 6684: 6678: 6666: 6665:External links 6663: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6555: 6535:10.1086/493681 6518: 6489: 6482: 6456:(3): 452–484. 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6385: 6372: 6371:(2nd ed. 2005) 6365: 6349:German History 6344: 6343:(2 vol. 1989). 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6323:Deutsche Welle 6308: 6281: 6253: 6240:Deustche Welle 6227: 6192: 6163: 6127: 6100: 6088: 6069: 6051: 6018: 5981: 5974: 5952: 5945: 5927: 5906: 5867: 5860: 5852:Berghahn Books 5838: 5831: 5809: 5787: 5770: 5759: 5735: 5706: 5685: 5678: 5660: 5649: 5625: 5614: 5606:Berghahn Books 5590: 5579: 5573:. p. 17. 5555: 5543: 5523:Horlick, Max. 5515: 5489: 5477: 5470: 5445: 5420: 5413: 5395: 5388: 5370: 5363: 5341: 5334: 5316: 5283: 5260: 5249: 5225: 5218: 5196: 5189: 5164: 5157: 5135: 5128: 5110: 5103: 5081: 5055: 5037: 5017: 5008: 4997: 4991:. p. 79. 4973: 4951: 4914: 4891: 4880: 4874:. p. 58. 4856: 4845: 4821: 4809: 4798: 4778: 4767: 4747: 4722: 4699: 4688: 4664: 4657: 4626: 4619: 4598: 4591: 4569: 4562: 4537: 4525: 4518: 4491: 4484: 4459: 4456:Alfred Grosser 4447: 4420: 4413: 4391: 4382: 4363:(4): 435–457. 4335: 4328: 4307: 4298: 4276: 4239: 4232: 4210: 4201: 4194: 4176: 4157: 4142: 4135: 4101: 4074: 4065: 4056:Kitson, Alison 4047: 4029: 4011: 3997: 3978:(3): 420–446. 3956: 3945: 3925: 3918: 3891: 3884: 3862: 3853: 3842: 3818: 3811: 3790: 3783: 3765: 3758: 3736: 3729: 3707: 3700: 3678: 3671: 3649: 3638: 3614: 3594: 3569: 3558: 3534: 3523: 3517:. p. 94. 3499: 3490: 3483: 3461: 3447: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3381: 3354:(4): 151–177. 3336: 3323: 3316: 3292: 3285: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3194: 3160: 3153: 3133: 3117: 3095: 3086: 3079: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3040:Sigmar Gabriel 3037: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3016:Robert Schmidt 3013: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3002:, 2021–present 2997: 2991: 2988:Helmut Schmidt 2985: 2979: 2976:Hermann Müller 2973: 2967: 2958: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944:, 2017–present 2939: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2895:Lars Klingbeil 2886: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2864: 2863: 2862:Acting leader 2860: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844:1 October 2019 2840: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2782:Acting leader 2780: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2740:Sigmar Gabriel 2735: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2719: 2718: 2717:Acting leader 2715: 2710: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612:25 June 1993 – 2610: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2514:Acting leader 2512: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2497:collaboration 2491: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2459:14 June 1987 – 2457: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411:20 August 1952 2407: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2359:Chairman of a 2357: 2354: 2352:Otto Grotewohl 2348: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2242:Hermann Müller 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2223:Hermann Müller 2218: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2014: 2011: 1851: 1848: 1833:private equity 1828:market economy 1670: 1667: 1654: 1651: 1644:Susanne Miller 1586:youth councils 1554:the vulnerable 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1447:Helmut Schmidt 1424:incomes policy 1360: 1357: 1303:Otto Grotewohl 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1165: 1162: 1079: 1076: 1010:Hermann Müller 974: 971: 967:public housing 914: 911: 835: 832: 800:Otto Landsberg 760: 757: 739:and Professor 709:Heinrich Cunow 670:Rosa Luxemburg 654:Russian Empire 641: 638: 635: 634: 631: 619: 615: 614: 611: 602:Berlin Program 599: 595: 594: 591: 586: 582: 581: 578: 566: 562: 561: 555: 543: 539: 538: 535: 533:Erfurt Program 530: 526: 525: 519: 514: 510: 509: 503: 491: 487: 486: 483: 480: 476: 475: 458:Rosa Luxemburg 432:Erfurt Program 427: 424: 279:Friedrich Harm 213:. Through the 141: 138: 136: 133: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6729: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6593:Marks, Gary. 6592: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6500:(1): 62–101. 6499: 6495: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6417:Eley, Geoff. 6416: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6312: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6270: 6269: 6268:New Statesman 6264: 6257: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6206:The Economist 6202: 6196: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6098:, Reuters.com 6097: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5797: 5791: 5780: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5484: 5482: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5280:(1): 211–244. 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5065: 5059: 5051: 5040: 5034: 5031:. MIT Press. 5030: 5029: 5021: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4512:. Macmillan. 4511: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4312: 4302: 4286: 4280: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4127:Penguin Press 4124: 4123:New York City 4120: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4020:Holborn, Hajo 4015: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3288: 3286:0-7658-0471-9 3282: 3278: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3082: 3080:0-7658-0471-9 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2823:3 June 2019 – 2822: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2789:Andrea Nahles 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779:22 April 2018 2776: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2756:Martin Schulz 2753: 2752: 2749: 2747:19 March 2017 2744: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2681:10 April 2006 2678: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2647:21 March 2004 2644: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2631:12 March 1999 2628: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2578:29 May 1991 – 2577: 2575: 2574: 2573:Björn Engholm 2570: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2526:9 June 1990 – 2525: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2504:Markus Meckel 2501: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2483:Ibrahim Böhme 2480: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2409:23 May 1949 – 2408: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2135:Alwin Gerisch 2131: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2043: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992:. During the 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1903:Hubertus Heil 1900: 1899:Andrea Nahles 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868:Angela Merkel 1865: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:working class 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1633:Great Society 1630: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582:air pollution 1579: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1536: 1534:consolidated. 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1509:urban renewal 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408:Karl Schiller 1406: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342:welfare state 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1253: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1217:Condor Legion 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Wilhelm Frick 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:1930 election 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 986: 984: 980: 970: 968: 962: 959: 954: 949: 947: 943: 938: 932: 930: 925: 922:the right to 919: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 873: 869: 865: 857: 853: 848: 840: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 756: 754: 749: 748: 742: 741:Johann Plenge 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 694:Die Neue Zeit 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 632: 628: 623: 620: 617: 616: 612: 608: 603: 600: 597: 596: 592: 590: 587: 584: 583: 579: 575: 570: 567: 564: 563: 560: 556: 552: 547: 544: 541: 540: 536: 534: 531: 528: 527: 524: 520: 518: 517:Gotha Program 515: 512: 511: 508: 504: 500: 495: 492: 489: 488: 484: 482:Program name 481: 478: 477: 472: 469: 467: 463: 459: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 422: 417: 413: 408: 406: 400: 395: 390: 385: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 357: 353: 349: 347: 342: 338: 336: 331: 328: 324: 323:German Empire 320: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 264: 260: 256: 253: 249: 248:Conservatives 245: 241: 240:Gotha program 236: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201:Gotha Program 198: 194: 189: 184: 180: 176: 171: 166: 159: 154: 146: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 66: 58: 53: 46: 42: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6566:(1): 14–37. 6563: 6559: 6529:(1): 30–41. 6526: 6522: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6453: 6447: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6376: 6368: 6355:(1): 23–35. 6352: 6348: 6340: 6321: 6311: 6301:30 September 6299:. Retrieved 6293: 6284: 6272:. Retrieved 6266: 6256: 6244:. Retrieved 6230: 6218:. Retrieved 6204: 6195: 6183:. Retrieved 6176: 6166: 6154:. Retrieved 6142:The Guardian 6140: 6130: 6118:. Retrieved 6113: 6103: 6091: 6083:The Guardian 6082: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6027: 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 6002:the original 5997: 5984: 5961: 5955: 5936: 5930: 5921: 5909: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5847: 5841: 5818: 5812: 5800:. Retrieved 5790: 5773: 5765:Google Books 5763:– via 5745: 5738: 5724:(9): 16–20. 5721: 5715: 5709: 5688: 5672:. E. Elgar. 5669: 5663: 5655:Google Books 5653:– via 5635: 5628: 5620:Google Books 5618:– via 5600: 5593: 5585:Google Books 5583:– via 5565: 5558: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5518: 5506:. Retrieved 5502:the original 5492: 5457: 5429: 5423: 5404: 5398: 5379: 5373: 5350: 5344: 5325: 5319: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5255:Google Books 5253:– via 5235: 5228: 5205: 5199: 5176: 5144: 5138: 5119: 5113: 5090: 5084: 5074:– via 5068:. Retrieved 5058: 5050:Google Books 5048:– via 5042:. 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Retrieved 3098: 3089: 3066: 3060: 2982:Willy Brandt 2970:Gustav Bauer 2936:Johannes Rau 2902: 2893: 2890:Saskia Esken 2889: 2873: 2869:Saskia Esken 2867: 2852: 2837: 2833: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2787: 2770: 2754: 2738: 2722: 2705: 2689: 2672: 2655: 2638: 2622: 2605: 2597:25 June 1993 2590:Johannes Rau 2588: 2571: 2555: 2535: 2519: 2502: 2490:1 April 1990 2481: 2474:East Germany 2452: 2445:14 June 1987 2438:Willy Brandt 2436: 2419: 2402: 2383:6 May 1945 – 2376: 2367:to form the 2334: 2317: 2313: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2271: 2267: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2227: 2221: 2207: 2203: 2187: 2181: 2167: 2164:August Bebel 2163: 2151: 2148:August Bebel 2147: 2133: 2127: 2111: 2097:August Bebel 2095: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2067: 2061: 2016: 2002:Saskia Esken 1966: 1955: 1947:January 2009 1935: 1910:hearing loss 1907: 1880: 1853: 1841: 1836: 1821: 1800: 1788: 1772: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1722:Lower Saxony 1716: 1691:Bundesländer 1683: 1672: 1656: 1648: 1637: 1626: 1619: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1514: 1489: 1481: 1477:rent control 1470: 1463: 1440: 1420: 1401: 1389:Willy Brandt 1370: 1350: 1331: 1320: 1296: 1290:to form the 1284:East Germany 1281: 1273:West Germany 1265:World War II 1262: 1232:World War II 1221: 1213:Nationalists 1198: 1182:Enabling Act 1175: 1147: 1136: 1124:Enabling Act 1116:Adolf Hitler 1105: 1088:Three Arrows 1044:Centre Party 1041: 1025: 1014: 998:Wilhelm Marx 991: 987: 976: 963: 950: 933: 920: 916: 899:Neu Beginnen 895:middle class 875:Gustav Noske 861: 785: 775:, while the 771:against the 762: 690:Karl Kautsky 667: 643: 447: 429: 419: 415: 410: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 363: 359: 355: 350: 343: 339: 332: 316: 293:. Standing: 283:August Bebel 263:August Bebel 237: 208: 196: 185:founded the 179:August Bebel 177:). In 1869, 162: 135:German Reich 101:Willy Brandt 97:Nazi Germany 90: 62: 57:Willy Brandt 39:Bottom row: 27:August Bebel 18: 6623:(1): 3–37. 6274:5 September 6246:5 September 6220:5 September 6116:(in German) 6037:10419/44186 5552:John Ardagh 5508:14 November 5439:10419/48980 5303:: 295–330. 5044:14 November 4741:Der Spiegel 3966:Schülerräte 3585:CUP Archive 3187:11 November 3048:, 2018–2021 3046:Olaf Scholz 3042:, 2013–2018 3033:, 2005–2007 3025:Egon Franke 3000:Olaf Scholz 2996:, 1998–2005 2990:, 1974–1982 2984:, 1969–1974 2972:, 1919–1920 2957:, 1918–1919 2938:, 1999–2004 2932:, 1969–1974 2926:, 1919–1925 2853:Malu Dreyer 2838:Malu Dreyer 2818:Malu Dreyer 2796:3 June 2019 2772:Olaf Scholz 2564:29 May 1991 2511:9 June 1990 2461:29 May 1991 2385:23 May 1949 2152:Paul Singer 2129:Paul Singer 2027:Olaf Scholz 1895:Brandenburg 1872:Olaf Scholz 1700:Green Party 1659:Helmut Kohl 1624:noted that 1397:Hans Katzer 1321:During the 1316:East Berlin 1205:Republicans 713:Paul Lensch 625: [ 605: [ 572: [ 549: [ 497: [ 462:revisionism 370:Württemberg 346:Luise Zietz 311:Paul Singer 299:August Kühn 291:Karl Frohme 129:Olaf Scholz 105:East German 82:centre-left 6691:Categories 6156:4 February 6120:4 February 6114:SPD Berlin 6030:(Report). 5432:(Report). 5239:. Oxford: 4613:. Arnold. 3053:References 2580:3 May 1993 2476:1989–1990 2335:Hans Vogel 2318:Hans Vogel 2293:Hans Vogel 2188:Hugo Haase 2169:Hugo Haase 1727:neoliberal 1663:The Greens 1344:under the 1222:After the 1143:Nazi Party 1108:Otto Braun 1064:Nazi Party 1033:Article 48 907:Iron Front 812:Hugo Haase 804:Emil Barth 769:Reichswehr 732:Die Glocke 678:Hugo Haase 125:the Greens 6551:144762827 6478:145765173 6215:0013-0613 6151:0261-3077 6108:rpaeche. 5966:Routledge 5751:Routledge 5462:Routledge 4872:Routledge 4717:643574180 4649:MIT Press 4583:Routledge 4405:Routledge 4377:153689545 3992:145229969 3777:. 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History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany

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