42:
179:. Ten notables were subsequently returned by the caliph back to Homs, where they were whipped to death and their bodies hanged upon the city gate. One rebel who was captured after the initial bout of violence had subsided was flogged until he died, and his body was suspended on a cross at a nearby fortress.
174:
Following this second incident of hostilities, al-Mutawakkil decided to punish the city residents by making a public example out of their leaders. Ibn
Abdawayh was ordered to flog three of the local chiefs to death and crucify their bodies in front of their residences, while twenty more individuals
141:
to the city. Attab was instructed by the caliph to present Ibn
Abdawayh to the Homsis, offering him as a replacement to Abu al-Mughith; if they however refused the choice and continued to resist, he was to request that troops be sent against the city. In the end the inhabitants agreed to the offer,
182:
In retaliation for their involvement in the rebellion, the city's
Christians were also subjected to a number of punitive measures. Al-Mutawakkil ordered the governor to expel the entire Christian population from the city, and any Christian found in Homs after three days' time was to be harshly
208:
regulations issued by al-Mutawakkil in 850 and 853, which had placed various restrictions on non-Muslims throughout the empire. To what extent these orders were actually enforced, however, is not clear, and the main church of Homs is known to have still been extant in the following centuries.
150:
Twelve months after the first revolt, a second rebellion broke out in Homs, this time directed against Ibn
Abdawayh. On this occasion some of the city's Christians became involved in the unrest, with several supporting the rebel cause. No reasons are specified by the sources for this round of
122:, the unrest had been provoked by Abu al-Mughith's killing of one of the local city leaders, although the reason for this act is not known. In the resulting fighting, several of Abu al-Mughith's men were killed and he was forced to flee to
24:
in northern Syria. During the autumns of both 854 and 855 the city's inhabitants attempted to rebel against local government officials, resulting in both instances in several fatalities and necessitating the intervention of the
154:
The government response to the revolt was swift. Ibn
Abdawayh sent a report about the incident to al-Mutawakkil, who responded by instructing him to resist the rioters. Reinforcements soon arrived from
99:(786–809), the central government was compelled to send numerous punitive expeditions against Homs and its vicinity, and the city's reputation for rebellion became even greater following the end of the
103:
in Syria (c. 825). As a result of these activities, the city gradually became known as the dominant arena for unrest in the region, a status which peaked in the middle of the ninth century.
115:
183:
treated. All churches and places of worship in the city were to be destroyed, while a
Christian building located next to the mosque was to be annexed to the latter.
134:
191:
As a reward for their role in suppressing the second revolt, Ibn
Abdawayh and his officers received a sizable monetary sum from the caliph, as well as gifts and
212:
Homs was the scene of further revolts in 862 and 864, in the course of which one governor, Kaydar ibn
Abdallah al-Ushrusani, was expelled and a second,
160:
626:
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History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248
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171:. Bolstered by this support, the governor was able to defeat the revolt, and several of its leaders were soon placed into custody.
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The first revolt occurred in
October-November 854, when the city inhabitants rose up and attacked the chief of
216:, was killed. The city subsequently drifted out of Abbasid control in 878, when Syria was annexed by the
213:
29:
central government in response. The second revolt also resulted in the promulgation of a number of anti-
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allowing Ibn Abdawayh to establish himself in Homs and assume Abu al-Mughith's former position there.
621:
86:
480:
199:
587:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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edicts due to the participation of a portion of the city's Christians in the incident.
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Gordon, Matthew S.; Robinson, Chase F.; Rowson, Everett K.; et al., eds. (2018).
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had been ordered by the caliph to assist Ibn Abdawayh, as well as from the troops at
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In the Shadow of the Church: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria
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were to each receive thirty lashes and then be sent to the Abbasid capital,
616:
611:
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41:
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violence, although grievances regarding taxation may have been a factor.
524:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
515:
299:, p. 1267 (who does not note the Christian role in the revolt);
119:
66:
126:, while the supervisor of taxation was also expelled from the city.
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triggered regular outbreaks of disorder. Beginning in the reign of
45:
Map showing Hims (upper-middle right) in Syria in the 9th century
77:(661–750). After the Syrian-based Umayyads were replaced by the
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90:
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The orders regarding Homs' Christians came on the heels of
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The Works of Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi: An English Translation
85:, however, the city entered a turbulent period, in which
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White Banners: Contention in 'Abbasid Syria, 750-880
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were a series of armed uprisings that took place in
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454:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
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603:
129:Upon learning what had transpired, the caliph
494:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
545:. Vol. 3. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
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627:Battles involving the Abbasid Caliphate
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61:) was one of the chief cities of the
647:Persecution of Christians by Muslims
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642:Syria under the Abbasid Caliphate
521:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
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116:Abu al-Mughith Musa ibn Ibrahim
89:and the ambitions of the local
581:Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989).
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338:
318:
286:
235:
159:, whose garrison and governor
118:. According to the chronicler
1:
566:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
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36:
186:
7:
214:al-Fadl ibn Qarin al-Tabari
10:
663:
560:Guidetti, Mattia (2017).
637:Military history of Homs
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502:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
399:, pp. 89 ff., 128.
135:Attab ibn Attab al-Qaid
65:, being the capital of
18:Homs revolts of 854–855
469:Elisséeff, N. (1971).
448:Cobb, Paul M. (2001).
73:during the era of the
46:
139:Muhammad ibn Abdawayh
44:
347:, pp. 134–35;
327:, pp. 133–34;
275:, pp. 130–31;
87:tribal factionalism
423:, pp. 99–100.
375:, pp. 296–97.
359:, pp. 296–97.
349:Gordon et al. 2018
329:Gordon et al. 2018
297:Gordon et al. 2018
277:Gordon et al. 2018
260:, pp. 98 ff..
71:military districts
47:
594:978-0-88706-874-4
573:978-90-04-32570-8
552:978-90-04-35621-4
461:978-0-7914-4879-3
248:, pp. 91 ff.
75:Umayyad Caliphate
63:province of Syria
53:period, Homs (in
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101:Fourth Civil War
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295:, p. 133;
291:
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271:
264:
256:
252:
244:, p. 398;
240:
236:
232:
224:Ahmad ibn Tulun
189:
161:Salih al-Abbasi
148:
113:security police
109:
97:Harun al-Rashid
39:
12:
11:
5:
660:
650:
649:
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629:
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622:850s conflicts
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466:
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443:
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433:Elisséeff 1971
425:
413:
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389:
387:, p. 134.
377:
361:
355:, p. 99;
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317:
315:, p. 296.
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285:
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242:Elisséeff 1971
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193:robes of honor
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481:Ménage, V. L.
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446:
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429:
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411:, p. 46.
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409:Guidetti 2017
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365:
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346:
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335:, p. 99.
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146:Events of 855
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385:Kraemer 1989
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369:Kraemer 1989
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345:Kraemer 1989
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69:of its five
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498:Volume III:
489:Schacht, J.
485:Pellat, Ch.
133:dispatched
606:Categories
516:Gil, Moshe
442:References
37:Background
518:(1997) .
508:495469525
477:Lewis, B.
421:Cobb 2001
353:Cobb 2001
333:Cobb 2001
301:Cobb 2001
281:Cobb 2001
258:Cobb 2001
246:Cobb 2001
187:Aftermath
169:Palestine
120:al-Tabari
81:-centric
31:Christian
491:(eds.).
373:Gil 1997
357:Gil 1997
313:Gil 1997
200:previous
157:Damascus
83:Abbasids
218:Tulunid
177:Samarra
51:Islamic
27:Abbasid
591:
570:
549:
528:
506:
500:H–Iram
487:&
472:"Hims"
458:
205:dhimmi
92:ashraf
55:Arabic
475:. In
230:Notes
202:anti-
165:Ramla
589:ISBN
568:ISBN
547:ISBN
526:ISBN
504:OCLC
456:ISBN
221:emir
137:and
124:Hama
79:Iraq
59:Ḥimṣ
22:Homs
16:The
617:855
612:854
167:in
67:one
608::
496:.
483:;
479:;
265:^
226:.
195:.
57::
597:.
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