270:
1006:
413:, to follow in his footsteps as one of the eight "Tapissiers ordinaires de la chambre du Roi", with a valet de chambre's rank, he had to pay 1,200 livres. But the title required only 3 months' work a year, looking after the royal furniture and tapestries, for a salary of 300 livres, with the opportunity to take commission on a number of lucrative contracts. Poquelin senior ran his successful shop in Paris when not on royal duty. Molière retained the office of valet until his death. The court duties of many valets, specialized or otherwise, followed regular cycles, rotating every quarter between four holders.
40:
397:) in 1643. These appointments put him in the "select group" of some 350 top royal servants, out of about 1,700 in total, and probably used up much of his time. In fact Velázquez perhaps saw more of the King than any other servants, as Philip spent long hours in his studio watching him paint. Finally, after the King's first application on his behalf was rejected, and some probable falsification of his family background and career, Velázquez managed in 1659 to obtain entry to the chivalric
287:-artist or musician, sometimes exclusively, but often not. The degree to which valets with special skills were expected to perform the normal serving tasks of valets no doubt varied greatly, and remains obscure from at least the earlier records. Probably many were expected to be on hand for service on major occasions, but otherwise not often. The appointment gave the artist a place in the court management structure, under such officials as the
171:
478:
361:, as well as the musicians, had other dedicated offices to fill, so that artistic valets or Grooms were mainly literary or dramatic. But these included whole companies of actors, who in practice seem to have gone their own way outside their performances, except for being drafted in to help on specially busy occasions. In August 1604 the
392:
was appointed "King's painter" in 1623, at the age of 24, and held this position until his death at the age of 61. In addition, he progressed through the hierarchy of courtiers as "usher in the royal chamber" in 1627 (equivalent to valet de chambre), "Assistant in the
Wardrobe" (1636) and "Assistant
129:
where the ruler conducted his more private meetings, but services extended to the bedroom as well. Sometimes, as in Spain and
England, different bodies of valets were responsible for the bedroom and the daytime rooms. Often, the moment the ruler went outdoors a whole new division of staff took over.
117:
For some this brought entry into the lucrative court business of asking for favours on behalf of clients, and passing messages to the monarch or lord heading the court. Valets might supply specialized services of various kinds to the patron, as artists, musicians, poets, scholars, librarians, doctors
210:
were used for people with different responsibilities. The "Grooms of the Privy
Chamber" and of the "Stool" were more important posts because they involved closer access and were usually held by the well-born, often knights. The "Groom-Porter"'s job was to "regulate all matters to do with gaming" at
447:
During the
Baroque age the role of valet largely ceased to be a career step for noble courtiers aiming for the highest offices, although the Premier Valets of the Kings of France, now a role usually passing from father to son, were themselves ennobled and wealthy. Livery clothes and the right to
97:
simply waited on the patron, or looked after his clothes and other personal needs, itself potentially a powerful and lucrative position, others had more specialized functions. At the most prestigious level it could be akin to a monarch or ruler's personal secretary, as was the case of
443:
the clothes of the monarch would be passed by the valet to the
Gentleman, who would pass it to, or place it on, the monarch himself. Especially in France, several other members of the royal family had their own households, with their own corps of valets.
957:
and later the King's Men, had this status as part of the
English habit of making the whole of court theatrical companies Grooms of the Chamber. He occasionally participated in great ceremonial occasions, wearing livery at James I's
157:
regulations, and, if all went well, a lifetime pension. The valet would frequently be housed, at least when working in the palace, but often permanently. Lump-sums might be paid to the valet, especially to provide a
427:, was a powerful and feared figure, in charge of the troops guarding the royal palaces, and an elaborate network of spies on courtiers. Major courts had a higher layer of courtier attendants, always from the upper
349:
and so forth, and the valets mostly reverted to looking after the personal, and often the political, needs of their patron. In fact Jan van Eyck, one of the many artists and musicians with the rank of valet in the
118:
or apothecaries and curators of collections. Valets comprised a mixture of nobles hoping to rise in their career, and those—often of humble origin—whose specialized abilities the monarch wanted to use or reward.
279:
painted in 1433. He became a valet in 1425, at a very high salary, and remained one until his death. He was also used as a diplomat, and once performed a pilgrimage on behalf of his Duke.
1485:
Adamson, op. cit. pp.170 and 198. In Munich the number inflated from the low teens around 1600, to about 130 by the mid-17th century, and over 400 by the end of the 18th century.
1065:
and curator; the first person to make an untethered balloon flight (in the presence of the king), and two years later the first person to die in an aviation accident.
636:
1095:
In fact the majority of valets fell under this category in the earlier period. All these appear to have had functional, rather than purely honorary, positions.
1021:
702:
696:
153:
clothes to wear (in the early period at least), the right to meals at the palace, often in a special mess-room, and benefits such as exclusion from local
1033:
686:
846:, who seems to have become a regular Groom of the Chamber on his retirement from the stage - or perhaps that was just a way of giving him a pension.
808:
1664:
1144:
626:
1186:
1723:
1551:
1588:
735:
377:, then negotiating a treaty with Spain — but no plays were performed. Over the previous Christmas, the whole company had been housed at
910:, poet, and his father Jean (below). Like Thomas Sternhold (see below) he published an influential vernacular verse translation of the
853:
539:, recruited by the French court, now best known as an illuminator (see picture), and for the design of the Apocalypse tapestries at
145:
circle, with painters increasingly receiving the title as the social prestige of artists became increasingly distinct from that of
819:
from 1661, eventually holding seven court posts simultaneously, mostly musical, but also as "underhousekeeper" at
Somerset House.
456:
and the variants were now given, mostly to noblemen, with great freedom, but with no payment or services being exchanged; both
1147:
was made Groom of the Privy
Chamber 1546, five years after being knighted, then Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in 1550, and
1058:
1009:
341:, the regularly required artistic roles in music and painting typically began to be given their own offices and titles, as
121:
The title of valet enabled access to the monarch or other employer; the "chambre" originally referred to rooms such as the
1521:
452:, was one of many who published their memoirs, from the 18th century on. Especially in German lands, honorary titles as
1688:
1673:
1638:
1585:
1442:
934:, who began his career following his father (also a valet de chambre), as a tapissier valet, looking after the royal
839:
1615:
1262:
1244:
889:
362:
1703:
1474:
856:
in his early teens, and married one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting; he progressed to higher offices at court.
751:
675:
640:
346:
1499:
1274:
1225:
269:
149:. The benefits for the artist were a position of understood status in the court hierarchy, with a salary,
1199:
602:
432:
1609:
859:
30:
This article is about the court position in late mediaeval and early modern Europe. For other uses, see
1351:, see Jeanne Marix, "Hayne van Ghizeghem: Musician at the Court of the 15th-Century Burgundian Dukes,"
1295:
740:
358:
941:
381:, several miles outside London, for three weeks, in the course of which they gave seven performances.
954:
843:
374:
17:
1510:
1282:
1174:
1005:
1555:
1539:
1334:
1158:
731:
295:, usually via an intermediate court officer. In turn the valets were able to give orders to the
1030:, usually either physicians or financiers, were often appointed, especially in the German lands.
583:
448:
meals were converted into extra cash payments by several courts. Constant, valet de chambre to
1127:
883:
621:
436:
322:
292:
55:, who was also a valet de chambre, in 1372. Vaudetar was a nobleman, already in charge of the
48:
882:, playwright and producer. With several of his actors became Groom of the Queen's Chamber for
1718:
1210:
after university. He wrote an influential work on the administration of small principalities.
1203:
1166:
977:
945:
671:
1233:
1117:
1107:
981:
901:
873:
869:
572:
378:
326:
303:
199:
133:
From the late 14th century onwards the term is found in connection with an artist, author,
8:
1300:
1252:
1148:
1137:
1111:
998:
950:
770:
606:
552:
511:
424:
334:
175:
154:
103:
99:
44:
440:
1162:
1069:
1052:
1041:
994:
973:
897:
822:
816:
797:
775:
416:
330:
239:
207:
203:
194:
the French term was used, whilst French was the language of the court, for example for
1239:
714:
557:
389:
111:
39:
1669:
1634:
1581:
1470:
1438:
1213:
1046:
789:
617:
577:
522:
501:
398:
351:
318:
261:. "Valet de chambre" also became used outside courts to refer to normal manservants.
243:
231:
1608:
1534:
1466:
1381:
Groom, a word originally meaning "boy", is first used for a court office in 1464 -
1305:
965:
925:
849:
803:
666:
639:, Frenchman appointed as Burgundian court illuminator, possibly identical with the
611:
516:
409:
When Jean
Poquelin arranged for his 18-year-old son, better known as the dramatist
385:
288:
195:
907:
690:
587:
388:
held a number of roles as a diplomat and what we would now call a civil servant.
1437:. Eds. Dawson W. Carr and Xavier Bray. National Gallery London, 2006, pp. 15-18.
1310:
893:
781:
765:
710:
680:
592:
546:
526:
490:
482:
306:
250:
191:
183:
90:
73:
1155:
five times, from 1553- 1584. A typical moderately successful courtier's career.
650:
1600:
1418:
1270:
1256:
1191:
1099:
879:
370:
258:
1712:
865:
812:
568:
342:
126:
1012:
and his companion Romain become the first to die in an aviation accident at
1659:
827:
726:
662:
631:
597:
310:
275:
1170:
959:
645:
563:
532:
366:
338:
314:
122:
86:
82:
52:
1604:
1433:
Carr, Dawson W. "Painting and reality: the art and life of Velázquez".
1062:
1037:
935:
917:
759:
754:, in 1668 began his career at 24 as valet de chambre for the Bishop of
507:
449:
1106:
soldier, diplomat and courtier, made Usher of the
Chamber in 1461, on
931:
410:
1221:
1217:
1181:
1152:
1131:
1083:
1079:
1027:
938:
and furniture, before going into acting and becoming court dramatist.
486:
134:
755:
1073:
1013:
428:
142:
138:
107:
709:
Similar court positions were held by many court painters, notably
477:
384:
Some courtier artists took their courtly careers very seriously.
1266:
1103:
811:, English singer, violist, and minor composer, probably uncle of
656:
333:
and art tutor with the rank of lady-in-waiting to his third wife
246:
179:
146:
162:
for a daughter; sons were often able to join the court as well.
1366:
The Rise of the Artist in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance
997:(c. 1550–1634) French gunsmith, inventor (or perfector) of the
911:
745:
540:
536:
461:
457:
150:
56:
373:, "on his Majesty's service", no doubt in connection with the
369:, were "waiting and attending" upon the Spanish ambassador at
354:
court, was already described as a painter as well as a valet.
253:
introduced new titles in 1722, after which the Камер-юнкер or
170:
114:, it was a common early step on the ladder to higher offices.
969:
159:
94:
31:
1216:, aristocratic soldier and amateur artist, who invented the
1619:. Vol. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 188.
1202:(1626–92), scholar and statesman, a protege of the duke of
1393:
1382:
299:
or ushers, footmen, pages, and other ordinary servants.
1424:
Baltimore, Penguin, 1964, p. 460; spellings modernized.
1355:, vol. 28, no. 3 (Jul., 1942), pp. 276-287 (esp. 279).
1251:
at the age of 14, his career took off after he helped
1090:
1495:
1493:
1491:
214:
Other countries used other terms: in Italian usually
1120:(1654–99), Prussian diplomat who entered court as a
580:(1574-1645 or 46), French portraitist and collector.
521:Hue de Boulogne, one of many painter-valets in the
211:court, providing the cards, and settling disputes.
93:had many persons appointed at any time. While some
1488:
1332:Reginald Blomfield and L. C., "Valet de Chambre,"
1247:(1714-1767), Russian diplomat and statesman, made
734:, virtuoso violinist and master of ceremonies for
439:. At the increasingly formalized ceremony of the
1710:
1169:, was executed for an alleged affair with Queen
493:, by Daniel Dumonstier, also a valet de chambre.
467:
302:There were some female equivalents, such as the
1140:, at the start of his very distinguished career
758:, before progressing to Imperial service and a
1704:Court culture, including the role of the valet
1665:Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
510:(1621–1656), portraitist, valet de chambre to
198:in the 1370s; but subsequently titles such as
186:who may himself be here, looking at the viewer
1658:
1405:Perlingieri, Ilya Sandra, "Lady in Waiting",
904:, were "grooms extraordinary of the chamber".
419:, head of the thirty-six functional ordinary
59:palace, who was to progress further at court.
1328:
1326:
1532:Patrick M. De Winter, "Testard, Robinet ,"
1372:, vol. 57, no. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 577-580.
1668:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 127.
1599:
1130:(1752–96), statesman, author, and leading
833:
497:Mainly painters, unless otherwise stated.
489:who probably began as valet de chambre to
435:(four, rotating annually), and in England
1633:, p.107, 2000, Cassell & Co, London,
1323:
401:, the pinnacle of his courtly ambitions.
1631:The Princely Courts of Europe, 1500-1750
1335:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
1124:. His poems were published posthumously.
1004:
476:
283:The patron retained the services of the
268:
169:
89:, common from the 14th century onwards.
47:, presents the king with his gift of an
38:
1580:, p. 4, 1994, Oxford University Press,
1358:
1338:, vol. 21, no. 109 (Apr., 1912), p. 55.
404:
264:
14:
1711:
1196:, (1457-1529) French courtier and poet
852:, poet and courtier, became a page to
736:Catherine de' Medici's court festivals
665:, sculptor, also succeeded his master
27:Position in a royal or noble household
1068:Andries van Vesel, apothecary to the
560:, French portraitist, like his father
226:were the usual titles, though it was
72:
1165:(an especially intimate role) under
1072:, and father of the great anatomist
988:
337:, a keen amateur artist. During the
106:. For noblemen pursuing a career as
1091:Courtiers, soldiers and politicians
85:appointment introduced in the late
24:
1463:Les Valets de chambre de Louis XIV
1422:A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964.
464:had over 400 by the 18th century.
25:
1735:
1724:Court titles in the Ancien Régime
1697:
1281:from 1936 where he served in the
1232:seems to have equated in fact to
1024:III, (d. 1772), French clockmaker
165:
43:Jean de Vaudetar, valet to King
1616:Dictionary of National Biography
1263:Christian Frederik von Schalburg
653:, also a sculptor and architect.
549:, most famous as an illuminator.
504:, woodcarver to Philip the Good.
317:in the royal households of both
1682:
1652:
1643:
1629:Adamson, John (ed. and author),
1623:
1593:
1570:
1544:
1526:
1515:
1504:
1479:
1456:
1245:Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov
1177:, a Groom of the Privy Chamber.
1059:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
1010:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
431:, whose French version was the
1447:
1427:
1412:
1399:
1396:"Groom-Porter", first use 1502
1387:
1375:
1341:
1236:and head of the palace guards.
1078:Jehan du Vivier, French royal
1055:(1636-1714) French clockmaker.
752:Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber
249:was broadly equivalent, until
13:
1:
1316:
1228:, then a minor, his title of
968:, translator of the Metrical
699:goldsmith to Philip the Good.
676:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
641:Master of Anthony of Burgundy
468:Notable holders of the office
218:, in German-speaking courts
1220:. In the small court of the
720:
705:sculptor to Philip the Good.
7:
1289:
1200:Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff
842:Elizabethan actor with the
433:Gentleman of the bedchamber
329:, who was court painter to
257:came 11th out of 14 in the
10:
1740:
1296:Artists of the Tudor Court
944:, author and secretary to
854:the king's daughter-in-law
741:Ballet Comique de la Reine
472:
359:artists of the Tudor court
347:Master of the King's Music
273:Probable self-portrait of
174:Papal valets kneel during
29:
953:, as a key member of the
778:appointed as late as 1758
605:, Italian who worked for
375:Somerset House Conference
1469:, Perrin, 2004; pp. 1-3
1364:Rab Hatfield, review of
1283:Royal Danish Life Guards
1269:officer who was born in
860:Charles Rivière Dufresny
1540:Oxford University Press
942:Bonaventure des Périers
834:Literary men and actors
732:Baltasar de Beaujoyeulx
571:, painter and valet to
393:in the Privy Chamber" (
365:, presumably including
1610:"Hawes, Stephen"
1368:by Andrew Martindale,
1128:Adolph Freiherr Knigge
1017:
1016:, on the 15 June 1785.
955:Lord Chamberlain's Men
884:Elizabeth I of England
844:Lord Chamberlain's Men
637:Philippe de Mazerolles
494:
437:Lord of the Bedchamber
293:Grand Master of France
280:
187:
60:
49:illuminated manuscript
1353:The Musical Quarterly
1204:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1082:, paid in 1390 for a
1022:Jean-Baptiste Baillon
1008:
946:Marguerite de Navarre
920:poet, and secretary (
672:Bartholomeus Spranger
480:
272:
173:
141:'s position within a
74:[valɛdəʃɑ̃bʁ]
70:French pronunciation:
42:
1649:Adamson op. cit.:107
1149:Member of Parliament
1118:Friedrich von Canitz
1110:'s accession, then
902:Charles I of England
870:Groom of the Chamber
573:Mary, Queen of Scots
405:In the Baroque court
379:Hampton Court Palace
327:Sofonisba Anguissola
304:portrait miniaturist
265:Valets from the arts
200:Groom of the Chamber
1301:Esquire of the Body
1253:Elizabeth of Russia
1138:Anne de Montmorency
1112:Esquire of the Body
1102:(1420s-1503, Welsh
1070:Holy Roman Emperors
999:flintlock mechanism
951:William Shakespeare
771:Hayne van Ghizeghem
703:Klaas van der Werve
607:Francis I of France
553:Melchior Broederlam
512:Christina of Sweden
425:Louis XIV of France
335:Elisabeth of Valois
313:), who served as a
291:in England, or the
176:The Mass at Bolsena
104:Francis I of France
100:Anne de Montmorency
45:Charles V of France
1500:Leiden thesis, p.2
1163:Groom of the Stool
1053:Balthazar Martinot
1042:Henry IV of France
1018:
995:Marin le Bourgeoys
974:Groom of the Robes
962:to London in 1604.
823:Johannes Tapissier
817:Groom of the Robes
798:Pope Alexander VII
786:aiutante di camera
776:Pieter van Maldere
697:Willem van Vleuten
689:, illuminator for
495:
417:Alexandre Bontemps
331:Philip II of Spain
281:
208:Groom of the Robes
204:Groom of the Stool
188:
61:
1349:valets de chambre
1347:For musicians as
1277:, used the title
1214:Ludwig von Siegen
1159:Sir Henry Norreys
1047:Jean-Roland Malet
989:Other specialists
790:Antonio Barberini
738:, he created the
659:was a papal valet
603:Bartolomeo Ghetti
584:Barthélemy d'Eyck
578:Daniel Dumonstier
525:accounts of Duke
502:Jacques de Baerze
421:valets de chambre
399:Order of Santiago
232:Austrian Habsburg
79:varlet de chambre
16:(Redirected from
1731:
1691:
1686:
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1679:
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1621:
1620:
1612:
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1591:
1574:
1568:
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1565:
1563:
1558:on 7 August 2007
1554:. Archived from
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1542:
1535:Grove Art Online
1530:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:Cleveland Museum
1508:
1502:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1467:Mathieu da Vinha
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1407:Art and Antiques
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1370:The Art Bulletin
1362:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1306:Groom in Waiting
1273:and fell on the
1195:
1175:William Brereton
966:Thomas Sternhold
926:Anne of Brittany
850:Geoffrey Chaucer
804:Julien Perrichon
784:Roman composer,
667:Jean de Marville
618:Paul de Limbourg
612:Gerard Horenbout
517:Henri Bellechose
386:Geoffrey Chaucer
289:Lord Chamberlain
285:valet de chambre
196:Geoffrey Chaucer
102:at the court of
91:Royal households
76:
71:
65:Valet de chambre
21:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
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1708:
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1695:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1607:, eds. (1891).
1601:Stephen, Leslie
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1419:Halliday, F. E.
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1319:
1311:Papal Gentlemen
1292:
1240:Étienne de Vesc
1189:
1093:
1034:Nicholas Fleury
991:
894:playing company
872:in 1502, under
836:
794:cameriere extra
782:Marco Marazzoli
766:Antoine Busnois
723:
715:Diego Velázquez
711:Andrea Mantegna
687:Georges Trubert
681:Robinet Testard
593:Hubert van Eyck
558:François Clouet
547:Jean Bourdichon
527:Philip the Bold
491:Maria de Medici
483:Concino Concini
475:
470:
407:
395:ayuda de cámera
390:Diego Velázquez
357:In England the
307:Levina Teerlinc
267:
251:Peter the Great
192:Royal Household
190:In the English
168:
112:Étienne de Vesc
69:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1698:External links
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1693:
1692:
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1642:
1622:
1592:
1576:Peter Holman,
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1543:
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1478:
1455:
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1271:tzarist Russia
1260:
1242:
1237:
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1184:
1178:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1100:Sir John Donne
1092:
1089:
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1076:
1066:
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1050:
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1025:
1003:
1002:
1001:firing action.
990:
987:
986:
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939:
929:
915:
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886:
880:Thomas Heywood
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863:
857:
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835:
832:
831:
830:
825:
820:
809:Thomas Purcell
806:
801:
779:
773:
768:
763:
749:
729:
722:
719:
707:
706:
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694:
684:
683:– Illuminator
678:
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371:Somerset House
266:
263:
259:Table of Ranks
167:
166:National terms
164:
143:noble or royal
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1736:
1725:
1722:
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1677:
1675:0-394-55948-7
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1660:Schama, Simon
1655:
1646:
1640:
1639:1-84188-097-3
1636:
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1596:
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1586:0-19-816341-X
1583:
1579:
1578:Henry Purcell
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1443:1-85709-303-8
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1299:
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1275:Eastern Front
1272:
1268:
1265:(1906-1942),
1264:
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1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
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1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:who made him
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1201:
1198:
1193:
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1173:, along with
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1168:
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1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Henry Neville
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908:Clément Marot
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866:Stephen Hawes
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813:Henry Purcell
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733:
730:
728:
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724:
718:
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712:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:René of Anjou
688:
685:
682:
679:
677:
673:
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668:
664:
661:
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649:
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633:
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628:
625:
623:
619:
616:
614:, illuminator
613:
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601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:René of Anjou
585:
582:
579:
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569:Jean de Court
567:
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396:
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387:
382:
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368:
364:
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355:
353:
348:
344:
343:Court painter
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:(daughter of
308:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
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278:
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185:
181:
177:
172:
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161:
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140:
136:
131:
128:
127:Privy chamber
124:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
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67:
66:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1719:Court titles
1684:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1630:
1625:
1614:
1595:
1577:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1546:
1533:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1481:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1409:, April 1988
1406:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1279:kammerjunker
1278:
1249:kammerjunker
1248:
1230:kammerjunker
1229:
1226:Hesse-Kassel
1207:
1122:Kammerjunker
1121:
1094:
921:
840:George Bryan
828:Jacobus Vide
793:
788:to Cardinal
785:
744:, the first
739:
727:Adrien Basin
708:
663:Claus Sluter
651:Jean Perréal
632:Jean Malouel
627:Gerard Loyet
598:Jan van Eyck
496:
481:Portrait of
453:
446:
420:
415:
408:
394:
383:
356:
311:Simon Bening
301:
296:
284:
282:
276:Jan van Eyck
274:
255:kammerjunker
254:
235:
227:
223:
220:Kammerjunker
219:
215:
213:
189:
182:, himself a
132:
120:
116:
78:
64:
63:
62:
36:
1689:Google book
1605:Lee, Sidney
1257:coup d'etat
1234:Chamberlain
1190: [
1187:Pierre Sala
1171:Anne Boleyn
1061:scientist,
1049:, economist
1038:embroiderer
960:royal entry
868:, poet and
862:, dramatist
646:Jean Nocret
622:Illuminator
564:Jean Clouet
533:Jean Bondol
367:Shakespeare
339:Renaissance
323:Elizabeth I
315:gentlewoman
234:court, and
184:Papal valet
123:throne room
87:Middle Ages
53:Jean Bondol
1713:Categories
1475:226202135X
1317:References
1167:Henry VIII
1063:balloonist
1028:Court Jews
978:Henry VIII
936:tapestries
922:escripvain
918:Jean Marot
890:King's Men
760:knighthood
523:Burgundian
508:David Beck
450:Napoleon I
363:King's Men
352:Burgundian
236:Kammerherr
1435:Velázquez
1222:Landgrave
1218:mezzotint
1208:hofjunker
1182:Saint Yon
1153:Berkshire
1132:Freemason
1108:Edward IV
1084:reliquary
1080:goldsmith
982:Edward VI
874:Henry VII
721:Musicians
487:favourite
297:huissiers
224:Hofjunker
216:cameriere
147:craftsmen
135:architect
125:, or the
108:courtiers
18:Hofjunker
1662:(1989).
1562:21 April
1290:See also
1259:of 1741.
1180:Jean de
1074:Vesalius
1014:Wimereux
792:, later
454:kammerer
429:nobility
228:Kammerer
139:musician
81:, was a
1552:"Getty"
1522:V&A
1453:Carr:22
1255:in her
1114:1465–69
1104:Yorkist
932:Molière
898:James I
657:Raphael
473:Artists
411:Molière
247:Stolnik
240:Bavaria
230:in the
180:Raphael
110:, like
1672:
1637:
1589:online
1584:
1473:
1441:
1267:Danish
972:, and
970:Psalms
912:Psalms
896:under
892:, the
815:, was
756:Olmütz
746:ballet
541:Angers
537:Bruges
462:Munich
458:Vienna
325:, and
319:Mary I
244:Russia
206:, and
151:livery
95:valets
77:), or
57:Louvre
1194:]
924:) to
586:, to
441:Levée
242:. In
160:dowry
155:guild
137:, or
83:court
32:Valet
1670:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1564:2008
1471:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1161:, a
1151:for
1143:Sir
980:and
900:and
888:The
713:and
674:for
485:, a
460:and
321:and
1394:OED
1383:OED
1224:of
1040:to
976:to
796:to
423:of
238:in
222:or
178:by
51:by
1715::
1613:.
1603:;
1538:,
1490:^
1465:,
1325:^
1192:fr
1036:,
717:.
620:–
345:,
202:,
1678:.
1566:.
1285:.
1134:.
1086:.
984:.
928:.
914:.
876:.
800:.
762:.
748:.
693:.
543:.
529:.
68:(
34:.
20:)
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