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Although the original surveyors intended each side to be ten miles (16 kilometers) long, their measurements were often inaccurate, resulting in the sometimes significant misplacement of stones and the overall skewing of the
District boundaries. Some of these discrepancies are intentional, because the ground at the exact mile point was covered in water; "in such cases", Andrew Ellicott, the leader of the surveying crew, noted in 1793, "the stones are placed on the nearest firm ground and the true distance in miles and poles is marked on them".
161:, and are generally installed across the country. Markers are still used extensively for marking international borders, which are traditionally classified into two categories: natural boundaries, correlating to topographical features such as rivers or mountain ranges, and artificial boundaries, which have no obvious relation to topography. The latter category includes borders defined by boundary markers such as stones and walls. International boundary markers are placed and can be maintained by mutual agreement of the bordering countries.
420:
679:
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710:
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281:, many historical border stones, marked with Swedish and Imperial Russian symbols, are still in use. The actual Finnish-Russian border is marked by small white bollard, but on both sides of the border there are large striped bollards decorated with a coat of arms: a blue/white bollard on the Finnish side, a red/green bollard on the Russian side. Artificial cairns are found on the Norway-Russia-Finland tripoint (
771:
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or (stone) piles. These altars served not only as boundary markers but also as sites for the performance of religious rituals related to land taxation. C. J. Lyons, an early surveyor of Hawaii, recorded that "pon this altar at the annual progress of the akua makahiki (year god) was deposited the tax
222:
According to B. S. Jackson, stones were put in place in ancient Israel to "mark the boundary of a territory (public or private), and to seek to deter potential violators of that boundary through the use of threats." The Hebrew Bible contains a strict prohibition against the unauthorized displacement
231:
An example of boundary markers in ancient Egypt were the boundary stelae of
Akhenaten. They defined the limits of the sacred city of Akhet-Aten, built by Akhenaten as the center of the Aten religious cult which he founded. Egyptologists categorize the stelae based on whether they are inscribed with
130:
According to Josiah Ober, boundary markers are "a way of imposing human, cultural, social meanings upon a once-undifferentiated natural environment." Boundary markers are linked to social hierarchies, since they derive their meaning from the authority of a person or group to declare the limits of a
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The oldest known boundary stone in China is from
Jiangsu Province. Dating from 12 A.D., it bears the inscription "the sea area from Jiaozhou Bay to the east of Guixan county belongs to Langya Shire and the waters from the south of Guixan county to the east of the estuary of Guanhe River belongs to
156:
Boundary markers are integral to boundary law in the United States, both in the original colonial states and those added later during westward expansion (otherwise known as the Public Land Survey System). Man-made boundary markers, or monuments, are considered to be second-highest in the Order of
438:
was worshiped as the patron god of boundary markers. Ovid, in a hymn directed to the god, wrote: "O Terminus, whether thou art a stone or a stump buried in the field, … thou dost set bounds to people and cities and vast kingdoms". Numa
Pompillius made the first Roman law requiring boundary stones
611:
The original boundaries of the
District of Columbia were marked using boundary stones. These were made of saw-cut sandstone blocks and stood two feet high when set in the ground. Ten boundary stones were placed along each side of the 100 square mile (259 square kilometer) district of Columbia.
615:
Information engraved on the stones includes the number (1 through 10) of the stone within the sequence on that side of the
District, the date of placement, and the words "Jurisdiction of the United States." In the twentieth century, the Daughters of the American Revolution voluntarily took
644:. A block cut from sandstone was placed at the intersection of Wyoming, Colorado and Utah in 1879, and stone posts were used along the western border of South Dakota. Boundaries were occasionally resurveyed and boundary stones replaced or restored, depending on their condition.
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Donghai Shire." More recently, the border between Russia and China was formally demarcated with boundary stones as the result of the Treaty of
Kiakhta in 1727. In the nineteenth century, stones were used to outline the limits of the International Settlement in Shanghai.
260:
and similar natural stones were often used as boundary markers between properties. Knowledge of their locations was typically maintained by oral tradition, wherein men of each house would walk the length of the border. These stones then became boundary markers for
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and the
Kimberley Obelisk in Australia are used in a slightly different way, in that a line is run north and south through a point on the obelisks, formed by a copper plug embedded into the top centre of the concrete obelisks. The "corners" in Australia, such as
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173:, but later many have been made with concrete or a mixture of materials. They are typically placed at a notable or especially visible point. Many are inscribed with relevant information such as the abbreviation of the boundary holder and often a date.
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responsibility for preserving the stones, which had fallen victim to vandalization and urban development. In the late 1990s renewed interest in the boundary stones led to increased preservation efforts by the DAR and other organizations.
204:
delimited
Buddhist temple precincts. In some cases they feature inscriptions recounting the history of the temple; others were carved with wheels of the law, while some specimens consist of unfinished stone. In addition to temples,
1177:. National Perspectives – 32nd Australian Surveyors Congress Technical Papers 31 March – 6 April 1990. Canberra: The Institution: Eyepiece – Official Organ of The Institution of Surveyors, Australia, W.A. Division. pp. 18–24.
1657:
Gonschor, Lorenz & Kamanamaikalani Beamer (2014). "Toward an
Inventory of Ahupua'a in the Hawaiian Kingdom: A survey of Nineteenth and early Twentieth-Century Cartographic and Archival Records of the Island of Hawai'i".
232:
the "Earlier Proclamation," a general explanation of why the location was selected and how the city would be designed, or the "Later Proclamation," which provides additional details about the perimeters of the city.
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863:
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given space of land for political, social or religious reasons. Ober notes that "determining who can use parcels of arable land and for what purpose, has immediate and obvious economic implications."
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277:. Today, however, steel rods topped with a cube painted orange are usually used. Municipalities often post a traffic sign featuring their coat of arms on the border on major roads. On the
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122:. Border markers can also be markers through which a border line runs in a straight line to determine that border. They can also be the markers from which a border marker has been fixed.
411:. The practice of separating areas of land with boundary stones, though common, was widely considered by classical writers to be a violation of the principle of communal land ownership.
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978:
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463:. Prior to 1848, the Principality of Monaco included the villages of Roquebrune, Monti, Garavan and Menton. Of the original 91 boundary stones only 12 remain: 6 within the
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or local administrations, but have also been used to mark out the limits of private landholdings, especially in areas where fences or walls are impractical or unnecessary.
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Border stone in China, foreground right, with Russian border marker to its left in background, striped red and green. The large gate is entirely in Russian territory.
655:
640:, it consisted of a cross made from alder wood and placed standing upright on a rock. In the British colonies, milestones were shipped from England to mark the
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606:
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Evidence in boundary law in the United States, behind only natural markers such as boulders and rivers. Boundary markers also have legal meaning in
1820:
Boundaries of the United States and the several States: with miscellaneous geographic information concerning areas altitudes and geographic centers
1367:
511:'s territory, and one side with a cross (+) indicating the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia's territory. The cross represents the coat of arms of the
1246:
507:. All the boundary stones have three engraved sides: one side with their individual numbers (1 to 91), one side with the letter "M" indicating
380:
in its horizontal form was used as a boundary marker in forests, and has been recorded as early as 1616 in a boundary treaty concluded between
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or the change in a boundary, especially a change in direction of a boundary. There are several other types of named border markers, known as
1215:
Blomley, Nicholas (28 January 2016). "The Boundaries of Property: Complexity, Relationality, and Spatiality: The Boundaries of Property".
142:, which often created a need to mark these borders on the ground, as accurately as possible, using the technology of the day. Advances in
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markers: a white marker for the actual border, "guarded" by striped bollards, marked with a coat of arms, maintained by each state.
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established a physical border with 91 boundary stones, each numbered 1 to 91, running along the border from present-day
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Boundary markers have often been used to mark critical points on political boundaries, i.e. those between countries,
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AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE – Longitude 129 degrees east, and why it is not the longest, straight line in the world
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66:
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states that the "Austral Pillar" and the "Deakin Pillar" are points used to determine their position east of
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around private property and instituting capital punishment for anyone found guilty of moving these stones.
381:
1707:
Woodward, Fred E. (1907). "A Ramble Along the Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia with a Camera".
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German forest boundary stone set up in 1754; it marks one end of a line of 65 boundary stones between the
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state forest and the woods held in common by local villages. The border was marked in 1750 by order of
403:, could be made of either carved or undressed stones, and were typically inscribed with the Greek word
597:“. Naturally occurring landscape features were also used as points of reference for district borders.
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1302:
Manual of Surveying Instructions For the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States (2009)
278:
1188:
Tarkiainen, Ăś (2012). "Trees for marking boundaries of landed property in premodern Estonia".
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468:
71:
17:
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580:, a self-sustaining agricultural district. The places where a road crossed the border of an
265:, and eventually provinces and countries. For example, Kuhankuono is a stone that marks the
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The Art and Architecture of Thailand: From Prehistoric Times Through the Thirteenth Century
1456:
The Art and Architecture of Thailand: From Prehistoric Times Through the Thirteenth Century
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245:
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Methods in the Mediterranean: Historical and Archaeological Views of Texts and Archaeology
399:, which describes the goddess Athena using one as a projectile. Boundary stones, known as
8:
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305:, a kind of a local spirit, was believed to haunt borders that had been unjustly moved.
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The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives
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technology have shown that there are many borders inaccurately marked on the ground.
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593:, carved out of kukui wood and stained with red ochre. … rom this came the name,
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150:
1737:
Nye, Edwin Darby (1973). "Revisiting Washington's Forty Boundary Stones, 1972".
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39:
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556:
512:
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170:
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thus rendering its number illegible. Stone number 55, originally located in
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1300:
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (2013).
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and then fix a border from, in this case used to determine the line of the
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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 2, History of Scientific Thought
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Border stones in Japan, marking Gifu (left) and Shiga (right) prefectures
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The earliest reference to a boundary stone in Greek literature is in the
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479:. Another stone has been cast in concrete in the Sainte-CĂ©cile area of
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paid by the land whose boundary it marked, and also an image of a hog,
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The Settlement of International Boundary Disputes in International Law
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Robillard, Walter G.; Donald A. Wilson & Curtin M. Brown (2009).
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The basic unit of the ancient Hawaiian land division system was the
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30:"Boundary stones" redirects here. For the monoliths in Ukraine, see
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563:, are where multiple borders meet or a border changes direction.
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475:. The boundary stones numbered 9, 12, 15, and 31 are located in
351:
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1756:
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is a robust physical marker that identifies the start of a land
1780:
Hendry, George W. (1926). "Francisco Palou's Boundary Marker".
1247:"Greek Horoi: Artifactual Texts and the Contingency of Meaning"
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regulation changes in 1987. Photo was taken from Bandung side.
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407:. One such stone was used to indicate the edge of the Athenian
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Parish Boundary Tree. The tree stands on the boundary between
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In 1773, a Franciscan friar named Francisco Palou erected the
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755:
499:'s city hall. Stones numbered 56, 57, and 58 are located in
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can shear off any protruding markers. In folklore, a type of
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158:
56:
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Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii
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is a granite pillar that once marked the border between the
1709:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
1319:. Washington, DC: Bureau of Land Management. pp. 3, 7.
805:, the Netherlands. It marks the boundary between Obdam and
293:
is marked with holes drilled to the rock, because seasonal
1356:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 16–17.
1696:. Suva Fiji: University of the South Pacific. p. 26.
1315:
Brown, Curtis; Robillard, Walter; Wilson, Donald (2009).
143:
1501:
The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law
1354:
The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law
1046:, Indonesia, as a result of former's enlargement by the
1422:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 289.
1394:"The boundary stone of Han Dynasty in Suma Bay - China"
244:
German troops at the Soviet state border marker during
1576:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 11.
1503:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 10.
1886:. United States Government Printing Office. pp.
1865:. United States Government Printing Office. pp.
1844:. United States Government Printing Office. pp.
1823:. United States Government Printing Office. pp.
1558:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 127.
1488:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 190.
1435:
Britain and China, 1840-1970: Empire, Finance and War
1420:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Asia
1066:. Notable for its castors and thus a somewhat unique
607:
Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia
1681:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 155.
1314:
169:
Boundary markers, traditionally, were often made of
728:
Boundary stone of the original District of Columbia
525:
marking the Western Australian border on the ground
200:In ancient Thailand, sacred boundary stones called
47:
between Canada (left) and the United States (right)
1646:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 4.
1433:Bickers, Robert & Jonathan J. Howlett (2015).
1370:. Kununurra Historical Society Inc. Archived from
209:could enclose statues of Buddha or sacred mounds.
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1062:Finnish border marker in the immigration hall of
503:. Stones numbered 62, 71, and 73 are located in
134:Many borders were drawn along invisible lines of
1899:
1304:. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 90.
1100:, historical tripoints of the Holy Roman Empire
999:in France, doubling as a border marker between
754:Border stone in France between the communes of
27:Physical marker that identifies a land boundary
1147:
584:were marked with distinctive altars, known as
1631:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. p. 13.
1589:Brown's Boundary Control and Legal Principles
1317:Brown's Boundary Control and Legal Principles
1245:Ober, Josiah (1995). David. B. Small (ed.).
1244:
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329:on a 1755 boundary marker near the wood of
1739:Records of the Columbia Historical Society
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1644:A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land Terms
845:hiking track. Marks the boundary between
821:Boundary marker (also banishing pole) in
730:set in 1792 marking the boundary between
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960:) is on this place marked on the ground.
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1783:California Historical Society Quarterly
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1518:. London: Kegan Paul Int. pp. 1–2.
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487:, was given as a gift from the city of
269:border between seven municipalities in
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14:
1900:
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350:on an old field boundary stone in the
285:) and Norway-Sweden-Finland tripoint (
70:Historical boundary stone between the
1757:"Boundary Stones of Washington, D.C."
1732:
1730:
1641:
1591:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. p. 6.
1530:"IL seurasi: Näin itärajaa valvotaan"
1446:
1444:
1026:. Photo was taken from Sumedang side.
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715:French-Swiss border boundary marker.
518:
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1629:Hawaii: A History of the Big Island
873:designating the border between the
600:
434:In ancient Roman religion, the god
24:
1727:
1441:
1368:"1921 WA-NT Border Determinations"
25:
1919:
1484:Clements, Ronald E., ed. (1991).
1437:. London: Routledge. p. 190.
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1516:The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten
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289:). The Sweden-Finland border on
223:or removal of boundary markers.
1883:Boundaries of the United States
1880:Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976).
1873:
1862:Boundaries of the United States
1859:Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976).
1852:
1841:Boundaries of the United States
1838:Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976).
1831:
1817:Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976).
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1660:The Hawaiian Journal of History
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661:Border stone from 1763 between
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515:, rulers of Piedmont-Sardinia.
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1131:(Trig Point – Australia/NZ/UK)
869:Modern boundary marker on the
13:
1:
1473:. Leiden: Brill. p. 100.
1458:. Leiden: Brill. p. 104.
1140:
1038:City boundary marker between
1014:City boundary marker between
1514:Murnane, William J. (1993).
1084:, which delimit sacred areas
453:Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
7:
1469:Woodward, Hiram W. (2003).
1190:Estonian Journal of Ecology
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423:Old boundary stone one the
386:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
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10:
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1694:Land Tenure in the Pacific
1642:Lucas, Paul Nahoa (1995).
1173:Porter, John (June 1990).
783:George II of Great Britain
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1607:Bornes.frontieres.free.fr
1572:Cukwurah, A. Oye (1967).
1499:Cukwurah, A. Oye (1967).
1418:Perdue, Peter C. (2009).
1352:Cukwurah, A. Oye (1967).
1262:10.1163/9789004329409_005
1256:. Leiden: Brill: 89–123.
893:Typical border marker of
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540:Western Australian border
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271:Kurjenrahka National Park
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32:Boundary Stones (Ukraine)
1692:Crocombe, R. G. (1987).
1677:Valerio, Valeri (1985).
1554:Needham, Joseph (1956).
1217:Law & Society Review
561:Surveyor Generals Corner
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1064:Helsinki-Vantaa Airport
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1760:www.boundarystones.org
1339:3 January 2013 at the
930:Lilford-cum-Wigsthorpe
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495:and is now located in
493:Principality of Monaco
465:Principality of Monaco
449:Principality of Monaco
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279:Finnish-Russian border
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1627:Oaks, Robert (2003).
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910:Finland–Russia border
827:coat of arms of Hoorn
801:A boundary marker in
626:first boundary marker
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1603:"Bornes Frontières"
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533:129th meridian east
287:Three-Country Cairn
1452:Woodward, Hiram W.
1374:on 19 January 2012
1281:on 3 December 2013
1229:10.1111/lasr.12182
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370:Kingdom of Hanover
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1398:Chinadaily.com.cn
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686:Passo San Giacomo
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519:Western Australia
425:Limes border wall
366:Dreieckiger Pfahl
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1372:the original
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1539:17 December
1044:Cimahi City
958:Netherlands
843:Mount Nuang
697: [
471:, and 3 in
457:Fontvieille
303:rajahaltija
1141:References
1048:government
779:Hanoverian
501:Roquebrune
489:Roquebrune
485:Roquebrune
378:Wolfsangel
347:Wolfsangel
326:Wolfsangel
267:multipoint
1745:: 740–51.
1715:: 63–87.
1378:9 January
1196:(1): 53.
1118:kilometre
1114:Milestone
1024:Indonesia
997:Milestone
807:Hensbroek
538:, as the
536:longitude
529:Greenwich
140:longitude
112:monuments
61:Maesglase
1902:Category
1804:25177843
1721:40066956
1454:(2003).
1337:Archived
1135:Tripoint
1109:Landmark
1082:Bai Sema
1076:See also
855:Malaysia
847:Selangor
823:Schardam
736:Maryland
688:between
628:between
582:ahupua'a
578:ahupua'a
451:and the
436:Terminus
384:and the
372:and the
295:pack ice
202:Sema Hin
196:Thailand
136:latitude
116:obelisks
100:boundary
74:and the
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1765:3 March
1403:3 March
1285:3 April
1104:Kudurru
950:Belgium
926:Clopton
895:Ukraine
738:in the
648:Gallery
595:ahupuaa
544:Obelisk
491:to the
467:, 3 in
427:of the
376:. The
352:Deister
309:Germany
299:haltija
253:Finland
177:History
126:Purpose
120:corners
108:pillars
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851:Pahang
734:, and
671:Arctic
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663:Norway
572:Hawaii
559:, and
509:Monaco
505:Menton
497:Monaco
481:Monaco
477:Monaco
473:Menton
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391:Greece
291:Märket
248:, 1941
236:Europe
218:Israel
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397:Iliad
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275:Turku
273:near
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187:China
171:stone
159:Japan
94:, or
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