Holy Grail - Knowledge

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estimate of the Rosicrucians?' an inquirer will very naturally ask. The answer to all this is very, ample and satisfactory; but particulars must be left to the sagacity of the querist himself, because propriety does not admit of explanation. Suffice it to say, that it is one of the most curious and wonderful subjects which has occupied the attention of antiquaries. That archaeological puzzle, the 'Round Table of King Arthur', is a perfect display of this whole subject of the origin of the 'Garter'; it springs directly from it, being the same object as that enclosed by the mythic garter, 'garder', or 'girther.'

1482: 881: 1261: 1295:. Early accounts of Joseph at Glastonbury focus on his role as the evangelist of Britain rather than as the custodian of the Holy Grail, but from the 15th century, the Grail became a more prominent part of the legends surrounding Glastonbury. Interest in Glastonbury resurged in the late 19th century, inspired by renewed interest in the Arthurian legend and contemporary spiritual movements centered on ancient sacred sites. In the late 19th century, 3270: 4130: 4142: 532: 4154: 1371: 1058:(2004) argued that the Grail legend is connected to the introduction of "more ceremony and mysticism" surrounding the sacrament of the Eucharist in the high medieval period, proposing that the first Grail stories may have been connected to the "renewal in this traditional sacrament". Daniel Scavone (1999, 2003) has argued that the "Grail" originally referred to the 1205:. By the 14th century, an elaborate tradition had developed that this object was the Last Supper chalice. This tradition mirrors aspects of the Grail material, with several major differences, suggesting a separate tradition entirely. It is not associated with Joseph of Arimathea or Jesus' blood; it is said to have been taken to Rome by 802:, Perceval witnesses a wondrous procession in which youths carry magnificent objects from one chamber to another, passing before him at each course of the meal. First comes a young man carrying a bleeding lance, then two boys carrying candelabras. Finally, a beautiful young girl emerges bearing an elaborately decorated 843:

to collect Christ's blood upon his removal from the cross. Joseph is thrown in prison, where Christ visits him and explains the mysteries of the blessed cup. Upon his release, Joseph gathers his in-laws and other followers and travels to the west. He founds a dynasty of Grail keepers that eventually

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Writing of the Order of the Garter ceremonies Jennings writes on page 323:- The whole refers to King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table; set round as sentinels ('in lodge') of the Sangreal, or Holy Graal--the 'Sacrifice Mysterious', or 'Eucharist'. But how is all this magic and sacred in the

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video game franchise the Holy Grail is mentioned. In the original game, one Templar refers to the main relic of the game as the Holy Grail, although it was later discovered to be one of many Apples of Eden. The Holy Grail was mentioned again in Templar Legends, ending up in either Scotland or Spain

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which provided sustenance for the Fisher King's crippled father. Perceval, who had been warned against talking too much, remains silent through all of this and wakes up the next morning alone. He later learns that if he had asked the appropriate questions about what he saw, he would have healed his

2164:, "Special", Lance finds a crockery cup, eyes only, in a field that turns out to be where a historic battle took place and a reliquary containing the Holy Grail was lost. A montage shows how the same crockery cup went from the hands of Jesus at the Last Supper (implied) to being lost in the field. 1351:

that cast the order as a secret society dedicated to mystical knowledge and relics. In Hammer-Purgstall's work, the Grail is not a physical relic, but a symbol of the secret knowledge that the Templars sought. There is no historical evidence linking the Templars to a search for the Grail, but

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franchise, the Holy Grail serves as the prize of the Holy Grail War, granting a single wish to the victor of the battle royale. However, it is hinted at throughout the series that this Grail is not the real chalice of Christ, but is actually an item of uncertain nature created by mages some

2094:(2017), the search for the Holy Grail by the Knights Templar is a major theme of the series' first season. The Grail, which appears as a simple earthenware cup, is coveted by various factions including the Pope, who thinks that possession of it will enable him to ignite another Crusade. 1454:

dynasty. Supposedly, while the Catholic Church worked to destroy the dynasty, they were protected by the Priory of Sion and their associates, including the Templars, Cathars, and other secret societies. The book, its arguments, and its evidence have been widely dismissed by scholars as

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veneration. These artifacts are said to have been the vessel used at the Last Supper, but other details vary. Despite the prominence of the Grail literature, traditions about a Last Supper relic remained rare in contrast to other items associated with Jesus' last days, such as the

813:), showing the word was used, in its earliest literary context, as a common noun. For Chrétien, a grail was a wide, somewhat deep, dish or bowl, interesting because it contained not a pike, salmon, or lamprey, as the audience may have expected for such a container, but a single 1847:, where it is the subject of an earlier quest, several generations before the birth of King Arthur. However, in contrast to the Arthurian canon, Vance's Grail is a common object lacking any magical or spiritual qualities, and the characters finding it derive little benefit. 1806:

in 1307, again pursued by the Iscarians. Schröder indirectly addresses the Cathar theory by letting the four heroes encounter Cathars – among them old friends from their flight from Acre – on their way to Portugal to seek refuge with the King of Portugal and travel further

2028:, a man named Aldous Gajic visits Babylon 5 in his continuing quest to find the Holy Grail. His quest is primarily a plot device, as the episode's action revolves not around the quest but rather around his presence and impact on the life of a station resident. 834:

Though Chrétien's account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert that the Grail truly became the "Holy Grail" and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers in its Christian context. In his verse romance

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published a series of books tying the Grail, Templars, and Cathars to modern German nationalist mythology. According to Rahn, the Grail was a symbol of a pure Germanic religion repressed by Christianity. Rahn's books inspired interest in the Grail within

2041:. The Holy Grail is revealed in the story to be the blood of Jesus Christ that contains his power, only accessible to those descended from him, with the vessel of the Grail being defined as his body itself which the Templars uncovered in the Holy Lands. 1000:

The opposing view dismissed the "Celtic" connections as spurious, and interpreted the legend as essentially Christian in origin. Joseph Goering identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th-century wall paintings from churches in the Catalan

1601:(1932), the "heroine is the Grail," and its central concerns are with the various myths and legends, along with the history associated with Glastonbury. It is also possible to see most of the main characters as undertaking a Grail quest. 1134:

reported that the Last Supper chalice was displayed near Jerusalem. In the wake of Robert de Boron's Grail works, several other items came to be claimed as the true Last Supper vessel. In the late 12th century, one was said to be in

1572:(1922) loosely follows the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King combined with vignettes of contemporary British society. In his first note to the poem, Eliot attributes the title to Jessie Weston's book on the Grail legend, 1976:(1981), attempted to restore a more traditional heroic representation of an Arthurian tale, in which the Grail is revealed as a mystical means to revitalise Arthur and the barren land to which his depressive sickness is connected. 1367:. This identification has inspired a wider legend asserting that the Cathars possessed the Holy Grail. According to these stories, the Cathars guarded the Grail at Montségur, and smuggled it out when the castle fell in 1244. 2085:(2016), the Holy Grail is the Treasure of the game's final Palace, representing the combined desires of all of humanity for a higher power to take control of their lives and make a world that has no sense of individuality. 2173:

revolves around Sister Simone's quest to find and destroy the Holy Grail, both as the central plot device and also as metacommentary on quests for the Holy Grail, which one character observes might be the "most overused

2155:, Jim Halpert sends Dwight Schrute on a wild goose chase to find the Holy Grail. After Dwight completing all the clues to find it, but coming up empty handed, the camera cuts to Glenn drinking out of it in his office. 250:. Various traditions describe the Holy Grail as a cup, dish, or stone with miraculous healing powers, sometimes providing eternal youth or sustenance in infinite abundance, often guarded in the custody of the 2717:); Scavone, "British King Lucius, the Grail and Joseph of Arimathea: The Question of Byzantine Origins.", Publications of the Medieval Association of the Midwest 10 (2003): 101-42, vol. 10, 101-142 (2003). 798:. In this incomplete poem, dated sometime between 1180 and 1191, the object has not yet acquired the implications of holiness it would have in later works. While dining in the magical abode of the 940:

and remain popular today. While it is not explicit that the Holy Grail is never to be seen again on Earth, it is stated by Malory that there has since then been no knight capable of obtaining it.

1506:, premiered in 1882, developed this theme, associating the Grail – now periodically producing blood – directly with female fertility. The high seriousness of the subject was also epitomized in 1013:

holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by Chrétien de Troyes. Goering argues that they were the original inspiration for the Grail legend.

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Peron, Goulven. L'influence des Metamorphoses d'Ovide sur la visite de Perceval au chateau du Roi Pecheur, Journal of the International Arthurian Society, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2016, p. 113-134.

1213:. Early references do not call the object the "Grail"; the first evidence connecting it to the Grail tradition is from the 15th century. The monarchy sold the cup in the 15th century to 1834:, the lord of the Underworld. The properties of the item are not explicit, but the relic itself makes an appearance and is in the hands of Nicodemus by the end of the novel's events. 2146:, "Amanda O'Neill and the Holy Grail", the Holy Grail is used as a plot device in which witches Amanda O'Neill and Akko Kagari set out to find the item itself at Appleton School. 608: 298: 4184: 2033: 1391:'s abortive sponsorship of Rahn's search for the Grail, as well as many subsequent conspiracy theories and fictional works about the Nazis searching for the Grail. 1330:, Scotland, became attached to the Grail legend in the mid-20th century when a succession of conspiracy books identified it as a secret hiding place of the Grail. 1578:. The allusion is to the wounding of the Fisher King and the subsequent sterility of his lands. A poem of the same title, though otherwise dissimilar, written by 1220:

Several objects were identified with the Holy Grail in the 17th century. In the 20th century, a series of new items became associated with it. These include the

2657: 637:, which adapted at least the holiness of Robert's Grail into the framework of Chrétien's story. In Wolfram's telling, the Grail was kept safe at the castle of 254:

and located in the hidden Grail castle. By analogy, any elusive object or goal of great significance may be perceived as a "holy grail" by those seeking such.

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Starting in the early 20th century, writers, particularly in France, further connected the Templars and Grail to the Cathars. In 1906, French esoteric writer

1303:, retrieved the cup in 1906 and promoted it as the original Holy Grail. Glastonbury and its Holy Grail legend have since become a point of focus for various 1864:(2023), the Holy Grail appears as General Belisarius's Vandal chalice, recovered with other treasures the Vandals had stolen during the sacking of Rome. 984:. Loomis traced a number of parallels between medieval Welsh literature and Irish material, and the Grail romances, including similarities between the 2120:, by the name of the Chalice, however this time not as an object but as a woman named Adha, similar to the sang rael, or royal blood, interpretation. 589: 3248: 1178:

in the 12th century. It was not associated with the Last Supper until later, in the wake of the Grail romances; the first known association is in

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Scholars have long speculated on the origins of the Holy Grail before Chrétien, suggesting that it may contain elements of the trope of magical

1857:, Martin H. Greenberg, and Edward E. Kramer is a collection of 25 short stories about the grail by various science fiction and fantasy writers. 2116: 275:

around 1190. Chrétien's story inspired many continuations, translators and interpreters in the later-12th and early-13th centuries, including

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said to have been used at the Last Supper. Its provenance is unknown, and there are two divergent accounts of how it was brought to Genoa by

972:, or even Persian sources. The view that the "origin" of the Grail legend should be seen as deriving from Celtic mythology was championed by 2833: 2436:"Like Perceval when he lived, who stood amazed in contemplation, so that he was quite unable to ask what purpose the lance and grail." (" 3931: 3302: 2051:

the Holy Grail (Sehai in the anime, or Rainbow Moon Chalice) is the magical object with which Sailor Moon transforms in her Super form.

826:. This may imply that Chrétien intended the Communion wafer to be the significant part of the ritual, and the Grail to be a mere prop. 1541:

The story of the Grail and of the quest to find it became increasingly popular in the 19th century, referred to in literature such as

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Attressi con Persavaus el temps que vivia, que s'esbait d'esgarder tant qu'anc non saup demandar de que servia la lansa ni-l grazaus.

582: 1182:'s chronicle of Genoa in the late 13th century, which draws on the Grail literary tradition. The Catino was moved and broken during 4051: 2496: 1343:

Since the 19th century, the Holy Grail has been linked to various conspiracy theories. In 1818, Austrian pseudohistorical writer

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associated it explicitly with the Arthurian Grail, but claimed it was only a copy. This item was said to have been looted in the

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being recruited by Denarian and longtime enemy Nicodemus into a heist team seeking to retrieve the Holy Grail from the vault of

1714:, an adaptation of the Arthurian legend, Cornwell also reimagines the Grail quest as a quest for a cauldron that is one of the 1774: 1757: 1798:(2006), while defending the holy relic from the attempts of a Satanic sect called Iscarians to steal it. In the third book, 911:, is destined to achieve the Grail, his spiritual purity making him a greater warrior than even his illustrious father. The 1006: 1741:

in Scotland, but that in recent decades, its guardians had it moved to a secret chamber embedded in the floor beneath the

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visiting the Grail castle or questing after the object. The second concerns the Grail's earlier history in the time of

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Galahad and the interpretation of the Grail involving him were picked up in the 15th century by Thomas Malory in

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of Chrétien's unfinished poem, by authors of differing vision and talent, designed to bring the story to a close.

478:'by degree', 'by stages', applied to a dish brought to the table in different stages or services during a meal". 3486: 1406:

created one of the most widely known conspiracy theories about the Holy Grail. The theory first appeared on the

927:, eventually join Galahad as his companions near the successful end of the Grail Quest and are witnesses of his 778:

had no Grail as such, presenting the hero instead with a platter containing his kinsman's bloody, severed head.

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The Grail was considered a bowl or dish when first described by Chrétien de Troyes. There, it is a processional

60: 4189: 3295: 2993:"George Frederick Watts, 1860-62, Sir Galahad, oil on canvas, 191.8 x 107 cm, Harvard Art Museums, Fogg Museum" 1873: 1279:

In the modern era, a number of places have become associated with the Holy Grail. One of the most prominent is

1099: 1821: 1803: 1715: 839:, composed between 1191 and 1202, Robert tells the story of Joseph of Arimathea acquiring the chalice of the 621: 3576: 3541: 3265:

Bibliothèque Nationale de France, selection of illuminated folios, Modern French Translation, Commentaries.

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is not unique; several saints were said to have lived without food besides communion, for instance Saint

795: 83: 35: 2992: 794:) by Chrétien de Troyes, who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count 4094: 3704: 3441: 3245: 3218: 1422:. The theory combines myths about the Templars and Cathars with various other legends, and a prominent 920: 555: 149: 1551:. A sexualised interpretation of the grail, now identified with female genitalia, appeared in 1870 in 3288: 2000: 1989: 1909: 1315: 1291:

by the 12th century. In the 13th century, a legend arose that Joseph of Arimathea was the founder of

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circle founded by Jung, also commented on the esoteric significance of the grail, relating it to the

1010: 2681: 1802:(2007), the four heroes must reunite to smuggle the Holy Grail out of the Temple in Paris after the 1241: 4194: 1921: 1470: 1412: 1201:

times, but its dating is unclear, and its provenance is unknown before 1399, when it was gifted to

408:, meaning "a cup or bowl of earth, wood, or metal" (or other various types of vessels in different 860:, claimed the Grail was a Stone, the sanctuary of the neutral angels who took neither side during 763: 3323: 2065: 2055: 1667: 981: 646: 2978: 1742: 1659:(1983) presented the Grail as a symbol of water, part of a set of objects representing the four 503:, meaning "royal blood". This etymology was used by some later medieval British writers such as 3110: 2089: 1958:(1975) is a comedic take on the Arthurian Grail quest, adapted in 2004 as the stage production 1946: 1710: 1574: 1507: 1418: 1399: 1021: 888: 869: 634: 276: 70: 27: 2620: 1175: 1145: 4056: 3239: 2668: 2142: 1934: 1650: 1597: 1542: 1526: 1522: 1356: 1025: 928: 664: 650: 183: 3260: 1769: 1190: 575: 272: 94: 19:

This article is about the object of Arthurian legend. For the cup from the Last Supper, see

4204: 3809: 3794: 3769: 3719: 3594: 3416: 3341: 2493: 1896: 1783: 1762: 1300: 1076: 973: 965: 936: 597: 468:, a name for a type of woven basket that came to refer to a dish, or a derivative of Latin 349:. In this form, it is now a popular theme in modern culture, and has become the subject of 345: 330: 247: 133: 2340:, Pub. for the Early English Text Society, by N. Trübner & Co., 1871, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii 2260: 1481: 8: 4179: 2548: 2109: 1999:

In a pair of fifth-season episodes (September 1989), entitled "Legend of the Holy Rose,"

1655: 1430:. According to this theory, the Holy Grail is not a physical object, but a symbol of the 1384: 1179: 997:

and the Arthurian Fisher King, and between Bran's life-restoring cauldron and the Grail.

747: 559: 358: 322: 145: 3280: 2130: 2037:(1999) features an alternate version of the Grail, interwoven with the mythology of the 770:); other authors had their own ideas. Robert de Boron portrayed it as the vessel of the 554:

The literature surrounding the Grail can be divided into two groups. The first concerns

4199: 4114: 4109: 3709: 3669: 3599: 3029: 1660: 1628: 1547: 1518: 1431: 1214: 1202: 1186:'s conquest in the early 19th century, revealing that it is glass rather than emerald. 904: 823: 286: 141: 716:, a follow-up part of the cycle, concerns Galahad's eventual achievement of the Grail. 4079: 3724: 3659: 3315: 3197: 3176: 2612: 2134: 2073: 2019: 1812: 1729: 1705: 1633: 1592: 1583: 1552: 1465: 1456: 1292: 1158: 1104: 814: 676:, called the "least canonical" Grail romance because of its very different character. 243: 104: 50: 1950:(1974) includes a more realistic version of the Grail quest from Arthurian romances. 1514:

holds the Grail with one hand, while adopting a gesture of blessing with the other.

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etymology). In Brown's novel, it is hinted that this Grail was long buried beneath

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A major mural series depicting the Quest for the Holy Grail was done by the artist

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The combination of hushed reverence, chromatic harmonies and sexualized imagery in

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Cup, dish, or stone with miraculous powers, important motif in Arthurian literature

1170:(Sacred Basin, also known as the Genoa Chalice) is a green glass dish held at the 391: 4084: 4074: 4028: 4003: 3983: 3961: 3949: 3759: 3664: 3421: 3356: 3252: 2500: 2099: 2038: 2011: 1901: 1854: 1700: 1395: 1348: 1233: 1171: 1059: 1037: 957: 856:, Wolfram von Eschenbach, citing the authority of a certain (probably fictional) 603: 520: 326: 293: 219: 211: 119: 1442:(royal blood), which dates to the 15th century. The narrative developed is that 1360: 1287:, England. Glastonbury was associated with King Arthur and his resting place of 4158: 4146: 3921: 3875: 3077: 2206: 2125: 1941: 1913: 1738: 1640: 1579: 1568: 1497: 1447: 1427: 1323: 1296: 1210: 1150: 1055: 969: 705: 547: 462:, a large wine-mixing vessel). Alternative suggestions include a derivative of 339: 227: 3956: 1245: 880: 754:

troubador, where mention is made of Perceval, the lance, and the Grail served.

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are uncertain and have been debated among literary scholars and historians.

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sect in the 13th century, as the Grail castle. Similarly, the 14th-century

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One tradition predates the Grail romances: in the 7th century, the pilgrim

1111: 1094: 1041: 896: 482: 334: 20: 681: 3998: 3916: 3744: 3714: 3684: 3311: 2046: 1817: 1682: 1563: 1280: 1237: 1229: 1221: 1206: 1198: 977: 840: 799: 771: 743:), based on Robert's tale but expanding it greatly with many new details. 400: 318: 285:. The Christian, Celtic or possibly other origins of the Arthurian grail 251: 137: 2488:

According to a French scholar, the book given by Philip I may be Ovid's

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D. Scavone: "Joseph of Arimathea, the Holy Grail and the Edessa Icon,"

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XVth-century Old French Estoire del saint Graal manuscript BNF fr. 113

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An Algorithm Could Never Come Up With AI Drama 'Mrs. Davis': TV Review

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object that became attached to the Grail legend in the 1930s; and the

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The authors of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle used the Grail as a symbol of

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Culture and the King: The Social Implications of the Arthurian Legend

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The Mabinogion. A Facsimile Reproduction of the Complete 1877 Edition

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A science fiction version of the Grail Quest is central theme in the

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hid a glass bowl near Glastonbury; a group of his friends, including

1136: 1062:. Goulven Peron (2016) suggested that the Holy Grail may reflect the 1033: 1017: 961: 654: 3471: 2710: 1782:) about a group of four Knights Templar who save the Grail from the 1455:

pseudohistorical, but it has had a vast influence on conspiracy and

907:, the world's greatest knight and the Grail Bearer at the castle of 809:

Chrétien refers to this object not as "The Grail" but as "a grail" (

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in the 1970s, and was elaborated upon in the bestselling 1982 book

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Clarkson: "And on that terrible disappointment, it's time to end."

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series is the story of the Grail quest by the 14-year-old Galahad.

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Influenced by the 1982 publication of the ostensibly non-fiction

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maimed host, much to his honour. The story of the Wounded King's

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where they accidentally find the Holy Grail while searching for

1761:(1981) depicts a supernatural Grail quest set in the era of the 1197:

dish with a mounting for use as a chalice. The bowl may date to

735:, the first part of the Lancelot-Grail cycle (but written after 531: 412:

dialects). The most commonly accepted etymology derives it from

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In the 2022 Christmas special episode of the British TV series

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in their eponymous quest. Some of them, including Percival and

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monks, have identified the castle with their real sanctuary of

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In the cinema, the Holy Grail debuted in the 1904 silent film

337:, the Last Supper cup, an idea continued in works such as the 3844: 3804: 3689: 3674: 3431: 3426: 3336: 2537: 2470:, Academy Press Limited Edition 1978, Chicago, Ill. page 124. 2233: 2069: 1831: 1443: 1194: 1115: 449: 413: 394: 310: 171: 26:"Grail" and "Grail Quest" redirect here. For other uses, see 2755: 2753: 2734: 2732: 2015:(1991) features the Grail quest in the modern New York City. 1352:

subsequent writers have elaborated on the Templar theories.

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to interpret the Grail as a series of symbols in their book

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Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned

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connected the Grail to contemporary myths surrounding the

3310: 3224: 2750: 2729: 1407: 265:), wondrous but not unequivocally holy, first appears in 1338: 1164:

Two relics associated with the Grail survive today. The

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Wagner's "Ring" and its Symbols: the Music and the Myth

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by different accounts. The Holy Grail appears again in

1938:(1922) involves discovery of the Grail in modern times. 1314:

In the early 20th century, esoteric writers identified

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Weston, Jessie L. (1993; originally published 1920).

1904:. More recent cinematic adaptations include Costain's 3112:

Watch The Office Highlight: The Dunder Code - NBC.com

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Etymologisches Wörterbuch der englischen Sprache: A–K

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In the 12th episode of season 9 of the American show

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in 1291 and go through an odyssey to bring it to the

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The Holy Grail depicted on a stained glass window at

3189:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 1632:(1952) is a non-Arthurian historical Grail novel by 1521:

during the first decade of the 20th century for the

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came to be identified as the Holy Grail in medieval

2834:"Spanish historians claim to have found Holy Grail" 2295:

An etymological dictionary of the Romance languages

1459:books. It has also inspired fiction, most notably 4185:Fictional elements introduced in the 12th century 960:, combined with Christian legend surrounding the 485:invented a fanciful new etymology for Old French 4171: 3065:Descent of Memory: The Life of John Cowper Powys 2327:, Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 116–117. 1244:, a cup made between 200 BC and 100 AD, kept in 3173:The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol 3005:Shichtman, Martin B.; Carley, James P., (eds.) 1359:identified the Cathar castle of Montségur with 1032:. They directly expanded on interpretations by 766:described a grail as a "wide and deep saucer" ( 1612:(1930) and his two collections of poems about 3296: 2609:The Virgin and the Grail: Origins of a Legend 2382:Richard O'Gorman, "Grail" in Norris J. Lacy, 2314:, Vol. 13, No. 11 (Mar., 1916), pp. 681–684 . 1363:or Montsalvat, the Grail castle in Wolfram's 1217:, where it remains a significant local icon. 1009:), which present unique iconic images of the 403: 271:, an unfinished chivalric romance written by 2642: 2640: 2632:"Holy Grail legend may be tied to paintings" 2350: 242:) is a treasure that serves as an important 2576:, Penguin Books, 1969, Volume II, page 256. 2514:The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes 2455:The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes 2442:Exemplary comparison from Homer to Petrarch 1557:The Rosicrucians, Their Rites and Mysteries 1486:King Pelles' Daughter Bearing the Sancgraal 469: 463: 440: 434: 428: 422: 416: 3303: 3289: 3246:The Holy Grail today in Valencia Cathedral 3067:. London: Overlook Press, 2007, pp. 252-3. 2979:"Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 1828–1882, Tate" 2658:"Henry Corbin and the Secret of the Grail" 2551:translator. Penguin Books, 1980, page 239. 2369: 2367: 2365: 1996:in a race for the Grail against the Nazis. 919:) tells also of the adventures of various 899:; the virgin Galahad, illegitimate son of 497:), meaning "Holy Grail", by parsing it as 59: 3009:, SUNY Press, Albany, N.Y., 1994, p. 264. 2637: 2414: 2412: 2410: 1374:The Grail depicted on a 1933 German stamp 1333: 885:Sir Galahad, the Quest for the Holy Grail 847: 565:The nine works from the first group are: 343:cycle, and subsequently the 15th-century 3168:. Harper & Row Publishers, New York. 2831: 2594:Jung, Emma and von Franz, Marie-Louise. 2323:Jung, Emma and von Franz, Marie-Louise. 1872: 1768:German history and fantasy novel author 1510:'s painting in which a woman modeled by 1480: 1369: 1259: 1256:Locations associated with the Holy Grail 1098: 879: 530: 279:, who portrayed the Grail as a stone in 3275:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail 3092:Hammond: "I think it's the Holy Grail." 2362: 1868: 1837:The Holy Grail features prominently in 1653:'s Arthurian revisionist fantasy novel 1110:In the wake of the Arthurian romances, 943: 4172: 3159:The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief 2407: 1698:'s historical fiction series of books 1446:was not divine, and had children with 1157:in France, but it was lost during the 868:, which in alchemy is the name of the 768:scutella lata et aliquantulum profunda 526: 3284: 3230:The Holy Grail at the Camelot Project 3030:"January 1913 : Poetry Magazine" 2655: 2297:, Williams and Norgate, 1864, p. 236. 2117:Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles 1900:, an adaptation of Wagner's opera by 1476: 1339:Pseudohistory and conspiracy theories 781: 708:cycle introduced the new Grail hero, 546:achieve the Grail. Tapestry woven by 3166:Transformations of Myth Through Time 1681:The Grail motif features heavily in 1224:, a medieval wooden bowl found near 968:sources, conceivably in that of the 762:, a tray, used to serve at a feast. 750:, a late 12th or early 13th-century 481:In the 15th century, English writer 445:, which was, in turn, borrowed from 3083:Hammond: "There's something there!" 3054:. London: Macdonald, 1955, p. xiii. 2709:vol. 9, no. 4, 3-31 (Winter 1999) ( 2167:The 2023 limited television series 1083: 13: 3194:The Holy Grail: History and Legend 3151: 2598:, Sigo Press, Boston, 1980, p. 14. 2022:" (1994) of the television series 1985:Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1884:Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1775:Die Bruderschaft vom Heiligen Gral 1758:The War Hound and the World's Pain 1394:In the late 20th century, writers 829: 257:A mysterious "grail" (Old French: 14: 4216: 3208: 2630:Rynor, Micah (October 20, 2005). 2003:undertakes a quest for the Grail. 1800:Das Labyrinth der schwarzen Abtei 1780:The Brotherhood of the Holy Grail 1724:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 1639:A quest for the Grail appears in 1533:, also portrayed grail subjects. 1387:circles, and led to the SS chief 1378:Beginning in 1933, German writer 1228:, Wales; a glass dish found near 1007:Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya 875: 602:, purportedly a prosification of 510:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 4152: 4140: 4128: 3268: 2308:Concerning the Word Graal, Greal 1426:about a secret order called the 1318:, a stronghold of the heretical 571:Perceval, the Story of the Grail 357:writings, works of fiction, and 268:Perceval, the Story of the Grail 3125: 3103: 3070: 3057: 3044: 3022: 3012: 2999: 2985: 2971: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2741: 2697: 2688: 2649: 2624: 2601: 2588: 2579: 2566: 2554: 2528: 2519: 2506: 2482: 2473: 2460: 2447: 2430: 2421: 2398: 2389: 1955:Monty Python and the Holy Grail 786:The Grail is first featured in 720:Of the second group there are: 606:'s sequel to his romance poems 4100:King Arthur's messianic return 3171:Loomis, Roger Sherman (1991). 2376: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2300: 2253: 1036:, which were later invoked by 574:, a chivalric romance poem by 1: 3196:. University of Wales Press. 2246: 1804:trials of the Knights Templar 1796:Das Amulett der Wüstenkrieger 1716:Thirteen Treasures of Britain 1647:(1975), set during the 1970s. 1536: 66:The Damsel of the Sanct Grael 2901:Wood 2012, pp. 75–76, 88–89. 2832:Hedgecoe, Guy (2014-03-28). 2229:Relics associated with Jesus 2224:List of mythological objects 1704:(2000–2012), set during the 450: 364: 32:Grail Quest (disambiguation) 7: 3161:. Harvard University Press. 2561:The Quest of The Holy Grail 2182: 2061:episode "The Quest" (2006). 2047:Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 2018:In the season one episode " 1582:, was published in 1913 in 1525:. Other artists, including 1345:Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall 917:The Quest of The Holy Grail 788:Perceval, le Conte du Graal 84:Perceval, le Conte du Graal 36:Holy Grail (disambiguation) 10: 4221: 4095:Historicity of King Arthur 2964:Donington, Robert (1963). 2444:, DS Brewer, 2008, p. 143. 2384:The Arthurian Encyclopedia 2261:"Definition of Holy Grail" 1851:Grails: Quests of the Dawn 1691:, set in the 12th century. 1622:Region of the Summer Stars 1092: 921:Knights of the Round Table 457: 150:Knights of the Round Table 25: 18: 4123: 4067: 4039: 3930: 3889: 3853: 3575: 3440: 3322: 3164:Campbell, Joseph (1990). 2611:. Yale University Press. 2543:Von Eschenbach, Wolfram. 2512:Staines, David. (Trans.) 2453:Staines, David. (Trans.) 2088:In the television series 1250:Basilica of Saint Isidore 1141:Albrecht von Scharfenberg 1088: 1052:symbols that he studied. 1005:(now mostly moved to the 190: 178: 167: 125: 115: 110: 100: 90: 78: 58: 48: 43: 3157:Barber, Richard (2004). 3086:Clarkson: "What's that?" 2955:Wood 2012, p. 77, 81–82. 2910:Wood 2012, p. 70, 73–74. 2795:Barber 2004, p. 169–170. 2646:Barber 2004, p. 248–252. 2607:Goering, Joseph (2005). 2585:Weston 1993, p. 74, 129. 2123:In the fourth series of 1790:in the first two books, 1708:. In his earlier series 1618:Taliessin Through Logres 1604:The Grail is central in 1191:Holy Chalice of Valencia 3735:Lady/Ladies of the Lake 3192:Wood, Juliette (2012). 2634:. www.news.utoronto.ca. 2466:Guest, Lady Charlotte. 2336:Skeat, Walter William. 2140:In the 17th episode of 1745:in the entrance of the 1672:Child of the Holy Grail 1209:and later entrusted to 733:Estoire del Saint Graal 515: 499: 493: 487: 404: 395: 386: 380: 371: 309:portrayed the Grail as 182:Healing, restoring the 111:In-universe information 4004:Land/Castle of Maidens 3187:From Ritual To Romance 3032:. Poetryfoundation.org 2676:Cite journal requires 2351: 2281:Campbell 1990, p. 210. 1970:, in his fantasy film 1932:The silent drama film 1891: 1718:from Celtic mythology. 1711:The Warlord Chronicles 1575:From Ritual to Romance 1508:Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1493: 1419:Holy Blood, Holy Grail 1375: 1334:Modern interpretations 1276: 1242:Chalice of Doña Urraca 1107: 1022:Marie-Louise von Franz 964:, the latter found in 913:Queste del Saint Graal 892: 848:Wolfram von Eschenbach 792:The Story of the Grail 714:Queste del Saint Graal 635:Wolfram von Eschenbach 551: 470: 464: 441: 435: 429: 423: 417: 277:Wolfram von Eschenbach 239: 231: 223: 215: 71:Dante Gabriel Rossetti 28:Grail (disambiguation) 4190:Christian terminology 3240:Catholic Encyclopedia 3063:Krissdottir, Morine. 3052:A Glastonbury Romance 2404:Wood 2012, p. 55, 77. 2220:(Christian mythology) 2143:Little Witch Academia 2076:was released in 2013. 2009:'s comedy-drama film 1935:The Light in the Dark 1876: 1694:It is the subject of 1651:Marion Zimmer Bradley 1598:A Glastonbury Romance 1543:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1527:George Frederic Watts 1523:Boston Public Library 1500:'s final music drama 1484: 1373: 1263: 1102: 1026:analytical psychology 883: 776:Peredur son of Efrawg 764:Hélinand of Froidmont 697:, achieves the Grail. 665:Peredur son of Efrawg 556:King Arthur's knights 534: 427:via an earlier form, 3770:Lynette and Lyonesse 3595:Angharad Golden-Hand 3417:Ambrosius Aurelianus 2946:Wood 2012, p. 77–82. 2937:Wood 2012, p. 76–77. 2928:Wood 2012, p. 74–76. 2919:Wood 2012, p. 75–76. 2892:Wood 2012, p. 58–60. 2883:Wood 2012, p. 57–58. 2874:Wood 2012, p. 55–60. 2865:Wood 2012, p. 53–55. 2856:Wood 2012, p. 51–52. 2822:Wood 2012, p. 96–97. 2804:Barber 2004, p. 170. 2786:Wood 2012, p. 95–96. 2777:Wood 2012, p. 94–95. 2768:Barber 2004, p. 168. 2747:Barber 2004, p. 167. 2656:Carey, John (2011). 2572:Malory, Sir Thomas, 2525:Loomis 1991, p. 184. 2427:Barber 2004, p. 418. 2395:Barber 2004, p. 215. 1869:Film and other media 1862:Empire in Apocalypse 1301:Wellesley Tudor Pole 974:Roger Sherman Loomis 944:Scholarly hypotheses 748:Rigaut de Barbezieux 704:section of the vast 248:Arthurian literature 179:Traits and abilities 2534:Weston 1993, p.161. 2373:Barber 2004, p. 93. 2338:Joseph of Arimathie 2236:(Finnish mythology) 2209:(Persian mythology) 2129:, the trio goes to 1881:from the 1989 film 1860:In Robert Bruton's 1656:The Mists of Avalon 1643:'s adventure novel 1545:'s Arthurian cycle 1410:documentary series 1180:Jacobus de Voragine 1146:Der Jüngere Titurel 929:ascension to Heaven 870:philosopher's stone 862:Lucifer's rebellion 844:includes Perceval. 560:Joseph of Arimathea 527:Medieval literature 359:conspiracy theories 323:Joseph of Arimathea 146:Joseph of Arimathea 4159:History portal 4147:England portal 4115:Tristan and Iseult 4110:Knight of the Swan 3710:Guiron le Courtois 3670:Elaine of Corbenic 3600:Anguish of Ireland 3251:2017-07-28 at the 3089:May: "What is it?" 3076:"A massive Hunt", 2499:2013-04-20 at the 2306:Nitze, William A. 2079:In the video game 1982:'s adventure film 1906:The Silver Chalice 1892: 1853:(1994), edited by 1810:The 15th novel in 1792:Der Fall von Akkon 1772:wrote the trilogy 1770:Rainer M. Schröder 1666:The main theme of 1661:classical elements 1629:The Silver Chalice 1548:Idylls of the King 1519:Edwin Austin Abbey 1494: 1477:Music and painting 1432:bloodline of Jesus 1376: 1277: 1215:Valencia Cathedral 1203:Martin I of Aragon 1108: 1070:, as described by 1044:, a member of the 893: 858:Kyot the Provençal 837:Joseph d'Arimathie 824:Catherine of Genoa 796:Philip of Flanders 782:Chrétien de Troyes 726:Joseph d'Arimathie 724:Robert de Boron's 609:Joseph d'Arimathie 583:Four Continuations 576:Chrétien de Troyes 552: 433:, a derivative of 299:Joseph d'Arimathie 273:Chrétien de Troyes 95:Chrétien de Troyes 4167: 4166: 4080:Battle of Camlann 3854:Animal characters 3810:Percival's sister 3660:Elaine of Astolat 3316:Matter of Britain 3273:The full text of 2813:Wood 2012, p. 95. 2759:Wood 2012, p. 94. 2738:Wood 2012, p. 91. 2574:Le Morte D'Arthur 2490:The Metamorphoses 2440:") Sayce, Olive. 2418:Wood 2012, p. 77. 2349:Mueller, Eduard. 2293:Diez, Friedrich. 2263:. Merriam-Webster 2203:(Greek mythology) 2192:(Hindu mythology) 2074:Justin Timberlake 1918:The Da Vinci Code 1826:(2014), features 1813:The Dresden Files 1763:Thirty Years' War 1755:'s fantasy novel 1730:The Da Vinci Code 1706:Hundred Years War 1634:Thomas B. Costain 1593:John Cowper Powys 1553:Hargrave Jennings 1466:The Da Vinci Code 1457:alternate history 1293:Glastonbury Abbey 1159:French Revolution 1143:'s Grail romance 1112:several artifacts 1105:Quimper Cathedral 1066:of the river-god 966:Eastern Christian 937:Le Morte d'Arthur 346:Le Morte d'Arthur 204: 203: 105:Chivalric romance 51:Matter of Britain 4212: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4135:Wales portal 4133: 4132: 4131: 3994:Esplumoir Merlin 3800:Nine sorceresses 3780:Mark of Cornwall 3665:Elaine of Benoic 3577:Other characters 3462:Bors the Younger 3357:Elaine of Garlot 3305: 3298: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3272: 3259: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3107: 3101: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2662: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2605: 2599: 2596:The Grail Legend 2592: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2325:The Grail Legend 2321: 2315: 2312:Modern Philology 2304: 2298: 2291: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2257: 2240:Salsabil (Quran) 2213:Fairy cup legend 2137:buried treasure. 2110:Assassin's Creed 2104:generations ago. 1988:(1989) features 1980:Steven Spielberg 1944:'s fantasy film 1889:Hollywood Museum 1879:Henry Jones, Sr. 1844:Lyonesse Trilogy 1753:Michael Moorcock 1743:Inverted Pyramid 1696:Bernard Cornwell 1606:Charles Williams 1490:Frederick Sandys 1438:(holy grail) as 1389:Heinrich Himmler 1357:Joséphin Péladan 1269:The Grail Castle 1236:, a 6th-century 1084:Later traditions 1030:The Grail Legend 995:Bran the Blessed 992: 954:Celtic mythology 925:Bors the Younger 820:mystical fasting 643:mons salvationis 617: 601: 548:Morris & Co. 518: 502: 496: 490: 477: 473: 467: 461: 455: 444: 438: 432: 426: 420: 407: 398: 389: 383: 374: 355:pseudohistorical 351:folklore studies 307: 136:, Grail Family ( 79:First appearance 63: 41: 40: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4195:Literary motifs 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4085:Dolorous Stroke 4075:Battle of Badon 4063: 4035: 4029:Tintagel Castle 3984:Chapel perilous 3962:Val sans retour 3950:Glastonbury Tor 3926: 3885: 3849: 3700:Green Knight(s) 3625:Black Knight(s) 3610:Balin and Balan 3571: 3443: 3436: 3422:Uther Pendragon 3318: 3309: 3257: 3253:Wayback Machine 3211: 3154: 3152:Further reading 3149: 3148: 3140: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3116: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3095:May: "Oh cock." 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2838:The Irish Times 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2629: 2625: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2501:Wayback Machine 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2448: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2359:, 1865, p. 461. 2348: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2185: 2039:Knights Templar 2031:The video game 2012:The Fisher King 1947:Lancelot du Lac 1902:Edwin S. Porter 1877:Grail diary of 1871: 1855:Richard Gilliam 1788:Temple in Paris 1701:The Grail Quest 1539: 1479: 1471:film adaptation 1396:Michael Baigent 1349:Knights Templar 1341: 1336: 1258: 1234:Antioch chalice 1232:, England; the 1172:Genoa Cathedral 1153:and brought to 1097: 1091: 1086: 1060:Image of Edessa 1050:Iranian Islamic 1038:Joseph Campbell 990: 958:Welsh mythology 946: 878: 864:. It is called 850: 832: 830:Robert de Boron 815:Communion wafer 784: 611: 604:Robert de Boron 595: 529: 521:Jesus bloodline 475: 390:, cognate with 367: 331:the crucifixion 301: 294:Robert de Boron 232:Greal Sanctaidd 120:Religious relic 74: 68: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4218: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3922:Siege Perilous 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3876:Questing Beast 3873: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3685:Fisher King(s) 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3635:Bors the Elder 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3442:Knights of the 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3266: 3255: 3243: 3235:The Holy Grail 3232: 3227: 3210: 3209:External links 3207: 3206: 3205: 3190: 3183: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3124: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3078:The Grand Tour 3069: 3056: 3043: 3021: 3011: 2998: 2984: 2970: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2749: 2740: 2728: 2719: 2696: 2687: 2678:|journal= 2648: 2636: 2623: 2600: 2587: 2578: 2565: 2553: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2505: 2481: 2472: 2459: 2446: 2429: 2420: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2375: 2361: 2342: 2329: 2316: 2299: 2283: 2274: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2207:Cup of Jamshid 2204: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2126:The Grand Tour 2121: 2105: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2062: 2052: 2042: 2029: 2016: 2004: 1997: 1977: 1965: 1951: 1942:Robert Bresson 1939: 1920:turned into a 1914:Victor Saville 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1848: 1835: 1808: 1766: 1750: 1739:Rosslyn Chapel 1727:, Dan Brown's 1719: 1692: 1685:'s 2000 novel 1679: 1674:(2000) in her 1668:Rosalind Miles 1664: 1648: 1641:Nelson DeMille 1637: 1625: 1602: 1589: 1580:Madison Cawein 1569:The Waste Land 1538: 1535: 1498:Richard Wagner 1478: 1475: 1463:'s 2003 novel 1448:Mary Magdalene 1428:Priory of Sion 1385:Nazi occultist 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1324:Rosslyn Chapel 1297:John Goodchild 1257: 1254: 1211:Saint Lawrence 1151:Fourth Crusade 1093:Main article: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1056:Richard Barber 1040:. Philosopher 1016:Psychologists 970:Byzantine Mass 945: 942: 877: 876:Lancelot-Grail 874: 849: 846: 831: 828: 806:, or "grail". 783: 780: 756: 755: 744: 729: 718: 717: 706:Lancelot-Grail 698: 693:, rather than 677: 669: 658: 626: 586: 579: 550:(19th century) 528: 525: 519:refers to the 366: 363: 340:Lancelot-Grail 327:Christ's blood 325:used to catch 292:In the 1190s, 202: 201: 192: 188: 187: 180: 176: 175: 169: 165: 164: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 80: 76: 75: 64: 56: 55: 46: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4217: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4052:List of works 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3835:Tegau Eurfron 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3815:Red Knight(s) 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3620:Lady Bertilak 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3407:Morgan le Fay 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3277:at Wikisource 3276: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3203: 3202:9780708325247 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3181:0-691-02075-2 3178: 3175:. Princeton. 3174: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3050:"Preface" to 3047: 3031: 3025: 3015: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2691: 2683: 2670: 2659: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2617:0-300-10661-0 2614: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2401: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2278: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2190:Akshaya Patra 2188: 2187: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2057:Stargate SG-1 2053: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2007:Terry Gilliam 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990:Indiana Jones 1987: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828:Harry Dresden 1825: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747:Louvre museum 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:War in Heaven 1607: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1512:Alexa Wilding 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1469:and its 2006 1468: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1404:Henry Lincoln 1401: 1400:Richard Leigh 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Die Gralsburg 1262: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1077:Metamorphoses 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 996: 989: 988: 983: 982:Jessie Weston 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 941: 939: 938: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 890: 889:Arthur Hughes 886: 882: 873: 871: 867: 866:Lapis exillis 863: 859: 855: 845: 842: 838: 827: 825: 821: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 753: 749: 745: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727: 723: 722: 721: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683: 678: 675: 674: 670: 667: 666: 662: 661:Welsh romance 659: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:Munsalvaesche 636: 632: 631: 627: 624: 623: 618: 615: 610: 605: 599: 594: 593: 587: 584: 580: 577: 573: 572: 568: 567: 566: 563: 561: 557: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 524: 522: 517: 512: 511: 506: 505:Thomas Malory 501: 495: 489: 484: 479: 472: 466: 460: 454: 453: 448: 447:Ancient Greek 443: 437: 431: 425: 419: 415: 411: 406: 402: 397: 393: 388: 382: 378: 373: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347: 342: 341: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 305: 300: 295: 290: 288: 284: 283: 278: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 200: 196: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 109: 106: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 86: 85: 81: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 53: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 29: 22: 4090:Loathly lady 4047:Bibliography 3901: 3881:Twrch Trwyth 3630:Blanchefleur 3261: 3238: 3219: 3193: 3186: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3139:, retrieved 3137:, 2013-04-18 3133: 3127: 3117:, retrieved 3115:, 2013-01-25 3111: 3105: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3034:. 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Eliot 1452:Merovingian 1281:Glastonbury 1238:silver-gilt 1230:Glastonbury 1222:Nanteos Cup 1207:Saint Peter 1199:Greco-Roman 1011:Virgin Mary 978:Alfred Nutt 841:Last Supper 800:Fisher King 772:Last Supper 647:Benedictine 612: [ 596: [ 513:, in which 401:Old Catalan 392:Old Occitan 319:Last Supper 302: [ 252:Fisher King 216:Saint Graal 191:Affiliation 138:Fisher King 4180:Holy Grail 4174:Categories 3902:Holy Grail 3871:Petitcrieu 3452:Bagdemagus 3215:Holy Grail 3141:2023-07-04 3119:2021-12-09 2843:2022-05-28 2706:Arthuriana 2247:References 2201:Cornucopia 2170:Mrs. Davis 2152:The Office 2091:Knightfall 2072:featuring 2066:Holy Grail 2064:The song " 1994:his father 1926:Ron Howard 1839:Jack Vance 1816:series by 1537:Literature 1328:Midlothian 1273:Hans Thoma 1226:Rhydyfelin 1125:Holy Lance 1121:True Cross 987:Mabinogion 956:and later 746:Verses by 700:The Prose 673:Perlesvaus 651:Montserrat 377:Old French 208:Holy Grail 134:his sister 91:Created by 4200:Cauldrons 4105:Pendragon 3897:Excalibur 3866:Gringolet 3840:Vortigern 3775:Maleagant 3750:Lohengrin 3645:Brunor(s) 3640:Brangaine 3562:Sagramore 3552:Pellinore 3542:Palamedes 3387:Guinevere 3382:Gingalain 2176:MacGuffin 2135:La Buse's 2082:Persona 5 2059:season 10 2025:Babylon 5 1973:Excalibur 1922:2006 film 1910:1954 film 1823:Skin Game 1735:sang real 1688:Baudolino 1676:Guenevere 1645:The Quest 1614:Taliessin 1461:Dan Brown 1440:sang real 1436:san greal 1413:Chronicle 1380:Otto Rahn 1316:Montségur 1176:Crusaders 1137:Byzantium 1034:Carl Jung 1018:Emma Jung 962:Eucharist 950:cauldrons 752:Provençal 687:The Crown 682:Diu Crône 655:Catalonia 516:sang real 500:sang réal 494:san-gréal 488:san-graal 369:The word 365:Etymology 317:from the 184:Wasteland 4040:In media 4024:Tintagel 4014:Lyonesse 3989:Corbenic 3979:Celliwig 3969:Caerleon 3830:Taliesin 3785:Meliodas 3720:Hellawes 3680:Feirefiz 3650:Catigern 3590:Agrestes 3557:Percival 3522:Lancelot 3502:Galehaut 3457:Bedivere 3412:Morgause 3332:Agravain 3314:and the 3249:Archived 2715:abstract 2545:Parzival 2497:Archived 2357:chettler 2183:See also 2001:MacGyver 1961:Spamalot 1897:Parsifal 1608:' novel 1566:'s poem 1503:Parsifal 1365:Parzival 1311:groups. 1309:Neopagan 1285:Somerset 1184:Napoleon 1068:Achelous 1003:Pyrenees 909:Corbenic 901:Lancelot 854:Parzival 811:un graal 739:and the 737:Lancelot 702:Lancelot 695:Perceval 630:Parzival 592:Perceval 544:Percival 474:meaning 430:cratalis 418:gradalis 321:, which 282:Parzival 168:Function 130:Perceval 3974:Camelot 3940:Astolat 3912:Prydwen 3907:Pridwen 3890:Objects 3795:Nentres 3740:Laudine 3725:Hengist 3705:Guiomar 3695:Gorlois 3655:Claudas 3605:Annowre 3585:Accolon 3567:Tristan 3547:Pelleas 3537:Moriaen 3517:Lamorak 3512:Griflet 3507:Geraint 3497:Galahad 3492:Dinadan 3482:Dagonet 3477:Caradoc 3402:Mordred 3392:Igraine 3367:Gaheris 3347:Culhwch 3237:at the 3223:at the 2968:. Faber 2711:Article 2494:POZ #76 2107:In the 2097:In the 1887:at the 1624:(1938). 1555:' book 1305:New Age 1074:in the 710:Galahad 536:Galahad 424:gradale 410:Occitan 236:Cornish 174:subject 154:Galahad 54:element 4068:Topics 4057:comics 4019:Sarras 4009:Logres 3945:Avalon 3932:Places 3861:Cavall 3825:Sebile 3820:Rience 3790:Merlin 3765:Lunete 3760:Lucius 3730:Iseult 3532:Lionel 3527:Lanval 3487:Daniel 3472:Cligès 3467:Brunor 3377:Gawain 3372:Gareth 3324:Family 3200: 3179: 2615: 2386:, 1986 2178:ever". 1585:Poetry 1492:(1861) 1402:, and 1320:Cathar 1289:Avalon 1275:(1899) 1193:is an 1155:Troyes 1132:Arculf 1089:Relics 1046:Eranos 980:, and 905:Elaine 891:(1870) 760:salver 741:Queste 712:. 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